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1
Udenze, Peter, Yihua Hu, Huiqing Wen, Xianming Ye, and Kai Ni. "A Reconfiguration Method for Extracting Maximum Power from Non-Uniform Aging Solar Panels." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2018): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102743.
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Aging affects different photovoltaic (PV) modules in a PV array in a non-uniform way, thereby leading to non-uniform working conditions of the PV modules and resulting in variations in the power outputs of the PV array. In this paper, an algorithm is developed for optimising the electrical configuration of a PV array during the non-uniform aging processes amongst the PV modules. A new PV array reconfiguration method is proposed to maximize the power generation from non-uniformly aged PV arrays through rearrangements of the positions of the PV modules without having to replace the aged PV modules with new ones, thereby saving on maintenance costs. This reconfiguration strategy requires information about the electrical parameters of the PV modules in an array, so as to choose the optimal reconfiguration topology. In this algorithm, the PV modules are sorted iteratively in a hierarchy pattern to reduce the effect of mismatch due to the non-uniform aging processes amongst PV modules. Computer simulation and analysis have been carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method for different sizes of non-uniform aged PV arrays (4 × 4, 10 × 10, and 100 × 10 arrays) with MATLAB. The results show an improvement in the power generation from a non-uniformly aged PV array and can be applied to any size of PV array.
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Wei, Xue Ye, Bin Guo, De Yue Li, and Gzhong Yang. "A Modeling Method and I-V Characteristics for PV Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1202.
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The output characteristics of a PV array vary nonlinearly when the number of solar cells interconnected in series and parallel changes. The model and its parameters for a single solar cell are analyzed firstly. Then the models and there parameters for series, parallel circuits and series-parallel PV array are proposed respectively using circuit theory and observational method. Especial, the parameters of the equivalent circuits for PV arrays are characterized by a equation. A simulations are implemented to verify the three types of theoretical models and there parameters.Keywords: Solar cell; Model; PV array; I-V curve; Equivalent circuit
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Rajanna, B. V., and Malligunta Kiran Kumar. "Chopper-Based Control Circuit for BESS Integration in Solar PV Grids." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061530.
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The power delivered by photovoltaic (PV) arrays is dependent on environmental factors, and hence the availability and quality of power delivered by the PV array is low. These issues can be mitigated by integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) with PV arrays. The integration of the BESS with PV arrays requires controller circuits to regulate power flow between the BESS, PV array, and the load. In this paper, a boost converter-based controller is proposed. The proposed controller has higher reliability and efficiency, and lower operational complexity. It improves the power quality and availability by adjusting the power flow to/from the BESS while delivering the required load power. A simulation study was performed to validate the proposed controller under varying irradiance and temperature of the PV array. The controller was validated against both lithium-ion and lead-acid BESSs.
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Kamble, Vishwesh, and Milind Marathe. "Modelling and Simulation of Solar PV Array Field Incorporated with Solar Irradiance and Temperature Variation to Estimate Output Power of Solar PV Field." International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 3, no. 2 (September 27, 2015): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2015.323.
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Photovoltaic systems are designed to feed either to grid or direct consumption. Due to global concerns, significant growth is being observed in Grid connected solar PV Plants. Since the PV module generates DC power, inverter is needed to interface it with grid. The power generated by a solar PV module depends on surrounding such as irradiance and temperature. This paper presents modelling of solar PV arrays connected to grid-connected plant incorporated with irradiance and temperature variation, to design simulator to study and analyse effect on output power of solar PV arrays with irradiance and temperature variation, also to estimate the output power generated by PV arrays. The mathematical model is designed implemented separately on simulator for each PV components connected in PV systems, which are PV cell, Module, sting, array and field of arrays. The results from simulation based on model are verified by the data collected from power plants and experiments done on solar PV cell.
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Sarhaddi, Faramarz, Said Farahat, Hossein Ajam, and Amin Behzadmehr. "Exergetic Optimization of a Solar Photovoltaic Array." Journal of Thermodynamics 2009 (February 10, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/313561.
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An exergetic optimization is developed to determine the optimal performance and design parameters of a solar photovoltaic (PV) array. A detailed energy and exergy analysis is carried out to evaluate the electrical performance, exergy destruction components, and exergy efficiency of a typical PV array. The exergy efficiency of a PV array obtained in this paper is a function of climatic, operating, and design parameters such as ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity, PV array temperature, overall heat loss coefficient, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, and PV array area. A computer simulation program is also developed to estimate the electrical and operating parameters of a PV array. The results of numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental measurements noted in the previous literature. Finally, exergetic optimization has been carried out under given climatic, operating, and design parameters. The optimized values of the PV array temperature, the PV array area, and the maximum exergy efficiency have been found. Parametric studies have been also carried out.
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Suresh Babu, G., B. Prem Charan, and T. Murali Krishna. "Performance Analysis of SPV Module Using Solar PVTR System." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.3 (June 21, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.3.14488.
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With a spurt in the use of non-conventional energy sources, photovoltaic installations are being deployed in several applications such as distributed power generation and standalone systems. Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) module is the basic component of the solar PV system. The functioning of a photovoltaic array is influenced by solar insolation, shading and array arrangement. Often the PV arrays get shadowed, completely or partially by neighboring buildings, trees, towers and service poles. The efficacy of PV array unvaryingly depends upon temperature which in turn is reliant on radiation. In order to validate this hypothesis, there are certain instruments and experimentation methods available which are expensive. But carrying out hardware testing on the solar PV system with Photo Voltaic Training and Research (PVTR) system and simulating using software will lead to least economical method of achieving performance analysis which is the main objective of this paper. The efficiency of PV module is analyzed from I-V and P-V characteristics for this standalone solar pv system by changing radiation and temperature parameters. This paper mainly emphases on comparison of the testing results and simulation results for different radiation levels.
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Ardhenta, Lunde, and Wijono Wijono. "Photovoltaic Array Modeling under Uniform Irradiation and Partial Shading Condition." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v6.i3.pp142-149.
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Wind energy and solar energy are the prime energy sources which are being utilized for renewal energy. The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array for solar energy is affected by temperature, irradiation, shading, and array configuration. Often, the PV arrays are shadowed, completely or partially, by the passing clouds, neighboring buildings and towers, trees, and utility and telephone poles. Under partially shaded conditions, the PV characteristics are more complex with multiple peaks, hence, it is very important to understand and predict the MPP under PSC in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents the development of PV array simulator for studying the I–V and P–V characteristics of a PV array under a partial shading condition. It can also be used for developing and evaluating new maximum power point tracking techniques, for PV array with partially shaded conditions. It is observed that, for a given number of PV modules, the array configuration significantly affects the maximum available power under partially shaded conditions. This is another aspect to which the developed tool can be applied. The model has been experimentally validated and the usefulness of this research is highlighted with the help of several illustrations.
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Ardhenta, Lunde, and Wijono Wijono. "Photovoltaic Array Modeling under Uniform Irradiation and Partial Shading Condition." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v6.i3.pp144-152.
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Wind energy and solar energy are the prime energy sources which are being utilized for renewal energy. The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array for solar energy is affected by temperature, irradiation, shading, and array configuration. Often, the PV arrays are shadowed, completely or partially, by the passing clouds, neighboring buildings and towers, trees, and utility and telephone poles. Under partially shaded conditions, the PV characteristics are more complex with multiple peaks, hence, it is very important to understand and predict the MPP under PSC in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents the development of PV array simulator for studying the I–V and P–V characteristics of a PV array under a partial shading condition. It can also be used for developing and evaluating new maximum power point tracking techniques, for PV array with partially shaded conditions. It is observed that, for a given number of PV modules, the array configuration significantly affects the maximum available power under partially shaded conditions. This is another aspect to which the developed tool can be applied. The model has been experimentally validated and the usefulness of this research is highlighted with the help of several illustrations
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Mas'ud, Abdullahi Abubakar. "The Combined Effect of Current Boosting and Power Loss on Photovoltaic Arrays under Partial Shading Conditions." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 1 (February 5, 2023): 9932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5369.
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This study proposes a novel technique for improving the performance of photovoltaic (PV) arrays under Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs). A 4×4 solar PV array with 16 panels was considered. Bridge-Linked (BL), Total Cross-Tied (TCT), Honey Comp (HC), One Cross-Link (OCL), and Two Cross-Link (TCL) were among the topologies of interest. First, the combined effect of connecting switches and partial shading on the PV array was studied. Then, the power loss/gain caused by reconfiguring the PV array structure from Series-Parallel (SP) to other schemes was investigated. Finally, a method of boosting current into the PV array is proposed to reduce PSCs-related power losses in the connecting switches. The results show that the number of connecting switches in the topology plays an important role in determining power gain or loss at different partial shading levels. TCT and HC outperformed the others in terms of power improvement when PSCs were considered without current boosting. This is true for different levels of solar irradiation exposure. The SP topology is optimal when the solar irradiation level is greater than 900W/m2 or less than 200W/m2. TCT outperformed the others when the current was boosted in the PV array, with a power improvement of 108%, for certain PSCs.
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Smith, Sarah E., Brooke J. Stanislawski, Byron Kasey Eng, Naseem Ali, Timothy J. Silverman, Marc Calaf, and Raúl Bayoán Cal. "Viewing convection as a solar farm phenomenon broadens modern power predictions for solar photovoltaics." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 14, no. 6 (November 2022): 063502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0105649.
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Heat mitigation for large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays is crucial to extend lifetime and energy harvesting capacity. PV module temperature is dependent on site-specific farm geometry, yet common predictions consider panel-scale and environmental factors only. Here, we characterize convective cooling in diverse PV array designs, capturing combined effects of spatial and atmospheric variation on panel temperature and production. Parameters, including row spacing, panel inclination, module height, and wind velocity, are explored through wind tunnel experiments, high-resolution numerical simulations, and operating field data. A length scale based on fractal lacunarity encapsulates all aspects of arrangement (angle, height, etc.) in a single value. When applied to the Reynolds number Re within the canonical Nusselt number heat transfer correlation, lacunarity reveals a relationship between convection and farm-specific geometry. This correlation can be applied to existing and forthcoming array designs to optimize convective cooling, ultimately increasing production and PV cell life.
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Tam, Le Thi Minh, Nguyen Van Duong, Nguyen Thanh Tien, and Nguyen Viet Ngu. "A Study on the Output Characteristic of Photovoltaic Array under Partially Shaded Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.198.
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Efficiency of Photovoltaic (PV) array is affected by surface temperature, solar irradiance, shadow and shape of the PV array. Under partially shaded conditions, the maximum power point tracking method will be hardly controlled since the output power characteristic of the PV array is complex with many spikes. In the present study, characteristics of PV array were therefore established under partially shaded conditions by using Matlab/Simulink. The output characteristics of the PV array under partially shaded conditions were calculated and analyzed. These output characteristics significantly depend on the solar irradiance, surface temperatures, cases of shadows, configurations of the PV array, and numbers of PV modules under partial shadow. The present results are good to designate a PV power generation system by using the power point tracking method.
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Kasim, Naseer K., Nibras M. Obaid, Hatim G. Abood, Raed Abed Mahdi, and Ali Mohmood Humada. "Experimental study for the effect of dust cleaning on the performance of grid-tied photovoltaic solar systems." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i1.pp74-83.
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One of the challenges facing investment in photovoltaic (PV) energy is the accumulation of dust on the surface of the PV panels due to frequent dust storms in many countries, including Iraq. Surface dust particles reduce solar irradiance which declining the electrical performance of the PV solar systems. Therefore, this paper proposes an experimental study to analyze and evaluate the power efficiency of a PV system installed in Baghdad city, Iraq. The performance of dusty solar PV array is compared with that of the clean array of the same PV system. The clean solar array is equipped with an automatic-sprayer cleaning system that is powered by the PV system. The automatic cleaning system utilized in the test system reduces human effort by cleaning the PV array using closed-cycle water with low energy consumption (less than 10 Wh). The PV array under test is part of a 15 kW grid-tied PV system. The experimental results show significant improvement in the performance parameters of efficiency, performance ratio, and the energy gain compared to the clean array. Furthermore, the experimental study contributes to a reduction in CO2 emission, which is substantial for the Iraqi environment that suffers from predominate fossil-fuel power plants.
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Balouktsis, A., T. D. Karapantsios, K. Anastasiou, A. Antoniadis, and I. Balouktsis. "Load matching in a direct-coupled photovoltaic system-application to Thevenin's equivalent loads." International Journal of Photoenergy 2006 (2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijp/2006/27274.
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A methodology is developed for the assessment of load matching and further estimation of the optimum photovoltaic (PV) arrays arrangement over a prolonged period of time. The method calls for the calculation of the appropriate effectiveness factor defined as the ratio of the load energy over the maximum energy that can be produced by the PV array for a specific time period. The effectiveness factor depends on the PV array characteristics, the load characteristics, and the solar irradiance conditions. To produce realistic predictions for the effectiveness factor and the PV arrays arrangement with validity over long periods of time, the present statistical model describing irradiance employs a stochastic variation of solar radiation over a long period of time and not just a fixed diurnal variation as traditionally done in the past. Simulations are performed for the case of Thevenin's equivalent loads. In order to generalize the analysis, the simulation results are presented in a reduced form based on the values of the voltage and current corresponding to the maximum power of the PV array. The results are presented in multiple-curve comprehensive plots, which allow to determine the optimum photovoltaic array panel's arrangement without engaging sophisticated mathematical calculations.
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Mishra, Debani Prasad, Rudranarayan Senapati, and Surender Reddy Salkuti. "Comparison of DC-DC converters for solar power conversion system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i2.pp648-655.
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This paper covers the comparison between four different DC-DC converters for solar power conversion. The four converters are buck converter, buck-boost converter, boost converter, and noninverting buck-boost converter. An MPPT algorithm is designed to calculate battery voltage, current of PV array, the voltage of PV array, power of PV array, output power. It is observed that the non-inverting buck-boost converter is the finest converter for solar power conversion. The final circuit design has the results of 12.2V battery voltage, 0.31A current of PV array, 34V voltage of PV array, 23mW power of PV panel, and 21.8mW of output power. The efficiency of this system is nearly 95%. All four circuits are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink R2020b.
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Chen, Gong, Yan Wang, Yang Xu, Ying Zhu, Jieling Li, Wei Wang, and Xuelian Li. "Study on Electrical Characteristics of Thin Flexible Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v25i1.a11.
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Flexibility makes output voltage-current curve of thin crystalline silicon solar cell’s photovoltaic (PV) array stair-stepping and corresponding power-voltage curve possessing non-uniform illumination characteristics, so existing conventional PV array model is no more suitable and it is necessary to build a new mathematical model of PV array that is suitable for flexibility condition. Based on engineering model of PV array and combining with series-parallel connection of electric circuit, the PV array under flexibility is analyzed in detail and it is derived theoretically that the mathematical model of PV array under flexibility can be expressed by piecewis function.
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Premkumar, Manoharan, Chandrasekaran Kumar, and Ravichandran Sowmya. "Mathematical Modelling of Solar Photovoltaic Cell/Panel/Array based on the Physical Parameters from the Manufacturer’s Datasheet." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.1.7-22.
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This paper discusses a modified V-I relationship for the solar photovoltaic (PV) single diode based equivalent model. The model is derived from an equivalent circuit of the PV cell. A PV cell is used to convert the solar incident light to electrical energy. The PV module is derived from the group of series connected PV cells and PV array, or PV string is formed by connecting the group of series and parallel connected PV panels. The model proposed in this paper is applicable for both series and parallel connected PV string/array systems. Initially, the V-I characteristics are derived for a single PV cell, and finally, it is extended to the PV panel and, to string/array. The solar PV cell model is derived based on five parameters model which requires the data’s from the manufacturer’s data sheet. The derived PV model is precisely forecasting the P-V characteristics, V-I characteristics, open circuit voltage, short circuit current and maximum power point (MPP) for the various temperature and solar irradiation conditions. The model in this paper forecasts the required data for both polycrystalline silicon and monocrystalline silicon panels. This PV model is suitable for the PV system of any capacity. The proposed model is simulated using Matlab/Simulink for various PV array configurations, and finally, the derived model is examined in partial shading condition under the various environmental conditions to find the optimal configuration. The PV model proposed in this paper can achieve 99.5% accuracy in producing maximum output power as similar to manufacturers datasheet.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
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, Meneni Saigeetha, G. Vaddikasulu. "A Cuckoo MPPT based SMC Control for Grid tied PV System." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060805.
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Maximum power point techniques (MPPT) are used in photovoltaic system to make full utilization of PV array output power. The output power of PV array is always changing with weather conditions i.e., solar irradiation and atmospheric temperature. PV cell generates power by converting sunlight into electricity. The electric power generated is proportional to solar radiation. PV cell can generate around 0.5 to 0.8 volts. During cloudy weather due to varying insolation levels the output of PV array varies. The MPPT is a process which tracks the maximum power from array and by increasing the duty cycle of the DC-DC boost converter, the output voltage of the system is increased. This paper presents the cuckoo mppt technique for PV system along with SMC controller methods in grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems for optimizing the solar energy efficiency
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Wang, Zhang Quan, You Rong Chen, and Yue Ruan. "Modeling of Arbitrary Power Level PV Array Based on Circuit Equivalent Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.586.
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According to the equivalent circuit of single solar cell and the V-I equation of PV cell based on physical mechanism, a simulation model of single solar cell is established. According to this model and structure feature of PV array, the Thevenin circuit equivalent transform theory is used. The control relationship between single solar cell and PV array is given. Then a simple modeling method for arbitrary power level PV array is proposed. To verify the model effectiveness, a Pspice simulation model is established. Output characteristics of the model and its feasibility in PV power generation system are simulated. Simulation results show that the output characteristics of simulation model are in good consistency with actual PV array, and the model can be effectively applied in simulation of PV power generation system. The modeling method is simple and can be used for simulation on some control algorithms of PV power generation system
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Wang, Xiu Ling, and Rong Sheng Meng. "An Asymmetric Fuzzy Method for MPPT Control of PV System." Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (September 2011): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.323.
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In this paper an Asymmetric Fuzzy Method for MPPT Control of PV System was described, which is focus on the nonlinear characteristics of solar arrays and it is necessary to create control rules that meet the output characteristics of the solar arrays. Asymmetric Fuzzy control method can solve this question: the input function and membership function reflect characteristics of photovoltaic array adequately, which is different from traditional symmetric fuzzy control. So we can adjust to the disturbance step according to the characteristics of photovoltaic array.
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Sreenath, S., K. Sudhakar, and A. F. Yusop. "Suitability Analysis of Solar Tracking PV System in the Airport Based on Glare Assessment." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 9061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.18.3.2021.18.0695.
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Due to the concerns with harmful emissions, airports have a great interest in solar photovoltaic technology. On the one hand, the vacant land areas in the airport can house solar PV arrays. On the other hand, there is an aviation safety issue due to the reflections from the solar PV arrays. This paper aims to perform a glare analysis of a conceptual solar PV array for three different solar tracking techniques. This suitability analysis is carried out for fixed-tilt, single-axis and dual-axis tracking techniques using ForgeSolar software. It is observed that a single-axis tracking solar PV system is a suitable tracking technique for the selected site. This can be attributed to zero minutes of glare duration and the highest value of energy generation. In addition to compliance with the FAA’s solar glare policy, the single-axis tracking solar PV system will generate 40 % more electricity than a fixed-tilt solar PV system. Unlike previously reported studies, the results of this study strengthen the theoretical support for tracking solar PV systems in airport locations. The findings provided in this study will be beneficial to energy professionals and serve as reference material for tracking solar PV in airports.
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Kadeval, Hina N., and V. K. Patel. "Mathematical modelling for solar cell, panel and array for photovoltaic system." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2529.
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Renewable energy is considered as next alternative to fossil fuels and nowadays, it attracts much attention in agriculture and environmental protection. Application of solar photovoltaic system is drying and dehydration of products, heating, irrigation, greenhouse and power generation etc. Temperature and sun radiation varies nonlinearly. Power generation varies with reference to radiation and temperature in photo-voltaic (PV) system. PV characteristic is nonlinear and PV cell is the basic unit for electricity generation. To get the characteristic response of PV, it aimed to develop a solar cell/panel model and array on a platform like MATLAB. In this research paper, step by step procedure has been defined for modelling solar cell, panel, and array models of the photovoltaic system. Kyocera solar KC-200GT 200W solar panel is used as a reference model for further modelling. The PV array characteristic are simulated for different irradiance(200W/m2,400 W/m2 ,600 W/m2 ,800W/m2 ,1000W/m2)and temperature variation(25°C, 35°C, 45°C, 55°C, 75°C). The output characteristic of the reference model matches with simulated results. The output reduced when the solar irradiation reduced from 1000 to 200 W/m2. As the temperature increased, the output voltage decreases, whereas the output current increases slightly. This model would be useful for investigating the effect of different parameters like series resistance, shunt resistance, thermal voltage, solar cell temperature coefficient of short circuit current etc. It would also be useful for investigating the working parameters like temperature & radiation condition and different series and parallel combinations of panels. This modelling is useful in investigating the performance of solar arrays in different applications of solar power generation, as well as modelling provides a major role in the mounting of PV panels.
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Lipták, Róbert, and István Bodnár. "Simulation of fault detection in photovoltaic arrays." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 15, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2021.2.31-40.
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In solar systems, faults in the module and inverter occur in proportion to increased operating time. The identification of fault types and their effects is important information not only for manufacturers but also for investors, solar operators and researchers. Monitoring and diagnosing the condition of photovoltaic (PV) systems is becoming essential to maximize electric power generation, increase the reliability and lifetime of PV power plants. Any faults in the PV modules cause negative economic and safety impacts, reducing the performance of the system and making unwanted electric connections that can be dangerous for the user. In this paper have been classified all possible faults that happen in the PV system, and is presented to detect common PV array faults, such as open-circuit fault, line-to-line fault, ground fault, shading condition, degradation fault and bypass diode fault. In this studies examines the equivalent circuits of PV arrays with different topological configurations and fault conditions to evaluate the effects of these faults on the performance of a solar system, taking into account the influence of temperature and solar radiation. This work presents the validation of a simulated solar network by measuring the output curves of a low-power photovoltaic array system under real outdoor conditions. This method can be useful in future solar systems.
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Pareek, Smita, and Ratna Dahiya. "Output Power Comparison of TCT & SP Topologies for Easy-to-Predict Partial Shadow on a 4×4 PV Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 612 (August 2014): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.612.71.
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The power generated by solar photovoltaic system depends on insolation, temperature and shading situation etc. These days’ solar PV arrays are mainly building integrated. Therefore PV array are often under partial shadow. The feature of these shadows can be either easy-to-predict (like neighbour’s chimney, nearby tree or neighbouring buildings) or difficult-to-predict (passing clouds, birds litter).Thus output power obtained by PV arrays decreases in a considerable manner. In this paper, output powers, currents and voltages for SP & TCT topologies are calculated for different patterns of easy-to-predict partial shading conditions on a 4×4 PV field.
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BALARAJU, V., and Ch Chengaiah. "Modeling and Performance Investigations of Partially Shaded Solar PV Arrays with Cell Partition Technique based Modules." Trends in Renewable Energy 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2022.8.1.00134.
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Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules consist of solar cells connected in series to provide the required output power. The solar PV system is experiencing major challenges, which are mainly due to the partial shadows on the photovoltaic modules leading to mismatching power loss and hot spot problems. Hotspots have become a major cause of PV module failure. The Cell Partition Technique (CPT) is proposed to reduce hotspots and minimize mismatch losses caused by partial shadings. Specifically, each solar PV cell (Full cell) in a solar PV module is divided or partitioned into two half cells (known as Half-Cut Cells or HC) and three equal cells (known as Tri-Cut Cells or TC) in accordance with the proposed technique. The HC and TC types of cells are connected in a strings of series-parallel connection, and bypass diode is placed in middle of the solar PV module to ensure proper operation. The primary aim of this research is to model, evaluate, and investigate the performance of solar PV arrays using new PV modules are developed based on Cell Partition Technique (PVM-CPT), such as half-cut cell modules (HCM), and tri-cut cell modules (TCM) and compared with full-sized cell modules (FCM). These PVM-CPT are connected in Series–Parallel (SP), Total-Cross-Tied (TCT), and proposed static shade dispersion based TCT reconfiguration (SD-TCTR) for the array sizes of 3x4, 4x3 and 4x4, respectively. The purpose is to select the most appropriate solar PV array configurations in terms of the highest global maximum power and thus the lowest mismatch power losses under short and narrow, short and wide, long and narrow, long and wide type of cell level partial shadings. The Matlab/Simulink software is used to simulate and analyze all of the shading cases. The results show that, when compared to conventional module configurations under different shading conditions, the proposed static SD-TCTR arrangement with TC modules (SDTCTR-TCM) exhibits the lowest mismatch power losses and the greatest improvement in array power.
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Najem, Alaa. "YEARLY IMPROVEMENT OF GRID-CONNECTED SOLAR PV SYSTEM PARAMETERS BY PLANAR CONCENTRATORS." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 19, no. 2 (April 5, 2023): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53540/tjer.vol19iss2pp140-151.
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Planar concentrators are used in the current manuscript to improve the solar PV system parameters (electrical energy, array yield, and solar irradiation). Additionally, study the temperature (both the ambient temperature and the temperature of the PV modules), performance ratio, and efficiency. The current PV system is situated at Al-Taji town in Baghdad. These improvements are achieved by using planar concentrators to increase solar radiation (made of aluminium metal). The results demonstrated a 21% increase in the yearly average energy output for improved solar PV modules. The improved solar PV modules' average yearly array yield increased by 20.6%. Compared to the reference PV modules, the improved solar PV modules received 24% more solar irradiation yearly on average. The monthly average of the performance ratio (PR) and efficiency to the improved solar PV modules and reference solar PV modules are 89.3% & 13.61%, and 91.2% & 13.89%, respectively. The yearly average temperatures of the reference PV solar modules and improved PV solar modules are 48.8OC and 46.0OC, respectively, at an average ambient temperature of 29.2OC. The originality of this work is the successful improvement of the electrical energy of the grid-tied PV system, in addition to studying the performance of the second generation of photovoltaic solar modules (CIGS), where CIGS is the PV module technology that is used in this manuscript.
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Ajay Kumar, J., T. Sai Sourav, and K. P. Prasad Rao. "Observation of P-V And I-V Characteristics Before and After Partial Shadow Effect on Photovoltaic Array Using Boost Converter." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.8 (February 9, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.8.16403.
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The fundamental power generation unit for photovoltaic is solar PV module. The staging of PV array pivot on environmental conditions like operating temperature, solar heatstroke, array layout. PV line-up get partial shadow effect due to shadow of trees, poles, buildings…etc. Under such conditions the array gets more complicated and it will have spare than one alp. It is very dominant to forecast the attributes of PV array under partial shadow effect to procure maximal power. More distant hotspots, discrepancy losses will occur as well as these lead to certainty and constancy problems. It is still more extortionate and difficult to get control pivot of P-V and I-V under partial shadow effect. Sun Power SPR-305-WHT-U solar panel is taken as reference and the learning cornerstone on output power peak at different solar irradiation levels. This paper also deals with the importance of bypass diodes
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Raju, V. Bala, and Ch Chengaiah. "Enhance the Output Power of a Shaded Solar Photovoltaic Arrays with Shade Dispersion based TCT Configuration." Trends in Renewable Energy 7, no. 1 (April 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2021.7.1.00128.
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Partial shading has a negative impact on the performance parameters of a Solar Photovoltaic (PV) array, because it shades certain panels while leaving others un-shaded. This article focuses on modeling, comparing and performance assessment of 6×6, 6×5 and 5×6 size shadowed solar PV arrays under different partial shading cases in the MATLAB/ Simulink software. For this purpose, the simulation of series-parallel (SP), Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) and proposed shade dispersion based TCT (SD-TCT) type of array configurations was carried out under few shading cases. The proposed SD-TCT was designed using the shades dispersion technique, which is based on a number logic approach. In this technique, in order to effectively remove the row-current mismatches in the TCT PV array configuration, the shaded and un-shaded modules in an array were re-arranged, so that the shading on modules expands across the whole array. The physical placement of the TCT array modules has been reordered in accordance with the proposed number logic pattern exclusive of altering the electrical links among the panels. The simulation results showed that the performance of the SD-TCT type was superior to that of conventional array configurations.
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Vavilapalli, Sridhar, Umashankar Subramaniam, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Design and Controller-In-Loop Simulations of a Low Cost Two-Stage PV-Simulator." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102774.
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A PV-Simulator is a DC power source in which the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of different PV arrays can be programmed. With a PV-simulator, the operation of the solar power conditioning systems can be validated at a laboratory level itself before actual field trials. In this work, design, operation and controls for a two-stage programmable PV-simulator required for the testing of solar power conditioning systems are presented. The proposed PV-simulator consists of a three-level T-type active front-end converter in the first stage and a buck-chopper-based DC-DC converter in the second stage. An active front-end rectifier using a three-level T-type IGBT-based converter is used at the input stage to help in operating the system at unity power factor. A DC-DC converter at the output stage of the simulator is regulated to obtain the I-V characteristics of the programmed PV-Array. Hardware-In-Loop simulations are carried out to validate the proposed system and the associated controls implemented in the controller. As a case study, this PV-simulator is programmed with electrical parameters of a selected PV-array and the characteristics obtained from the PV-simulator are compared with the actual PV-array characteristics. The dynamic response of the system for sudden changes in the load and sudden changes in irradiance values are studied.
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Singh, Santosh Kumar, Anurag Singh Yadav, Ashutosh Srivastava, and Amarjeet Singh. "Power Enhancement from Solar PV Array Topologies under Partial Shading Condition." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 10, no. 01 (July 25, 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v10i01.5.
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In this paper, a detailed study is carried out on the solar photovoltaic (PV) array topologies under various shading patterns. The aim of this study is to investigate the mismatch effect losses in PV modules for non uniform irradiations. The shading causes not only power losses, but also non-linearity of P-V characteristics. Under partial shaded conditions, the P-V and I-V characteristics exhibit extreme non-linearity along with multiple load maxima. In this paper, the investigations of the optimal layout of PV modules in a PV array are worked out to provide maximum output power under various shaded conditions. Three type of solar PV array topologies e.g. Series-parallel (SP), Total cross tied (TCT) and Bridge link (BL) are considered for various typesof shaded patterns. The modeling of solar PV array for various types of topologies is done in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The extensive results have been taken on these topologies for partial shading patterns and analyzed, which proves the TCT topology performance is better as compared to other topologies for most of the shading patterns.
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Bojic, Milorad, Alexandre Patou Parvedy, Frédéric Miranville Miranville, Dimitri Bigot, Dragan Cvetković, Slobodan Djordjević, and Danijela Nikolić. "Photovoltaic electricity production in a residential house on Réunion." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i2a3130.
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In this paper, the electrical energy generation of photovoltaic (PV) arrays is discussed for three cities on the island of Réunion (the Republic of France) located in the Indian Ocean. Each PV array has a different orientation as it is placed at different parts of the roof of a residential house that supposedly is a sustainable building. The electrical energy generation is obtained by using EnergyPlus software and measured solar radiation data. The highest generation of electric energy is found for the PV array located at the north roof surface. The generation of electric energy at the east-facing PV array is larger than that at the west-facing PV array. The electrical energy generation for the city of Le Port on the coast is higher than that for the cities of Cilao, and Plaine des Cafres that are located in the mountains of Réunion.
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Aswal, Pankaj, Mayank Chaturvedi, Puspender Singh, and Pradeep Kumar Juneja. "Concentrating Power for MPPT Solar PV Module forming Channelization of Efficient Energy." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v4.i3.pp526-531.
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<p>The energy of photovoltaic (PV) is going to become a most relevant part of renewable energy in world, by PVC Cell system for sufficient energy extraction this research will scrutinize the solar PV energy generation and conversion by effective devices to grid alliances Here this treatise target on I-V and P-V characteristics of Photo volatile modules or array, primarily under irregular shading condition, the model development of PV system and considering both physical and electrical parameters of solar PV module. The treatise ponder that how disparate bypass diode collocation could be influences maximum power conclusion characteristics of a solar PV module or array.</p>
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Chung, Ping-Han, Chin-Cheng Chou, Ray-Yeng Yang, and Cheng-Yang Chung. "Wind Loads on a PV Array." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122466.
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This study experimentally determines the wind loads on a stand-alone solar array (length-to-width ratio of 0.19; 1/10-scale commercial modules). The freestream velocity in a uniform flow is 14.5 ± 0.1 m/s, and the turbulence intensity is 0.3%. The angle of tilt ranges from 10° to 80° and the wind is incident at angle of 0°–180°. Mean surface pressure measurements on the upper and the lower surface of the inclined solar panels are used to calculate the lift coefficient. For the angle of incidence of 0°–60° for the wind, the variation in the lift coefficient with the angle of tilt is U-shaped. The formation of a strong windward corner vortex results in greater lift force on the right half of the inclined plate for the angle of incidence of 30°–45° for the wind.
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Alaoui, Mustapha, Hattab Maker, Azeddine Mouhsen, and Hicham Hihi. "Photovoltaic emulator of different solar array configurations under partial shading conditions using damping injection controller." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp1019-1030.
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In the last decades, researchers and scientists have been trending towards photovoltaic (PV) solar energy research as one of the noteworthy renewable energies. As a matter of fact, the need for a laboratory system devoted to performing measurements and experimentation on PV systems is being increased. The PV array emulator is designed to accomplish this task by reproducing accurately the electrical behavior of real PV sources. The present paper proposes thus a new control and design of PV array emulators. It is based essentially on a hybrid Damping Injection controller. The proposed control strategy circumvents obviously the existing PV emulator's limitations in terms of accuracy, speed and partial shading emulation. Several results are given and discussed to show the efficiency of the proposed system to emulate PV modules and different PV array configurations under uniform solar irradiance and partial shading conditions.
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Mansur, T. M. N. T., N. H. Baharudin, and R. Ali. "Sizing and Cost Analysis of Self-Consumed Solar PV DC System Compared with AC System for Residential House." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp10-18.
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<p>The use of solar photovoltaic (PV) system has grown significantly in Malaysia after Renewable Energy Act has been gazetted in 2011.The objective of this paper is to highlight the technical and economic analysis of solar PV DC system to generate enough energy for residential customer group that consumed 200 kWh per month so that they are less dependent on energy from the utility grid. The results are then compared to the solar PV AC system with similar load setup. The methodology involves gathering solar energy resource, configuring daily load demand, sizing PV array, battery bank and inverter and lastly simulation of the design system by using Homer software. Based on Homer simulation, the solar PV AC system required slightly larger PV array sizes than the solar PV DC system to compensate losses due to the inverter efficiency which is not counted in DC system.Moreover, the solar PV AC system is almost 8.0% more expensive with 6% higher COE than the solar PV DC system due to the present of inverter.Lastly, both systems will benefit from reduction of energy consumed up to 2,434 kWh annually and to the environmental aspect, will avoid 1.7 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> releases into the atmosphere.</p>
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Hariharasudhan, T., S. Suriyakala, Dr D. Prince Winston, and P. Sathya. "Dynamic and Static Reconfiguration Analysis of Solar PV Array." YMER Digital 21, no. 03 (March 13, 2022): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.03/23.
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Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly attractive due to renewable in nature. Solar PV module technologies are paying more attention to enhance the energy production. Partial Shading (PS) will reduce the output power of the PV panel. The PS also causes problems such as mismatch loss and hotspots. This work proposes an analysis of the PS of Total Cross Tied (TCT), SuDoKu and Dynamic Reconfiguration of PV array with 3 × 3 PV modules. The proposed work will extract the maximum power extraction in dynamic reconfiguration under partial shading condition. The comparative investigation was presented for six shading patterns in the terms of Percentage Power Loss (PLL) and Fill Factor (FF). The percentage power loss and mismatch loss obtained in TCT and SuDoKu is 39.8% and 41.7% which is drastically reduced in dynamic reconfiguration is 33.2% and 23.64% respectively.
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Dwicaksana, Made Puji, I. Nyoman Satya Kumara, I. Nyoman Setiawan, and I. Made Aditya Nugraha. "REVIEW DAN ANALISIS PERKEMBANGAN PLTS PADA SARANA TRANSPORTASI LAUT." Jurnal RESISTOR (Rekayasa Sistem Komputer) 4, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31598/jurnalresistor.v4i2.732.
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This paper aims to review the current development of vessels with solar power to reference the research and development of solar power vessels in Indonesia. The research method is a systematic literature review on the development of solar-powered vessels and includes an online survey of vessels using solar PV. This study found 86 solar-powered vessels consisting of boats, utility boats, ferries, houseboats, research, vehicle carriers, dive boats, and yachts developed from 1988 to 2020. These solar-powered vessels were built for various functions such as competitions, cleaning the environment, passenger transportation, and water tourism. Production of solar-powered vessels is increasing in terms of production volume, PV capacity, and battery capacity. In terms of PV configuration, the solar array is dominated by a fixed array structure. However, there have been innovations using sun-tracking, wind tracking airfoils, and expandable channels to increase PV capacity.
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Huang, Bin, Jialiang Huang, Ke Xing, Lida Liao, Peiling Xie, Meng Xiao, and Wei Zhao. "Development of a Solar-Tracking System for Horizontal Single-Axis PV Arrays Using Spatial Projection Analysis." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 10, 2023): 4008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104008.
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Uniaxial trackers are widely employed as the frame for solar photovoltaic (PV) panel installation. However, when used in sloping terrain scenarios such as mountain and hill regions, it is essential to apply a solar-tracking strategy with the sloping factors considered, to eliminate the shading effects between arrays and reduce the electricity production loss due to terrain changes. Based on a uniaxial tracker on the sloping terrain of a PV farm located in Ningxia, this study established a uniaxial solar-tracking strategy for sloping terrain by integrating a spatial projection model with a dynamic shadow assessment method. In the proposed strategy, the optimal tilt angle of the PV array and related desirable adjustment are identified taking into consideration major parameters such as the shadow area ratio S and the average solar irradiance intensity G. A tool underpinned by Matlab Simulink has also been developed to realize the proposed solar-tracking strategy. With the input of a simulated ramp signal β and the dynamically changed time parameters, the tracking angle of PV arrays over the simulated duration is accurately predicted, followed by a series of experimental validations conducted on the winter solstice and a typical sunny day (15 September). Moreover, the study also explored the terrain impacts on solar tracking by comparing the sloping terrain and flat terrain applications. The analytic and experimental results indicate that (a) the maximum value of the G(β) function could serve as the input to identify the optimal tracking angle; (b) the application of the flat terrain tracking (FTT) strategy in sloping terrain would result in a reduction of average solar irradiance intensity harvested by the PV arrays with varying degrees; (c) in the context of an east–west −7° sloping terrain, compared with the FTT strategy, the sloping terrain tracking (STT) strategy enabled anti-shading tracking, and then increased the daily PV electricity yield by 0.094 kWh/kWp, which is around 1.48% of the daily energy production; (d) given a measurement with annual scale, the STT strategy could cause a 1.26% increase in the energy harvesting with a flat uniaxial PV array on a −7° slope terrain, achieving an annual increase of 25.16 kWh/kWp. The experimental comparative analysis validated the precision of the proposed solar-tracking model, which has far-reaching significance for achieving automatic solar-tracking of PV modules, as well as improving the capacity and efficiency of PV systems.
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KESKİN, Vedat. "EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY AFFECTED BY DYNAMIC SHADING." Journal of Scientific Reports-A, no. 052 (March 29, 2023): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.59313/jsr-a.1197773.
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Photovoltaic (PV) panels are affected by undesirable elements that exist around them, trees, structures, clouds, etc., as well as natural dirt, and dust accumulation on the PV surfaces. Unfortunately, partial shading falling on top of the PV panels may affect badly the output of photovoltaic arrays. In this study, an exergoeconomic analysis has been performed on the impact of dynamic partial shading created by a mislocated building on a photovoltaic array. Both experimental and theoretical results of this study have been compared on ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity, and shading ratio. The observations have been carried out on clear days starting in June 2018 to Mai 2019. According to the results, the shaded PV exergy efficiency (6.87%) and exergoeconomic parameter (Rex= 0.18508 W/$) are maxima in June and minimum in February (Ex =4.76%, Rex= 0.12228 W/$). As a result of this study, it can be said that the PV array exposed to long-term shading will seriously affect the service life of the PV array.
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Reddy, Hanumantha. "Hybrid Water Pumping Control System for Irrigation using Arduino." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 2784–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50744.
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Abstract: There are many water pumping system such as diesel powered, solar photovoltaic, mechanical windmill exists. Few combine solar and wind energy sources to provide better performance and reliability to the existing system. In this paper wind turbine and solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping array are analyzed separately and are combined as a hybrid system. Large amount of water pumped from the water resources are not effectively used. So a suitable control methodology was also proposed to operate the pump automatically depending on the water availability and the water requirement for crops .The main objective is to provide 1.Advantage of hybrid system over WT or solar PV array separately.2.suitable methodology to prevent water loss. Additionally MPPT system Can be used to improve the efficiency of PV array
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Tazally, M. A. I. A., M. F. N. Tajuddin, A. Azmi, S. M. Ayob, and T. Sutikno. "Differential Evolution Based Solar Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration Algorithm for Optimal Energy Extraction during Partial Shading Condition." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp1397-1405.
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To increase energy yield from an installed photovoltaic (PV) array, particularly during partial shading condition (PSC), a new technique based on reconfigurable PV array interconnection is proposed in this work. The proposed technique works by dynamically changing the interconnection of PV modules to form a new configuration using a switching matrix inside the array. The criteria of good reconfigurable PV array interconnection techniques depend on the efficiency and accuracy of the control algorithm to optimally reconfigure the PV array to maximize the total output power. Hence, this paper proposes a new control algorithm using differential evolution (DE) for photovoltaic array reconfiguration (PVAR). To verify the superiority of the proposed algorithm, DE is compared with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Results confirm that DE performs well in terms of the amount of energy production during PSC. For all the nine shading patterns tested on a 3 × 3 PV array, DE yields 1% to 5% more power than PSO.
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Chitti Babu, B., Suresh Gurjar, and Ashish Meher. "Analysis of Photovoltaic (PV) Module during Partial Shading based on Simplified Two-Diode Model." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0164.
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Abstract Generally, the characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) array are largely affected by solar temperature, solar irradiance, shading patterns, array configuration and location of shading modules. Partial shading is due to moving clouds and shadows of nearby obstacles and can cause a significant degradation in the output of PV system. Hence, the characteristics of PV array get more multifaceted with multiple peaks. The ultimate aim of the paper is to analyze the performance of PV module during such adverse condition based on simplified two-diode model. To reduce the computational time, the simplified two-diode model has a photocurrent source in parallel with two ideal diodes. Only four parameters are required to be calculated from datasheet in order to simulate the model. Moreover, the performance of PV array is evaluated at different shaded patterns and it is found that the model has less computational time and gives accurate results.
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Narne, Dharani Kumar, T. A. Ramesh Kumar, and Rama Koteswara Rao Alla. "Effect of Partial Shading on the Performance of Various 4×4 PV Array Configurations." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 20, no. 3 (October 15, 2022): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2022203.247518.
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Electrical energy usage has drastically increased in recent decades, resulting in significant demand for renewable energy sources, especially solar. With the development of technology, extracting energy from photovoltaic (PV) modules has become easier and more economical. The performance of PV array decreases under an intermittent environment such as partial shading conditions (PSCs), causing fluctuations in PV array power output. This paper presents the analysis of a 4×4 PV array configuration under different PSCs. The power output of PV array depends on factors such as the type of configuration, size of array, and shading patterns. The performance of various types of 4×4 PV array configurations under different shading situations are compared and analyzed in this study, and the results presented.
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Zhao, Ye, Jean-Francois De Palma, Jerry Mosesian, Robert Lyons, and Brad Lehman. "Line–Line Fault Analysis and Protection Challenges in Solar Photovoltaic Arrays." Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 60, no. 9 (May 2013): 3784–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2012.2205355.
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Fault analysis in solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays is a fundamental task to protect PV modules from damage and to eliminate risks of safety hazards. This paper focuses on line-line faults in PV arrays that may be caused by short-circuit faults or double ground faults. The effect on fault current from a maximum-power-point tracking of a PV inverter is discussed and shown to, at times, prevent overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs) to operate properly. Furthermore, fault behavior of PV arrays is highly related to the fault location, fault impedance, irradiance level, and use of blocking diodes. Particularly, this paper examines the challenges to OCPD in a PV array brought by unique faults: One is a fault that occurs under low-irradiance conditions, and the other is a fault that occurs at night and evolves during “night-to-day” transition. In both circumstances, the faults might remain hidden in the PV system, no matter how irradiance changes afterward. These unique faults may subsequently lead to unexpected safety hazards, reduced system efficiency, and reduced reliability. A small-scale experimental PV system has been developed to further validate the conclusions.
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Qian, WAN, Xia Chengjun, Azeddine Houari, Zhao Xue, Xia Chengjun, Zheng Xiaotian, and Huang Chuyin. "The Reactive Power Support Strategy based on Dual-loop Control for Three-phase Grid-connected Inverter." E3S Web of Conferences 182 (2020): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018202011.
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Renewable energy sources (RESs) generally connected with electric power system via power electronic interface. This paper presents a reactive power and voltage (Q/V) control strategy of three-phase photovoltaic (PV) system to offering reactive power based on the typical dual-loop control topology. It is worth mentioning that control strategy can support reactive power when a low voltage fault occurs in AC bus without additional compensation device. With the help of the decoupling control, the PV array can generate active power as much as possible in variable external solar radiation conditions. The voltage of PV arrays is adopted as the objective, which on account of the easy availability and controllability of voltage, to control output active power. Besides, accurately modeling process from a PV cell to PV array is described in the beginning to acquire the P-V and V-I characteristics of PV arrays, which promote the designment of Q/V control.
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Sproewitz, Tom, Udayan Banik, Jan-Thimo Grundmann, Frederik Haack, Martin Hillebrandt, Hauke Martens, Sebastian Meyer, et al. "Concept for a Gossamer solar power array using thin-film photovoltaics." CEAS Space Journal 12, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12567-019-00276-6.
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Abstract In recent years, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) developed Gossamer deployment systems in different projects. As power requirements of spacecraft are getting more and more demanding, DLR recently focused on the development of new deployable photovoltaic (PV) technologies that are suitable for generating 10’s of kW per array. Possible space applications that may also require high power supply are missions using electric propulsion such as interplanetary missions, placing of geostationary (GEO) satellites in their orbit or even more future oriented as space tugs or lightweight power generation on extra-terrestrial infrastructures. The paper gives an overview about a feasibility study for flexible solar arrays based on new thin-film photovoltaics. It is expected that the combination of new thin-film PV technologies, e.g., copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) cells or gallium–arsenide (GaAs) cells, together with Gossamer deployment technologies, could significantly increase the power availability for spacecraft. Based on a requirement, analysis system concepts were evaluated. A focus is on the potential of CIGS PV combined with a two-dimensional deployment of the array and DLR’s coilable carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) booms. Therefore, a concept based on crossed booms with a foldable PV membrane is considered as baseline for further developments. The array consists of rectangular PV generators that are interconnected by flexible printed circuit board (PCB) harness. By a double-folding technique, these generators are laid on top of each other in such that the membrane can be extracted from its stowing box during the deployment in a controlled manner. Considering constantly increasing efficiencies of the CIGS PV combined with Gossamer structures, there is clear potential of reaching a very high specific power value exceeding that of conventional PV systems. Furthermore, the CIGS PV appears to be more radiation resistant and has already reached more than 21% efficiency in laboratories. Such efficiencies are expected to be achieved in the near future in a standard manufacturing process. However, flexible, thin-film GaAs cells are also subject of consideration within GoSolAr. With this prospect, DLR’s research has the goal to develop a Gossamer Solar Array (GoSolAr) to exploit the described potential.
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Dye, Dan, Byard Wood, Lewis Fraas, and Jeanette Kretschmer. "Demonstration of Infrared-Photovoltaics for a Full-Spectrum Solar Energy System." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, no. 1 (May 12, 2005): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2147587.
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A nonimaging (NI) device and infrared-photovoltaic (IR-PV) array for use in a full-spectrum solar energy system has been designed, built, and tested (Dye et al., 2003, “Optical Design of an Infrared Non-Imaging Device for a Full-Spectrum Solar Energy System,” Proceedings of the ASME International Solar Energy Society Conference; Dye and Wood, 2003, Infrared Transmission Efficiency of Refractive and Reflective Non-Imaging Devices for a Full-Spectrum Solar Energy System,” Nonimaging Optics: Maximum Efficiency Light Transfer VII, Proc. SPIE, 5185; Fraas et al., 2001, Infrared Photovoltaics for Combined Solar Lighting and Electricity for Buildings,” Proceedings of 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}. This system was designed to utilize the otherwise wasted infrared (IR) energy that is separated from the visible portion of the solar spectrum before the visible light is harvested. The IR energy will be converted to electricity via a gallium antimonide (GaSb) IR-PV array. The experimental apparatus for the testing of the IR optics and IR-PV performance is described. Array performance data will be presented, along with a comparison between outdoor experimental tests and laboratory flash tests. An analysis of the flow of the infrared energy through the collection system will be presented, and recommendations will be made for improvements. The IR-PV array generated a maximum of 26.7W, demonstrating a conversion efficiency of the IR energy of 12%.
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Noh, Faridah Hanim Binti Mohd, Muhamad Faizal Yaakub, Ili Najaa Aimi Mohd Nordin, Norain Sahari, Nor Aira Zambri, Sim Sy Yi, and Muhammad Syukri Mohd Saibon. "Development of solar panel cleaning robot using Arduino." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1245-1250.
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Solar power is mainly harnessed from photovoltaic (PV) panels which are arranged in multiple arrays in a solar farm or solar system. Though, power generation from PV solar system is characterised by uncertain efficiency, many countries with high insolation prefer solar as an alternative way of generating clean energy. However, the efficiency of energy generated from PV panels is affected by the accumulation of dust and debris, even on one panel in an array. This condition leads to the need for regular cleaning of the surface of PV panels. Current labour-based cleaning methods for photovoltaic arrays are costly in time, water and energy usage as well as lacking in automation capabilities. To overcome this problem, a fully automatic solar panel cleaning system with/without water is proposed. Hence, in this paper, the design of a robot for automated cleaning of the surface of PV panel is presented. The design utilizes an Arduino controller system to control the robot movement during the cleaning process. In addition, it is equipped with two rough sponge and a water pump system that can be used to clean dust or debris found on PV panel surfaces. The efficiency of the PV panels before and after the cleaning process is also observed. The result shows that the developed solar panel cleaning robot is able to clean the panel effectively and increase back the output current as well as the maximum power of the panel by 50%, after the dust on the PV panel is cleaned.
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Zhang, Zi Yang, Jun Sheng Shi, Jing Yu Zhang, Xu Qing Wu, and Ming Li. "Study on Fault Detection for Photovoltaic Array Using Infrared Image." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.280.
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This paper provides proof of concept for a technique that uses high resolution thermal infrared imager to detect faults for outdoor operation photovoltaic array. An experimental study focused on two situations was tested: abnormal emitting heat of monocrystalline silicon solar cells (hot spot); open circuit fault of photovoltaic array. Experimental results show that the infrared image could clearly give prominence to the faulty solar cell or PV array. The back surface temperature of solar cell with hot spot is higher than normal ones with 13.2°C in mean value，and the back surface temperature of open circuit PV array is higher than normal ones with 2.8°C in mean value.
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V., Nivetha. "Step Up Boost Converter for a Photo Voltaic System Using MPPT." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 3, no. 1 (2015): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.311528.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the performance of a converter topology for PV array. The system containing solar cell, DC-DC boost converter and ac load. This paper presents the simulation of a photovoltaic system using MATLAB. The photovoltaic array is designed for 80V. The proposed PV model was prepared on MATLAB and input parameters are solar irradiation and temperature. The output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated for varying effects of temperature and solar irradiation .A DC-DC boost converter is used for boosting of DC voltage obtained from Photovoltaic system. A DC DC converter is designed for 550 V.
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Sahoo, Sarat Kumar, and Mayur Bansal. "MPPT Techniques - A Review." Advanced Materials Research 1055 (November 2014): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1055.182.
Full textAbstract:
The use of solar energy is increased now due to its renewable and pollution-free characteristics. The grid connected dc-ac inverters are largely needed for solar power generation which can be used for power transmission and distribution. The electrical power supplied by the solar arrays depends on temperature, isolation and array voltage. It is therefore necessary to adopt MPPT in order to bring the solar array operating voltage near the peak power point. It will help in drawing maximum possible power from the array. This paper presents various techniques used for achieving this target and compares them with each other to know the benefits and drawbacks with each method.Keywords: MPP, P&O, IC, PV, TF.