Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Solar thermal concentrator'
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Coventry, Joseph Sydney, and Joe Coventry@anu edu au. "A solar concentrating photovoltaic/thermal collector." The Australian National University. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20041019.152046.
Full textBerryman, Ian. "Optimisation, design, development, and trial of a low-cost solar oven with novel concentrator geometry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:42de9b33-18e1-4f22-8a44-3ddfd532bd0b.
Full textŠumić, Mersiha. "Thermal Performance of a Solarus CPC-Thermal Collector." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energi och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-14526.
Full textChow, Simon Ka Ming. "Integration of High Efficiency Solar Cells on Carriers for Concentrating System Applications." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19932.
Full textMuron, Aaron C. D. "Field Installation of a Fully Instrumented Prototype Solar Concentrator System: Thermal and Photovoltaic Analysis." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26245.
Full textOliveira, Junior Gilberto Bueno de [UNESP]. "Construção e avaliação térmica de um sistema concentrador parabólico com seguidor solar." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/133981.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The searching for renewable energy sources has mobilized much of the scientific community, which work is tireless in pointing out feasible solutions to use clean energy. Solar energy is natural choice among others, because its availability and amount. A known way to use this energy is by focusing solar rays through parabolics, which allow rays concentration to a small area. The advantage of this type of project is to produce thermal energy at high temperatures. This energy has a wide application on producing other forms of energy such as electric power in turbines since solar concentrators provide steam at high pressure and temperature. The goal of this study is to build a solar concentration device and measure the energy produced, as well its efficiency in transformation. Thus, was built up a parabolic concentrator and a solar tracker to motion in three dimension, which allows device alignment towards incidence of solar rays. Was utilized a pumping system to flowing thermal fluid at high temperatures through the absorber. The energy balance of this thermal fluid, led to obtain behavior curves of net power and system efficiency. The experimental was divided in two parts. On the first one, was obtained the stagnation temperature and the other one, was measured the eficiency over a circulating thermal fluid. The stagnation temperature measured in december was 476,5°C, at 4:25PM. The second part of tests has shown an efficiency of 33% on first one assay. However when was utilizing another form to measure the solar irradiation (theoretic approach), the efficiency rises between 45% to 55%, regarding steady state conditions. Furthermore, this work allowed discussions to discover ways to increase the energy efficiency.
A busca por formas alternativas de energia tem mobilizado grande parte da comunidade científica, cujos trabalhos são incansáveis em apontar soluções viáveis para o aproveitamento das energias renováveis e limpas. A energia solar se destaca dentre todas pela sua disposição e quantidade. Uma forma já conhecida de sua utilização é através da concentração em sistemas parabólicos, que permitem o direcionamento dos raios do Sol para uma pequena área. A vantagem deste tipo de projeto é a produção de energia térmica a altas temperaturas e pressões. Essa energia concentrada possui grande aplicação, pois permite a conversão eficiente em energia elétrica, produzidas em turbinas a vapor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir um dispositivo termo-eletrônico para concentração solar e, com isso, quantificar a energia produzida, bem como sua eficiência. Assim sendo, foi construído um concentrador parabólico e um rastreador solar com movimento tridimensional, que permite o alinhamento do equipamento com a incidência dos raios do Sol. Foi utilizado ainda, para circulação no interior do absorvedor, um sistema de bombeamento de fluido térmico de alto ponto de ebulição e que não sofria deformação a altas temperaturas. O balanço energético no dispositivo permitiu obter as curvas de potência útil e da eficiência do sistema. O experimento foi dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte, foi obtida a temperatura de estagnação e na outra parte, foi medida a eficiência energética sobre o fluido térmico em circulação. A temperatura de estagnação medida em dezembro foi de 476,5 °C, às 4:25 PM. A segunda parte dos testes mostrou uma eficiência de 33% no primeiro ensaio. No entanto, quando se utilizou uma outra forma de medir a irradiação solar (abordagem teórica), a eficiência aumentou, permanecendo entre 45% a 55%, considerando regime permanente. Além disso, possibilitou a discussão de formas de incrementar a sua eficiência.
Capes: 2012/2014
Rodríguez, Alvarado Juan Fernando. "Validation of a numerical model for the analysis of thermal-fluid behavior in a solar concentrator vessel." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59936.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 44).
The need for innovation in the renewable energy sector is an ever-growing concern. With national-level disasters in the Gulf of Mexico, the necessity to begin the drive to develop effective and practical alternative energy sources becomes a more pressing concern. The CSPond project is an attempt to design a more simple solar thermal energy generation system that additionally addresses the intermittence issue. The CSPond system calls for a large container in which special salt mixtures are molten by solar thermal energy. The large container also acts as a thermal energy storage to address the intermittence issue that has held back the widespread application of solar energy systems. This thesis presents a validation analysis of a numerical simulation of a molten salt system. The simulation is part of a larger design effort to develop a viable solar thermal energy option which incorporates short to medium-term thermal storage. To validate the numerical model, a scaled version of the proposed solar vessel was used in the solar simulator built by Professor Slocum's PERG to simulate normal operation procedures. This data was then compared to the numerical simulations. This comparison found that the numerical simulation does not capture the dynamics of the temperature rise in the system, but that it does capture the Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities, characteristic of convection. Solutions to the issues identified above are proposed and analyzed. These include the consideration of several modes of thermal interactions with the environment, the optical interactions between the solar beam and the molten salt medium, modifying the boundary conditions and finally, including the temperature of all relevant thermophysical properties to better capture the convective behavior of the molten salt system.
by Juan Fernando Rodríguez Alvarado.
S.B.
Avallone, Elson [UNESP]. "Estudo de um coletor solar, tipo tubo evacuado modificado, utilizando um concentrador cilíndrico parabólico (CPC)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152135.
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As alterações climáticas tem fomentado a busca por fontes renováveis de energia. Assim, novos coletores solares têm sido o foco de pesquisadores em todo o mundo para novos concentradores, novas configurações de instalação e o estudo da estratificação térmica para melhorar o desempenho do sistema de armazenamento térmico. O sistema proposto, ou seja, utilizando concentrador solar com tubo evacuado, proporciona linearidade e constância na sua eficiência em relação aos coletores de placas planas. A alteração proposta, ou seja, tubo com duas aberturas, uma para entrada do líquido frio e outra para saída do líquido aquecido, elimina a interface física entre a água quente na região voltada para o fluxo de calor solar e a água fria na região inferior do tubo. Essa alteração provoca redução na eficiência térmica, porém aumenta o volume de água aquecida por dia. O concentrador CPC mostrou-se um importante equipamento do sistema, uma vez que a os raios solares incidem em uma região longitudinal definida no tubo coletor solar, direcionado pela geometria do CPC. Com a utilização desse equipamento elimina-se a necessidade de espelhos com seguidores solares, tornando o sistema vulnerável a oscilações elétricas, encarecendo o projeto e consumindo energia elétrica. O desempenho do coletor é avaliado a partir de testes experimentais utilizando a Primeira Lei da Termodinâmica como análise da eficiência. Esses resultados são comparados aos conceitos teóricos descritos na literatura científica. O espaço anular evacuado do tubo também se mostrou um importante aliado na linearidade do coletor, reduzindo a resistência térmica do ar. A estratificação térmica é avaliada tanto pelo número de MIX (Primeira Lei da Termodinâmica) como pela proposta de um novo coeficiente de estratificação utilizando a exergia (Segunda Lei da Termodinâmica). Das seis configurações propostas para o sistema estudado, a mais viável foi obtida na configuração 3, ou seja, tubo evacuado com CPC.
Climate change has encouraged the search for renewable energy sources. Thus, new solar collectors have been the focus of researchers around the world with new hubs, new installation settings and the study of thermal stratification to improve the performance of the thermal storage system. The proposed system, ie using evacuated tube solar concentrator provides linearity and stability of efficiency compared to flat plate collectors. The proposed change, i.e. a tube with two openings, one for cold liquid inlet and the other for hot liquid outlet, eliminates the physical interface between the hot water in the region facing the solar heat flow and the cold water in the lower region of the tube. This change causes a reduction in thermal efficiency, however increases the volume of water heated per day. Two radiometers were also developed, one thermal and the other optical, and the thermal radiometer was chosen because it had a similar behavior to the solar collectors, thus reducing the cost of the experimental bench. The CPC concentrator proved to be important equipment, once the concentration of sunlight focus on a longitudinal region defined in the solar collector tube, directed by the CPC geometry. Using this equipment eliminates the need for mirrors with solar trackers, making the system vulnerable to electrical oscillations, making the project more expensive and consuming electricity. The collector performance is evaluated from experimental tests using the First Law of Thermodynamics as an efficiency analysis. These results are compared to the theoretical concepts described in the scientific literature. The annular evacuated space in the tube also proved to be an important ally in the linearity of the collector, reducing the thermal resistance of the air. Thermal stratification is evaluated both by the MIX number (First Law of Thermodynamics) and by the proposal of a new stratification coefficient using exergy (Second Law of Thermodynamics). Of the six configurations proposed the most efficient was obtained in the complete configuration, i.e. evacuated tube with CPC.
Morfeldt, Johannes. "Optically Selective Surfaces in low concentrating PV/T systems." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-7396.
Full textOne of the traditional approaches to reduce costs of solar energy is to use inexpensive reflectors to focus the light onto highly efficient solar cells. Several research projects have resulted in designs, where the excess heat is used as solar thermal energy.
Unlike a solar thermal system, which has a selective surface to reduce the radiant heat loss, a CPV/T (Concentrating PhotoVoltaic/Thermal) system uses a receiver covered with solar cells with high thermal emittance.
This project analyzes whether the heat loss from the receiver can be reduced by covering parts of the receiver surface, not already covered with solar cells, with an optically selective coating. Comparing different methods of applying such a coating and the long-term stability of low cost alternatives are also part of the objectives of this project.
To calculate the heat loss reductions of the optically selective surface coating a mathematical model was developed, which takes the thermal emittances and the solar absorptances of the different surfaces into account. Furthermore, a full-size experiment was constructed to verify the theoretical predictions.
The coating results in a heat loss reduction of approximately 20 % in such a CPV/T system and one of the companies involved in the study is already changing their design to make use of the results.
Wannemo, John. "Zero CO2 factory : Energikartläggning av industrier och ett exempel på hur noll utsläpp nås." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160486.
Full textThe industry sector accounts for 32% of the global energy usage where the majority of the energy is being used as heat. Most of the heat is generated by burning fossil fuels which leads to heat use being the largest source of emissions in the sector. About half of energy used as in the industries are in temperatures up to 400 °C which is suitable for heat provided by solar collectors.The apparel industry accounts for 10% of the global carbon emissions and multiple of the industry processes used in textile production are in temperature ranges reachable with solar collectors such as Absolicons T160.Energy data was collected from textile factories and calculations of energy usage and emissions was made. The calculations for solar collectors was made with Absolicons web application Field Simulator. A 3-step plan was created to demonstrate how two textile factories in India could reach zero CO2 emissions.The analysis shows that the textile industry’s majority of energy is being used from fossil fuels to generate heat where the 5 largest factories in this report average energy is 85% as heat and 15% as electricity. The emissions per produced mass of goods in kg is an average of 6,1 kgCO2e at these 5 factories which is comparable to burning 2,1 kg of black coal.The two large textile factories combined emissions from energy usage is reported to be 686 ktCO2e. In the 3-step plan the heat usage is reduced by 17% and heat from fossil fuels are replaced by heat from solar collectors and biomass. To cover 68% of the new energy demand it would require solar fields with a total thermal capacity of about 400 MW and an area of 1,3 km2. The remaining 32% of heat demand would be covered by burning 100 000 tonne of biomass per year.The conclusion is that he industry sector has a huge potential of reducing their emissions by replacing fossil fuels for generating thermal energy by thermal energy from e.g. solar collectors or biomass. It will require available spaces close to or on top of the factories to be able cover large portions of the heat demand with solar collectors. The current prices of energy from fossil fuels is low compared to their emissions and a global carbon market or taxes should be applied to accelerate the change to clean energy and lower emissions.
Pujol, Nadal Ramon. "Comportamiento Óptico y Térmico de un Concentrador Solar Lineal con reflector estacionario y Foco Móvil." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84115.
Full textThe Fixed Mirror Solar Concentrator (FMSC) appeared during the 70s with the aim of reducing costs in the production of electricity in solar thermal power plants. This design consists of a concentrator with fixed reflector and moving receiver, has a very good integrability into building roofs and can reach temperatures between 100 and 200ºC with an acceptable efficiency. In this Thesis a methodology is presented for the determination of the behaviour of the FMSC. A simulation tool based on the forward ray-tracing method has been developed. The optical and thermal behaviour of the FMSC and its curved mirror variation called the Curved Slats Fixed Mirror Solar Concentrator (CSFMSC), have been analyzed with this tool. A parametric analysis has been carried out in order to determine the influence of the different parameters on the Incidence Angle Modifier (IAM) and to determine the optimal designs at a temperature of 200ºC for three different climates at different latitudes. The theoretical values obtained from the ray-tracing code have been compared with two experimental prototypes. The experimental and numerical results obtained show a good fit. The efficiency curve of one of the prototypes has been determined from the experimental tests. The methodology proposed in the norm EN-12975-2:2006 has been used in combination with IAM values obtained by ray-tracing. It has been shown that this combination can be effectively used to obtain the efficiency curve of complex collectors with a bi-axial IAM model.
Coventry, Joseph Sydney. "A solar concentrating photovoltaic/thermal collector /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20041019.152046/index.html.
Full textDesai, Ranjit. "Thermo-Economic Analysis of a Solar Thermal Power Plant with a Central Tower Receiver for Direct Steam Generation." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131764.
Full textCanavarro, Diogo. "Advances in the design of solar concentrators for thermal applications." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14557.
Full textOnigbajumo, Adetunji. "Integration of concentrated solar thermal energy for industrial hydrogen production." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/235889/1/Adetunji%2BOnigbajumo_Thesis%281%29.pdf.
Full textJavadian-Deylami, Seyd Payam. "Metal Hydrides as Energy Storage for Concentrated Solar Thermal Applications." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/58986.
Full textRiverola, Lacasta Alberto. "Dielectric solar concentrators for building integration of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663116.
Full textEl objetivo de la presente tesis es desarrollar, optimizar, fabricar y caracterizar experimentalmente un sistema solar de baja concentración, fotovoltaico y térmico, para integración arquitectónica en fachadas donde las células están sumergidas en un líquido dieléctrico. Este objetivo está perfectamente alineado con el cumplimiento de la directiva sobre eficiencia energética en edificios establecida por la Comisión Europea. Los sistemas solares fotovoltaicos y térmicos para integración en edificios atesoran la cogeneración de electricidad y calor en el mismo edificio con unas eficiencias globales alrededor del 70% y utilizando una menor superficie que si incorporamos un colector térmico y un módulo fotovoltaico separados. Por otra parte, los sistemas de baja concentración permiten reducir costes utilizando células solares estándar, con un área reducida y seguimiento en un solo eje. Además, la inmersión de las células en líquidos dieléctricos conlleva unos beneficios agregados como son la reducción de las pérdidas de Fresnel y un mejor control de la temperatura. Del estado del arte realizado y las cualidades previamente descritas, se desprende la necesidad de estudiar y desarrollar estos sistemas para su integración en edificios. El diseño propuesto está compuesto de un chasis cilíndrico y una cavidad interna por donde circula el líquido dieléctrico (agua desionizada o alcohol isopropílico) en el cual están las células sumergidas. Cada módulo sigue la altura solar rotando y está diseñado para ser colocado en filas formando una matriz. De este modo, la apariencia del conjunto es similar a la de las lamas que se encuentran comúnmente en ventanas. Además, un movimiento secundario que regula la distancia vertical entre los módulos para evitar sombreo entre ellos mismos y controlar la iluminación interior, ha sido implementado. Para llevar a cabo un desarrollo óptimo, se ha modelado la distribución espectral de la luz solar incidente a la cual se ven expuestas las células solares en condiciones reales. Se ha realizado un análisis exhaustivo de los líquidos dieléctricos susceptibles de cumplir con los requerimientos para la presente aplicación. Se ha modelado la absortividad/emisividad de las células de silicio comerciales en un rango espectral que va desde el ultravioleta hasta el infrarrojo medio y se ha validado experimentalmente. A partir de aquí, se ha desarrollado un algoritmo de trazado de rayos para optimizar el diseño óptico del concentrador con el fin de posteriormente fabricarlo y analizarlo mediante una simulación CFD. Hecho que nos permite caracterizarlo ópticamente y térmicamente. Finalmente, se ha realizado una simulación energética con el sistema instalado sobre las ventanas de una casa estándar para evaluar que parte de las demandas energéticas del edificio es capaz de satisfacer. Esta simulación se ha realizado en tres localizaciones distintas. El rendimiento del sistema ha sido estudiado en lugares caracterizados por inviernos suaves y alturas solares no muy elevadas, cubriéndose una gran parte de las demandas de agua caliente sanitaria, eléctricas y de climatización.
The goal of this thesis is to develop, optimize, fabricate and experimentally test a low-concentrating photovoltaic thermal system (CPVT) for building façade integration where the cells are directly immersed in a dielectric liquid. The objective sought is perfectly aligned with the Energy Performance Building Directive established by the European Commission in terms of energy efficiency. Building-integrated PVT systems present an on-site cogeneration of electricity and heat with global efficiencies around 70% and lower space utilization compared to a separate thermal collector and PV module. On the other hand, low-concentrating systems improve the cost effectiveness by using standard cells, single axis-tracking and reduced cell areas. In addition, direct-immersion of solar cells in dielectric liquids brings associated benefits such as a reduction of Fresnel losses and a better temperature control. From the state-of-the-art performed and the previous facts, the need for further developing and studying these systems for building integration purposes was found. The proposed design is composed by a cylindrical chassis and an inner cavity filled with the circulating dielectric liquid (deionized water or isopropyl alcohol) in which the cells are immersed. The module tracks the solar height by rotation and it is designed to be placed in rows as an array so that the appearance is akin to ordinary window blinds. A secondary movement has been implemented to control the vertical distance between modules and to avoid shading between them while provide lighting control. For an appropriate development, the spectral distribution of the incident solar irradiance to which solar cells are exposed under real working conditions has been modelled. An in-depth analysis of suitable dielectric liquid candidates based on the required properties for this application has been performed. The absorptivity/emissivity of standard silicon solar cells has been modeled from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared and validated by an experimental measurement. Then, a full ray-tracing algorithm was developed to optimize the concentrator optical design and the optimum collector was fabricated and analyzed by a CFD simulation to thermally characterize the system. Finally, an energetic simulation with the concentrators superimposed in front of the windows in a standard house aiming to partially cover the building demands has been performed for three locations. The system performance has been studied for locations with mild winters and latitudes not achieving very high solar heights with satisfactory solar fractions regarding domestic hot water, electrical and space heating and cooling demands.
Miranda, Gilda. "Dispatch Optimizer for Concentrated Solar Power Plants." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik och byggd miljö, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-402436.
Full textBialobrzeski, Robert Wetherill. "Optimization of a SEGS solar field for cost effective power output." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24631.
Full textGuerreiro, Luís. "Energy optimization of a concentrated solar power plant with thermal storage." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/25594.
Full textZhang, Yi Zhong. "Experimental investigations on a two-axis sun-tracking concentrated photovoltaic-thermal system cooled by phase change material." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3950058.
Full textZacharopoulos, Aggelos. "Optical design modelling and experimental characterisation of line-axis concentrators for solar photovoltaic and thermal applications." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342344.
Full textAdsten, Monika. "Solar thermal collectors at high latitudes design and performance of non-tracking concentrators /." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/fulltext/91-554-5274-4.pdf.
Full textNoone, Corey J. (Corey James). "Optimization of central receiver concentrated solar thermal : site selection, heliostat layout & canting." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69782.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-67).
In this thesis, two new models are introduced for the purposes of (i) locating sites in hillside terrain suitable for central receiver solar thermal plants and (ii) optimization of heliostat field layouts for any terrain. Additionally, optimization of heliostat canting, is presented as an application of the heliostat layout optimization model. Using the site selection model, suitable sites are located based on heliostat field efficiency and average annual insolation. By iteratively defining the receiver location and evaluating the corresponding site efficiency, by sampling elevation data points from within the defined heliostat field boundary, efficiency can be mapped as a function of the receiver location. The case studies presented illustrate the use of the tool for two field configurations, both with ground-level receivers. The heliostat layout optimization model includes a detailed calculation of the annual average optical efficiency accounting for projection losses, shading & blocking, aberration and atmospheric attenuation. The model is based on a discretization of the heliostats and can be viewed as ray tracing with a carefully selected distribution of rays. The prototype implementation is sufficiently fast to allow for field optimization. In addition, inspired by the spirals of the phyllotaxis disc pattern, a new biomimetic placement heuristic is described and evaluated which generates layouts of both higher efficiency and better ground coverage than radially staggered designs. Case studies demonstrate that the new pattern achieves a better trade-off between land area usage and efficiency, i.e., it can reduce the area requirement significantly for any desired efficiency. Finally, heliostat canting is considered. Traditionally, canting has been parabolic, in which the focal point of the heliostat lies on the axis of symmetry. Two alternative off-axis canting methods are compared in this thesis, fixed facet (static) canting in which the facet alignment is optimized for a single design day and time and then rigidly mounted to the frame and dynamic canting in which the facets are actively controlled such that the center of each facet is always perfectly focusing. For both methods, two case studies are considered, a power tower with planar heliostat field and a hillside heliostat field which directs light down to a ground-level salt pond.
by Corey J. Noone.
S.M.
Wagner, Sharon J. "Environmental and Economic Implications of Thermal Energy Storage for Concentrated Solar Power Plants." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2011. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/682.
Full textMahdavi, Mahboobe. "NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT PIPES WITH APPLICATION IN CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/400193.
Full textPh.D.
Thermal energy storage systems as an integral part of concentrated solar power plants improve the performance of the system by mitigating the mismatch between the energy supply and the energy demand. Using a phase change material (PCM) to store energy increases the energy density, hence, reduces the size and cost of the system. However, the performance is limited by the low thermal conductivity of the PCM, which decreases the heat transfer rate between the heat source and PCM, which therefore prolongs the melting, or solidification process, and results in overheating the interface wall. To address this issue, heat pipes are embedded in the PCM to enhance the heat transfer from the receiver to the PCM, and from the PCM to the heat sink during charging and discharging processes, respectively. In the current study, the thermal-fluid phenomenon inside a heat pipe was investigated. The heat pipe network is specifically configured to be implemented in a thermal energy storage unit for a concentrated solar power system. The configuration allows for simultaneous power generation and energy storage for later use. The network is composed of a main heat pipe and an array of secondary heat pipes. The primary heat pipe has a disk-shaped evaporator and a disk-shaped condenser, which are connected via an adiabatic section. The secondary heat pipes are attached to the condenser of the primary heat pipe and they are surrounded by PCM. The other side of the condenser is connected to a heat engine and serves as its heat acceptor. The applied thermal energy to the disk-shaped evaporator changes the phase of working fluid in the wick structure from liquid to vapor. The vapor pressure drives it through the adiabatic section to the condenser where the vapor condenses and releases its heat to a heat engine. It should be noted that the condensed working fluid is returned to the evaporator by the capillary forces of the wick. The extra heat is then delivered to the phase change material through the secondary heat pipes. During the discharging process, secondary heat pipes serve as evaporators and transfer the stored energy to the heat engine. Due to the different geometry of the heat pipe network, a new numerical procedure was developed. The model is axisymmetric and accounts for the compressible vapor flow in the vapor chamber as well as heat conduction in the wall and wick regions. Because of the large expansion ratio from the adiabatic section to the primary condenser, the vapor flow leaving the adiabatic pipe section of the primary heat pipe to the disk-shaped condenser behaves similarly to a confined jet impingement. Therefore, the condensation is not uniform over the main condenser. The feature that makes the numerical procedure distinguished from other available techniques is its ability to simulate non-uniform condensation of the working fluid in the condenser section. The vapor jet impingement on the condenser surface along with condensation is modeled by attaching a porous layer adjacent to the condenser wall. This porous layer acts as a wall, lets the vapor flow to impinge on it, and spread out radially while it allows mass transfer through it. The heat rejection via the vapor condensation is estimated from the mass flux by energy balance at the vapor-liquid interface. This method of simulating heat pipe is proposed and developed in the current work for the first time. Laboratory cylindrical and complex heat pipes and an experimental test rig were designed and fabricated. The measured data from cylindrical heat pipe were used to evaluate the accuracy of the numerical results. The effects of the operating conditions of the heat pipe, heat input, and portion of heat transferred to the phase change material, main condenser geometry, primary heat pipe adiabatic radius and its location as well as secondary heat pipe configurations have been investigated on heat pipe performance. The results showed that in the case with a tubular adiabatic section in the center, the complex interaction of convective and viscous forces in the main condenser chamber, caused several recirculation zones to form in this region, which made the performance of the heat pipe convoluted. The recirculation zone shapes and locations affected by the geometrical features and the heat input, play an important role in the condenser temperature distributions. The temperature distributions of the primary condenser and secondary heat pipe highly depend on the secondary heat pipe configurations and main condenser spacing, especially for the cases with higher heat inputs and higher percentages of heat transfer to the PCM via secondary heat pipes. It was found that changing the entrance shape of the primary condenser and the secondary heat pipes as well as the location and quantity of the secondary heat pipes does not diminish the recirculation zone effects. It was also concluded that changing the location of the adiabatic section reduces the jetting effect of the vapor flow and curtails the recirculation zones, leading to higher average temperature in the main condenser and secondary heat pipes. The experimental results of the conventional heat pipe are presented, however the data for the heat pipe network is not included in this dissertation. The results obtained from the experimental analyses revealed that for the transient operation, as the heat input to the system increases and the conditions at the condenser remains constant, the heat pipe operating temperature increases until it reaches another steady state condition. In addition, the effects of the working fluid and the inclination angle were studied on the performance of a heat pipe. The results showed that in gravity-assisted orientations, the inclination angle has negligible effect on the performance of the heat pipe. However, for gravity-opposed orientations, as the inclination angle increases, the temperature difference between the evaporator and condensation increases which results in higher thermal resistance. It was also found that if the heat pipe is under-filled with the working fluid, the capillary limit of the heat pipe decreases dramatically. However, overfilling of the heat pipe with working fluid degrades the heat pipe performance due to interfering with the evaporation-condensation mechanism.
Temple University--Theses
Khan, Fahad. "Spherical Tanks for Use in Thermal Energy Storage Systems." Digital WPI, 2015. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/187.
Full textPrinsloo, Gerhardus Johannes. "Automatic positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic solar reflector." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96137.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Most rural African villages enjoy high levels of sunlight, but rolling out solar power generation technology to tap into this renewable energy resource at remote rural sites in Africa pose a number of design challenges. To meet these challenges, a project has been initiated to design, build and test/evaluate a knock down 3 kW peak electrical stand-alone self-tracking dual-axis concentrating solar power system. This study focusses on the mechatronic engineering aspects in the design and development of a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for the stand-alone concentrating solar power system. Design specifications require an accurate automatic positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic solar reflector with an optical solar harnessing capacity of 12 kWt at solar noon. It must be suitable for stand-alone rural power generation. This study presents a conceptual design and engineering prototype of a balanced cantilever tilt-and-swing dual-axis slew drive actuation means as mechatronic solar tracking mobility platform for a ∼12 m2 lightweight parabolic solar concentrator. Digital automation of the concentrated solar platform is implemented using an industrial Siemens S7-1200 programmable logic controller (PLC) with digital remote control interfacing, pulse width modulated direct current driving, and electronic open loop/closed loop solar tracking control. The design and prototype incorporates off-the-shelf components to support local manufacturing at reduced cost and generally meets the goal of delivering a dynamic mechatronic platform for a concentrating solar power system that is easy to transport, assemble and install at remote rural sites in Africa. Real-time experiments, conducted in the summer of South Africa, validated and established the accuracy of the engineering prototype positioning system. It shows that the as-designed and -built continuous solar tracking performs to an optical accuracy of better than 1.0◦ on both the azimuth and elevation tracking axes; and which is also in compliance with the pre-defined design specifications. Structural aspects of the prototype parabolic dish are evaluated and optimized by other researchers while the Stirling and power handling units are under development in parallel projects. Ultimately, these joint research projects aim to produce a locally manufactured knock down do-it-yourself concentrated solar power generation kit, suitable for deployment into Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Landelike gebiede in Afrika geniet hoë vlakke van sonskyn, maar die ontwerp van betroubare sonkrag tegnologie vir die benutting van hierdie hernubare energie hulpbron by afgeleë gebiede in Afrika bied verskeie uitdagings. Om hierdie uitdagings te oorkom, is ’n projek van stapel gestuur om ’n afbreekbare 3 kW piek elektriese alleenstaande selfaangedrewe dubbel-as son-konsentreeder te ontwerp, bou en te toets. Hierdie studies fokus op die megatroniese ingenieurs-aspekte in die ontwerp en ontwikkeling van ’n dinamiese megatroniese platform en ’n digitale elektroniese beheerstelsel vir die alleenstaande gekonsentreerde sonkrag stelsel. Ontwerp spesifikasies vereis ’n akkurate outomatiese posisionering en beheer stelsel vir ’n motor aangedrewe paraboliese son reflekteerder met ’n optiesekollekteer- kapasiteit van 12 kWt by maksimum sonhoogte, en veral geskik wees vir afgeleë sonkrag opwekking. Hierdie studie lewer ’n konsepsuele ontwerp en ingenieurs-prototipe van ’n gebalanseerde dubbelas swaai-en-kantel swenkrat aandrywingsmeganisme as megatroniese sonvolg platform vir ’n ∼12 m2 liggewig paraboliese son konsentreerder. Digitale outomatisering van die son konsentreerder platform is geimplementeer op ’n industriële Siemens S7-1200 programmeerbare logiese beheerder (PLB) met ’n digitale afstandbeheer koppelvlak, puls-wydte-gemoduleerde gelykstroom aandrywing en elektroniese ooplus en geslote-lus sonvolg beheer. Die ontwerp en prototipe maak gebruik van beskikbare komponente om lae-koste plaaslike vervaardiging te ondersteun en slaag in die algemeen in die doel om ’n dinamiese megatroniese platform vir ’n gekonsentreerde sonkrag stelsel te lewer wat maklik vervoer, gebou en opgerig kan word op afgeleë persele in Afrika. Intydse eksperimente is gedurende die somer uitgevoer om die akkuraatheid van die prototipe posisionering sisteem te evalueer. Dit toon dat die sisteem die son deurlopend volg met ’n akkuraatheid beter as 1.0◦ op beide die azimut en elevasie sonvolg asse, wat voldoen aan die ontwerp spesifikasies. Strukturele aspekte van die prototipe paraboliese skottel word deur ander navorsers geëvalueer en verbeter terwyl die Stirling-eenheid en elektriese sisteme in parallelle projekte ontwikkel word. Die uiteindelike doel met hierdie groepnavorsing is om ’n plaaslik vervaardigde doen-dit-self sonkrag eenheid te ontwikkel wat in Afrika ontplooi kan word.
Strand, Anna. "Optimization of energy dispatch in concentrated solar power systems : Design of dispatch algorithm in concentrated solar power tower system with thermal energy storage for maximized operational revenue." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264410.
Full textKoncentrerad solkraft (CSP) är en snabbt växande teknologi för elektricitets-produktion. Med speglar (heliostater) koncentreras solstrålar på en mottagare som genomflödas av en värmetransporteringsvätska. Denna uppnår därmed höga temperaturer vilket används för att driva en ångturbin för att generera el. Ett CSP kraftverk är oftast kopplat till en energilagringstank, där värmelagringsvätskan lagras innan den används för att generera el. El säljs i de flesta fall på en öppen elmarknad, där spotpriset fluktuerar. Det är därför av stor vikt att generera elen och sälja den vid de timmar med högst elpris, vilket också är av ökande betydelse då supportmekanismerna för att finansiellt stödja förnybar energiproduktion används i allt mindre grad för denna teknologi då den börjar anses mogen att konkurrera utan. Ett solkraftverk har således ett driftsprotokoll som bestämmer när el ska genereras. Dessa protokoll är oftast förutbestämda, vilket innebär att en optimal produktion inte fås då exempelvis elspotpriset och solinstrålningen varierar. I detta examensarbete har en optimeringsalgoritm för elförsäljning designats (i MATLAB). Optimeringsscriptet är designat genom att för en given tidsperiod lösa ett optimeringsproblem där objektivet är maximerad vinst från såld elektricitet från solkraftverket. Funktionen tar hänsyn till timvist varierande elpris, timvist varierande solfältseffektivitet, energiflöden i solkraftverket, kostnader för uppstart (on till off) samt villkor för att logiskt styra de olika driftlägena. För att jämföra prestanda hos ett solkraftverk med det optimerade driftsprotokollet skapades även två traditionella förutbestämda driftprotokoll. Dessa tre driftsstrategier utvärderades i tre olika marknader, en med ett varierande el-spotpris, en i en reglerad elmarknad med tre prisnivåer och en i en marknad med spotpris men noll-pris under de soliga timmarna. Det fanns att det optimerade driftsprotokollet gav både större elproduktion och högre vinst i alla marknader, men störst skillnad fanns i de öppna spotprismarknaderna. För att undersöka i vilket slags kraftverk som protokollet levererar mest förbättring i gjordes en parametrisk analys där storlek på lagringstank och generator varierades, samt optimerarens tidshorisont och kostnad för uppstart. För lagringstank och generator fanns att vinst ökar med ökande storlek upp tills den storlek optimeraren har möjlighet att fördela produktion på dyrast timmar. Ökande storlek efter det ger inte ökad vinst. Ökande tidshorisont ger ökande vinst eftersom optimeraren då har mer information. Att ändra uppstartkostnaden gör att solkraftverket uppträder mindre flexibelt och har färre cykler, dock utan så stor påverkan på inkomst.
Ruiz-Cabañas, F. Javier. "Corrosion evaluation of molten salts thermal energy storage (TES) systems in concentrated solar power plants (CSP)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671680.
Full textEl creciente protagonismo de la tecnología solar se centra en su capacidad para adaptar su producción a la demanda energética exigida. La gestionabilidad de este tipo de centrales se ha conseguido mediante la integración de sistemas de almacenamiento térmico en sales fundidas. El uso de sales fundidas en sistemas de almacenamiento térmico presenta el hándicap de su corrosividad a alta temperatura. El primer bloque de la Tesis analiza los fenómenos de corrosión asociados a las sales solares en la planta piloto TES-PS10 mediante la instalación de racks de corrosión en los tanques de sales. Además, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio post-mortem de componentes de la instalación. Finalmente, se ha analizado a nivel de laboratorio la corrosividad de distintas mezclas de nitrato de baja pureza. El segundo bloque de la tesis se centra en los sistemas de almacenamiento en calor latente. En concreto, se analiza la corrosión asociada a la mezcla peritéctica 46% LiOH-54% KOH propuesta como material de cambio de fase en el módulo de evaporación en plantas de generación directa de vapor. De este modo, se han llevado a cabo ensayos de corrosión a nivel de laboratorio para evaluar el comportamiento a corrosión de distintos materiales en contacto con los hidróxidos.
The growing of concentrated solar power (CSP) within the different renewable energies is due to its ability to adapt the production to the required energy demand. The dispatchability of this type of plants has been achieved through the integration of molten salts thermal storage systems (TES). Molten salts have a handicap associated to their corrosiveness at high temperature. First block of this Thesis analyzes the corrosion phenomena associated with solar salts used in TES-PS10 pilot plant by installing corrosion racks in the salt tanks. Moreover, a postmortem study of different components was performed after facility shut down. Finally, in order to reduce the cost of the salt inventory in TES systems, the corrosivity of different low purity nitrates mixtures has been analyzed at laboratory scale. The second block of the Thesis focuses on latent heat storage systems. Specifically, it has been analyzed the corrosion associated with the proposed 46% LiOH-54% KOH peritectic mixture as a phase change material in the evaporation module of direct steam generation (DSG) CSP plants. Thus, corrosion tests have been performed at laboratory level to evaluate the corrosion performance of several materials in contact with such hydroxides.
Maaza, Malik. "Latent and thermal energy storage enhancement of silver nanowires-nitrate molten salt for concentrated solar power." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8038.
Full textPhase change material (PCM) through latent heat of molten salt, is a convincing way for thermal energy storage in CSP applications due to its high volume density. Molten salt, with (60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3) has been used extensively for energy storage however; the low thermal conductivity and specific heat have limited its large implementation in solar applications. For that, molten salt with the additive of silver nanowires (AgNWs) was synthesized and characterized. This research project aims to investigate the thermophysical properties enhancement of nanosalt (Mixture of molten salt and silver nanowires). The results obtained showed that by simply adjusting the temperature, Silver nanowires with high aspect ratio have been synthesized through the enhanced PVP polyol process method. SEM results revealed a network of silver nanowires and TEM results confirmed the presence of silver nanowires with an average diameter of 129 nm and 16 μm in length.
Anglani, Francesco. "Computer modelling and experimental testing of spray cleaning methodologies for concentrated solar thermal (CST) mirror cleaning." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116180/1/Francesco_Anglani_Thesis.pdf.
Full textFerruzza, Davide. "Thermocline storage for concentrated solar power : Techno-economic performance evaluation of a multi-layered single tank storage for Solar Tower Power Plant." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172456.
Full textGuillo, Lohan Benoit. "Modélisation, élaboration et caractérisation de cellules photovoltaïques à base de silicium cristallin pour des applications sous concentration." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI093/document.
Full textThe electrical performances of silicon based solar cells strongly degrade when increasing their temperature. However, such a well-known issue is too scarcely considered in the phovoltaic industry. To prevent the degradation of silicon based solar cells, two ways of improvement can be explored : one can either decrease the cells’ functionning temperature or either reduce the temperature degradation coefficient. As light intensity tends to favor cell heating, the study is even more important under concentrated sunlight. Regarding high light intensities, active cooling systems can be used to drastically reduce the cell temperature. For low light intensities, passive cooling systems, such as radiative cooling, are more energetically savy. The thesis aims at studying the electro-thermal behavior of cells under low light intensities. An innovative experimental set-up has been developped during this thesis to quantify the variation of the cell temperature with the applied bias voltage. When increasing the bias, an evolution of the cell emissivity is observed because of a variation of the minorities carrier concentration. The radiative cooling is at its lowest at the short circuit current and peaks its highest value at the open circuit voltage : as a result, the reached temperature is higher at the short circuit current than at the open circuit voltage. For a given solar cell, under 3 suns, a temperature shift of 6.2 °C was measured between these two points. The control of the fabrication process gives the opportunity to analyse the influence of the base doping and cell architecture on the evolution of the radiative cooling with the applied bias. Furthermore, the comparison between the electro-thermal behaviors of solar cells, which are related to their type of doping, has shown a lower thermal degradation coefficient of the open circuit voltage for n-type based dope solar cells. For example, at 60°C and under 1 sun, we measured a thermal degradation coefficient BVoc = −0.45% %·°C-1 for a n type solar cell whereas the p type solar cell recorded BVoc = −0.49% %·°C-1
Ehtiwesh, Ismael Alagili Sassi. "Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental evaluation of concentrated solar power plants in Libya." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15882.
Full textThe PhD project addresses the potential of using concentrating solar power (CSP) plants as a viable alternative energy producing system in Libya. Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental analyses are carried out for a particular type of CSP plants. The study, although it aims a particular type of CSP plant – 50 MW parabolic trough-CSP plant, it is sufficiently general to be applied to other configurations. The novelty of the study, in addition to modeling and analyzing the selected configuration, lies in the use of a state-of-the-art exergetic analysis combined with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The modeling and simulation of the plant is carried out in chapter three and they are conducted into two parts, namely: power cycle and solar field. The computer model developed for the analysis of the plant is based on algebraic equations describing the power cycle and the solar field. The model was solved using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software; and is designed to define the properties at each state point of the plant and then, sequentially, to determine energy, efficiency and irreversibility for each component. The developed model has the potential of using in the preliminary design of CSPs and, in particular, for the configuration of the solar field based on existing commercial plants. Moreover, it has the ability of analyzing the energetic, economic and environmental feasibility of using CSPs in different regions of the world, which is illustrated for the Libyan region in this study. The overall feasibility scenario is completed through an hourly analysis on an annual basis in chapter Four. This analysis allows the comparison of different systems and, eventually, a particular selection, and it includes both the economic and energetic components using the “greenius” software. The analysis also examined the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The main technological finding of this analysis is higher performance and lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for Libya as compared to Southern Europe (Spain). Therefore, Libya has the potential of becoming attractive for the establishment of CSPs in its territory and, in this way, to facilitate the target of several European initiatives that aim to import electricity generated by renewable sources from North African and Middle East countries. The analysis is presented a brief review of the current cost of energy and the potential of reducing the cost from parabolic trough- CSP plant. Exergetic and environmental life cycle assessment analyses are conducted for the selected plant in chapter Five; the objectives are 1) to assess the environmental impact and cost, in terms of exergy of the life cycle of the plant; 2) to find out the points of weakness in terms of irreversibility of the process; and 3) to verify whether solar power plants can reduce environmental impact and the cost of electricity generation by comparing them with fossil fuel plants, in particular, Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) plant and oil thermal power plant. The analysis also targets a thermoeconomic analysis using the specific exergy costing (SPECO) method to evaluate the level of the cost caused by exergy destruction. The main technological findings are that the most important contribution impact lies with the solar field, which reports a value of 79%; and the materials with the vi highest impact are: steel (47%), molten salt (25%) and synthetic oil (21%). The “Human Health” damage category presents the highest impact (69%) followed by the “Resource” damage category (24%). In addition, the highest exergy demand is linked to the steel (47%); and there is a considerable exergetic demand related to the molten salt and synthetic oil with values of 25% and 19%, respectively. Finally, in the comparison with fossil fuel power plants (NGCC and Oil), the CSP plant presents the lowest environmental impact, while the worst environmental performance is reported to the oil power plant followed by NGCC plant. The solar field presents the largest value of cost rate, where the boiler is a component with the highest cost rate among the power cycle components. The thermal storage allows the CSP plants to overcome solar irradiation transients, to respond to electricity demand independent of weather conditions, and to extend electricity production beyond the availability of daylight. Numerical analysis of the thermal transient response of a thermocline storage tank is carried out for the charging phase. The system of equations describing the numerical model is solved by using time-implicit and space-backward finite differences and which encoded within the Matlab environment. The analysis presented the following findings: the predictions agree well with the experiments for the time evolution of the thermocline region, particularly for the regions away from the top-inlet. The deviations observed in the near-region of the inlet are most likely due to the high-level of turbulence in this region due to the localized level of mixing resulting; a simple analytical model to take into consideration this increased turbulence level was developed and it leads to some improvement of the predictions; this approach requires practically no additional computational effort and it relates the effective thermal diffusivity to the mean effective velocity of the fluid at each particular height of the system. Altogether the study indicates that the selected parabolic trough-CSP plant has the edge over alternative competing technologies for locations where DNI is high and where land usage is not an issue, such as the shoreline of Libya.
O projeto de Doutoramento aborda o potencial de usar centrais de energia solar concentrada (CSP) como um sistema de produção de energia alternativa disponível na Líbia. Uma análise nas vertentes exergética, energética, económica e ambiental foi realizada para um tipo particular destas centrais – um sistema de 50 MW com receção parabólica, porém ela é suficientemente geral para ser aplicada a outras configurações. A originalidade do estudo, para além da modelação e análise da configuração selecionada encontra-se na utilização do estado da arte em termos da análise exergética combinada com a avaliação do ciclo de vida (LCA). A modelação e simulação da central CSP selecionada são efetuadas no terceiro capítulo tendo em consideração as duas componentes: ciclo de potência e campo de coletores solar. O modelo computacional para a análise do sistema foi desenvolvido com base em equações algébricas que descrevem o sistema, e que são resolvidas usando o software EES. Deste modo, são definidas as propriedades em cada ponto de interesse para os diferentes elementos do sistema, o que assim permite determinar as energias, eficiências e irreversibilidades desses elementos. O modelo desenvolvido tem o potencial de se tornar uma ferramenta de grande utilidade para o projeto preliminar de engenharia de centrais CSP, e também para a avaliação da eventual reconfiguração de centrais elétricas solares comerciais em operação. Além disso, o modelo pode ser utilizado no estudo de viabilidade da operação de centrais CSP, através da análise energética, económica e ambiental, para regiões diferentes da que foi escolhida no presente estudo -Trípoli (Líbia). O cenário total da viabilidade da operação da central CSP é completado através da análise horária com base anual apresentada no quarto capítulo. Esta análise permite a comparação de diferentes sistemas e, eventualmente permite fazer a seleção com base nas componentes económicas e energéticas, que são determinadas dentro do contexto do software greenius. A análise também toma em conta o impacto de financiamento e incentivos dados aos projetos no custo da produção de energia. O principal resultado desta análise é a verificação que o desempenho é mais elevado, com o consequente menor custo nivelado da eletricidade, para a Líbia em comparação com o Sul da Europa (Espanha). Assim a Líbia tem o potencial de se tornar um candidato atrativo para o estabelecimento de centrais CSP com o objetivo, como foi considerado em várias iniciativas europeias, de exportar eletricidade gerada através de fontes de energia renováveis de países do Norte de África e Médio Oriente para a Europa. A análise apresenta uma breve revisão do custo corrente da eletricidade e o potencial para reduzir o custo da energia a partir da tecnologia de receção parabólica de centrais CSP. A avaliação do ciclo de vida com base exergética (ELCA) e a avaliação do ciclo de vida convencional são realizadas para a centrais CSP específicas no quinto capítulo. Os objetivos são 1) avaliar o impacto ambiental e custo, em termos de do ciclo iv de vida exergético do sistema; 2) identificar pontos fracos em termos da irreversibilidade dos processos; e 3) verificar se as centrais CSP podem reduzir o impacto ambiental e o custo de geração de eletricidade em comparação com centrais que consomem combustível fóssil. O capítulo ainda apresenta uma análise termoeconómica com base na metodologia do custo específico da exergia (SPECO), que avalia o custo relacionado com a destruição de exergia. A análise verificou que o impacto mais importante é a contribuição apresentada pelo campo solar (79%), e os materiais com maior impacto são: aço (47%), sal fundido (25%) e óleo sintético (21%). A análise ELCA mostra que a maior demanda de exergia é devida ao aço (47%); a análise existe uma considerável demanda de exergia relacionada com o sal fundido e ainda o óleo sintético. Em comparação com as centrais que consomem combustível fóssil (NGCC e óleo) a central sistema CSP apresenta menor impacto ambiental, enquanto o pior desempenho ambiental é o da central com queima de óleo seguida pela central a gás natural (NGCC). Na central CSP, o campo solar apresenta o custo mais elevado, enquanto o gerador de vapor, entre os componentes do ciclo de potência, apresenta o maior custo. O armazenamento de energia térmica permite que as centrais CSP superem a intermitência de radiação solar para responder à procura de energia elétrica independentemente das condições climáticas, e também possam estender a produção de eletricidade para além da disponibilidade da radiação solar diária. A análise numérica do transiente térmico de um sistema de armazenamento de gradiente térmico é realizada durante a fase de carregamento. O sistema de equações que descreve o modelo numérico é resolvido através da utilização de diferenças finitas implícitas no tempo usando o software Matlab. Os resultados da análise indicam que as previsões estão em boa concordância com os dados experimentais para a evolução no tempo da região de gradiente térmico, em particular para regiões mais afastadas da entrada. Nesta região os desvios observados são provavelmente causados pelo alto nível de turbulência devido à penetração do jato no seio do tanque de armazenamento. O modelo analítico simples para simular a turbulência que foi desenvolvido melhora os resultados. Esta abordagem não requer esforço computacional adicional e determina a difusidade térmica efetiva ao longo do tanque.
Tiari, Saeed. "EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF LATENT HEAT THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS ASSISTED BY HEAT PIPES FOR CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER APPLICATION." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/403481.
Full textPh.D.
A desirable feature of concentrated solar power (CSP) with integrated thermal energy storage (TES) unit is to provide electricity in a dispatchable manner during cloud transient and non-daylight hours. Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) offers many advantages such as higher energy storage density, wider range of operating temperature and nearly isothermal heat transfer relative to sensible heat thermal energy storage (SHTES), which is the current standard for trough and tower CSP systems. Despite the advantages mentioned above, LHTES systems performance is often limited by low thermal conductivity of commonly used, low cost phase change materials (PCMs). Research and development of passive heat transfer devices, such as heat pipes (HPs) to enhance the heat transfer in the PCM has received considerable attention. Due to its high effective thermal conductivity, heat pipe can transport large amounts of heat with relatively small temperature difference. The objective of this research is to study the charging and discharging processes of heat pipe-assisted LHTES systems using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental testing to develop a method for more efficient energy storage system design. The results revealed that the heat pipe network configurations and the quantities of heat pipes integrated in a thermal energy storage system have a profound effect on the thermal response of the system. The optimal placement of heat pipes in the system can significantly enhance the thermal performance. It was also found that the inclusion of natural convection heat transfer in the CFD simulation of the system is necessary to have a realistic prediction of a latent heat thermal storage system performance. In addition, the effects of geometrical features and quantity of fins attached to the HPs have been studied.
Temple University--Theses
Lopes, Telma Sofia Risso. "Advantages and drawbacks of a linear focusing system with low melting point molten salts." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31058.
Full textGremion, Carine. "Elaboration et caractérisation d'absorbeurs sélectifs platine-alumine pour le solaire thermique à concentration à haute température." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0043/document.
Full textDeveloping new absorber material for solar thermal power is a key step in the enhancement of renewable energies. The current working temperature of the absorber in power plant is too low (450°C) and must be raised to at least 650°C to enhance the yield of the plant. New absorber materials must be developed, to resist such high temperatures for many years, without losing their optical selectivity. Multilayer composite materials show promising results, especially platinum-alumina multilayer because of their good thermal stability. The aim of this PhD was to develop an absorber presenting a good solar absorption and to study the degradation mechanisms taking place during the aging at 650°C in air. Therefore, we studied the platinum-alumina multilayer. We used optical simulation to optimize the structure of our absorber. Then we realized these structures by magnetron sputtering and we performed optical characterizations to verify the optical selectivity. Values of absorption and emissivity of α=0.95 and ε=0.18 were obtained. At that point, we performed aging tests on our absorbers to study the degradation mechanisms taking place during aging at 650°C and to find ways to avoid those degradations in future applications
Jourdan, Arnaud. "Conception d'un système de cogénération solaire applique à l'habitat, associant un concentrateur miniature et une turbine de telsa." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0103.
Full textThe responsibility of our activity in the recent and sometimes brutal climate changes is recognized. Energy demand management and renewable energies appear as two solutions to overcome this disaster. In this work, we focus on combined heat and power applied to residential buildings. Two geographical areas are concerned, West Africa and France. For the moment, no system of very low power (< 10 kWe) solar cogeneration exists. In this work, considered solution consists to produce heat at 150 °C and with an efficiency greater than 50 %, then to use it in an ORC for producing electricity and low temperature heat. The whole system has to be resistant and low-cost. But to reach those performances with solar radiation, concentration is necessary. The first part of this thesis is to elaborate a solar concentrating panel which answer to these two thermal constraints. The new solar panel must be robust, reliable and easily integrable on the building envelope. In this context, parabolic trough is adopted, adapted and miniaturised. Regarding the thermodynamic part, technological lock is found mainly in the turbogenerator. The purpose of the second part of this thesis consists of the design of a an expansion equipement, requiring simplified maintenance and achievable by the team of Sirea. The Tesla turbine, patented in 1913 by Nikola Tesla, should satisfy this specification. Its characteristic is that the opposite other conventional turbines, the rotor is not bladed or vaned, only parallel disks. Fluid exerts shear stress on the disk surfaces resulting in a torque at the shaft
Sandlin, Matthew. "An experimental and numerical study of granular hopper flows." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50318.
Full textAltenberend, Jochen. "Cinétique de la purification par plasma de silicium pour cellules photovoltaïques : étude expérimentale par spectrométrie Kinetics of the plasma refining process of silicon for solar cells." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI082/document.
Full textThe plasma refining process studied in this work can efficiently remove boron fromsilicon. In combination with other processes one can purify silicon for solar cells atlow costs. The hot gases from the thermal plasma torch are blown onto the surface ofa silicon melt. However the chemistry at the silicon surface is so far poorlyunderstood. For a better understanding of the process we do parametricmeasurements of the boron removal rate, we calculate the chemical equilibriumconcentrations and we measure the temperature and radical concentrations in theplasma, using emission spectroscopy.The comparison of boron removal rates from literature to calculated chemicalequilibrium concentrations shows that the chemical reactions at the silicon surfaceare probably at chemical equilibrium. However, the boron to silicon ratio in theexhaust gases is higher than predicted by the chemical equilibrium calculations. Thisis probably due to the formation of a silica aerosol in the reactive boundary layer. Theresults of the parametric measurements of the boron removal rate agree also withthis theory.Several validation experiments showed that emission spectroscopy with Abelinversion can be used to measure the temperature and the concentration ratios O/Arand H/Ar in the plasma. The spectroscopic results helped to improve significantly anumerical mode. The results also showed that hydrogen diffuses strongly in theplasma while oxygen diffuses much less
Ertl, Felix. "Exergoeconomic Analysis and Benchmark of a Solar Power Tower with Open Air Receiver Technology." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101320.
Full textVeynandt, François. "Cogénération héliothermodynamique avec concentrateur linéaire de Fresnel : modélisation de l’ensemble du procédé." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0116/document.
Full textLinear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) is a promising Concentrating Solar Power technology. Research is booming and industrial applications are emerging. Applications range from small production units (heat, cold, electricity) to utility scale power plants (several tenths of MW). This PhD work establishes a global model of the solar process, in order to improve our knowledge of the system’s performances. It is a static model suited for a pre-design of the system. The model is chaining three parts. Radiative heat transfer in the optical concentrator is modelled by Monte Carlo statistical Method. The algorithm enables a detailed study of any geometrical configuration, especially through absorbed power flux maps on the receiver. The simulation tool is using the environment of development EDStar. The thermal model calculates analytically the useful thermal power, losses and temperature profiles along the receiver (glass cover, fluid, pipe...). The thermodynamic cycle is simulated analytically using the software Thermoptim. The studied application uses air as heat transfer and working fluid. Air directly feeds an Ericsson engine. The engine developed by LaTEP laboratory is promising for small scale cogeneration (1 to several tenths of kWel). The prototype Linear Fresnel Reflector built in Ecole des Mines d’Albi will enable experimental study of a solar process coupling an LFR concentrator and an Ericsson engine. The technology under study can feed a power plant or a cogeneration system in the industry, producing electricity and heat at 100 to 250°C. Hybridisation with an other energy source (biomass, gas...) and thermal storage (molten salt?) are key features to investigate. To optimise the operating strategy of the process, dynamic behaviour must be studied: a systemic or agent based model is a very relevant approach
Gunawan, Gan Philipe. "Concentrated Solar Thermal Plant for Future Fuels Production : Process Modeling and Techno-economic Analysis of Syngasoline, Syndiesel, Ethanol and Methanol Production Using Thermochemical Cycle based on Metal Oxide." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235512.
Full textKo, Gaelle Kafira. "Etude et modélisation dynamique d'un concentrateur à miroir linéaire de Fresnel." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0018/document.
Full textAmong the different technologies of concentrated solar power plant, the linear Fresnel, thanks to its simplicity, appears the most adapted to rural area of Sub Sahara region. A linear Fresnel collector of 7.5 m² has been built in “laboratoire énergies renouvelables et efficacité énergétique (LabEREE)”. The collector have been designed using material available locally by local man power. This reduces the total cost of the technology and makes it affordable for local population. The collector has been characterized in order to find optical, thermal and global efficiencies. In first time, a review on different linear Fresnel collector allows finding the technology that is most adapted to the Sub-Saharan region. An optical and thermal model of the collector has been done as a tool for designing and optimisation. The experimental results enable to validate the different models done. The collector has an effective concentration factor of 6 and a global efficiency of 21%
Pragada, Gandhi, and Nitish Perisetla. "Utility-Scale Solar Power Plants with Storage : Cost Comparison and Growth Forecast Analysis." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301838.
Full textFörnybar energi för energiproduktion, liksom Solar, visar sig vara mycket relevant i dagens värld [1]. Det är mycket tydligt att solenergi kommer att framstå som en av de viktigaste energikällorna i framtiden. Dessutom kommer lagringsalternativet att spela en väsentlig roll för den framtida distributionen av solkraftverk. Koncentrerade solkraftverk med värmelagring, solcellsanläggningar integrerade med batterilagring och hybridanläggningar är attraktiva lösningar för att få en stabil och skickbar energiproduktion. Investerare eller beslutsfattare brukar tycka att det är utmanande att komma på den mest genomförbara solcellstekniken eftersom de måste överväga teknikekonomisk genomförbarhet, och samtidigt, ur ett marknads- eller administrativt perspektiv också. Så denna avhandlingsstudie kommer att ta itu med nyckelproblemet som riktar sig till investerare eller beslutsfattare eftersom det finns ett behov av att välja den bästa solenergilagringstekniken på en användningsnivå i framtiden baserat på så många attribut. Avhandlingsprojektet genomfördes i två faser som inkluderar prognosmodellering och uppskattningar och teknikekonomisk bedömning av virtuella anläggningar. Dessa två faser hjälpte till att ta itu med olika frågor i samband med problemstudien i denna studie. Hela avhandlingsstudien omfattade i stort sju länder som sträcker sig över fyra stora regioner runt om i världen. Den första fasen i avhandlingen, prognosmodelleringsuppskattningar visar hur de sju länderna kommer att se ut i framtiden (2020 - 2050) med avseende på installerad kapacitet och kostnader för PV-, CSP- och BESS -teknik. Några viktiga resultat från fas 1 inkluderar, i lågkostnadsuppskattningar, att Kina kommer att vara marknadsledande inom PV och CSP år 2050. I USA och Indien beräknas de installerade kostnaderna för PV minska med 70% år 2050. Av 2050 beräknas de installerade kostnaderna för Solar Tower -teknik sjunka med cirka 65% i Kina och Spanien. I USA kommer priserna på BESS -teknik sannolikt att sjunka med cirka 58 - 60 % år 2050. I den andra fasen av avhandlingsstudien behandlade en teknikekonomisk utvärdering av virtuella anläggningar de aspekter som ska övervägas för ett solprojekt om det används i framtiden i sju specifika länder. Resultaten från denna analys hjälper investerare eller beslutsfattare att välja den billigaste solenergilagringstekniken på en användningsnivå i sju specifika länder i framtiden (2020 - 2050). Viktiga resultat från denna analys visar att i USA, år 2050, kommer PV+BESS att vara den billigaste lagringstekniken på 4 - 10 lagringstimmar. Tillägg av en annan förnybar teknik kommer att öka jämförbarheten. I Kina kommer Hybrid att vara den billigaste lagringstekniken i 4-8 timmar fram till 2050. Det finns en enorm potential för distribution av CSP & hybridanläggningar i framtiden än PV. I Sydafrika kommer CSP att vara den billigaste lagringstekniken år 2050 för 4 - 10 timmars lagring. Det antas att distributionen av BESS -projekt på verktygsnivå börjar från 2025 i Sydafrika. Utöver detta genomfördes marknadskravsanalys som ger insikter speciellt för beslutsfattarna om hur olika drivkrafter och begränsningar påverkar varje solteknik i de specifika länderna i framtiden. Sammantaget ger hela avhandlingsstudien riktlinjer/insikter till investerare eller beslutsfattare för att välja den bästa solenergitekniken i framtiden i en nyttoskala för ett visst land.
Narayan, Aditya. "Investigations on Air-cooled Air Gap Membrane Distillation and Radial Waveguides for Desalination." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78779.
Full textMaster of Science
Abeywardana, Asela Janaka. "Solar - Biomass hybrid system for process heat supply in medium scale hotels in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23794.
Full textGiudicelli, Emmanuel. "Evaluation d’une filière technologique de cellules photovoltaïques multi-jonctions à base de matériaux antimoniures (III-V)-Sb pour applications aux très fortes concentrations solaires." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT330/document.
Full textPhotovoltaic (PV) solar energy consists on the ability of certain materials to convert the photon energy into electric current. The development of PV conversion systems in the past thirty years has led to considerable improvements in terms of cost and performance in the field of renewable energies.A multi-junction (MJ) cell, based on III-V semiconductor materials, is a stack of sub-cells with decreasing gaps which notably allows wider use of the solar spectrum. Exposing these PV cells to a concentrated solar flux can significantly increase the electrical power generated, and therefore substantially lower the cost of electricity yielded.The world record is currently held by the partnership Soitec / Fraunhofer ISE with an efficiency of 46.0 % measured on a four-junction cell GaInP/GaAs//InGaAsP/InGaAs for a concentration ratio of 508 X (where 1 X = 1 sun = 1 kW/m²).The objective of the work in this thesis is to propose an alternative to existing cells, easier to implement with monolithic MJ cells grown on a GaSb substrate for solar concentrations of 1 000, which corresponds to a direct irradiance of 1 MW/m². This type of cell, due to the good complementary of the material gaps and its favorable band alignments, is a realistic and original alternative to existing cells for use under highly concentrated solar flux.To better understand the optimal multijunction III-Sb cell, the work carried out consisted on the manufacturing and characterization of the three sub-cells independently.These three epitaxial samples are Al0,9Ga0,1As0,07Sb0,93 (Top cell), the Al0,35Ga0,65As0,03Sb0,97 (Middle cell) and GaSb (Bottom cell) having as respective gaps 1.6 eV, 1.22 eV and 0.726 eV at 300 K.The work presented in this thesis is:- The establishment of all the technological steps required to manufacture the cells (metal deposition, wet and dry plasma etching ...).- The characterization of metallization by TLM structure (Transmission Line Method) with the best result being a three-layer metallization Cr/Pd/Au (30/30/30 nm) on a GaSb P-type substrate.- The characterization under dark of current-voltage electrical parameters of PV cells at room temperature and in function of the temperature.- The thermal characterization by measuring the thermal conductivity of the materials and a surface temperature mapping in function of the concentrated solar flux in realistic conditions.- The electro-optical characterization by spectral response, from which we calculated the external quantum efficiency which is the ratio between the amount of electrons created and the amount of incident photons.- The characterization under 1 sun illumination (1 000 W/m²) in a solar simulator and in realistic conditions of which we compared the electrical parameters.- The characterization of solar cells under (highly) concentrated solar flux in the PROMES laboratory.The best efficiencies for Bottom, Middle and Top PV cells respectively are 4.6 % for 40 X (close to the state of the art), 8.2 % for 96 X and 5.4 % for 185 X (world first for these quaternary materials).This work was cofounded by the Ministry of Education and Research (ED Research grant) and Labex SOLSTICE
Kenda, Nitedem Eric. "Stockage thermique à base d'éco-matériaux locaux pour centrale solaire à concentration : cas du pilote CSP4AFRICA." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0052/document.
Full textConvinced of the interest and potential of natural materials and industrial waste, this thesis has contributed to the development of heat storage materials (TESM) for CSPs in West Africa. More specifically, this research focused on the valorization of laterite from Burkina Faso, the bottom ashes from the coal-fired power plants of SONICHAR in Niger, residues of calcium carbonate (lime) from the acetylene in Burkina Faso and the vegetable oil of Jatropha curcas from the company Belwet in Burkina Faso. The results of this study showed that Jatropha curcas oil can be considered as a viable alternative to conventional HTF and TESM for CSP operating at 210 °C. The materials elaborated from bottom ashes and laterites present a refractory character due to the presence of mullite and spinel. The addition of lime makes it possible to reduce the melting temperature while preserving the refractory and conductive character of the obtained phases. Due to their stabilities, and the absence of conflict of use, the obtained materials can be used as TESM in CSP at temperatures up to 900 °C