Relevant bibliographies by topics / Solar thermal HVAC technologies

Academic literature on the topic 'Solar thermal HVAC technologies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Solar thermal HVAC technologies"

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Pop, Octavian G., Ancuta C. Abrudan, Dan S. Adace, Adrian G. Pocola, and Mugur C. Balan. "Potential of HVAC and solar technologies for hospital retrofit to reduce heating energy consumption." E3S Web of Conferences 32 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183201016.

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The study presents a combination of several energy efficient technologies together with their potential to reduce the energy consumption and to increase the comfort through the retrofit of a hospital building. The existing situation is characterized by an old and inefficient heating system, by the complete missing of any ventilation and by no cooling. The retrofit proposal includes thermal insulation and a distributed HVAC system consisting of several units that includes air to air heat exchangers and air to air heat pumps. A condensing boiler was also considered for heating. A solar thermal system for preparing domestic hot water and a solar photovoltaic system to assist the HVAC units are also proposed. Heat transfer principles are used for modelling the thermal response of the building to the environmental parameters and thermodynamic principles are used for modelling the behaviour of HVAC, solar thermal system and photovoltaic system. All the components of the heating loads were determined for one year period. The study reveals the capacity of the proposed systems to provide ventilation and thermal comfort with a global reduction of energy consumption of 71.6 %.
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Bianco, Giovanni, Stefano Bracco, Federico Delfino, Lorenzo Gambelli, Michela Robba, and Mansueto Rossi. "A Building Energy Management System Based on an Equivalent Electric Circuit Model." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071689.

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In recent decades, many EU and national regulations have been issued in order to increase the energy efficiency in different sectors and, consequently, to reduce environmental pollution. In the building sector, energy efficiency interventions are usually based on the use of innovative insulated materials and on the installation of cogeneration and tri-generation units, as well as solar technologies. New and retrofitted buildings are more and more commonly being called “smart buildings”, since they are characterized by the installation of electric and thermal power generation units, energy storage systems, and flexible loads; the presence of such technologies determines the necessity of installing Building Energy Management Systems (BEMSs), which are used to optimally manage their operation. The present paper proposes a BEMS for a smart building, equipped with plants based on renewables (photovoltaics, solar thermal panels, and geothermal heat pump), where the heating and cooling demand are satisfied by a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning System (HVAC) fed by a geothermal heat pump. The developed BEMS is composed of two different modules: an optimization tool used to optimally manage the HVAC plant, in order to guarantee a desired level of comfort inside rooms, and a simulation tool, based on an equivalent electric circuit model and used to evaluate the thermal dynamic behavior of the building. The paper describes the two modules and shows the main results of the validation phase that has been conducted on a real test-case represented by the Smart Energy Building (SEB) located at the Savona Campus of the University of Genoa, Italy.
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Matos, Ana Mafalda, João M. P. Q. Delgado, and Ana Sofia Guimarães. "Energy-Efficiency Passive Strategies for Mediterranean Climate: An Overview." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 2572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072572.

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Among all the activities in a society, construction has a key role in environmental, social, and economic pillars. Construction is also responsible for a considerable amount of waste production, energy consumption, pollutant gas emissions, and consumption of nonrenewable natural resources. Regarding energy consumption, a high demand for building operational energy has been observed in the last decades due to the more demanding requirements of the users with a continuous search for better thermal comfort in their homes, namely in developed countries. In Portugal, for instance, more than 20% of the electricity consumed is related to residential buildings, which is based on CO2 emissions and other pollutants that negatively affect the environment. Much of this consumed energy is a result of the HVAC systems installed inside buildings to provide users with thermal comfort. One exciting opportunity to mitigate buildings’ operational energy consumption while contributing to thermal user comfort is the use of passive solutions. Even though several passive options are available and constantly under research, their use is still considered limited. This paper overviews and highlights the potential of energy-efficiency passive strategies, namely for Mediterranean-climate countries, where passive solar technologies can be set as a viable solution, as this climate is mainly known for its solar availability (solar hours and solar irradiance). A comprehensive overview of innovative and traditional housing passive solutions currently available is presented and discusses the main advantages, disadvantages, and concerns contributing to the optimal use of climatic conditions and natural resources in those regions.
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Yakovleva, O., O. Ostapenko, and V. Trandafilov. "EN Energy system efficient performance and energy policy." Refrigeration Engineering and Technology 56, no. 3-4 (January 11, 2021): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/ret.v56i3-4.1952.

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The 2020 crisis caused by COVID makes the global economy move forward to a new start. In order to achieve strategic goals, the energy sector and the HVAC&R sector forced by faced problems to energy efficiency projects and technologies development and deployment to get fast return on investment and to manage risks for the secure step forward. To meet strategic packet goals global community should redirect investment into the renewables technologies development to integrate them with the energy efficiency projects in the project design phase. On the study of the solar thermal system due to increasing the outlet temperature of ground source heat exchanger it is possible to observe floating increasing COP (opera­ting mode dependence) for the HP system by 4-6%. For getting the greater angles of the collector, the more of the inbound energy can be accumulated and used per annual year. For that reason, collectors intended for the maintenance of HP system, when installing at a large angle. It can reduce the amount of excess heat in the summer season, while the efficiency of the collectors in winter season falling under a smaller angle optimized. The increasing of the COP is caused by reducing of the electrical input to the heat pump cause higher temperature level gain by solar collector. The use of solar thermal collectors bring possibility to reduce borehole depletion. In own turn it can be used for ground heat exchanger regeneration during heat pump stand by. Ukraine can look for the best practices of the sustainable deve­lopment goals worldwide and adopt them by modifying for actual complex tasks due to actual regulations and development new ones to motivate industrial players on the national and global levels for driving sectors development along with the sustainable development scenario
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Ham, Suyun, Sanggoo Kang, and Kyu-Jung Kim. "A Numerical Study for Performance Prediction of a Metal Hydride Thermal Energy Conversion System Elaborating the Superadiabatic Condition." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 3095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123095.

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In this study, we investigate a numerical-modeling method uniquely performing analyses of 50 different metal hydrides to find the optimized thermal effect. This paper presents a metal-hydride thermal energy conversion method, which offers an alternative approach to the traditional vapor-compression heat pump associated with conventional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). The authors have developed an innovative heat pump applicable to non-vapor compression-based systems, which are in compliance with low-temperature heat source requirements for operation. The new heat pump has a high-energy savings potential for both heating and cooling that featured two different metal-hydrides, that are distributed inside parallel channels filled with porous media. Thermal energy conversion is developed as a set of successive thermal waves. The numerical-modeling results present the enhanced thermal effect, which is attained in a synchronous motion of the thermal waves and the heat source (or sink) inside paired porous media channels, which accompanies the phase transition in the succession of unit metal-hydride heat pumps. The results present in a form convenient for the prediction of thermal energy efficiency based on the proposed thermal-conversion method in real devices that were experimentally verified in previous work. The non-vapor technologies will be operational with low energy input, which makes it possible to utilize waste heat or low-level heat often found in the environment such as solar radiation, exhaust gas from a heat engine, or high-temperature fuel cell system.
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Kathir Kaman, M. D., M. Cheralathan, Vedansh Sharma, and Aditya Viswanathan. "Study on viscosity of MWCNT dispersed in ethylene glycol at different operating conditions for thermal applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012047.

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Abstract In recent times the development of nanotechnology has taken place at an unprecedented rate. Nano-fluids are one of the remarkable outcomes of the development of new technologies that can be used to increase the efficiency of thermal systems. Nanofluids, which consist of particles in nanometre size and a base fluid, have been hailed as a superior alternative compared to a common heat transfer fluid like water due to their better thermal properties and having many potential applications in many fields, especially in HVAC, electronic cooling, solar heating and cooling etc., The MWCNT-based nanofluid with water-ethylene glycol as base fluid is prepared by two-step method, the water and ethylene glycol are mixed in the ratio 80:20 and four different concentrations of nanofluids: 0% wt, 0.015% wt, 0.15% wt, 1.5% wt are prepared. Rheology analysis are made by using rheometer with temperature ranging from from 10° C to 50° C with steps of 10° C and shear rate was controlled with shear stress varying from 0-10 N/m2. The base fluid shows the Newtonian behaviour being shifted to Non-Newtonian Behaviour, specifically shear thinning behaviour. Rate of change of shear also changes with change in temperature and change in shear stress results change in viscosity with higher concentration of nanoparticles showing higher viscosity.
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Buda, Alessia, Ernst Jan de Place Hansen, Alexander Rieser, Emanuela Giancola, Valeria Natalina Pracchi, Sara Mauri, Valentina Marincioni, et al. "Conservation-Compatible Retrofit Solutions in Historic Buildings: An Integrated Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052927.

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Historic, listed, or unlisted, buildings account for 30% of the European building stock. Since they are complex systems of cultural, architectural, and identity value, they need particular attention to ensure that they are preserved, used, and managed over time in a sustainable way. This implies a demand for retrofit solutions able to improve indoor thermal conditions while reducing the use of energy sources and preserving the heritage significance. Often, however, the choice and implementation of retrofit solutions in historic buildings is limited by socio-technical barriers (regulations, lack of knowledge on the hygrothermal behaviour of built heritage, economic viability, etc.). This paper presents the approach devised in the IEA-SHC Task 59 project (Renovating Historic Buildings Towards Zero Energy) to support decision makers in selecting retrofit solutions, in accordance with the provision of the EN 16883:2017 standard. In particular, the method followed by the project partners to gather and assess compatible solutions for historic buildings retrofitting is presented. It focuses on best practices for walls, windows, HVAC systems, and solar technologies. This work demonstrates that well-balanced retrofit solutions can exist and can be evaluated case-by-case through detailed assessment criteria. As a main result, the paper encourages decision makers to opt for tailored energy retrofit to solve the conflict between conservation and energy performance requirements.
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Korkas, Christos, Asimina Dimara, Iakovos Michailidis, Stelios Krinidis, Rafael Marin-Perez, Ana Isabel Martínez García, Antonio Skarmeta, et al. "Integration and Verification of PLUG-N-HARVEST ICT Platform for Intelligent Management of Buildings." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 2610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072610.

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THe energy-efficient operation of microgrids—a localized grouping of consuming loads (domestic appliances, EVs, etc.) with distributed energy sources such as solar photovoltaic panels—suggests the deployment of Energy Management Systems (EMSs) that enable the actuation of controllable microgrid loads coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools. Such tools are capable of optimizing the aggregated performance of the microgrid in an automated manner, based on an extensive network of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Modular adaptable/dynamic building envelope (ADBE) solutions have been proven an effective solution—exploiting free façade areas instead of roof areas—for extending the thermal inertia and energy harvesting capacity in existing buildings of different nature (residential, commercial, industrial, etc.). This study presents the PLUG-N-HARVEST holistic workflow towards the delivery of an automatically controllable microgrid integrating active ADBE technologies (e.g., PVs, HVACs). The digital platform comprises cloud AI services and functionalities for energy-efficient management, data healing/cleansing, flexibility forecasting, and the security-by-design IoT to efficiently optimize the overall performance in near-zero energy buildings and microgrids. The current study presents the effective design and necessary digital integration steps towards the PLUG-N-HARVEST ICT platform alongside real-life verification test results, validating the performance of the platform.
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Toub, Mohamed, Chethan R. Reddy, Rush D. Robinett, and Mahdi Shahbakhti. "Integration and Optimal Control of MicroCSP with Building HVAC Systems: Review and Future Directions." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030730.

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Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are omnipresent in modern buildings and are responsible for a considerable share of consumed energy and the electricity bill in buildings. On the other hand, solar energy is abundant and could be used to support the building HVAC system through cogeneration of electricity and heat. Micro-scale concentrated solar power (MicroCSP) is a propitious solution for such applications that can be integrated into the building HVAC system to optimally provide both electricity and heat, on-demand via application of optimal control techniques. The use of thermal energy storage (TES) in MicroCSP adds dispatching capabilities to the MicroCSP energy production that will assist in optimal energy management in buildings. This work presents a review of the existing contributions on the combination of MicroCSP and HVAC systems in buildings and how it compares to other thermal-assisted HVAC applications. Different topologies and architectures for the integration of MicroCSP and building HVAC systems are proposed, and the components of standard MicroCSP systems with their control-oriented models are explained. Furthermore, this paper details the different control strategies to optimally manage the energy flow, both electrical and thermal, from the solar field to the building HVAC system to minimize energy consumption and/or operational cost.
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Qiblawey, Hazim Mohameed, and Fawzi Banat. "Solar thermal desalination technologies." Desalination 220, no. 1-3 (March 2008): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.059.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solar thermal HVAC technologies"

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SERALE, GIANLUCA. "Innovative solar energy technologies and control algorithms for enhancing demand-side management in buildings." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2711298.

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The present thesis investigates innovative energy technologies and control algorithms for enhancing demand-side management in buildings. The work focuses on an innovative low-temperature solar thermal system for supplying space heating demand of buildings. This technology is used as a case study to explore possible solutions to fulfil the mismatch between energy production and its exploitation in building. This shortcoming represents the primary issue of renewable energy sources. Technologies enhancing the energy storage capacity and active demand-side management or demand-response strategies must be implemented in buildings. For these purposes, it is possible to employ hardware or software solutions. The hardware solutions for thermal demand response of buildings are those technologies that allow the energy loads to be permanently shifted or mitigated. The software solutions for demand response are those that integrate an intelligent supervisory layer in the building automation (or management) systems. The present thesis approaches the problem from both the hardware technologies side and the software solutions side. This approach enables the mutual relationships and interactions between the strategies to be appropriately measured. The thesis can be roughly divided in two parts. The first part of the thesis focuses on an innovative solar thermal system exploiting a novel heat transfer fluid and storage media based on micro-encapsulated Phase Change Material slurry. This material leads the system to enhance latent heat exchange processes and increasing the overall performance. The features of Phase Change Material slurry are investigated experimentally and theoretically. A full-scale prototype of this innovative solar system enhancing latent heat exchange is conceived, designed and realised. An experimental campaign on the prototype is used to calibrate and validate a numerical model of the solar thermal system. This model is developed in this thesis to define the thermo-energetic behaviour of the technology. It consists of two mathematical sub-models able to describe the power/energy balances of the flat-plate solar thermal collector and the thermal energy storage unit respectively. In closed-loop configuration, all the Key Performance Indicators used to assess the reliability of the model indicate an excellent comparison between the system monitored outputs and simulation results. Simulation are performed both varying parametrically the boundary condition and investigating the long-term system performance in different climatic locations. Compared to a traditional water-based system used as a reference baseline, the simulation results show that the innovative system could improve the production of useful heat up to 7 % throughout the year and 19 % during the heating season. Once the hardware technology has been defined, the implementation of an innovative control method is necessary to enhance the operational efficiency of the system. This is the primary focus of the second part of the thesis. A specific solution is considered particularly promising for this purpose: the adoption of Model Predictive Control (MPC) formulations for improving the system thermal and energy management. Firstly, this thesis provides a robust and complete framework of the steps required to define an MPC problem for building processes regulation correctly. This goal is reached employing an extended review of the scientific literature and practical application concerning MPC application for building management. Secondly, an MPC algorithm is formulated to regulate the full-scale solar thermal prototype. A testbed virtual environment is developed to perform closed-loop simulations. The existing rule-based control logic is employed as the reference baseline. Compared to the baseline, the MPC algorithm produces energy savings up to 19.2 % with lower unmet energy demand.
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Jung, Wooyoung. "Decentralized HVAC Operations: Novel Sensing Technologies and Control for Human-Aware HVAC Operations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97600.

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Advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) paved the way for decentralized Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) HVAC operations. It has been envisioned that development of personal thermal comfort profiles leads to accurate predictions of each occupant's thermal comfort state and such information is employed in context-aware HVAC operations for energy efficiency. This dissertation has three key contributions in realizing this envisioned HVAC operation. First, it presents a systematic review of research trends and developments in context-aware HVAC operations. Second, it contributes to expanding the feasibility of the envisioned HVAC operation by introducing novel sensing technologies. Third, it contributes to shedding light on viability and potentials of comfort-aware operations (i.e., integrating personal thermal comfort models into HVAC control logic) through a comprehensive assessment of energy efficiency implications. In the first contribution, by developing a taxonomy, two major modalities – occupancy-driven and comfort-aware operations – in Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) HVAC operations were identified and reviewed quantitatively and qualitatively. The synthesis of previous studies has indicated that field evaluations of occupancy-driven operations showed lower potentials in energy saving, compared to the ones with comfort-aware operations. However, the results in comfort-aware operations could be biased given the small number of explorations. Moreover, required data representation schema have been presented to foster constructive performance assessments across different research efforts. In the end, the current state of research and future directions of HITL HVAC operations were discussed to shed light on future research need. As the second contribution, moving toward expanding the feasibility of comfort-aware operations, novel and smart sensing solutions have been introduced. It has been noted that, in order to have high accuracy in predicting individual's thermal comfort state (≥90%), user physiological response data play a key part. However, the limited number of applicable sensing technologies (e.g., infrared cameras) has impeded the potentials of implementation. After defining required characteristics in physiological sensing solutions in context of comfort-aware operations (applicability, sensitivity, ubiquity, and non-intrusiveness), the potentials of RGB cameras, Doppler radar sensors, and heat flux sensors were evaluated. RGB cameras, available in many smart computing devices, could be a ubiquitous solution in quantifying thermoregulation states. Leveraging the mechanism of skin blood perfusion, two thermoregulation state quantification methods have been developed. Then, applicability and sensitivity were checked with two experimental studies. In the first experimental study aiming to see applicability (distinguishing between 20 and 30C with fully acclimated human bodies), for 16 out of 18 human subjects, an increase in their blood perfusion was observed. In the second experimental study aiming to evaluate sensitivity (distinguishing responses to a continuous variation of air temperature from 20 to 30C), 10 out of 15 subjects showed a positive correlation between blood perfusion and thermal sensations. Also, the superiority of heat flux data, compared to skin temperature data, has been demonstrated in predicting personal thermal comfort states through the developments of machine-learning-based prediction models with feature engineering. Specifically, with random forest classifier, the median value of prediction accuracy was improved by 3.8%. Lastly, Doppler radar sensors were evaluated for their capability of quantifying user thermoregulation states leveraging the periodic movement of the chest/abdomen area induced by respiration. In an experimental study, the results showed that, with sufficient acclimation time, the DRS-based approach could show distinction between respiration states for two distinct air temperatures (20 and 30C). On the other hand, in a transient temperature without acclimation time, it was shown that, some of the human subjects (38.9%) used respiration as an active means of heat exchange for thermoregulation. Lastly, a comprehensive evaluation of comfort-aware operations' performance was carried out with a diverse set of contextual and operational factors. First, a novel comfort-aware operation strategy was introduced to leverage personal sensitivity to thermal comfort (i.e., different responses to temperature changes; e.g., sensitive to being cold) in optimization. By developing an agent-based simulation framework and thorough diverse scenarios with different numbers and combinations of occupants (i.e., human agents in the simulation), it was shown that this approach is superior in generating collectively satisfying environments against other approaches focusing on individual preferred temperatures in selection of optimized setpoints. The energy implications of comfort-aware operations were also evaluated to understand the impact from a wide range of factors (e.g., human and building factors) and their combinatorial effect given the uncertainty of multioccupancy scenarios. The results demonstrated that characteristics of occupants' thermal comfort profiles are dominant in impacting the energy use patterns, followed by the number of occupants, and the operational strategies. In addition, when it comes to energy efficiency, more occupants in a thermal zone/building result in reducing the efficacy of comfort-driven operation (i.e., the integration of personal thermal comfort profiles). Hence, this study provided a better understanding of true viability of comfort-driven HVAC operations and provided the probabilistic bounds of energy saving potentials. These series of studies have been presented as seven journal articles and they are included in this dissertation.
Doctor of Philosophy
With vision of a smart built environment, capable of understanding the contextual dynamics of built environment and adaptively adjusting its operation, this dissertation contributes to context-aware/decentralized HVAC operations. Three key contributions in realization of this goal include: (1) a systematic review of research trends and developments in the last decade, (2) enhancing the feasibility of quantifying personal thermal comfort by presenting novel sensing solutions, and (3) a comprehensive assessment of energy efficiency implications from comfort-aware HVAC operations with the use of personal comfort models. Starting from identifying two major modalities of context-aware HVAC operations, occupancy-driven and comfort-aware, the first part of this dissertation presents a quantitative and qualitative review and synthesis of the developments, trends, and remaining research questions in each modality. Field evaluation studies using occupancy-driven operations have shown median energy savings between 6% and 15% depending on the control approach. On the other hand, the comfort-aware HVAC operations have shown 20% energy savings, which were mainly derived from small-scale test beds in similar climate regions. From a qualitative technology development standpoint, the maturity of occupancy-driven technologies for field deployment could be interpreted to be higher than comfort-aware technologies while the latter has shown higher potentials. Moreover, by learning from the need for comparing different methods of operations, required data schemas have been proposed to foster better benchmarking and effective performance assessment across studies. The second part of this dissertation contributes to the cornerstone of comfort-aware operations by introducing novel physiological sensing solutions. Previous studies demonstrated that, in predicting individual's thermal comfort states, using physiological data in model development plays a key role in increasing accuracy (>90%). However, available sensing technologies in this context have been limited. Hence, after identifying essential characteristics for sensing solutions (applicability, sensitivity, ubiquity, and non-intrusiveness), the potentials of RGB cameras, heat flux sensors, and Doppler radar sensors were evaluated. RGB cameras, available in many smart devices, could be programmed to measure the level of blood flow to skin, regulated by the human thermoregulation mechanism. Accordingly, two thermoregulation states' quantification methods by using RGB video images have been developed and assessed under two experimental studies: (i) capturing subjects' facial videos in two opposite temperatures with sufficient acclimation time (20 and 30C), and (ii) capturing facial videos when subjects changed their thermal sensations in a continuous variation of air temperature from 20 to 30C. Promising results were observed in both situations. The first study had subjects and 16 of them showed an increasing trend in blood flow to skin. In the second study, posing more challenges due to insufficient acclimation time, 10 subjects had a positive correlation between the level of blood flow to skin with thermal sensation. With the assumption that heat flux sensing will be a better reflection of thermoregulation sates, a machine learning framework was developed and tested. The use of heat flux sensing showed an accuracy of 97% with an almost 4% improvement compared to skin temperature. Lastly, Doppler radar sensors were evaluated for their capability of quantifying thermoregulation states by detecting changes in breathing patterns. In an experimental study, the results showed that, with sufficient acclimation time, the DRS-based approach could show distinction between respiration states for two distinct air temperatures (20 and 30C). However, using a transient temperature was proven to be more challenging. It was noted that for some of the human subjects (38.9%), respiration was detected as an active means of heat exchange. It was concluded that specialized artifact removal algorithms might help improve the detection rate. The third component of the dissertation contributed by studying the performance of comfort-driven operations (i.e., using personal comfort preferences for HVAC operations) under a diverse set of contextual and operational factors. Diverse scenarios for interaction between occupants and building systems were evaluated by using different numbers and combinations of occupants, and it was demonstrated that an approach of addressing individual's thermal comfort sensitivity (personal thermal-comfort-related responses to temperature changes) outperforms other approaches solely focusing on individual preferred temperatures. The energy efficiency implications of comfort-driven operations were then evaluated by accounting for the impact of human and building factors (e.g., number of thermal zones) and their combinations. The results showed that characteristics of occupants' thermal comfort profiles are dominant in driving the energy use patterns, followed by the number of occupants, and operational strategies. As one of the main outcomes of this study, the energy saving and efficiency (energy use for comfort improvement) potentials and probabilistic bounds of comfort-driven operations were identified. It was shown that keeping the number of occupants low (under 6) in a thermal zone/building, boosts the energy saving potentials of comfort-driven operations. These series of studies have been presented as seven journal articles, included in this dissertation.
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Yagoub, Waleed. "Exploitation of solar thermal technologies using a novel heat pipe design." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404043.

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Pietruschka, Dirk. "Model based control optimisation of renewable energy based HVAC Systems." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4022.

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During the last 10 years solar cooling systems attracted more and more interest not only in the research area but also on a private and commercial level. Several demonstration plants have been installed in different European countries and first companies started to commercialise also small scale absorption cooling machines. However, not all of the installed systems operate efficiently and some are, from the primary energy point of view, even worse than conventional systems with a compression chiller. The main reason for this is a poor system design combined with suboptimal control. Often several non optimised components, each separately controlled, are put together to form a ‘cooling system’. To overcome these drawbacks several attempts are made within IEA task 38 (International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme) to improve the system design through optimised design guidelines which are supported by simulation based design tools. Furthermore, guidelines for an optimised control of different systems are developed. In parallel several companies like the SolarNext AG in Rimsting, Germany started the development of solar cooling kits with optimised components and optimised system controllers. To support this process the following contributions are made within the present work: - For the design and dimensioning of solar driven absorption cooling systems a detailed and structured simulation based analysis highlights the main influencing factors on the required solar system size to reach a defined solar fraction on the overall heating energy demand of the chiller. These results offer useful guidelines for an energy and cost efficient system design. - Detailed system simulations of an installed solar cooling system focus on the influence of the system configuration, control strategy and system component control on the overall primary energy efficiency. From the results found a detailed set of clear recommendations for highly energy efficient system configurations and control of solar driven absorption cooling systems is provided. - For optimised control of open desiccant evaporative cooling systems (DEC) an innovative model based system controller is developed and presented. This controller consists of an electricity optimised sequence controller which is assisted by a primary energy optimisation tool. The optimisation tool is based on simplified simulation models and is intended to be operated as an online tool which evaluates continuously the optimum operation mode of the DEC system to ensure high primary energy efficiency of the system. Tests of the controller in the simulation environment showed that compared to a system with energy optimised standard control the innovative model based system controller can further improve the primary energy efficiency by 19 %.
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Liu, Xiaogang M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Implementations of electric vehicle system based on solar energy in Singapore assessment of solar thermal technologies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54558.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-150).
To build an electric car plus renewable energy system for Singapore, solar thermal technologies were investigated in this report in the hope to find a suitable "green" energy source for this small island country. Among all existing solar thermal technologies, parabolic trough power plants represent a well established technology with more than twenty years of operation experiences. This report reviewed recent progress of research in this field. It was found that significant progresses have been made in solar collector, heat transfer fluid and thermal storage. An economic assessment of the parabolic trough power plant technology was also carried out. By comparing a parabolic trough power plant and a concentrating photovoltaic solar farm, both advantages and limitations of these plants were indentified. Based on these findings, the niche market for parabolic trough power plants was analyzed. It was found that in the next few years, the deployment of parabolic trough plants would mainly occur in south-western U.S. and Mediterranean countries. However, it was found that concentrating solar thermal technologies were not suitable for Singapore, due to this country's limited land and high fraction of diffuse solar radiation. Therefore, PV technology was selected as a "clean" energy source. Based on PV electricity, a few electric vehicle (XEV) models were developed and evaluated.
by Xiaogang Liu.
M.Eng.
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Ampatzi, Eleni. "Potential for solar thermal technologies and thermal energy storage to reduce the energy use from Welsh housing." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55906/.

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This thesis deals with the potential contribution that state-of-the-art solar thermal (ST) systems enhanced by thermal energy storage (TES) technologies might have in reducing the energy use in Welsh dwellings. The focus of this work lies with the share of the overall amount of conventional energy currently consumed for thermal comfort and hot water preparation that could be replaced by solar energy harvested by active, water-based, solar systems. Twelve typical Welsh dwellings drawn from a recent survey and considered as representative of the Welsh housing stock are modelled and the solar collectors' yield for different orientations and tilts is predicted. The subject is investigated with computer simulations using the TRNSYS simulation engine. The methodology dictates at first prediction and analysis of the thermal energy demand profiles of 12x4 case studies using average (smoothed) and actual (warmer) weather conditions, continuous and intermittent comfort maintenance. Next the ST potential is estimated considering solely a maximum (0.7) and an average (0.4) overall system efficiency and no other technical part for the ST system (modelling approach), in order to investigate the mismatch of energy demand and availability and the TES contribution. The performance characteristics of some representative European ST systems (short-term TES only), as derived from the IEA SHC Task 26 FSC method, are then applied to the simulations to reveal the potential with realistic losses and parasitic energy consumption included (applied only to 5 compatible models). It is revealed that all these house types are possible candidates for effective ST applications, assuming that economies of scale would allow for large absorber areas in the near future. The modelling approach shows that ST systems could contribute to thermal savings between 9%-34% solely with direct utilisation of the collected energy. Furthermore, for most cases, if reasonable sized stores would be used (up to 300kWh TES capacity) then the solar contribution to the overall thermal energy consumption, in the most favourable conditions, would be around 42-58%. Only a couple of models appear to have a lower potential, mainly due to lack of sufficient absorber areas. However for reaching the highest end of expectations for certain house types---up to 54% with average and up to 100% with warmer weather conditions---inter-seasonal storage would be required. In this case, the justifiable storage capacities predicted correspond to very large store volumes, revealing that these are currently not feasible options, as sensible heat storage is still the state-of-the-art for TES. Use of innovative storage types identified by the literature survey, that would only be available in the future, are required in order to achieve high solar contributions, considering space limitations in Welsh dwellings. The FSC results show that for the 5 models the use of solar energy would bring thermal energy savings of around 41-47% if the best system is employed compared to a conventional system, while if parasitic (electric) energy consumption is considered the expected energy savings could be as low as 10%. The actual ST potential is analysed and is found to be in between the two approaches, as both methods have advantages and limitations and complement each other.
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Blumer, Zak H. "Synthesis of Plasmonic Titanium Nitride Structures to Increase Efficiency in Solar Thermal Technologies." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1524833073448935.

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Renk, Douglas Frank. "Integrating technologies in the biodiesel process coupling ultrasonication, solar thermal energy and anaerobic digestion of coproducts." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041354.

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Kamal, Rajeev. "Optimization and Performance Study of Select Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Technologies for Commercial Buildings." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6656.

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Buildings contribute a significant part to the electricity demand profile and peak demand for the electrical utilities. The addition of renewable energy generation adds additional variability and uncertainty to the power system. Demand side management in the buildings can help improve the demand profile for the utilities by shifting some of the demand from peak to off-peak times. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning contribute around 45% to the overall demand of a building. This research studies two strategies for reducing the peak as well as shifting some demand from peak to off-peak periods in commercial buildings: 1. Use of gas heat pumps in place of electric heat pumps, and 2. Shifting demand for air conditioning from peak to off-peak by thermal energy storage in chilled water and ice. The first part of this study evaluates the field performance of gas engine-driven heat pumps (GEHP) tested in a commercial building in Florida. Four GEHP units of 8 Tons of Refrigeration (TR) capacity each providing air-conditioning to seven thermal zones in a commercial building, were instrumented for measuring their performance. The operation of these GEHPs was recorded for ten months, analyzed and compared with prior results reported in the literature. The instantaneous COPunit of these systems varied from 0.1 to 1.4 during typical summer week operation. The COP was low because the gas engines for the heat pumps were being used for loads that were much lower than design capacity which resulted in much lower efficiencies than expected. The performance of equivalent electric heat pump was simulated from a building energy model developed to mimic the measured building loads. An economic comparison of GEHPs and conventional electrical heat pumps was done based on the measured and simulated results. The average performance of the GEHP units was estimated to lie between those of EER-9.2 and EER-11.8 systems. The performance of GEHP systems suffers due to lower efficiency at part load operation. The study highlighted the need for optimum system sizing for GEHP/HVAC systems to meet the building load to obtain better performance in buildings. The second part of this study focusses on using chilled water or ice as thermal energy storage for shifting the air conditioning load from peak to off-peak in a commercial building. Thermal energy storage can play a very important role in providing demand-side management for diversifying the utility demand from buildings. Model of a large commercial office building is developed with thermal storage for cooling for peak power shifting. Three variations of the model were developed and analyzed for their performance with 1) ice storage, 2) chilled water storage with mixed storage tank and 3) chilled water storage with stratified tank, using EnergyPlus 8.5 software developed by the US Department of Energy. Operation strategy with tactical control to incorporate peak power schedule was developed using energy management system (EMS). The modeled HVAC system was optimized for minimum cost with the optimal storage capacity and chiller size using JEPlus. Based on the simulation, an optimal storage capacity of 40-45 GJ was estimated for the large office building model along with 40% smaller chiller capacity resulting in higher chiller part-load performance. Additionally, the auxiliary system like pump and condenser were also optimized to smaller capacities and thus resulting in less power demand during operation. The overall annual saving potential was found in the range of 7-10% for cooling electricity use resulting in 10-17% reduction in costs to the consumer. A possible annual peak shifting of 25-78% was found from the simulation results after comparing with the reference models. Adopting TES in commercial buildings and achieving 25% peak shifting could result in a reduction in peak summer demand of 1398 MW in Tampa.
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Munich, Chad Thomas. "Modeling of the Thermal Output of a Flat Plate Solar Collector." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293541.

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Traditionally, energy capture by non-concentrating solar collectors is calculated using the Hottel-Whillier Equation (HW): Q(u)=A(c)*F(r)*S-A(c)*F(r)*U(l)*(T(fi)-Tₐ), or its derivative: Q(u)=A(c)*F(r)*S-A(c)*F(r)*U(l)*((T(fi)-T(fo))/2-Tₐ). In these models, the rate of energy capture is based on the collector's aperture area (A(c)), collector heat removal factor (F(r)), absorbed solar radiation (S), collector overall heat loss coefficient (U(l)), inlet fluid temperature (T(fi)) and ambient air temperature (Tₐ). However real-world testing showed that these equations could potentially show significant errors during non-ideal solar and environmental conditions. It also predicts that when T(fi)-Tₐ equals zero, the energy lost convectively is zero. An improved model was tested: Q(u)=A(c)F(r)S-A(c)U(l)((T(fo)-T(fi))/(ln(T(fo)/T(fi)))-Tₐ) where T(fo) is the exit fluid temperature. Individual variables and coefficients were analyzed for all versions of the equation using linear analysis methods, statistical stepwise linear regression, F-Test, and Variance analysis, to determine their importance in the equation, as well as identify alternate methods of calculated collector coefficient modeling.
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Books on the topic "Solar thermal HVAC technologies"

1

Roldán Serrano, Maria Isabel. Concentrating Solar Thermal Technologies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45883-0.

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Chandra, Laltu, and Ambesh Dixit, eds. Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy Technologies. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4576-9.

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Arjunan, T. V., Vijayan Selvaraj, and M. M. Matheswaran. Solar Thermal Conversion Technologies for Industrial Process Heating. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003263326.

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Eicker, Ursula. Solar Technologies for Buildings. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006.

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Solar technologies for buildings. Chichester: Wiley, 2003.

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1956-, Santamouris M., ed. Solar thermal technologies for buildings: The state of the art. London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd., 2003.

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G, Flamant, Ferriére A, Pharabod François, and International Symposium on Solar Thermal Concentrating Technologies (9th : 1998 : Font-Romeu, France), eds. Solar thermal concentrating technologies: Proceedings of the 9th SolarPACES Internatinoal Symposium on Solar Thermal Concentrating Technologies : STCT 9 : Font-Romeu, France, 22-26 June, 1998. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 1999.

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M, Becker, Klimas Paul C, Chavez James M, Kolb Gregory J, Meinecke W, Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt., and Sandia National Laboratories, eds. Second generation central receiver technologies: A status report. Karlsruhe: C.F. Müller, 1993.

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Jorgenson, Jennie. Estimating the performance and economic value of multiple concentrating solar power technologies in a production cost model. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2013.

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M, Becker, Böhmer M, Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt., and International Symposium on Solar Thermal Concentrating Technologies (8th : 1996 : Cologne, Germany), eds. Solar thermal concentrating technologies: Proceedings of the 8th international symposium, October 6-11, 1996, Köln, Germany. Heidelberg: C.F. Müller, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Solar thermal HVAC technologies"

1

Blazev, Anco S. "Solar Thermal Technologies." In Photovoltaics for Commercial and Utilities Power Generation, 15–26. New York: River Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003151630-2.

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Roldán Serrano, María Isabel. "Concentrating Solar Thermal Technologies." In Green Energy and Technology, 11–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45883-0_2.

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Khullar, Vikrant, Harjit Singh, and Himanshu Tyagi. "Direct Absorption Solar Thermal Technologies." In Applications of Solar Energy, 81–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7206-2_5.

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Sarma, Dhrupad, Parimal Bakul Barua, Deva Kanta Rabha, Nidhi Verma, Soumyajyoti Purkayastha, and Sudipta Das. "Flat Plate Solar Thermal Collectors—A Review." In Emerging Technologies for Smart Cities, 197–209. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1550-4_21.

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Tsvetanov, Simeon, Tasos Papapostolu, Stefan Dimitrov, and Ivailo Andonov. "Smart Controller for Solar Thermal Systems." In Human Interaction, Emerging Technologies and Future Systems V, 618–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85540-6_78.

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Kumar, B., M. K. Das, and J. N. Roy. "Design and Storage of Solar Thermal Energy Production." In Clean Energy Production Technologies, 225–43. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9135-5_10.

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Camacho, C. Gomez. "Report of the Session 5.1 Systems, Performances, Thermal Inertia Capacities and Technologies." In Solar Thermal Central Receiver Systems, 329–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82910-9_26.

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Muthuvairavan, Guna, and Sendhil Kumar Natarajan. "Large-Scale Solar Desalination System." In Solar Thermal Conversion Technologies for Industrial Process Heating, 169–99. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003263326-9.

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Chandramohan, V. P., and Pritam Das. "Low and Medium Temperature Solar Thermal Collectors." In Solar Thermal Conversion Technologies for Industrial Process Heating, 37–74. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003263326-3.

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Ahmadi, Abolfazl, and Amir Hosein Saedi. "Solar Thermal Energy Systems Life Cycle Assessment." In Solar Thermal Conversion Technologies for Industrial Process Heating, 257–92. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003263326-13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Solar thermal HVAC technologies"

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Abdul-Zahra, Amar, Tillman Faßnacht, Christian Glück, and Andreas Wagner. "Simulation Study of Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Options for Solar-Assisted Heating of a Residential Building in Germany." In Advanced HVAC and Natural Gas Technologies. Riga: Riga Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/rehvaconf.2015.005.

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Peyton-Levine, Tobin, Jonathan Sherbeck, Beth Magerman, and Patrick E. Phelan. "Solar Cooling With Ice Storage." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-93106.

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Solar photovoltaics (PV) is hampered by the lack of solar radiation during peak energy demand hours of the day, e.g. 5–8pm. The ability to shift the PV power curve and make the energy accessible during peak hours can be accomplished through pairing solar PV with energy storage technologies. A system of combining solar PV and ice thermal storage in order to operate conventional heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) units has been developed. The hybrid air conditioning system (HACS) consists of an array of PV panels running a DC compressor which operates a conventional HVAC unit using R134a that has two evaporators. A simple test run consisting of cycling the glycol solution through the glycol air handler with all other components shut down was performed. The glycol air handler ran for 6 hours and the initial cooling power was 4.5 kWth.
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Robbins, Curtis, Travis Goldade, S. Kent Hoekman, Roger Jacobson, and Robert Turner. "Empirically Driven Computer Simulations of Solar Thermal Systems for Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6476.

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The Desert Research Institute (DRI) has developed a Renewable Energy Deployment and Display Facility (REDD) which utilizes solar and wind to create a net zero energy residence for research, education, and outreach. The facility is a demonstration of the integration of many renewable energy technologies into a residential setting such that technology developers can show proof-of-concept, students and trade workers can get hands-on experience, and public organizations can see renewable energy components implemented into a residential setting. A major technological aspect of the facility is the use of solar thermal energy to provide space heating, Domestic Hot Water (DHW), and solar cooling. Data are monitored from three separate solar thermal systems, each with their own hot water storage, to evaluate optimized utilization of solar thermal energy into residential applications. The three solar thermal systems differ in their working fluids. System 1 uses a conventional mixture of glycol and water in 200 ft2 of ground mounted collector area, System 2 uses DHW in 210 ft2 of roof mounted collector area, and System 3 uses air in a 578 ft2 collector built into the roof. Each system is configured to be used for space heating and DHW. Systems 1 and 2 are built into the HVAC system of the 1200 ft2 house, and System 3 is built into the HVAC system of the 600 ft2 detached workshop. Data collected from each system provide the basis for year-long energy and economic simulations using TRNSYS for comparison. The results from the simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of site-built solar air collectors, which have the advantage of using conventional materials, and avoid the issues of liquid collectors associated with boiling and freezing. This paper describes the experimental setup of the solar thermal systems, how the data are used as inputs to the computer simulations, and the configuration of the computer simulations. The REDD Facility, as well as the use of TRNSYS will continue to be used by DRI researchers to investigate not only the most feasible integration of components for a solar thermal residential system, but also as a tool to properly size and implement solar thermal systems.
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Wolfe, Daniel M., and Keith Goossen. "Active Modulated Reflectance Roofing System to Tailor Building Solar Loads for Increased HVAC Efficiency." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6386.

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Space heating and cooling contributes a significant percentage of a building’s overall energy usage profile. The construction of a building’s envelope is an essential component that impacts the overall heating and cooling load. For many years, flat roofs were covered with low albedo materials such as asphalt or modified bitumen, which can reach temperatures of 150°F to 180°F during summer months. More recently, alternative technologies, such as “white roofs”, have been put forth to mitigate the problem of unwanted thermal gain. However, these traditional roofing materials and recent innovations are passive structures and only promote seasonal benefits. This paper proposes and demonstrates the concept of an active variable reflectance roofing system that can tailor solar loads to desired heating or cooling, significantly reducing overall space heating and cooling energy requirements and costs.
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Bajc, Tamara, and Milan Gojak. "Solar Thermal Energy For Buildings – Current State and Perspectives." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.33.

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Almost 50% of final energy consumption in Europe and worldwide is addressed to thermal energy, which is significantly higher than energy needs for electricity for lighting and electrical appliances and for traffic. Building sector takes a significant share (about 40 %) in total primary energy consumption. Limited amounts of fossil fuels, their negative impact on environment, high and unstable prices and import dependency of fuels caused intensive growth and usage of solar thermal energy in the world. Solar heating and cooling are the most important solar sector worldwide, where installed solar system power is about 500 GWth and it is higher than PV system power and also the power of solar thermal plants. Today, according to the total installed collector capacity, China dominates on first place, then Europe, while United States comes right after, according to the SHC Agency data for 2016. With a district solar thermal plant in municipality Pančevo, Republic of Serbia also has its place at a world solar thermal map. This paper presents a review of different sizes, number, installed power and types of solar collectors and other characteristics of built solar thermal systems worldwide. Potential for possible usage of solar thermal system was identified and technological and other challenges and perspectives for future growth in the field of solar thermal energy were discussed.
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Shipkovs, Janis, Peteris Shipkovs, Andrejs Snegirjovs, Kristina Ļebedeva, Galina Kashkarova, Lana Migla, and Vidas Lekavicius. "Optimization of Solar Cooling System in Latvia." In Advanced HVAC and Natural Gas Technologies. Riga: Riga Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/rehvaconf.2015.027.

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Pelece, Ilze, Semjons Ivanovs, Adolfs Rucins, and Oskars Valainis. "Air Heating Solar Collector for Hemp Drying." In Advanced HVAC and Natural Gas Technologies. Riga: Riga Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/rehvaconf.2015.032.

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Simson, Raimo, Jarek Kurnitski, Mikk Maivel, and Targo Kalamees. "Compliance with Summer Thermal Comfort Requirements in Apartment Buildings." In Advanced HVAC and Natural Gas Technologies. Riga: Riga Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/rehvaconf.2015.009.

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Saito, Shiori, Masanari Ukai, Yuta Ichikawa, Tatsuo Nobe, and Shigeki Kametani. "Relationship between Thermal Environmental Acceptability and Individual Characteristics in an Office." In Advanced HVAC and Natural Gas Technologies. Riga: Riga Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/rehvaconf.2015.008.

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Ukai, Masanari, Yoshito Arai, Mitsuhiro Takahashi, Sei Ito, Saya Amemiya, Gouo Tsusaka, and Tatsuo Nobe. "Usage Survey of Personal Underfloor Air Outlet System and Thermal Environment Acceptability." In Advanced HVAC and Natural Gas Technologies. Riga: Riga Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/rehvaconf.2015.010.

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Reports on the topic "Solar thermal HVAC technologies"

1

Author, Not Given. Overview of solar thermal technologies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1216671.

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Reiter, Patrick, Hannes Poier, Christian Holter, Sabine Putz, Werner Doll, Maria Moser, Bernhard Gerardts, and Anna Provasnek. Business Models of Solar Thermal and Hybrid Technologies. IEA SHC Task 55, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0002.

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District Heating required annually 600 TWh in the European Union and represents more than 10% of the EUs heat demand. Fossil fuels are the major source for heat production. Approximately 5000 district heating grids in the EU are operated by burning fossil fuels valued at € 18 billion (600 TWh) and emitting more than 150 million tons of CO2 emissions every year.
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Baechler, M., T. Gilbride, K. Ruiz, H. Steward, and P. Love. High-Performance Home Technologies: Solar Thermal & Photovoltaic Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/909990.

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Neti, Sudhakar, Alparslan Oztekin, John Chen, Kemal Tuzla, and Wojciech Misiolek. Novel Thermal Storage Technologies for Concentrating Solar Power Generation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1159108.

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Bennett, Charles. Development of Gyrosole and Solar Thermal HVAC Technology for 20-60kW Applications, CRADA No. TC02164.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1098083.

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Bennett, C., and C. Hardt. Development of Gyrosole and Solar Thermal HVAC Technology for 20-60kW Applications, CRADA No. TC02164.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1774218.

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Dirks, J. Southwest utility expansion plans: implications for solar thermal electric technologies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5710484.

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Zhu, Guangdong, Chad Augustine, Rebecca Mitchell, Matthew Muller, Parthiv Kurup, Alexander Zolan, Shashank Yellapantula, et al. Roadmap to Advance Heliostat Technologies for Concentrating Solar-Thermal Power. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1888029.

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Augustine, Chad, Craig Turchi, and Mark Mehos. The Role of Concentrating Solar-Thermal Technologies in a Decarbonized U.S. Grid. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1820100.

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Wortman, D., Echo-Hawk, L. [authors] and Wiechman, J., S. Hayter, and D. Gwinner. Photovoltaic and solar-thermal technologies in residential building codes, tackling building code requirements to overcome the impediments to applying new technologies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/750931.

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