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A. A., ADAMU, ADAMU K. S., MOHAMMEDA., SULE M.A., and IBRAHIM U.S. "Effect of Dust Accumulation on the Performances of Solar Panels in Static and Tracking Systems in Bauchi Metropolis of Nigeria." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 08, no. 11 (2022): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2022.8.11.3.
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The research aimed at comparing the effect of dust accumulation on the performances of solar PV modules in static position and on a tracking system within Bauchi metropolis of Nigeria , during the harmattan season –November to December. Dust deposition on the surface of PV panel reduces the conversion efficiency by absorbing and preventing the Solar radiation from reaching the cells of the panel. This necessitated the need to develop a reliable tool to relate energy production from solar cells with respect to dust deposition on both static and solar tracking PV modules. A test bed was designed for the field measurement of output current, voltage, temperature and dust weight data from the two PV modules.” Centsys” polycrystalline solarpanels () was used for the research. A statistical technique involving regression analysis in SPSS software was used to correlate between the various measured data from the test bed to predict the effect of dust accumulation on the surface of each module, which will enable solar power installers to take necessary measures for improving the PV module’s conversion efficiency during the period under review. The research result showed that the effect of dust on the tracking solar PV moduleis less significant compared to the static panel, giving the former a better conversion efficiency.
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Jadu Ali, Kamil, Ahmed Hasan Mohammad, and Ghanim Thiab Hasan. "An empirical correlation of ambient temperature impact on PV module considering natural convection." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp627-634.
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<p><span>In this paper, the effect of the ambient temperature on the PV modules for different angles of inclinations and different intensities of the solar radiation on the surface of the PV module is considered by using empirical correlations for natural convection. An analytical model based on the energy balance equilibrium between the PV module and the environment conditions has been used. Also an expression for calculating the electric power of silicon PV modules in a function of the ambient temperature, the intensity of the solar radiation, the incident angle of the solar radiation to the surface of the PV module and the efficiency of the PV modules at STC conditions have been used. By comparing the obtained both results, it can be seen that the largest deviation between the power values obtained by the analytical model and expression is about (5 %). The results obtained indicates that in the case of a small number of PV modules corresponding to the required number for an average household, it is more economical to invest additional resources in increasing the PV module's surface area than in case of the PV module with sun tracking system. </span></p>
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Najem, Alaa. "YEARLY IMPROVEMENT OF GRID-CONNECTED SOLAR PV SYSTEM PARAMETERS BY PLANAR CONCENTRATORS." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 19, no. 2 (April 5, 2023): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53540/tjer.vol19iss2pp140-151.
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Planar concentrators are used in the current manuscript to improve the solar PV system parameters (electrical energy, array yield, and solar irradiation). Additionally, study the temperature (both the ambient temperature and the temperature of the PV modules), performance ratio, and efficiency. The current PV system is situated at Al-Taji town in Baghdad. These improvements are achieved by using planar concentrators to increase solar radiation (made of aluminium metal). The results demonstrated a 21% increase in the yearly average energy output for improved solar PV modules. The improved solar PV modules' average yearly array yield increased by 20.6%. Compared to the reference PV modules, the improved solar PV modules received 24% more solar irradiation yearly on average. The monthly average of the performance ratio (PR) and efficiency to the improved solar PV modules and reference solar PV modules are 89.3% & 13.61%, and 91.2% & 13.89%, respectively. The yearly average temperatures of the reference PV solar modules and improved PV solar modules are 48.8OC and 46.0OC, respectively, at an average ambient temperature of 29.2OC. The originality of this work is the successful improvement of the electrical energy of the grid-tied PV system, in addition to studying the performance of the second generation of photovoltaic solar modules (CIGS), where CIGS is the PV module technology that is used in this manuscript.
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., Jalaluddin, and Baharuddin Mire. "Performansi aktual modul photovoltaik dengan pengarah matahari." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Indonesia 12, no. 2 (March 7, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36289/jtmi.v12i2.80.
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Actual performance of photovoltaic module with solar tracking is presented. Solar radiation can be converted into electrical energy using photovoltaic (PV) modules. Performance of polycristalline silicon PV modules with and without solar tracking are investigated experimentally. The PV module with dimension 698 x 518 x 25 mm has maximum power and voltage is 45 Watt and 18 Volt respectively. Based on the experiment data, it is concluded that the performance of PV module with solar tracking increases in the morning and afternoon compared with that of fixed PV module. It increases about 18 % in the morning from 10:00 to 12:00 and in the afternoon from 13:30 to 14:00 (local time). This study also shows the daily performance characteristic of the two PV modules. Using PV module with solar tracking provides a better performance than fixed PV module.
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Yousif, Jabar H., Hussein A. Kazem, Haitham Al-Balushi, Khaled Abuhmaidan, and Reem Al-Badi. "Artificial Neural Network Modelling and Experimental Evaluation of Dust and Thermal Energy Impact on Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Modules." Energies 15, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 4138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15114138.
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Many environmental parameters affect the performance of solar photovoltaics (PV), such as dust and temperature. In this paper, three PV technologies have been investigated and experimentally analyzed (mono, poly, and flexible monocrystalline) in terms of the impact of dust and thermal energy on PV behavior. Furthermore, a modular neural network is designed to test the effects of dust and temperature on the PV power production of six PV modules installed at Sohar city, Oman. These experiments employed three pairs of PV modules (one cleaned daily and one kept dusty for 30 days). The performance of the PV power production was evaluated and examined for the three PV modules (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and flexible), which achieved 30.24%, 28.94%, and 36.21%, respectively. Moreover, the dust reduces the solar irradiance approaching the PV module and reduces the temperature, on the other hand. The neural network and practical models’ performance were compared using different indicators, including MSE, NMSE, MAE, Min Abs Error, and r. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is used for evaluating the accuracy of the ANN machine learning model. The results show that the accuracy of the predicting power of the six PV modules was considerable, at 97.5%, 97.4%, 97.6%, 96.7%, 96.5%, and 95.5%, respectively. The dust negatively reduces the PV modules’ power production performance by about 1% in PV modules four and six. Furthermore, the results were evident that the negative effect of the dust on the PV module production based on the values of RMSE, which measures the square root of the average of the square’s errors. The average errors in predicting the power production of the six PV modules are 0.36406, 0.38912, 0.34964, 0.49769, 0.46486, and 0.68238.
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Xiao, Dongyue, and Titi Liu. "Optimized photovoltaic system for improved electricity conversion." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (2022): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctab103.
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Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) modules convert solar energy into electricity; however, in actual applications, the conversion efficiency of PV modules is low. This is because the temperature of PV modules increases, most of the incoming solar radiation absorbed is discarded to the PV modules as wasted heat; this wasted heat generated can be utilized and transferred to a heat exchanger in contact to the rear PV modules. A proposed model is considered with a variation of solar cell temperature due to solar radiation and its effects on output power are modeled and evaluated, seeing PV modules as a thermal absorber, a part of the heat dissipated in the PV modules can be recovered by means of a heat transfer fluid running behind the PV modules, this method improves the PV efficiency, as well as produces thermal and electrical energy simultaneously, thus, the PV modules provide a multifunctional performance cited above, this plays the role of a hybrid solar collector system. The aim of this study is to improve the efficiency of the PV module, through the analysis of a detailed Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) collector model performance. The study also estimates the electrical power and thermal energy produced; using MATLAB as an application-oriented design method, the method proposed in this paper can better improve the efficiency of PV power generation and has a wide range of application prospects.
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Nugroho, Oktavianus Ardhian, Y. B. Adyapaka Apatya, Fransiskus Octario Sanctos Perdana Tukan, and Yoannes Fredy Sakti. "The Robot Design Rancang Bangun Robot Pembersih Solar PV Dengan Sistem Pengendali Nirkabel." Infotekmesin 14, no. 2 (July 29, 2023): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v14i2.1699.
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One type of renewable energy source that is starting to be widely used at this time is the type of solar power generation. This system uses a photovoltaic effect where sunlight is converted into electricity. A solar cell usually consists of an arrangement of semiconductors cells often called solar PV modules. Obstacles arise when this PV module is dirty because the electrical power generated by the module becomes decreased. Manual cleaning is one of the ways to restore power to this PV. In this study, a cleaning robot machine has been designed and made that can clean solar PV modules automatically. The purpose of the study is to simplify the module maintenance process, ensure the safety and security of workers, reduce module damage, and ensure the cleanliness of the module. The design method has successfully made a robotic machine to clean solar PV modules. The test results also prove that the tool made can clean the module quickly and safely.
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Paul, Damasen Ikwaba. "Experimental Characterisation of Photovoltaic Modules with Cells Connected in Different Configurations to Address Nonuniform Illumination Effect." Journal of Renewable Energy 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5168259.
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Most concentrating systems that are being used for photovoltaic (PV) applications do not illuminate the PV module uniformly which results in power output reduction. This study investigated the electrical performance of three PV modules with cells connected in different configurations to address nonuniform illumination effect. PV module 1 is the standard module consisting of 11 solar cells connected in series whereas PV module 2 is a proposed design with 11 cells in three groups and each group consists of different cells in series connections. PV module 3 is also a new design with 11 cells in two groups and each group consists of different cells connected in series. The new PV modules were designed in such a way that the effect of nonuniform illumination should affect a group of cells but not the entire PV module, leading to high power output. The PV modules were tested under three different intensities: uniform, low nonuniform, and high nonuniform illumination. When the PV modules were tested at uniform illumination, the total maximum power output of PV module 1 was higher than that of PV module 2 and PV module 3 by about 7%. However, when the PV modules were tested at low nonuniform illumination, the total maximum power output of PV module 2 was higher than that of PV module 1 and PV module 3 by about 4% and 7%, respectively. This difference increased to about 12% for PV module 3 and 17% for PV module 1 when the modules were tested at high nonuniform illumination. Therefore, the best PV module design in addressing nonuniform illumination effect in solar collectors is PV module 2. In practical situation this implies that manufacturers of PV modules should consider designing modules with groups of cells in series connection instead of all cells being connected in series.
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Lai, GuangZhi, Dong Wang, HaoRan Li, Yi Zhao, WeiChen Ni, and JiaHao Wen. "Modeling of Photovoltaic modules under shading condition and an error evaluation criterion." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2310, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2310/1/012032.
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Abstract Energy is the focus of recent years. As one of the most representative new energy sources, solar energy has the characteristics of large reserves and no pollution. The main way to use solar energy is photovoltaic (PV) power generation, and the PV module in the PV power generation system is the component that converts solar energy into electric energy. In the actual power generation process, PV modules often receive uneven solar illumination due to the shadow caused by clouds, trees, buildings, etc., resulting in changes in the output characteristics of PV modules and reduced output efficiency. Therefore, modeling of PV modules under shading condition is very important. This paper presents two simple methods for solving the parameters of PV module models, which require few parameters and are easy to obtain. A modeling method of PV modules under shading condition is also presented. And then the modeling method is verified with the experiment result. Finally, an error criterion for PV module modeling under shading condition is proposed to measure the goodness of the modeling. Combining with the two parameter solving methods, the errors of this PV module modeling method under shading condition of the error criterion proposed in this paper are 3.24% and 2.51%, respectively, which meet the requirements for engineering use.
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BALARAJU, V., and Ch Chengaiah. "Modeling and Performance Investigations of Partially Shaded Solar PV Arrays with Cell Partition Technique based Modules." Trends in Renewable Energy 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2022.8.1.00134.
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Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules consist of solar cells connected in series to provide the required output power. The solar PV system is experiencing major challenges, which are mainly due to the partial shadows on the photovoltaic modules leading to mismatching power loss and hot spot problems. Hotspots have become a major cause of PV module failure. The Cell Partition Technique (CPT) is proposed to reduce hotspots and minimize mismatch losses caused by partial shadings. Specifically, each solar PV cell (Full cell) in a solar PV module is divided or partitioned into two half cells (known as Half-Cut Cells or HC) and three equal cells (known as Tri-Cut Cells or TC) in accordance with the proposed technique. The HC and TC types of cells are connected in a strings of series-parallel connection, and bypass diode is placed in middle of the solar PV module to ensure proper operation. The primary aim of this research is to model, evaluate, and investigate the performance of solar PV arrays using new PV modules are developed based on Cell Partition Technique (PVM-CPT), such as half-cut cell modules (HCM), and tri-cut cell modules (TCM) and compared with full-sized cell modules (FCM). These PVM-CPT are connected in Series–Parallel (SP), Total-Cross-Tied (TCT), and proposed static shade dispersion based TCT reconfiguration (SD-TCTR) for the array sizes of 3x4, 4x3 and 4x4, respectively. The purpose is to select the most appropriate solar PV array configurations in terms of the highest global maximum power and thus the lowest mismatch power losses under short and narrow, short and wide, long and narrow, long and wide type of cell level partial shadings. The Matlab/Simulink software is used to simulate and analyze all of the shading cases. The results show that, when compared to conventional module configurations under different shading conditions, the proposed static SD-TCTR arrangement with TC modules (SDTCTR-TCM) exhibits the lowest mismatch power losses and the greatest improvement in array power.
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Peerapong, Prachuab, and Bundit Limmeechokchai. "Assessment of Electricity Generation on Different Inorganic and Metallic Embedded in Solar Photovoltaic Panels: Cases of Thailand." Key Engineering Materials 658 (July 2015): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.658.101.
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Photovoltaic (PV) has recently undergone impressive growth and substantial cost decreases. Basically wafer-based crystalline-Si PV technologies have the advantage of higher module efficiency as compared to thin-film PV, but thin-film PV has the advantage of lower production cost. The silicon-based solar PV needs light-induced charge separation at the p-n junction between two slices (wafers) of doped silicon in either single-crystal silicon (sc-Si) or polycrystalline (poly-Si). However until recently thin-film PV modules both amorphous silicon (a-Si) and non-silicon thin film technology have been advantageous developed. Metallic based modules such as cadmium telluride, CdTe and copper indium gallium diselenide, CIGS thin-film PV technologies have currently efficiencies of 16.1% and 15.7%, respectively. A high efficiency makes thin-film PV technologies more competitive with wafer-based crystalline-Si PV. This study investigates the electricity generation of both silicon based and non-silicon based solar PV modules. The implementation uses solar irradiation with average of higher than 18 MJ/m2.day in high solar radiation provinces in Thailand. A High solar radiation is observed in mostly in central and the east regions of the country. The result shows that the commercial amorphous PV module is appropriate for large scale installation while wafer-based crystalline-Si PV can be installed both in cases of solar rooftop and solar PV farm. Thin-film PV modules both silicon based (a-Si) and non-silicon based is basically appropriate for small installation such as solar rooftop and building integrated PV (BIPV). But in the near future the metallic based PV modules will be competitive with crystalline-Si PV in terms of both efficiency and with its lower cost.
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Noor Abbas Hindi, Saadoon Fahad Dakhil, and Karrar Abdullah Abbas. "Experimental Study to Improve Solar Photovoltaic Performance by Utilizing PCM and Finned Wall." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 102, no. 1 (February 3, 2023): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.102.1.153170.
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The temperature of a photovoltaic (PV) module has a significant impact on the module's ability to produce electricity. PV cells module’s passive cooling is critical for increasing electrical efficiency and power output. In this work, two scenarios of the passive cooling technique were presented for use in the cooling of the monocrystalline silicon PV modules. An aluminium finned wall and a combination of aluminium finned wall with phase change material were connected to the backside of the PV in order to bring the working temperature down and maintain it under the hot climate conditions in southern Iraq. Paraffin wax was employed as a PCM placed into an aluminium container with internal and exterior longitudinal aluminium fins in order to enhance the PCM's poor thermal conductivity, speed up the rates at which it melts and solidifies, and increase the amount of heat that is dissipated through free convection heat transfer. The PV modules were simultaneously tested and compared with a PV reference module under different solar radiation. According to the findings, the average temperature of the PV-Aluminium Finned wall-PCM module is reduced by 19.9 degrees Celsius when compared with the temperature of the reference PV module. This results in an increase in the average maximum output power of up to 23.1% compared to an identical reference PV module. Furthermore, the average electrical efficiency of the PV-Aluminium Finned wall-PCM is enhanced by 23.2% during the testing time from 9:00 AM to 12:00 PM in July 2022 at maximum solar radiation of 1130.7 W/m2 when compared with the PV reference module under the same conditions. This indicates a significant increase in both electrical and thermal performance. The testing took place in July 2022.
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Guo, S., J. P. Singh, I. M. Peters, A. G. Aberle, and T. M. Walsh. "A Quantitative Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules Using Halved Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/739374.
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In a silicon wafer-based photovoltaic (PV) module, significant power is lost due to current transport through the ribbons interconnecting neighbour cells. Using halved cells in PV modules is an effective method to reduce the resistive power loss which has already been applied by some major PV manufacturers (Mitsubishi, BP Solar) in their commercial available PV modules. As a consequence, quantitative analysis of PV modules using halved cells is needed. In this paper we investigate theoretically and experimentally the difference between modules made with halved and full-size solar cells. Theoretically, we find an improvement in fill factor of 1.8% absolute and output power of 90 mW for the halved cell minimodule. Experimentally, we find an improvement in fill factor of 1.3% absolute and output power of 60 mW for the halved cell module. Also, we investigate theoretically how this effect confers to the case of large-size modules. It is found that the performance increment of halved cell PV modules is even higher for high-efficiency solar cells. After that, the resistive loss of large-size modules with different interconnection schemes is analysed. Finally, factors influencing the performance and cost of industrial halved cell PV modules are discussed.
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Hadi, Susilo, Asrori Asrori, and Gumono Gumono. "Analysis of the efficiency of using the polycrystalline and amorphous PV module in the territory of Indonesia." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 20, no. 1 (2022): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-31607.
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The article discusses the efficiency analysis of the Photovoltaic (PV) modules, namely polycrystalline and amorphous. The performance in question is the instantaneous efficiency obtained from the measurement of the voltage (V) and current (I) data generated by the two PV modules. In addition, it aims to determine the effect of solar radiation on the output power of polycrystalline and amorphous PV modules. The research was conducted in September 2020, with the outdoor location of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Malang (7,944 °S; 112,613 °E). The independent variables in this study are the current and voltage generated, and the type of PV Module (Polycrystalline and Amorphous). The dependent variable in this study is the actual power and instantaneous efficiency. Measurement of solar radiation using the Glentest SM 206 Solar Power Meter. Measurement of Current and Voltage using a Digital V-I Meter. The results showed that the greater the solar radiation, the higher the actual power and efficiency generated by the PV Module. Polycrystalline PV Modules are capable of producing higher average actual power and average instantaneous efficiency, which are 86.83 W and 11.92% when compared to Amorphous PV Modules, which are 43.88 W and 6.01%.
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Njoku, H. O., K. M. Ifediora, P. A. Ozor, and J. M. Dzah. "Typical performance reductions in pv modules subject to soiling in a tropical climate." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 1158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.24.
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Soiling severely hinders the ability of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules to absorb incident solar radiation, causing significant deterioration of module performances. In this study, the thermal profiles and the electrical power outputs of PV modules were evaluated in order to establish the impact of soiling under tropical field conditions. Two case-study PV installations in the Universityof Nigeria were considered. Assessments of the PV systems, undertaken both when soiled and after they had been cleaned, involved the measurement of electrical power outputs and the acquisition of infrared (IR) thermograms. It was found that soiling had noticeable impacts on both module surface temperature distributions and their power outputs. The IR images, which showed spatial distributions of module surface temperatures, revealed the occurrence of hotspots on the modules when soiled. Furthermore, as a result of soiling, up to four-fold declines in module electrical efficiencies were observed. These declines were more significant in theground-mounted PV system at the University Staff Primary School compared to the roofmounted system at the University Energy Research Centre. Simple cleaning of the modules led to the disappearance of hotspots and significant improvements in output, showing that it is an effective means of maintaining PV modules performance and recovering the performance potentials lost due to soiling.
Keywords: solar PV, PV soiling, infrared thermography, module failure, PV performance
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Mohammed, Ahmed, Abubakar Adamu, Ezenwora Joel Aghaegbunam, and Moses Ukiri. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF METROLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS MODULES AT MINNA, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 4 (August 30, 2023): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0704-1928.
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Photovoltaic (PV) module performance is rated under standard test conditions (STC) i.e. irradiance of 1000 W/m², solar spectrum of Air Mass 1.5 and module temperature at 25°C. Manufacturers of photovoltaic modules typically provide the ratings at only one operating condition i.e. STC. However, PV module operates over a large range of environmental conditions at the field. So the manufacturer’s information is not sufficient to determine the actual performance of the module at field. Optimization of solar energy is affected by so many factors ranging from conversion efficiency of PV module to local metrological conditions. The research work therefore, evaluates the performance of three PV technologies using performance ratio. Metrological parameters such as solar radiation intensity, wind speed, relative humidity, and air temperature were measured simultaneously with the output electrical parameters from the three modules exposed to field test using metrological sensors and a CR1000 software-based data logging system with computer interface attached to the modules. Four years consecutives metrological and modules output data’s were collected from the modules and analyzed. The findings indicates that metrological parameters fluctuate non-linear with the modules output, under this conditions the trends as measured by the output power revealed that polycrystalline module has a better performance than amorphous module followed by mono-crystalline module in this experiment. The paper recommends the need to mitigate substandard modules entering our market through appropriate monitoring agencies and the setting of solar module laboratory for locally production of solar modules that would captures our local metrological parameters towards greater efficiency.
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Park, Min-Joon, Sungmin Youn, Kiseok Jeon, Soo Ho Lee, and Chaehwan Jeong. "Optimization of Shingled-Type Lightweight Glass-Free Solar Modules for Building Integrated Photovoltaics." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 5011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105011.
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High-power and lightweight photovoltaic (PV) modules are suitable for building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems. Due to the characteristics of the installation sites, the BIPV solar modules are limited by weight and installation area. In this study, we fabricated glass-free and shingled-type PV modules with an area of 1040 mm × 965 mm, which provide more conversion power compared to conventional PV modules at the same installed area. Further, we employed an ethylene tetrafluoroethylene sheet instead of a front cover glass and added an Al honeycomb sandwich structure to enhance the mechanical stability of lightweight PV modules. To optimize the conversion power of the PV module, we adjusted the amount of dispensed electrically conductive adhesives between the solar cells. Finally, we achieved a conversion power of 195.84 W at an area of 1.004 m2, and we performed standard reliability tests using a PV module that weighed only 9 kg/m2.
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Bae, Jaesung, Hongsub Jee, Yongseob Park, and Jaehyeong Lee. "Simulation-Based Shading Loss Analysis of a Shingled String for High-Density Photovoltaic Modules." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (November 27, 2021): 11257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311257.
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Shingled photovoltaic (PV) modules with increased output have attracted growing interest compared to conventional PV modules. However, the area per unit solar cell of shingled PV modules is smaller because these modules are manufactured by dividing and bonding solar cells, which means that shingled PV modules can easily have inferior shading characteristics. Therefore, analysis of the extent to which the shadow affects the output loss is essential, and the circuit needs to be designed accordingly. In this study, the loss resulting from the shading of the shingled string used to manufacture the shingled module was analyzed using simulation. A divided cell was modeled using a double-diode model, and a shingled string was formed by connecting the cell in series. The shading pattern was simulated according to the shading ratio of the vertical and horizontal patterns, and in the case of the shingled string, greater losses occurred in the vertical direction than the horizontal direction. In addition, it was modularized and compared with a conventional PV module and a shingled PV module. The results confirmed that the shingled PV module delivered higher shading output than the conventional PV module in less shade, and the result of the shading characteristic simulation of the shingled PV module was confirmed to be accurate within an error of 1%.
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Mawoli, M., H. N. Yayha, B. G. Danshehu, M. L. Muhammad, and A. S. Bature. "Development and Performance Evaluation of Solar Photovoltaic Module’s Surface-to-Rear Temperature Controlled Valve for Cooling Application." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i1.3.
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This study investigated the effectiveness of the developed solar photovoltaic (PV) module's surface-to-rear temperature-controlled solenoid valves for PV module cooling application. The cooling fluid is regulated by energizing normally closed (NC) solenoid valve with control parameters as modules rear and surface temperatures. ATmega32 microcontroller was utilized as central processing unit with two (2) LM35 as input sensors and solenoid valve as an output device. Each of 2-LM35 temperature sensors were dedicated to measure module's rear and surface temperatures respectively. The measured temperature values were coded as controlled parameters for regulating cooling fluid discharge by energizing a NC solenoid valve. The system was observed to discharge cooling fluid by energizing the solenoid valve under module's surface and rear temperature difference of less than or equal to 1.50C (Ts-Tr≤1.50C). The module's mean surface temperatures of 49.310C and 54.920C were recorded for temperature-controlled PV cooling applications and a standard solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system. The maximum recorded surface temperatures for temperature-controlled PV cooling and a standard PV/T systems were 54.00C and 57.60C respectively. The mean absorber temperatures of 45.510C and 40.870C were respectively recorded for temperature-controlled PV cooling and standard PV/T. The maximum absorber temperature recorded for temperature-controlled PV cooling and standard PV/T were 48.300C and 41.630C respectively. The solar cells temperature is reduced by 5.38% through solenoid valve temperature controlled solar module cooling application.
Keywords: Temperature-controlled, ATmega32, solenoid valve, solar module, cooling application.
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Ismail, Norhaisam, Dalila Mat Said, Sohrab Mirsaeidi, Nasarudin Ahmad, Norzanah Rosmin, Siti Maherah Hussin, Siti Aisyah Abd Wahid, Zaris Izzati Mohd Yassin, and Nur Hazirah Zainal. "Modeling and Analysis of Simplified PV Module With Various Temperature And Irradiance Inputs Using MATLAB Simulink Algorithm." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 21, no. 3 (December 22, 2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v21n3.365.
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Photovoltaic (PV) systems offer a potential solution to the global energy crisis. Modeling study and analysis involving solar PV module is an important task in a PV system to be more user friendly, improve reliability and performance. However, the output characteristics of PV modules are nonlinear, since they are dependent on environmental conditions such as solar irradiance and temperature, as well as local climate conditions such as humidity and wind. The various methods used have some common gaps as the absence of step-by-step procedure which causes difficulties to understand. Indeed, accurate modeling of PV modules is important to provide a better understanding of their operation and output characteristics, since simulations can be used to understand the behavior of PV modules under various operating conditions. The objective of the project is first, to build and model a solar photovoltaic (PV) module algorithm using Matlab/Simulink. Second, to simulate and analyze the behavior of the model in various temperature and irradiance input conditions. Third, to validate the results obtained from the simulations by comparing the output characteristics with the manufacturer’s datasheet. The methodology used by presenting the principles of detailed modeling of PV modules using Matlab/Simulink software. The constructed model is taken from the equations obtained from the equivalent circuit of a single diode model. The PV Module block is a five-parameter model using a light-generated current source (IL), diode, series resistance (Rs), and shunt resistance (Rsh) to represent the irradiance and temperature-dependent I-V and P-V characteristics of the module. This method provides a simple, reliable, and highly flexible method to adapt PV modules to different environmental conditions such as irradiance, temperature and physical parameters of the solar modules such as resistance, current, voltage, ideality factors and others. The simulation results and data obtained show that the block module developed and simulated using Matlab/Simulink with various input values of temperature and irradiance is almost identical to the real PV module and user-friendly.
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Takeda, Yasuhiko, Ken-ichi Yamanaka, Takeshi Morikawa, and Naohiko Kato. "Artificial photosynthetic monolithic devices using voltage-matched perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaic modules." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 7 (August 21, 2022): 075002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097485.
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We designed monolithic devices consisting of photovoltaic (PV) modules directly connected to electrochemical (EC) reactor modules for artificial photosynthetic H2 and CO production. Double-junction (2J) PV cells commonly used for this purpose suffer from current mismatching between the top and bottom cells under solar spectrum variation; the detrimental impacts on the solar-to-H2 and -CO energy conversion efficiencies ( ηH2 and ηCO, respectively) were found to be more serious than those on solar-to-electricity conversion efficiencies of solar cells connected to power conditioners, because the power conditioners always optimize the operating voltages. To solve this problem, we adopted the combination of a voltage-matched (VM) tandem PV module and an EC module in which multiple EC reactors are series-connected. Parallel connection of the top and bottom PV modules eliminates the current mismatching problem involved in 2J PV cells, while series-connected multiple top PV cells, bottom PV cells, and EC reactors in these modules, respectively, secure voltage matching among these modules. We adopted organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (PVK) top cells and crystalline silicon (Si) bottom cells according to another design strategy of widespread use. Thus, we modeled the artificial photosynthetic operation of the monolithic devices based on the properties of state-of-the-art PVK and Si PV cells and H2- and CO-producing EC reactors and evaluated annually averaged ηH2 and ηCO. The newly designed monolithic devices using the VM tandem PV modules improve ηH2 compared to those of the conventional devices using 2J PV cells, from 23% to 29%, and ηCO from 23% to 27%.
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Alimi, Oyeniyi A., Edson L. Meyer, and Olufemi I. Olayiwola. "Solar Photovoltaic Modules’ Performance Reliability and Degradation Analysis—A Review." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 5964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165964.
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The current geometric increase in the global deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, both at utility-scale and residential roof-top systems, is majorly attributed to its affordability, scalability, long-term warranty and, most importantly, the continuous reduction in the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of solar PV in numerous countries. In addition, PV deployment is expected to continue this growth trend as energy portfolio globally shifts towards cleaner energy technologies. However, irrespective of the PV module type/material and component technology, the modules are exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions during outdoor deployment. Oftentimes, these environmental conditions are extreme for the modules and subject them to harsh chemical, photo-chemical and thermo-mechanical stress. Asides from manufacturing defects, these conditions contribute immensely to PV module’s aging rate, defects and degradation. Therefore, in recent times, there has been various investigations into PV reliability and degradation mechanisms. These studies do not only provide insight on how PV module’s performance degrades over time, but more importantly, they serve as meaningful input information for future developments in PV technologies, as well as performance prediction for better financial modelling. In view of this, prompt and efficient detection and classification of degradation modes and mechanisms due to manufacturing imperfections and field conditions are of great importance towards minimizing potential failure and associated risks. In the literature, several methods, ranging from visual inspection, electrical parameter measurements (EPM), imaging methods, and most recently data-driven techniques have been proposed and utilized to measure or characterize PV module degradation signatures and mechanisms/pathways. In this paper, we present a critical review of recent studies whereby solar PV systems performance reliability and degradation were analyzed. The aim is to make cogent contributions to the state-of-the-art, identify various critical issues and propose thoughtful ideas for future studies particularly in the area of data-driven analytics. In contrast with statistical and visual inspection approaches that tend to be time consuming and require huge human expertise, data-driven analytic methods including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models have impressive computational capacities to process voluminous data, with vast features, with reduced computation time. Thus, they can be deployed for assessing module performance in laboratories, manufacturing, and field deployments. With the huge size of PV modules’ installations especially in utility scale systems, coupled with the voluminous datasets generated in terms of EPM and imaging data features, ML and DL can learn irregular patterns and make conclusions in the prediction, diagnosis and classification of PV degradation signatures, with reduced computation time. Analysis and comparison of different models proposed for solar PV degradation are critically reviewed, in terms of the methodologies, characterization techniques, datasets, feature extraction mechanisms, accelerated testing procedures and classification procedures. Finally, we briefly highlight research gaps and summarize some recommendations for the future studies.
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Roque, Paxis Marques João, Shyama P. D. Chowdhury, and Zhongjie Huan. "Improvement of Stand-Alone Solar PV Systems in the Maputo Region by Adapting Necessary Parameters." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 4357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144357.
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With the energy crisis and the constant blackout in the Mozambique Power Company grid, the option of applying solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has been one of the most used alternatives in the neighborhoods of the Maputo region. However, inefficient power delivery caused by unproper sizing and installation of stand-alone solar PV systems has been contributing to the low utilization of solar energy potential in the Maputo region. The optimal sizing and installation of the solar PV system is addressed to evaluate the influence of installation and operation parameters on the power output of PV modules. In this topic, PV modules parameters such as cell temperature, the module’s slope and azimuth angles, the losses caused by excessive heating of the module cells, shadows and dust on the PV module and the cooling process at the back of the module are assessed in order to find out the consequence of inadequate installation and operation parameters of solar PV systems in the Maputo region. The proper sizing and installation of the stand-alone solar PV system is fundamental to guarantee the continuous and efficient supply of power and, thus, different tools and techniques have been applied. This study will deal with the hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER) and system advisor model (SAM), to size and improve power generation of solar PV systems. This study concluded that for the Maputo region, the optimal tilt angle is 23 ± 2° and the azimuth angle is 11 ± 2°. In addition, for optimization of the tilt and azimuth angles, it also examined the effect of module backside ventilation and proved that the system’s power generation increases with the rise of spacing between the module and the wall, since the strategy prevents the decline of the module cells efficiency. However, the maximum recommended spacing between the PV module and the mounting wall is about 0.4 m, since an effort to increase the spacing up to this level results in an insignificant growth of power output.
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Emetere, M. E., and S. A. Afolalu. "Challenges of small-scale standalone solar energy supply in parts of Lagos via 39 years dataset." E3S Web of Conferences 294 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129401007.
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The adoption of solar energy as a sustainable clean type of energy can be seen globally by the patronage of solar devices. However, the high patronage photovoltaic (PV) module by the small-scale standalone user may be mitigated by the recent high maintenance cost via PV module damages by UV radiation. This study analyzed thirty-nine years (1980-2018) shortwave dataset in the tropics to chart the way forward for PV user, manufacturer, and regulatory organizations. It was observed that there is an increase in shortwave radiation in recent times that has led to more damages to PV modules. However, there is a statistical possibility that there may be lower shortwave radiation in the next decade, thereby reducing PV module damage. It is recommended that PV manufacture should modify the PV polymeric to shield the PV modules from UV radiation damage. Based on this research’s finding, it is recommended that product regulatory organizations develop a new technique to monitor PV modules.
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Bonkaney, Abdoulatif, Saïdou Madougou, and Rabani Adamou. "Impacts of Cloud Cover and Dust on the Performance of Photovoltaic Module in Niamey." Journal of Renewable Energy 2017 (September 7, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9107502.
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The sensitivity of monocrystalline solar module towards dust accumulation and cloud cover is investigated from May to August 2015 for Niamey’s environment. Two solar modules with the same characteristics have been used to assess the impacts of the dust on the solar PV module. One of the modules is being cleaned every morning and the second one was used for monitoring the effect of dust accumulation onto the surface of the unclean module for May and June. Results show that dust accumulation has a great effect on decreasing the daily energy yield of the unclean module. But this effect is a long-term effect. For the cloud cover, the effect is immediate. It was estimated that exposing the module into the environment in 23 days in June 2015 has reduced the daily energy yield by 15.29%. This limitation makes solar PV an unreliable source of power for remote devices and thus strongly suggests the challenges of cleaning the module’s surface regularly.
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Zeman, Miroslav. "Thin-Film Silicon PV Technology." Journal of Electrical Engineering 61, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-010-0039-y.
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Thin-Film Silicon PV TechnologyThin-film silicon solar cell technology is one of the promising photovoltaic technologies for delivering low-cost solar electricity. Today the thin-film silicon PV market (402MWpproduced in 2008) is dominated by amorphous silicon based modules; however it is expected that the tandem amorphous/microcrystalline silicon modules will take over in near future. Solar cell structures based on thin-film silicon for obtaining high efficiency are presented. In order to increase the absorption in thin absorber layers novel approaches for photon management are developed. Module production and application areas are described.
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Gaur, Ankita, and G. N. Tiwari. "Exergoeconomic and Enviroeconomic Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules of Different Solar Cells." Journal of Solar Energy 2014 (April 23, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/719424.
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The exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic analysis of semitransparent and opaque photovoltaic (PV) modules based on different kinds of solar cells are presented. Annual electricity and net present values have also been computed for the composite climatic conditions of New Delhi, India. Irrespective of the solar cell type, the semitransparent PV modules have shown higher net energy loss rate (Len) and net exergy loss rate (Lex) compared to the opaque ones. Among all types of solar modules, the one based on c-Si, exhibited the minimum Len and Lex. Compared to the opaque ones, the semitransparent PV modules have shown higher CO2 reduction giving higher environmental cost reduction per annum and the highest environmental cost reduction per annum was found for a-Si PV module.
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Ko, Jongwon, Kyunghwan Kim, Ji Woo Sohn, Hongjun Jang, Hae-Seok Lee, Donghwan Kim, and Yoonmook Kang. "Review on Separation Processes of End-of-Life Silicon Photovoltaic Modules." Energies 16, no. 11 (May 25, 2023): 4327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114327.
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Solar energy has gained prominence because of the increasing global attention received by renewable energies. This shift can be attributed to advancements and innovations in solar cell technology, which include developments of various photovoltaic materials, such as thin film and tandem solar cells, in addition to silicon-based solar cells. The latter is the most widely commercialized type of solar cell because of its exceptional durability, long-term stability, and high photoconversion efficiency; consequently, the demand for Si solar cells has been consistently increasing. PV modules are designed for an operation lifespan of 25–30 years, which has led to a gradual increase in the number of end-of-life PV modules. The appropriate management of both end-of-life and prematurely failed PV modules is critical for the recovery and separation of valuable and hazardous materials. Effective methods for end-of-life PV waste management are necessary to minimize their environmental impact and facilitate transition to a more sustainable and circular economy. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the separation processes for silicon PV modules and summarizes the attempts to design easily recyclable modules for sustainable solar module development. Based on the studies summarized in this paper, suggestions are provided for future research.
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Liu, Zheng Quan, and Yi Wang Bao. "Design Issues and Contribution to Building Energy of Photovoltaic Roof." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3035.
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Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is a relatively recent new application of photovoltaic (PV) energy technologies whose energy output is affected by many design-related factors including PV module technologies, installation orientation, tilt and shadow range of solar panels. The shading analysis of a residential house’s PV roof in Beijing was conducted by using building analysis program Autodesk Ecotect 2010. Analysis result shows that there is no shadow on the PV roof from 9a.m to 4p.m in winter solstice when the solar altitude angle reaches minimum, which ensures almost no shading losses for the PV modules over the year. The differences in monthly energy output were compared in the case of different installation tilt of solar panels and PV module technologies. Finally, the contribution to the building energy of the PV roof was discussed. The results show that appropriate design and selection of PV modules can compensate for the energy requirements for building heating and cooling to some extent.
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Monokroussos, Christos, Yating Zhang, Eleanor W. Lee, Frank Xu, Allen Zhou, Yichi Zhang, and Werner Herrmann. "Energy performance of commercial c-Si PV modules in accordance with IEC 61853-1, -2 and impact on the annual specific yield." EPJ Photovoltaics 14 (2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2022032.
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As energy yields of photovoltaic modules are highly related to local climate and ambient conditions, it is necessary to assess the energy-yield performance of PV modules under various operating conditions. This work compares commercial crystalline silicon (c-Si) based PV modules (including mono c-Si Al BSF, mono c-Si PERC, multi-crystalline (mc-Si) Al BSF, and n-type c-Si solar cells) sampled from 27 PV module manufacturers located in the Asia-Pacific region between 2016 and 2022. Several test items were compared including: (i) light-induced degradation (LID), (ii) irradiance-temperature-efficiency (GTE) matrix, (iii) angular response and (iv) temperature coefficients, which are correspondingly performed according to IEC 61215-1, -1-1, -2 and IEC 61853-1, -2. The coefficient of variation (CoV) was calculated to express the module-to-module differences within similar technology types. Benefiting from the technological innovation of c-Si based PV modules, emerging PV modules feature better performance in some extreme ambient conditions, such as low irradiance, high ambient temperature, and high ratio of diffuse irradiance. The analysis of CoV indicates that the difference of irradiance-dependent and thermal behavior between modules within the same technology may exceed the differences between different technologies. Using synthetic hourly meteorological data of 5 sites from MeteoNorm in PVsyst, the annual specific yield of four technology groups of PV modules were simulated and compared. Overall, it is shown that the maximum differences as large as 7.34% in terms of PV module's specific yield are expected within same PV technology, which exceeds the maximum difference of 2.16% obtained for specific yields of different PV technologies.
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Yu, Byunggyu, and Seok-Cheol Ko. "Power dissipation analysis of PV module under partial shading." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1029-1035.
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Photovoltaic (PV) generation has been growing dramatically over the last years and it ranges from small, rooftop-mounted or building integrated systems, to large utility scale power stations. Especially for rooftop-mounted PV system, PV modules are serially connected to match with PV inverter input voltage specification. For serially connected PV system, shading is a problem since the shaded PV module reduces the output whole string of PV modules. The excess power from the unshaded PV module is dissipated in the shaded PV module. In this paper, power dissipation of PV module under partial shading is analyzed with circuit analysis for series connected PV modules. The specific current and voltage operating point of the shaded PV module are analyzed under shading. PSIM simulation tool is used to verify the power dissipation analysis. When there is no bypass diode and three solar modules are connected in series, upto 39.1% of the total maximum PV power is dissipated in the shaded PV module. On the other hand, when the bypass is attached, 0.3% of the total maximum power is generated as a loss in the shaded PV module. The proposed analysis technique of shaded PV module could be used in PV system performance analysis, especially for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance.
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Jamel Kadia, Noor, Emad T. Hashim, and Oday I. Abdullah. "PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR AMORPHOUS SILICON (A-SI) AND COPPER INDIUM GALLIUM DI-SELENIDE (CIGS) PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 26, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.1.10.
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In this work, the analysis of performance of two types of photovoltaic (PV) (Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) technologies were achieved out under under Iraqi (Baghdad)climate conditions. The elevation of the selected site is 9 m above ground level. The experimental work covered the eight commercially available PV technologies. The two technologies that employed in this work are, Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) and Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS). The total period of the experimental work was 7 months, and the data were analyzed simultaneously. Special attention is given to the influence of temperature and solar radiation the performance of the PV modules. Where, it was proposed a simple I-V curve test for PV modules. The results showed that the proposed system successfully experimentally extracted I-V curves of the selected two PV modules (amorphous and CIGS solar modules). The maximum values of power (Pmax) at solar radiation intensity 750 W/m² are 2.742 W, and 2.831 W for amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively. This is occurred because the lowest solar module operating temperature (19 oC and 17 oC for solar radiation 750 and 1000 W/m2 respectively) and ambient temperature (7 oC) and for Jan., 2021 than other months. Consequently, the same behavior for the two modules at solar irradiance 1000 W/m2 with the highest power value; 2.680 W, and 3.198 W of amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively. Furthermore, the minimum values of power (Pmax) at solarradiation intensity 750 W/m² are 2.530, and 2.831 for amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively because we have the highest solar module operating temperature (57 oC, and 55 oC respectively) and ambient temperature (45 oC) for April, 2021 than other months. Consequently, the same behavior for the two modules at solar irradiance 1000 W/m2 with the highest power value; 2.680 W, and 3.198 W of amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively. The highest efficiency can be notes for CIGS solar module with a value 7.3%, while the lowest one is 5.5% for amorphous solar module.
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Ya’acob, Mohammad Effendy, Li Lu, Frisco Nobilly, Nik Norasma Che’Ya, Ammar Abdul Aziz, Christian Dupraz, Muhammad Shafiq Yahya, Sharifah Nur Atikah, and Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun. "Analysis of Weed Communities in Solar Farms Located in Tropical Areas—The Case of Malaysia." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2022): 3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123073.
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Weed management in large-scale solar photovoltaic (LSS-PV) farms has become a great concern to the solar industry due to scarcity of labour and the ever-increasing price of pesticides, which opens up possibilities for integrated farming, also known as agrivoltaics. Improper weed control may have multiple negative impacts such as permanent shading of the module surface, pest housing which damages communication cables, and even bush fires. The shaded PV modules can be heated up to extreme temperatures, causing costly burn-out damage. Critical information on the types of weeds on solar farms, especially in Malaysia, has not been established to support the concept of weed management. Thus, with this study, detailed composition of the weed community was obtained via quadrat sampling between solar PV modules, near ground equipment, near perimeter fencing, and directly underneath the PV modules. Weed-control measures via high-quality weedmat installation under solar PV arrays have been implemented where this approach can be considered effective on solar farms based on the existing PV structure height and equipment constraints plus the increasing cost for labour and agricultural inputs. This work underlines the proposed Agrivoltaic for Large Scale Solar (Agrivoltaic4LSS) program to complement the solar industry in Malaysia towards an agrivoltaic, eco-friendly approach to weed management.
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Hasan, Abdulwahab A. Q., Ammar Ahmed Alkahtani, Seyed Ahmad Shahahmadi, Mohammad Nur E. Alam, Mohammad Aminul Islam, and Nowshad Amin. "Delamination-and Electromigration-Related Failures in Solar Panels—A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126882.
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The reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules operating under various weather conditions attracts the manufacturer’s concern since several studies reveal a degradation rate higher than 0.8% per year for the silicon-based technology and reached up to 2.76% per year in a harsh climate. The lifetime of the PV modules is decreased because of numerous degradation modes. Electromigration and delamination are two failure modes that play a significant role in PV modules’ output power losses. The correlations of these two phenomena are not sufficiently explained and understood like other failures such as corrosion and potential-induced degradation. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to elaborate on the correlation and the influence of delamination and electromigration on PV module components such as metallization and organic materials to ensure the reliability of the PV modules. Moreover, the effects, causes, and the sites that tend to face these failures, particularly the silicon solar cells, are explained in detail. Elsewhere, the factors of aging vary as the temperature and humidity change from one country to another. Hence, accelerated tests and the standards used to perform the aging test for PV modules have been covered in this review.
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Lin, Keh Moh, Yang Hsien Lee, Wen Yeong Huang, Yi Wen Kuo, Li Kuo Wang, and Sian Yi Yang. "Long Term Reliability and Power Degradation Analysis of Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Modules Using Electroluminescence Technique." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.90.
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In this study, the quality degradation of multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules during the aging process was observed by using electroluminescence (EL) technology and IV curve measurements in order to find out the occurring timing of damages on solar cells. The influences of soldering materials and temperatures on the performance of the PV modules were also studied. Experimental data show that, high soldering temperatures which induce high thermal stress can easily lead to the power loss of the PV modules. On PV modules soldered with SnAgPb (SAP) solder, ca. 40% of module damages occurred after 25 cycles during the thermal cycling (TC) test. In contrast, there were 61.5% of damaged SnPb (SP) modules after the 25 TC. Most module damages which are attributed to the crack growth and the floating solder emerged during the soldering and encapsulation processes. In our experiment, the average power degradation of all modules was less than 10%.
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Mayokun Abolarin, Sogo, Manasseh Babale Shitta, Metuaghan Aghogho Emmanuel, Blessing Precious Nwosu, Michael Chucks Aninyem, and Louis Lagrange. "An impact of solar PV specifications on module peak power and number of modules: A case study of a five-bedroom residential duplex." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 983, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/983/1/012056.
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Abstract This paper presents a case study using an analysis of solar PV modules peak power to determine the optimum number of PV modules required to supply energy to certain typical household appliances. The approach could be used for selection of solar PV modules that produce a satisfactory energy yield to meet pre-determined energy needs. In the analysis, the maximum daily energy consumption values corresponding to the lighting and air-conditioning loads were determined through an energy audit conducted on a residential building unit in Lagos, Nigeria. The maximum daily energy consumption values of these appliances were programmed into a NCEEC_e-EASZ VBA simulation tool to determine the solar PV array peak power and the number of modules required to produce the required solar energy yield. The methodology was validated with literature and HOMER Pro software. Eighteen different commercially available modules spanning a range of specifications including unit peak power varying from 280 to 400 W were investigated in order to select the most suitable panels for the provided conditions. The minimum required number of PV modules required to make up an array to produce the required yield was determined. The result indicates that when the unit peak power of the modules increases, the number of modules required to meet the daily energy demand reduces. The rating of solar PV modules between 280 - 400 W constituted a significant role in the process of analysing peak power as well as the quantity of solar PV modules required.
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Hu, Yang, Dave Hollingshead, Mohammad A. Hossain, Mark Schuetz, and Roger French. "Comparison of multi-crystalline silicon PV modules’ performance under augmented solar irradiation." MRS Proceedings 1493 (2013): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.221.
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ABSTRACTIn developing photovoltaic (PV) systems with reliable lifetime performances, it is critical to have quantitative knowledge of not just initial properties and performances, but also their performance over the warrantied 25 year lifetime. In 2010, the Science for Energy Technology Workshop, convened by U.S Department of Energy (DOE) Basic Energy Science, prioritized photovoltaic module lifetime and degradation science (L&DS), which serve as the basis for quantitative and mechanistic understanding of lifetime performance. In order to better understand degradation rates and mechanisms of PV systems in the real-world environment, the SDLE SunFarm at Case Western Reserve University has been created, which is a highly instrumented outdoor test facility with 148 PV modules and > 8000 samples on sun for weathering and degradation studies of materials components and systems designed for long-lived energy systems. I-V and power performance of 10 multi-crystalline silicon PV modules from different manufacturers, using baseline and continuous power monitoring and comprehensive weather and solar resource monitoring, to enable time series analysis for insights into performance characteristics and initial degradation.Five modules from each manufacturer were exposed using mirror augmentation in typical (Cleveland, OH) climatic conditions. The mirror augmentation used geometric concentration factors of 1X, 1.5X and 1.9X of the nominal 1 sun. The effect of mirror augmentation on the modules' performance is reported. A Daystar multi-tracer was used to measure I-V curves of individual modules every 15 minutes while power output under maximum power point tracking was monitored continuously. Monitoring environmental factors (wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, and humidity), solar resource, and module temperatures allow for determination of the effects of these conditions on module power production. Power data was corrected to standard test condition (STC) according to climatic and solar irradiance. Changes in fill factor, short circuit current, open circuit voltage and maximum power are reported for each module. With time series analysis, a better understanding of the module's performance over time and under environmental conditions can be developed.
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Nsed Ayip Akonjom, John Iyang Umuji, and Ukoette Jeremiah Ekah. "Performance evaluation of polycrystalline photovoltaic modules in a Guinea Savanna and Mangrove swamp." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 011–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2021.4.1.0081.
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This central idea of this research is to investigate how voltage, current, power output and efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) modules installed in a Guinea Savanna and Mangrove Swamp is affected by temperature, relative humidity and irradiance. The study locations are Calabar (mangrove swamp) and Ogoja (guinea savanna), in Cross River State, Nigeria. Two polycrystalline PV modules of exact specification mounted on a platform one-metre-high above the ground were used. A digital solar power meter (SM206) and a digital solar flux meter (MS 6616) was used to monitor and measure solar power and solar flux reaching the PV modules. A digital hygrometer and thermometer (KT-908) were used to monitor and measure the relative humidity and ambient temperature level at the height of installation and a digital multimeter (M880C+) accompanied with a temperature sensor was used to monitor voltage, current and panel temperature values from the modules. Analysis of the collected data reveals that the efficiency of the modules were not constant throughout the day. However, a higher voltage production and efficiency level was obtained for the PV module installed in Ogoja than that installed in Calabar under their respective levels of relative humidity, temperature and irradiance.
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Torres Lobera, Diego, Anssi Mäki, Juha Huusari, Kari Lappalainen, Teuvo Suntio, and Seppo Valkealahti. "Operation of TUT Solar PV Power Station Research Plant under Partial Shading Caused by Snow and Buildings." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/837310.
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A grid connected solar photovoltaic (PV) research facility equipped with comprehensive climatic and electric measuring systems has been designed and built in the Department of Electrical Engineering of the Tampere University of Technology (TUT). The climatic measuring system is composed of an accurate weather station, solar radiation measurements, and a mesh of irradiance and PV module temperature measurements located throughout the solar PV facility. Furthermore, electrical measurements can be taken from single PV modules and strings of modules synchronized with the climatic data. All measured parameters are sampled continuously at 10 Hz with a data-acquisition system based on swappable I/O card technology and stored in a database for later analysis. The used sampling frequency was defined by thorough analyses of the PV system time dependence. Climatic and electrical measurements of the first operation year of the research facility are analyzed in this paper. Moreover, operation of PV systems under partial shading conditions caused by snow and building structures is studied by means of the measured current and power characteristics of PV modules and strings.
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Azhar, Muhammad Hanif Ainun, Salh Alhammadi, Seokjin Jang, Jitaek Kim, Jungtaek Kim, and Woo Kyoung Kim. "Long-Term Field Observation of the Power Generation and System Temperature of a Roof-Integrated Photovoltaic System in South Korea." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 13, 2023): 9493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129493.
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A miniature house roof-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system in South Korea was monitored for 2.5 years. System performance was evaluated through power generation, solar irradiance, and system temperature. The comparison of each month’s power generation and solar irradiance revealed a parallel correlation over the entire observation period. The internal module temperature was almost always higher than the roof rear and module rear temperatures by 1–2 and 1–5 °C, respectively, while the temperature behind the PV modules was the lowest among the three temperatures, showing that the installation of PV modules as a roofing system does not affect the temperature of the roofing system. The system temperatures affected the power conversion efficiency; a maximum of 11.42% was achieved when the system temperatures were the lowest, and a minimum of 5.24% was achieved when the system temperatures were the highest. Hence, half of the anticipated generated power was lost due to the temperature fluctuation. Overall, installing PV modules as an entire roofing system is possible with this configuration due to the minimum effect on the roof temperature. However, PV system temperature control is essential for maintaining the power generation performance of the PV modules.
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Atsu, Divine, and Alok Dhaundiyal. "Effect of Ambient Parameters on the Temperature Distribution of Photovoltaic (PV) Modules." Resources 8, no. 2 (June 9, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020107.
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This paper pivots around the influence of thermal parameters on the temperature distribution of a (PV) module. The solar irradiance, ambient temperature, and heat transfer coefficient were examined for four differently manufactured solar modules. A finite element analysis of the solar system was carried out to simulate the prevailing thermal conditions. It was determined through analysis that the heat transfer coefficient had a significant effect on the boundaries of the PV modules. The temperature gradient was relatively high at the boundary, whereas the main body had the least deviation from the mean value of experimental data. The high value of irradiance is favorable for a large PV system, while the heat transfer coefficient should be low for avoiding undulation of the thermal gradient across the plate. The temperature distribution on the surface of the PV modules largely depended on the geometry and the material used for the design purpose.
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Tossa, Kossoun Alain, Cossi Télesphore Nounangnonhou, Maurel Richy Aza-Gnandji, and Guy Clarence Semassou. "Performance Analysis of PV/T Modules in West African Climate Zones." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 42, no. 12 (May 22, 2023): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2023/v42i124107.
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The use of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels has been seen as a viable solution to improve the rate of rural electricity supply in African states. Today, the use of solar PV systems has helped to overcome low electricity coverage rates. One of the bottlenecks of PV installations in sub-Saharan Africa is the low efficiency of solar PV modules caused largely by heat accumulation during system operation. This research work aims at studying the electrical performances of PV and PVT modules, in the different climatic zones of West Africa, in order to characterize and promote them in rural sanitary areas for the simultaneous production of hot water and electricity. The meteorological data used are of TMY type and come from the PVGIS site. The simulation of the operation of the different PV module technologies implemented in the Simulink/Simscape environment of MATLAB R2021a allowed to estimate the LCOE values, over a typical year, with the different meteorological data of the studied climatic zones. The results obtained show that PVT modules offer LCOE gains ranging from 2% to 12% compared to conventional PV modules. The highest performances are obtained in the Sudanian and Sudan-Sahelian climatic zones, while the Guinean zone shows the lowest gain.
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Narendiran, S., and Sarat Kumar Sahoo. "Modelling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Cell for Different Insolation Values Based on MATLAB/Simulink Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 550 (May 2014): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.550.137.
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The paper discuss about the modelling and electrical characteristics of photovoltaic cell and its array type of construction in matlab-simulink environment at different insolation levels. The photovoltaic module is modelled using the diode electrical characteristic equation. The photovoltaic cell is analysed by voltage input and current input modules, The voltage and current input photovoltaic modules are simulated with different insolation values by varying the construction of PV modules. The results conclude that the current input PV module is well suited for applications were it shares same current when connected in series and voltage input PV module, where it shares same voltage when connected in parallel.
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Zhang, Jia, Fang Lv, Li Yun Ma, and Li Juan Yang. "The Status and Trends of Crystalline Silicon PV Module Recycling Treatment Methods in Europe and China." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.200.
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The disposal of PV systems will become a problem in view of the continually increasing production of PV modules. Development for waste PV modules recycling would be extremely effective in coping with this problem. In Europe, the thermal method and chemical method for PV recycling were deeply developed. The thermal treatment was to separate the module components under 600°C. The chemical treatment is to recover silicon wafers out of solar cells, which can be used again in modules. But automated separation of components and advanced chemical process needs to be studied on. In China, mechanical treatment research for PV recycling has just started. PV modules were separated and recycled by abrasive machining under the cryogenic condition and electrostatic separation. The mechanical treatment can't recycle silicon to reprocess new wafers for its low purity. Compared to the advanced technology in Europe, PV recycling in China is primary and badly in need of improving to face the huge PV module recycling demands in future.
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Bajaj, Masoom. "Comprehensive Analysis of Effect of Accumulation of Dust on a Solar Panel." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 1 (2016): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.411616.
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In the pursuit of a cleaner and sustainable environment, solar photovoltaic (PV) power has been established as the fastest growing alternative energy source in the world. This extremely fast growth is brought about, mainly, by government policies and support mechanisms world-wide. Solar PV technology that was once limited to specialized applications and considered very expensive is becoming more efficient and affordable. Solar PV promises to be a major contributor of the future global energy mix due to its minimal running costs, zero emissions and steadily declining module and inverter costs. Deposition of airborne dust on outdoor photovoltaic (PV) modules may decrease the transmittance of solar cell glazing and cause a significant degradation of solar conversion efficiency of PV modules. Dust deposition is closely related to the tilt angle of solar collector, exposure period, site climate conditions, wind movement and dust properties. In this practical field study, an experimental-based investigation is conducted. Thus, we conducted a study to gauge the effect of dust on the solar panel over a pre-determined period.
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Aswal, Pankaj, Mayank Chaturvedi, Puspender Singh, and Pradeep Kumar Juneja. "Concentrating Power for MPPT Solar PV Module forming Channelization of Efficient Energy." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v4.i3.pp526-531.
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<p>The energy of photovoltaic (PV) is going to become a most relevant part of renewable energy in world, by PVC Cell system for sufficient energy extraction this research will scrutinize the solar PV energy generation and conversion by effective devices to grid alliances Here this treatise target on I-V and P-V characteristics of Photo volatile modules or array, primarily under irregular shading condition, the model development of PV system and considering both physical and electrical parameters of solar PV module. The treatise ponder that how disparate bypass diode collocation could be influences maximum power conclusion characteristics of a solar PV module or array.</p>
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Pociask-Bialy, Malgorzata, and Radoslaw Maciejko. "QuickSun 830A module solar simulator. Study of mini PV modules." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900083.
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QS830A module solar simulator is applied to measure electrical parameters of standard PV modules based on mono/polycrystalline silicon solar cells, large format photovoltaic (PV) modules 150 cm x 220 cm, with effective measurements time of 2 ms / 4 ms, flush pulse duration 3 ms / 10 ms (one flash tube / two flash tubes), and non-uniformity less than 2%. In order to comply with the Class AAA tolerances of the standard IEC 60904-9 Edition 2.0 of QuickSun 830A simulators (Endeas Oy, Finland), proprietary optical system behind the light source filament has been developed for filtering spectrum and improving irradiance nonuniformity simultaneously. Non-uniformity parameter for 14% of total modules testing area, i.e. 0.65 m2, will be appointed in this work.
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Kuefouet Lontsi, Alexis, Boris Merlain Djousse Kanouo, Julius Kewir Tangka, Claude Vidal Aloyem Kazé, and Henri Grisseur Djoukeng. "Comparative analysis of a hybrid Photovoltaic-Water Thermal solar system using monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar modules." E3S Web of Conferences 354 (2022): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235402010.
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The proposed work consists of a comparative analysis of a model of a hybrid solar PV/T waterborne system using monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar modules. In this work, we have highlighted that the design of a PV/T waterborne system depends on the type of solar module. We have chosen on the market the polycrystalline / monocrystalline silicon solar modules with a power of 100Wc each and 60Wc for the amorphous. Behind each solar module is glued a coil exchanger of respective dimensions: 22m, 32m length and 12 mm diameter for water circulation. The prototypes of the water PVTs as well as their control modules have been realized in the west of Cameroon. Tests were conducted and the data collected led us to optimize the production of the solar photovoltaic modules. We obtained an average daily electrical energy gain of 10.7% or 10.7Wc (mono-crystalline); 13.9% or 13.9Wc (polycrystalline) and 0.97% or 1.62Wc (amorphous) compared to conventional solar panels. For the thermal side, we obtained an average daily thermal power of 214.944 W or 4 liters of hot water (37°C) for the monocrystalline panel; 298.35 W or 5,6 liters of hot water (44.5°C) for the polycrystalline module and 304,57 W or 13.78 liters of hot water (48.6°C) for the amorphous. These tests were made on an average sunshine of 835.51W/m2 between 7h30 min and 15h30 min. The analysis comparison of the developed models shows us that the PVT with poly water has a better electrical output followed by the mono then the amorphous and the PVT with amorphous water has a better thermal output followed by the poly and the mono. This approach allowed us to recover a quantity of the electrical power of the modules lost by Joule effect while determining the quantity of hot water that can be produced by a PV module
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Ali, Muzaffar, Muhammad Hasan Iqbal, Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh, Hafiz M. Ali, M. Shehryar Manzoor, Muhammad Mahabat Khan, and Khairul Fikri Tamrin. "Performance Investigation of Air Velocity Effects on PV Modules under Controlled Conditions." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3829671.
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Junction temperature of PV modules is one of the key parameters on which the performance of PV modules depends. In the present work, an experimental investigation was carried out to analyze the effects of air velocity on the performance of two PV modules, that is, monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon under the controlled conditions of a wind tunnel in the presence of an artificial solar simulator. The parameters investigated include the surface temperature variation, power output, and efficiency of PV modules under varying air velocity from near zero (indoor lab. conditions) to 15 m/s. Additionally, the results were also determined at two different module angular positions: at 0° angle, that is, parallel to air direction and at 10° angle with the direction of coming air to consider the effects of tilt angles. Afterwards, the thermal analysis of the modules was performed using Ansys-Fluent in which junction temperature and heat flux of modules were determined by applying appropriate boundary conditions, such as air velocity, heat flux, and solar radiation. Finally, the numerical results are compared with the experiment in terms of junction temperatures of modules and good agreement was found. Additionally, the results showed that the maximum module temperature drops by 17.2°C and the module efficiency and power output increased from 10 to 12% with increasing air velocity.
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Chiang, Wei-Hsiang, Han-Sheng Wu, Jong-Shinn Wu, and Shiow-Jyu Lin. "A Method for Estimating On-Field Photovoltaics System Efficiency Using Thermal Imaging and Weather Instrument Data and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 5835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165835.
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A new approach is proposed for estimating the power efficiency of an on-field solar photovoltaics (PV) system using data from thermal imaging and weather instruments obtained using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This method is specifically designed for the non-intrusive detection of the performance of the PV system in a large-scale solar power plant that could be efficient, manpower saving, operationally safe and comprehensive. In this study, a drone instrumented with a radiometer, a thermometer and an anemometer flew at a height of 1.5 m with a maximum lateral flight speed of 3.6 m/s above the PV modules (60 cells each) with hotspots or with aging but without hotspots. The average temperatures of the PV modules were then calculated through the measured radiation intensity, ambient temperature and wind speed based on the published correlation formula. The experimental correlations were obtained by measuring over 60 aging PV modules without hot-spot damage, and the uncertainties of the estimated efficiencies fell between 2% and 5%. Through the use of 20 hot-spot damaged PV modules when the measured temperatures of the cells were in the range of 80–90 °C, it was found that based on the experimental correlationd, their power efficiencies would be lower than 40% if more than eight cells had hot spots in a PV module. By taking this simple measure, the operator can decide which PV module is damaged and should be replaced immediately. By taking such measures, one can reduce the loading effect of solar PV modules adjacent to them because of the low efficiency and high impedance caused by the damage. We believe the new approach developed in this study could be very cost-effective and time-saving for improving the efficiency of power plant operations.