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Journal articles on the topic 'Solar Photon'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Tsytovich, V. N., R. Bingham, and U. de Angelis. "Raman scattering of photons in the solar interior." Journal of Plasma Physics 53, no. 3 (June 1995): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800018249.

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We reconsider the transport equation in the solar interior and calculate the effects on the opacity of photon scattering near the Raman resonance. Both spontaneous and stimulated scattering on thermal photons and thermal plasmons are taken into account, and changes in opacity (with respect to previous calculations) are calculated numerically and found to be negligible with respect to relativistic corrections to photon scattering.

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2

Ikeri, H. I., A. I. Onyia, and F. N. Kalu. "Hot carrier exploitation strategies and model for efficient solar cell applications." Chalcogenide Letters 18, no. 11 (November 2021): 745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2021.1811.745.

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Hot carriers are electrons or holes that are created in semiconductors upon the absorption of photons with energies greater than the fundamental bandgap. The excess energy of the hot carrier cools to the lattice temperature via carrier–phonon scattering and wasted as heat in [the] picoseconds timescale. The hot-carrier cooling represents a severe loss in the solar cells that have significantly limits their power conversion efficiencies. Hot carrier solar cells aim to mitigate this optical limitation by effective utilization of carriers at elevated energies. However, exploitation of hot carrier energy is extremely challenging as hot carriers rapidly lose their excess energy in phonon emission and therefore requires a substantial delay of carrier cooling in absorber material. In this paper a simple model was formulated to study the kinetic energies and hence the energy levels of the photo excited carriers in the quantum dots (QDs) whereas Schaller model was used to investigate the threshold energies of considered QDs. Results strongly indicate low threshold photon energies within the energy conservation limit for PbSe, PbTe, PbS, InAs, and InAs QDs. These materials seem to be good candidates for efficient carrier multiplication. It is found also that PbSe, PbTe, PbS, InAs, ZnS and InAs QDs exhibit promising potential for possible hot carrier absorber due to their widely spaced energy levels predicted to offer a large phononic gap between the optical and acoustic branches in the phonon dispersion. This in principle enhances phonon bottleneck effect that dramatically slows down hot carrier cooling leading to retention of hot carriers long enough to enable their exploitation. Two novel strategies were employed for the conversion of hot carriers into usable energies. The first approach involves the extraction of the energetic hot carriers while they are ‘hot’ to create higher photo voltage while the second approach uses the hot carrier to produce more carriers through impact ionization to create higher photo current. These mechanisms theoretically give rise to high overall conversion efficiencies of hot carrier energy well above Shockley and Queisser limit of conventional solar cells.

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3

Forward, Robert L. "Solar photon thrustor." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 27, no. 4 (July 1990): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.26158.

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4

Melrose, D. B. "Induced photon decay and photon-beam-induced Langmuir turbulence." Journal of Plasma Physics 51, no. 1 (February 1994): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800017360.

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A pair of quasi-linear-like equations is derived to describe the effect of three-wave interactions between high-frequency photons and Langmuir waves in a differential approximation. Induced photon decay leads to terms analogous to those for spontaneous emission, but involving the square of the photon occupation number. The effect on the Langmuir waves is evaluated for axisymmetric photons. The effect on the photons is shown to be similar to but weaker than induced Compton scattering by thermal electrons. The absorption coefficient for the Langmuir waves is evaluated for an axisymmetric distribution of photons, and used to discuss a photon-beam-induced instability. Possible astrophysical applications to solar ‘spike’ bursts, the eclipse of a radio pulsar and the variable low-frequency emission from some active galactic nuclei are discussed briefly, and it is concluded that the process can account for the observed properties of the eclipse of PSR 1957 + 20.

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5

Luque, Antonio, Antonio Martí, and Arthur J. Nozik. "Solar Cells Based on Quantum Dots: Multiple Exciton Generation and Intermediate Bands." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.28.

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AbstractSemiconductor quantum dots may be used in so-called third-generation solar cells that have the potential to greatly increase the photon conversion efficiency via two effects: (1) the production of multiple excitons from a single photon of sufficient energy and (2) the formation of intermediate bands in the bandgap that use sub-bandgap photons to form separable electron–hole pairs. This is possible because quantization of energy levels in quantum dots produces the following effects: enhanced Auger processes and Coulomb coupling between charge carriers; elimination of the requirement to conserve crystal momentum; slowed hot electron–hole pair (exciton) cooling; multiple exciton generation; and formation of minibands (delocalized electronic states) in quantum dot arrays. For exciton multiplication, very high quantum yields of 300–700% for exciton formation in PbSe, PbS, PbTe, and CdSe quantum dots have been reported at photon energies about 4–8 times the HOMO–LUMO transition energy (quantum dot bandgap), respectively, indicating the formation of 3–7 excitons/photon, depending upon the photon energy. For intermediate-band solar cells, quantum dots are used to create the intermediate bands from the con fined electron states in the conduction band. By means of the intermediate band, it is possible to absorb below-bandgap energy photons. This is predicted to produce solar cells with enhanced photocurrent without voltage degradation.

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6

Raja, Waseem, Michele De Bastiani, Thomas G. Allen, Erkan Aydin, Arsalan Razzaq, Atteq ur Rehman, Esma Ugur, et al. "Photon recycling in perovskite solar cells and its impact on device design." Nanophotonics 10, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): 2023–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0067.

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Abstract Metal halide perovskites have emerged in recent years as promising photovoltaic materials due to their excellent optical and electrical properties, enabling perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) greater than 25%. Provided radiative recombination is the dominant recombination mechanism, photon recycling – the process of reabsorption (and re-emission) of photons that result from radiative recombination – can be utilized to further enhance the PCE toward the Shockley–Queisser (S-Q) theoretical limit. Geometrical optics can be exploited for the intentional trapping of such re-emitted photons within the device, to enhance the PCE. However, this scheme reaches its fundamental diffraction limits at the submicron scale. Therefore, introducing photonic nanostructures offer attractive solutions to manipulate and trap light at the nanoscale via light coupling into guided modes, as well as localized surface plasmon and surface plasmon polariton modes. This review focuses on light-trapping schemes for efficient photon recycling in PSCs. First, we summarize the working principles of photon recycling, which is followed by a review of essential requirements to make this process efficient. We then survey photon recycling in state-of-the-art PSCs and propose design strategies to invoke light-trapping to effectively exploit photon recycling in PSCs. Finally, we formulate a future outlook and discuss new research directions in the context of photon recycling.

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7

Wu, Thakur, Chiang, Chandel, Wang, Chiu, and Chang. "The Way to Pursue Truly High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091269.

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The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction solar cells was theoretically predicted to be limited by the Shockley–Queisser limit due to the intrinsic potential loss of the photo-excited electrons in the light absorbing materials. Up to now, the optimized GaAs solar cell has the highest PCE of 29.1%, which is close to the theoretical limit of ~33%. To pursue the perfect photovoltaic performance, it is necessary to extend the lifetimes of the photo-excited carriers (hot electrons and hot holes) and to collect the hot carriers without potential loss. Thanks to the long-lived hot carriers in perovskite crystal materials, it is possible to completely convert the photon energy to electrical power when the hot electrons and hot holes can freely transport in the quantized energy levels of the electron transport layer and hole transport layer, respectively. In order to achieve the ideal PCE, the interactions between photo-excited carriers and phonons in perovskite solar cells has to be completely understood.

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Yuh, Jih-Young, Shan-Wei Lin, Liang-Jen Huang, Hok-Sum Fung, Long-Life Lee, Yu-Joung Chen, Chiu-Ping Cheng, Yi-Ying Chin, and Hong-Ji Lin. "Upgrade of beamline BL08B at Taiwan Light Source from a photon-BPM to a double-grating SGM beamline." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, no. 5 (August 8, 2015): 1312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515014009.

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During the last 20 years, beamline BL08B has been upgraded step by step from a photon beam-position monitor (BPM) to a testing beamline and a single-grating beamline that enables experiments to record X-ray photo-emission spectra (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) for research in solar physics, organic semiconductor materials and spinel oxides, with soft X-ray photon energies in the range 300–1000 eV. Demands for photon energy to extend to the extreme ultraviolet region for applications in nano-fabrication and topological thin films are increasing. The basic spherical-grating monochromator beamline was again upgraded by adding a second grating that delivers photons of energy from 80 to 420 eV. Four end-stations were designed for experiments with XPS, XAS, interstellar photoprocess systems (IPS) and extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) in the scheduled beam time. The data from these experiments show a large count rate in core levels probed and excellent statistics on background normalization in theL-edge adsorption spectrum.

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Shi, Yuran, Mihael A. Gerkman, Qianfeng Qiu, Shuren Zhang, and Grace G. D. Han. "Sunlight-activated phase change materials for controlled heat storage and triggered release." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 15 (2021): 9798–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta01007g.

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10

Buchal, Ch, and M. Löken. "Silicon-Based Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Detectors." MRS Bulletin 23, no. 4 (April 1998): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940003027x.

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Photodetectors must provide fast and efficient conversion of photons to charge carriers. When considering semiconductor light sources, the indirect bandgap of silicon and germanium represents a serious obstacle to radiative electron-hole recombinations. Momentum conservation demands the simultaneous interaction of the electron-hole pair with a momentum-matching phonon. As a consequence, radiative recombinations are five orders of magnitude less probable in Si if compared to a direct semiconductor such as GaAs.Although the absorption of a photon and the generation of an electron-hole pair may be considered as the inverse process to emission, photon absorption within indirect semiconductors is a highly probable process if the photon energy is sufficient to bridge the energy gap in a direct process. The resulting electronhole pair is created in an excited state and relaxes sequentially. The ubiquitous-silicon solar cells operate this way. In the visible spectral range, Si photodetectors have demonstrated fast and efficient performance, being readily adapted for opto electronic applications and being fully compatible to standard-silicon processing schemes.

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11

Guldi, Dirk. "(Invited) Step-Change in Solar Energy Conversion Schemes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-017641mtgabs.

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At the heart of unlocking the potential of global clean, renewable energy is the concerted effort of Advanced Charge Management (ACM) and Advanced Photon Management (APM). Recent advances regarding molecular ACM have documented the maturity of energy conversion schemes. Adding now APM to ACM by means of down- and/or up-conversion and creating synergies is essential to further boost the efficiency of these sun-driven energy conversion schemes. A full-fledged comprehension of APM is essential as an enabler for creating versatile platforms that are broadly applicable not only in the area of solar electricity, but also solar fuels. APM is, in the molecular context, based on either down-converting photons by means of Singlet Fission (SF), on one-hand, or on Triplet Fusion (TF)/Two Photon Absorptions (TPA) for up-converting them, on the other hand. To harvest photons in the high-energy regime, SF, the molecular analog to multiple exciton generation, stands out. It allows high-energy, singlet-excited states to be down-converted into twice as many low-energy, triplet-excited states, thereby improving solar-cell performance. This is, however, limited to the part of the solar spectrum, where, for example, the SF-materials feature a significant absorption cross-section. To harvest photons in the low-energy regime, necessitates non-resonant, indirect excitation via TF/TPA. Our transdisciplinary research has enabled in recent years to gather a comprehensive understanding of molecular down- and up-conversion.

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12

Geagea, Georges, Abdallah Batache, Henri El Zakhem, and Marie-Thérèse Moufarej Abou Jaoude. "Enhancing Photovoltaic solar panel Raising efficiency of photovoltaic solar panel by preventive actions." MATEC Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817101005.

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this document describes the main factors responsible for the reduction of the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) solar panel. Those factors are: type of material used, accumulated dust on solar panel, higher temperature, position of the panel, and low area for photon capturing. To achieve higher efficiency, this paper investigated several ways to reduce the effects of the affecting parameters: reducing the temperature of the PV panel, eliminating the dust, controlling the position of the panel and adding a mirror to collect more photons. Those modifications were applied on a laboratory-scale prototype in order to enhance the performance of the (PV) to deliver higher efficiency.

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13

Poncyljusz, Bożena, Tomasz Bulik, Niraj Dhital, Oleksandr Sushchov, Sławomir Stuglik, Piotr Homola, David Alvarez-Castillo, et al. "Simulation of the Isotropic Ultra-High Energy Photon Flux in the Solar Magnetic Field." Universe 8, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8100498.

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Both the lack of observation of ultra-high energy (UHE) photons and the limitations of the state-of-the-art methodology being applied for their identification motivate studies on alternative approaches to the relevant simulations and the related observational strategies. One such new approach is proposed in this report and it concerns new observables allowing indirect identification of UHE photons through cosmic ray phenomena composed of many spatially correlated extensive air showers or primary cosmic rays observed at one time. The study is based on simulations of interactions of UHE photons with the magnetic field of the Sun using the PRESHOWER program with some essential modifications. One of the expected results of such interactions is a generation of cosmic ray ensembles (CREs) in the form of very thin and very elongated cascades of secondary photons of energies spanning the whole cosmic ray energy spectrum. Upon entering the Earth’s atmosphere, these cascades or their parts may generate uniquely characteristic walls of spatially correlated extensive air showers, and the effect is expected also in cases when primary UHE photons are not directed towards the Earth. Particle distributions in these multi-primary UHE photon footprints are expected to have thicknesses of the order of meters and elongations reaching even hundreds of millions of kilometers, making them potentially observable with a global, multi-experiment approach, including re-exploring of the historical data, with the expected event rate exceeding the capabilities of even very large cosmic ray observatories. In this report, we introduce for the first time the methods allowing for simulating the isotropic flux of UHE photons in the Sun’s vicinity. Presented methods were verified and optimised in such a way that they would successfully model the cumulative spatial distribution of secondary photons at the top of the atmosphere. The preliminary results of simulations for the UHE photon flux of energy 100 EeV demonstrate the possibility of simulating potentially observable quantities related to CRE induced by UHE photons: densities, energy spectra and geographical orientations of secondary particles at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere. A measurement of at least one of these quantities would be equivalent to a confirmation of the existence of UHE photons, which would give an insight into fundamental physics processes at unprecedentedly high energies, far beyond the reach of man-made accelerators. On the other hand, a lack of such an observation would allow for further constraining of these fundamental processes with the physically new upper limits on UHE photon fluxes after careful analysis of the technical observation ability. The novel advantage of such an approach would lay in the purely electrodynamical character of the underlying simulations which are fully independent on extrapolations of hadronic interaction models by many orders of magnitude. Such extrapolations are necessary in the UHE photon identification methods based on the analyses of properties of individual extensive air showers presently used to determine the UHE photon upper limits.

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14

Nozik, Arthur J., and John Miller. "Introduction to Solar Photon Conversion." Chemical Reviews 110, no. 11 (November 10, 2010): 6443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr1003419.

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15

Wilke, R. N., J. Wallentin, M. Osterhoff, D. Pennicard, A. Zozulya, M. Sprung, and T. Salditt. "High-flux ptychographic imaging using the new 55 µm-pixel detector `Lambda' based on the Medipix3 readout chip." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, no. 6 (September 12, 2014): 552–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314014545.

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Suitable detection systems that are capable of recording high photon count rates with single-photon detection are instrumental for coherent X-ray imaging. The new single-photon-counting pixel detector `Lambda' has been tested in a ptychographic imaging experiment on solar-cell nanowires using Kirkpatrick–Baez-focused 13.8 keV X-rays. Taking advantage of the high count rate of the Lambda and dynamic range expansion by the semi-transparent central stop, a high-dynamic-range diffraction signal covering more than seven orders of magnitude has been recorded, which corresponds to a photon flux density of about 105 photons nm−2 s−1or a flux of ∼1010 photons s−1on the sample. By comparison with data taken without the semi-transparent central stop, an increase in resolution by a factor of 3–4 is determined: from about 125 nm to about 38 nm for the nanowire and from about 83 nm to about 21 nm for the illuminating wavefield.

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16

Afshar, Elham N., Rasoul Rouhi, and Nima E. Gorji. "Review on the degradation and device physics of quantum dot solar cells." Modern Physics Letters B 29, Supplement 1 (December 2015): 1530008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915300082.

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Briefly, we reviewed the latest progress in energy conversion efficiency and degradation rate of the quantum dot (QD) solar cells. QDs are zero dimension nanoparticles with tunable size and accordingly tunable band gap. The maximum performance of the most advanced QD solar cells was reported to be around 10%. Nevertheless, majority of research groups do not investigate the stability of such devices. QDs are cheaper replacements for silicon or other thin film materials with a great potential to significantly increase the photon conversion efficiency via two ways: (i) creating multiple excitons by absorbing a single hot photon, and (ii) formation of intermediate bands (IBs) in the band gap of the background semiconductor that enables the absorption of low energy photons (two-step absorption of sub-band gap photons). Apart from low conversion efficiency, QD solar cells also suffer from instability under real operation and stress conditions. Strain, dislocations and variation in size of the dots (under pressure of the other layers) are the main degradation resources. While some new materials (i.e. perovskites) showed an acceptable high performance, the QD devices are still inefficient with an almost medium rate of 4% (2010) to 10% (2015).

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17

Abdulla-Al-Galib, Mir, K. M. A. Salam, Mohammad A. Awal, and Kazi Abu Sayeed. "Efficiency Improvement of Three-Junction Photovoltaic Cell Based on Gallium-Phosphide-Oxide, Indium-Gallium-Arsenide and Indium-Gallium-Antimonide." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 850–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.850.

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In this research paper we present a new high efficient three-junction photovoltaic cell with anti-reflective coating. The aim of our research work is to improve the photon absorption and reduce the photon reflection as well as the trasmission. The use of anti-reflective coating (ARC), Gallium-Phosphide-Oxide on the photovoltaic cell based on InGaAs/InGaSb has increased the photon absorption significantly. In this work we have analyzed the photon absorption, photon reflection and photon transmission of existing high efficient solar cells. Real Time Photonics Simulator has been used to simulate the performance of the solar cells. The simulation results show that with the inclusion of Gallium-Phosphide-Oxide on the multi-junction photovoltaic cell the photon absorption increases significantly. Our three-junction photovoltaic cell based on GaPO/In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.5Ga0.5Sb shows dramatic improvement of photon absorption in the range of 479nm – 767nm wavelength of the solar spectrum. With the addition of GaPO in place of GaP we see a tremendous increase of photon absorption, which significantly increases the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell

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18

Caruana, Liam, Thomas Nommensen, Toan Dinh, Dennis Tran, and Robert McCormick. "Photovoltaic Cell: Optimum Photon Utilisation." PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 3 (June 7, 2016): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v3i0.1409.

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In the 21st century, global energy consumption has increased exponentially and hence, sustainable energy sources are essential to accommodate for this. Advancements within photovoltaics, in regards to light trapping, has demonstrated to be a promising field of dramatically improving the efficiency of solar cells. This improvement is done by using different nanostructures, which enables solar cells to use the light spectrum emitted more efficiently. The purpose of this meta study is to investigate irreversible entropic losses related to light trapping. In this respect, the observation is aimed at how nanostructures on a silicon substrate captures high energy incident photons. Furthermore, different types of nanostructures are then investigated and compared, using the étendue ratio during light trapping. It is predicted that étendue mismatching is a parasitic entropy generation variable, and that the matching has an effect on the open circuit voltage of the solar cell. Although solar cells do have their limiting efficiencies, according to the Shockley-Queisser theory and Yablonovitch limit, with careful engineering and manufacturing practices, these irreversible entropic losses could be minimized. Further research in energy losses, due to entropy generation, may guide nanostructures and photonics in exceeding past these limits.Keywords: Photovoltaic cell; Shockley-Queisser; Solar cell nanostructures; Solar cell intrinsic and extrinsic losses; entropy; étendue; light trapping; Shockley Queisser; Geometry; Meta-study

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19

Ayala, Adrián, Ilidio Lopes, Antonio García Hernández, Juan Carlos Suárez, and Íñigo Muñoz Elorza. "Constraining dark photon properties with Asteroseismology." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3002.

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ABSTRACT Dark photons are particles invoked in some extensions of the Standard Model that could account for at least part of the dark matter content of the Universe. It has been proposed that the production of dark photons in stellar interiors could happen at a rate that depends on both, the dark photon mass and its coupling to Standard Model particles (the kinetic mixing parameter χ). In this work, we aim at exploring the impact of dark photon productions in the stellar core of solar mass red giant branch (RGB) stars during late evolutionary phases. We demonstrate that near the so-called RGB bump, dark photons production may be an energy sink for the star sufficiently significative to modify the extension of the star convective zones. We show that Asteroseismology is able to detect such variations in the structure, allowing us to predict an upper limit of $\rm 900\ eV$ and 5 × 10−15 for the mass and kinetic mixing of the dark photons, respectively. We also demonstrate that additional constraints can be derived from the fact that dark photons increase the luminosity of the RGB tip over the current observational uncertainties. This work thus paves the way for an empirical approach to deepen the study of such dark matter particles.

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20

ZHANG, WENTAO, SIGUO XIAO, XIAOLIANG YANG, and XIANGLIANG JIN. "BROADBAND QUANTUM CUTTING IN ZnO/Yb(Er)F3 OXY-FLUORIDE NANOCOMPOSITE PREPARED BY THERMAL OXIDATION METHOD." Functional Materials Letters 06, no. 01 (February 2013): 1350002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604713500021.

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Yb(Er)F3 nanoparticles absorbed with ZnO sheet were prepared via two-step co-precipitation method followed with thermal oxidation. In the ZnO / Yb(Er)F3 composite phosphor, ZnO can efficiently absorb ultraviolet photons of 250–380 nm and transfer its absorbed photon energy to Er 3+ ions in fluoride particles. A followed quantum cutting between Er 3+- Yb 3+ couples in the fluoride takes place, down-converting an absorbed ultraviolet photon into two photons of 650 nm and 980 nm radiations. The composite phosphor combines the wide wavelength absorption range and high absorption cross-section of ZnO with high quantum cutting efficiency of Er 3+- Yb 3+ co-doped fluoride, showing potential application in the enhancement of Si solar cell efficiency.

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21

Redondo, Javier. "Atlas of solar hidden photon emission." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2015, no. 07 (July 20, 2015): 024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/07/024.

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22

Savage, Neil. "Photon recycling breaks solar power record." IEEE Spectrum 48, no. 8 (August 2011): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2011.5960150.

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Wang, Hsin-Ping, Der-Hsien Lien, Meng-Lin Tsai, Chin-An Lin, Hung-Chih Chang, Kun-Yu Lai, and Jr-Hau He. "Photon management in nanostructured solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2, no. 17 (2014): 3144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tc32067g.

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24

Kirchartz, Thomas. "Photon Management in Perovskite Solar Cells." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 10, no. 19 (September 19, 2019): 5892–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02053.

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Su, Shanhe, Xiaohang Chen, Tianjun Liao, Jincan Chen, and Tien-Mo Shih. "Photon-enhanced electron tunneling solar cells." Energy 111 (September 2016): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.083.

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26

Fang, L., T. S. Parel, L. Danos, and T. Markvart. "Photon reabsorption in fluorescent solar collectors." Journal of Applied Physics 111, no. 7 (April 2012): 076104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3702815.

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Yoshida, M., N. J. Ekins-Daukes, D. J. Farrell, and C. C. Phillips. "Photon ratchet intermediate band solar cells." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 26 (June 25, 2012): 263902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4731277.

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28

Sóti, R., É. Farkas, M. Hilbert, Zs Farkas, and I. Ketskeméty. "Photon transport in luminescent solar concentrators." Journal of Luminescence 68, no. 2-4 (May 1996): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2313(96)00004-x.

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29

Frerick, Jonas, Felix Kahlhoefer, and Kai Schmidt-Hoberg. "A' view of the sunrise: boosting helioscopes with angular information." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2023, no. 03 (March 1, 2023): 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/03/001.

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Abstract The Sun may copiously produce hypothetical light particles such as axions or dark photons, a scenario which can be experimentally probed with so-called helioscopes. Here we investigate the impact of the angular and spectral distribution of solar dark photons on the sensitivity of such instruments. For the first time we evaluate this spectral and angular dependence of the dark photon flux over the whole mass range and apply this information to existing data from the Hinode Solar X-Ray Telescope. Specifically we use calibration images for a classical helioscope analysis as well as data from a solar eclipse providing sensitivity to exceptionally large oscillation lengths. We demonstrate that exploiting the signal features can boost the constraints by more than one order of magnitude in terms of the mixing parameter compared to a naive counting experiment.

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Mamindla, Ramesh, and Manish K. Niranjan. "Influence of phonon-assisted tunneling on photovoltaic properties of BaSi₂ and BaGe₂ p–n homojunction solar cell devices." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 18 (May 14, 2022): 185001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0072523.

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The solar cell properties of crystalline BaSi2 and BaGe2 p–n homojunctions are explored using density functional theory combined with a nonequilibrium Green function method. In particular, the quantitative estimates of solar cell parameters such as photocurrent, open-circuit voltage [Formula: see text], short-circuit current [Formula: see text], and efficiency [Formula: see text] are obtained for LDA and GGA-1/2 functionals. The effect of temperature on solar cell parameters is included through electron–phonon coupling (EPC) using the special thermal displacements method. The magnitudes of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] for BaSi2 (BaGe2) at 300 K are found to be 27.35 mA/cm2 (26.1 mA/cm2), 0.84 V (0.78 V), and 18.0% (16.6%), respectively. Our study strongly suggests that the phonon-assisted photon absorption and thereby EPC significantly affect the photocurrent, and its inclusion is necessary for a proper description of various solar cell parameters. The computed solar cell parameters for BaSi2 (BaGe2) p–n homojunctions can be used as benchmark ab-initio quantum mechanical results and can be used in simulations based on continuum models.

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Vert, Alexey V., Stanislav I. Soloviev, and Peter M. Sandvik. "Advances in Silicon Carbide Single Photon Detectors." Materials Science Forum 679-680 (March 2011): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.679-680.543.

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We present overview of achieved results on 4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and arrays. Cost-effective solar-blind optical filter allows achieving high solar photon rejection ratio of more than 106 in combination with more than 40% single photon detection efficiency at 266nm. Three iterations of devices were fabricated and evaluated to compare their optical and electrical properties. Dark count rates and single photon detection efficiencies are the main characteristics compared for these three iterations of device designs.

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32

Hu, Jun, Xiao Bin Xin, Petre Alexandrov, Jian Hui Zhao, Brenda L. VanMil, D. Kurt Gaskill, Kok Keong Lew, Rachael L. Myers-Ward, and Charles R. Eddy. "4H-SiC Single Photon Avalanche Diode for 280nm UV Applications." Materials Science Forum 600-603 (September 2008): 1203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.1203.

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This paper reports a 4H-SiC single photo avalanche diode (SPAD) operating at the solar blind wavelength of 280 nm. The SPAD has an avalanche breakdown voltage of 114V. At 90% and 95% of the breakdown voltage, the SPAD shows a low dark current of 57.2fA and 159fA, respectively. The quantum efficiency of 29.8% at 280nm and <0.007% at 400nm indicates a high UV-to-visible rejection ratio of >4300. Single photon counting measurement at 280nm shows that a single photon detection efficiency of 2.83% with a low dark count rate of 22kHz is achieved at the avalanche breakdown voltage of 116.8V.

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33

Xu, Wenqin. "Beyond the Standard Model Searches with the Majorana Demonstrator Experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012021.

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Abstract The Majorana Demonstrator experiment operated two modular arrays of p-type point contact high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, of which 30 kg is enriched to 88% in Ge-76, to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. The data-taking campaign for double beta decay with enriched detectors was successfully concluded in March 2021, and data-taking with natural detectors is still ongoing. The Demonstrator has achieved excellent energy performance in a wide dynamic range covering 1 keV to 10 MeV. The extra-low background level and excellent energy performance achieved by the Demonstrator makes it competitive in various searches of physics beyond the Standard Model. If there is an axion-photon coupling, axions can be produced by the Primakoff conversion of photons in the Sun. Solar axions can inversely generate photon signals in germanium crystals, which can be coherently enhanced when the Bragg condition is satisfied. The Demonstrator is searching for solar axions with a novel method to correlate and leverage its high number of HPGe detectors. We will discuss the status and results of recent searches for new physics with the Demonstrator, including the first reporting of a solar axion search.

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34

Tai, Yuping, Hanying Wang, Hui Wang, and Jintao Bai. "Near-infrared down-conversion in Er3+–Yb3+ co-doped transparent nanostructured glass ceramics for crystalline silicon solar cells." RSC Advances 6, no. 5 (2016): 4085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25800f.

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A two-step energy transfer was achieved in Er³⁺–Yb³⁺ co-doped transparent glass ceramics containing CaF₂ nanocrystals, which involved down-conversion of an absorbed visible photon to two emitted near-infrared photons.

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35

Cox, Arthur N. "Solar Opacities Constrained by Solar Neutrinos and Solar Oscillations." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 121 (1990): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100067828.

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AbstractThis review discusses the current situation for opacities at the solar center, the solar surface, and for the few million kelvin temperatures that occur below the convection zone. The solar center conditions are important because they are crucial for the neutrino production, which continues to be predicted about 4 times that observed. The main extinction effects there are free-free photon absorption in the electric fields of the hydrogen, helium and the CNO atoms, free electron scattering of photons, and the bound-free and bound-bound absorption of photons by iron atoms with two electrons in the 1s bound level. An assumption that the iron is condensed-out below the convection zone, and the opacity in the central regions is thereby reduced, results in about a 25 percent reduction in the central opacity but only a 5 percent reduction at the base of the convection zone. Furthermore, the p-mode solar oscillations are changed with this assumption, and do not fit the observed ones as well as for standard models. A discussion of the large effective opacity reduction by weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs or Cosmions) also results in poor agreement with observed p-mode oscillation frequencies. The much larger opacities for the solar surface layers from the Los Alamos Astrophysical Opacity Library instead of the widely used Cox and Tabor values show small improvements in oscillation frequency predictions, but the largest effect is in the discussion of p-mode stability. Solar oscillation frequencies can serve as an opacity experiment for the temperatures and densities, respectively, of a few million kelvin and between 0.1 and 10 g/cm3. Current oscillation frequency calculations indicate that possibly the Opacity Library values need an increase of typically 15 percent just at the bottom of the convection zone at 3×106K. Opacities have uncertainties at the photosphere and deeper than the convection zone ranging from 10 to 25 percent. The equation of state that supplies data for the opacity calculations fortunately has pressure uncertainties of only about 1 percent, but opacity uncertainties will always be much larger. A discussion is given about opacity experiments that the stars provide. Opacities in the envelopes of the Hyades G stars, the Cepheids, δ Scuti variables, and the β Cephei variables indicate that significantly larger opacities, possibly caused by iron lines, seem to be required.

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Rehman, Qandeel, Aimal Daud Khan, Adnan Daud Khan, Muhammad Noman, Haider Ali, Abdul Rauf, and Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad. "Super absorption of solar energy using a plasmonic nanoparticle based CdTe solar cell." RSC Advances 9, no. 59 (2019): 34207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07782k.

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Otálvaro-Marín, Héctor L., Miguel Angel Mueses, and Fiderman Machuca-Martínez. "Boundary Layer of Photon Absorption Applied to Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Solar Flat Plate Reactor Design." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/930439.

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This study provides information to design heterogeneous photocatalytic solar reactors with flat plate geometry used in treatment of effluents and conversion of biomass to hydrogen. The concept of boundary layer of photon absorption taking into account the efficient absorption of radiant energy was introduced; this concept can be understood as the reactor thickness measured from the irradiated surface where 99% of total energy is absorbed. Its thickness and the volumetric rate of photons absorption (VRPA) were used as design parameters to determine (i) reactor thickness, (ii) maximum absorbed radiant energy, and (iii) the optimal catalyst concentration. Six different commercial brands of titanium dioxide were studied: Evonik-Degussa P-25, Aldrich, Merck, Hombikat, Fluka, and Fisher. The local volumetric rate of photon absorption (LVRPA) inside the reactor was described using six-flux absorption-scattering model (SFM) applied to solar radiation. The radiation field and the boundary layer thickness of photon absorption were simulated with absorption and dispersion effects of catalysts in water at different catalyst loadings. The relationship between catalyst loading and reactor thickness that maximizes the absorption of radiant energy was obtained for each catalyst by apparent optical thickness. The optimum concentration of photocatalyst Degussa P-25 was 0.2 g/l in 0.86 cm of thickness, and for photocatalyst Aldrich it was 0.3 g/l in 0.80 cm of thickness.

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Narasimhan, Vijay Kris, and Yi Cui. "Nanostructures for photon management in solar cells." Nanophotonics 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0001.

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AbstractThe concurrent development of high-performance materials, new device and system architectures, and nanofabrication processes has driven widespread research and development in the field of nanostructures for photon management in photovoltaics. The fundamental goals of photon management are to reduce incident light reflection, improve absorption, and tailor the optical properties of a device for use in different types of energy conversion systems. Nanostructures rely on a core set of phenomena to attain these goals, including gradation of the refractive index, coupling to waveguide modes through surface structuring, and modification of the photonic band structure of a device. In this review, we present recent developments in the field of nanostructures for photon management in solar cells with applications across different materials and system architectures. We focus both on theoretical and numerical studies and on progress in fabricating solar cells containing photonic nanostructures. We show that nanoscale light management structures have yielded real efficiency gains in many types of photovoltaic devices; however, we note that important work remains to ensure that improved optical performance does not come at the expense of poor electrical properties.

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Kim, Kiwon, Seong Kyung Nam, Jinhan Cho, and Jun Hyuk Moon. "Photon upconversion-assisted dual-band luminescence solar concentrators coupled with perovskite solar cells for highly efficient semi-transparent photovoltaic systems." Nanoscale 12, no. 23 (2020): 12426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr02106g.

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Soloviev, Stanislav I., Alexey V. Vert, Jody Fronheiser, and Peter M. Sandvik. "Solar-Blind 4H-SiC Avalanche Photodiodes." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.873.

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In this work, solar-blind UV 4H-SiC avalanche photodetectors were fabricated and tested in linear and Geiger modes. APDs with both PIN and separate absorption and multiplication (SAM) structures were investigated. PIN structures demonstrated higher quantum efficiencies while the SAM structure exhibit lower leakage currents. Deposition of a thin film optical filter on top of the devices was used to provide a high photon rejection ratio of (Stas add value here). However, an external filter showed a better photon rejection ratio compared to the deposited one by about one order of magnitude.

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41

Guerman, Anna D., Georgi V. Smirnov, and Maria Cecilia Pereira. "Orbital Dynamics of a Simple Solar Photon Thruster." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/537256.

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We study orbital dynamics of a compound solar sail, namely, a Simple Solar Photon Thruster and compare its behavior to that of a common version of sailcraft. To perform this analysis, development of a mathematical model for force created by light reflection on all sailcraft elements is essential. We deduce the equations of sailcraft's motion and compare performance of two schemes of solar propulsion for two test time-optimal control problems of trajectory transfer.

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VERT, ALEXEY, STANSILAV SOLOVIEV, JODY FRONHEISER, and PETER SANDVIK. "SOLAR-BLIND SINGLE-PHOTON 4H-SiC AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 19, no. 01 (March 2009): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156409006114.

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A solar blind 4 H - SiC single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is reported. The SPAD with separate absorption and multiplication layers was designed for operation with low dark counts. A thin film optical filter deposited on a sapphire window of the device package provided sensitivity in the wavelength range between 240 and 280 nm with a very high solar photon rejection ratio. An estimated dark current of 0.4 pA (0.75 nA/cm2) at a gain of 1000 was measured on a device with an effective mesa diameter of 260 µm. A single photon detection efficiency of 9% (linear mode) and 9.5% (gated Geiger mode) were achieved at a wavelength of 266 nm for the same device. Corresponding dark count rate and dark count probability were 600 Hz and 4×10-4.

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43

Mosiori, Cliff Orori, Walter Kamande Njoroge, and Lawrence Otieno Ochoo. "Influence of Localized Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Silver Nanoparticles." ABC Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abcjar.v9i1.503.

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In this article, we present a theoretical study on localized surface Plasmon of spherical Ag nanoparticles (NPs) done by numerical simulation. A plane EM wave was used to determine absorption cross-section and results showed that excitation of LSPPs produced an electric field on the surface of the nanoparticle. This field causes a large cross sectional area that influences higher scattering of incident photon at the surface of an absorber layer. It was concluded that LSPPs excitations in small size spherical particles can be utilized in low-cost solar cells to increase PCE of solar panels and can be expanded to many other fields of optoelectronic technologies ranging from solar cells, through photo diodes to optical bio-sensing applications.

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44

Li Zhaohui, 李召辉, 申光跃 Shen Guangyue, 庞程凯 Pang Chengkai, and 吴光 Wu Guang. "日盲紫外单光子成像." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 58, no. 10 (2021): 1011023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202158.1011023.

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45

Cho, Seok Ho, Sung-Min Lee, and Kyung Cheol Choi. "Improved efficiency of polymer solar cells by plasmonically enhanced photon recycling." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 10 (2019): 2597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00215d.

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A simple route to enhance the efficiency of polymer solar cells is presented by exploiting plasmonically assisted photon recycling. Embedded gold nanorods promote the photon radiation from excitons, and hence improve the effective diffusion length of excitons.

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46

Jivrakh, Kanchan. "Production of Electricity Using Solar Cells." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 15, 2021): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37412.

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We efficiently produced electricity from the natural available source the Sun. The electrons can be stored in NI-MH 1.2 V ultra-fast charge VIPOW battery. We used two such batteries each having 1.2 V. The required time to convert photon energy into electrical energy (electrons) stored in batteries tabulated in table 1. Our results signifies that there is certain time required to convert photon energy into electrical energy. We achieved electrical energy upto 2.4 Volts as per our objective defined in student research project. Authors one to three B.Sc. Second year (2020-2021) undergraduate students successfully assembled the solar kit.

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Bhargava, Udayagiri R. "A Brief Review on Dye Sensitized Solar Cells." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 31, 2021): 3289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37089.

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Photo-voltaic (PV) devices such as a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a source of energy that converts incident photon or solar radiation to usable electricity. DSSCs are fast becoming a viable and interesting alternative to the traditional inorganic photo-voltaic devices to address the demerits of the inorganic PV devices like the use of expensive noble metals and high-cost chemical synthesis processes. A DSSC functions with two main components, i.e., a photo-sensitizer that absorbs incident light and a semiconductor onto which it is adhered to and a conductive glass housing such as Florine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) or Indium-doped Tin Oxide (ITO), between which the sensitizer, semiconductor and an electrolyte are sandwiched. The semiconductor is preferably a wide-band semiconductor, of which the commonly used semiconductors in a DSSC are made of a nanoparticle layer of Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Tin oxide (SnO2). The utility of these solar cells with a diverse number of natural photo-sensitizers for use as an alternative PV device is described. Currently, there are an abundance of natural sources that could be used to obtain photo-sensitizers from, such as, micro and macro algae, plants, bacteria, etc. leading to increased importance in renewable energy sector and has gained traction to be a viable renewable energy resource. In addition to the functioning of an organic DSSC, various characteristics of the pigments used as photo-sensitizers are described here. Patents filed regarding eco-friendly and natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells have been increasing as of late and holds substantial promise.

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Kruse, Michael K. G., and Carlos A. Iglesias. "Two-photon ionization in solar opacity experiments." High Energy Density Physics 41 (September 2021): 100976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hedp.2022.100976.

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49

Kittidachachan, Pattareeya, Lefteris Danos, Thomas J. J. Meyer, Nicolas Alderman, and Tom Markvart. "Photon Collection Efficiency of Fluorescent Solar Collectors." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 61, no. 12 (December 19, 2007): 780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2007.780.

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Börjesson, Karl, Damir Dzebo, Bo Albinsson, and Kasper Moth-Poulsen. "Photon upconversion facilitated molecular solar energy storage." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 30 (2013): 8521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta12002c.

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