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Mahmoudzadeh, Ahmadi Nejad Mohammad Ali. "Integrated solar energy harvesting and storage devices." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52899.
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Large scale storage of electricity is a vital requirement for the realization of a carbon-neutral electricity grid. This thesis provides a study of integrated solar energy conversion and storage systems in order to increase the efficiency and reduce the utilization cost of solar energy. The efficient performance of photogalvanic cells relies on high dye solubility and selective electrodes with fast electron transfer kinetics. A new configuration is proposed for photogalvanic cells that removes these impractical requirements. Instead of illuminating the device through the electrode a new vertical configuration is employed with light coming between the two electrodes. This way, the light absorption and hence electron generation is spread through the depth of the device which can be adjusted according to the concentration of the dyes to absorb all the incoming photons even with low solubility dyes and slow electrode kinetics. The proposed configuration is mathematically studied and a numerical model is built for detailed analysis that gives practical guidelines for working towards device parameters with high power conversion efficiency. The analysis suggests that upon the realization of highly selective electrodes and an improved dye/mediator couple, an efficiency higher than 13 % should be achievable from the new configuration compared to 3.7 % at best using the conventional approach. Storage however in this system will be challenging due to the characteristic recombination times of dyes and mediators in the same phase.
For significant and long-lived storage we designed and demonstrated an integrated solar-battery structure based on two relatively well established technologies of the redox flow battery and the dye-sensitized solar cell. The cell consists of a sensitized electrode in a redox flow battery structure. The design enables independent scaling of power and energy rating of the system thus it is applicable for large scale storage purposes. An areal energy capacity of 52 μWhcm−², charge capacity of 1.2 mAhL−¹, energy efficiency of 78 % and almost perfect Coulombic efficiency are observed for the integrated cell. These values show a 35 times increase in charge capacity and 13 times improvement in areal energy density compared to similar devices.Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Mahmoud, Mahmoud N. "Integrated Solar Panel Antennas for Cube Satellites." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/742.
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This thesis work presents an innovative solution for small satellite antennas by integrating slot antennas and solar cells on the same panel to save small satellite surface real estate and to replace deployed wire antennas for certain operational frequencies. The two main advantages of the proposed antenna are: 1) the antenna does not require an expensive deployment mechanism that is required by dipole antennas; 2) the antenna does not occupy as much valuable surface real estate as patch antennas. The antenna design is based on using the spacing between the solar cells to etch slots in these spaces to create radiating elements.
The initial feasibility study shows it is realistic to design cavit-backed slot antennas directly on a solar panel of a cube satellite. Due to the volume of the satellite, it is convenient to design antennas at S band or higher frequencies. Although it is possible to design integrated solar panel antennas in lower frequencies, such research is not the scope of this thesis work.
In order to demonstrate and validate the design method, three fully integrated solar panel antennas were prototyped using Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology (PCB is a common solar panel material for small satellites). The first prototype is a circularly polarized antenna. The second is a linearly polarized two-element antenna array. The third prototype is a dual band linearly polarized antenna array. Measured results agree well with simulations performed using Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulater (HFSS).
The thesis also presents a feasibility study of optimization methods and reconfigurable solar panel antenna arrays. The optimization study explores methods to use genetic algorithms to find optimal antenna geometry and location. The reconfigurable study focuses on achieving different antenna patterns by switching on and off the slot elements placed around the solar cells on solar panels of a cube satellite.
It is shown that the proposed integrated solar panel antenna is a robust and cost-effective antenna solution for small satellites. It is also shown that given a solar panel with reasonable size, one can easily achieve multiple antenna patterns and polarization by simple switching.
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Eiffert, Patrina. "An economic appraisal of building-integrated photovoltaics." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264530.
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Mårtensson, Benny, and Tobias Karlsson. "Cooling integrated solar panels using Phase Changing Materials." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-16780.
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In this master thesis, several cooling systems for PV-systems have been looked into by doing a smaller literature review and then a cooling module for a BIPV-panel was built out from the knowledge gathered. The cooling module used a PCM material separated into 12 bags and then placed in a 3x4 shaped pattern fastened to an aluminium plate that in turn was placed on the back of a PV-panel. This was tested in first a pilot test and then tested outdoors on panels with insulation on its back to simulate BIPV-panels. Temperature data from behind the panel was gathered with and without the cooling module and then compared with each other with added ambient temperature. It was found that the PCM cooled down the panels during similar weather conditions where the outside temperature and the amount of clouds where approximately the same, and it was also found that PCM technologies needs to be more optimised in terms of its material use, the amount of material, and its arrangement for it to be used in PV-panels. An economical calculation was made and it was found that it wasn't economically viable as it takes 14 years for the PV-panel with cooling to pay for itself while it takes 13 years for the PV-panel with cooling to pay for itself. These results are then discussed in comparison to other systems and earlier work done.I denna exjobbsrapport så har ett antal olika kylningssystem till PV-paneler setts igenom genom en mindre litteraturstudie. Därefter byggdes en kylningsmodul för en BIPV utifrån den kunskapen som samlats in. Kylningsmodulen använde sig utav ett PCM material som var uppdelat mellan 12 påsar som placerades i ett 3x4 mönster som fästs på baksidan av en aluminiumplåt som i sin tur placerades på baksidan utav PV-panelen. Denna testades först i ett pilottest och sedan utomhus på paneler som isoleras baktill för att simulera BIPV-paneler. Temperaturdata samlades in från panelens baksida, med och utan kylnings modul, som sedan jämfördes med varandra samt omgivningens temperatur. Slutsatsen är att PCM kyler panelen under liknande väderförhållanden där ute temperaturen och molnigheten var ungefär densamma, men att PCM behöver optimeras mer i form av användningen av materialet, mängden av material, och hur det sätts upp som kylning på PV-paneler. En ekonomisk kalkyl genomfördes som visar att det inte är ekonomiskt gångbart eftersom det tar 14 för PV-panelen med kylning att betala av sig själv medan det tar 13 år för PV-panelen utan kylning att göra det. Dessa resultat diskuteras sedan i jämförelse med andra system och tidigare arbeten som gjorts inom området.
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Pelegrini, Alexandre Viera. "Refractive integrated nonimaging solar collectors design and analysis of a novel solar-daylighting-technology." Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4281.
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A novel and original category of low-cost static solar-daylighting-collectors named Keywo solar energy, solar collectors, daylighting systems, nonimaging optics, Refractive Integrated Nonimaging Solar Collectors (RINSC) has been designed and thoroughly tested. The RINSC category is based on nonimaging optics and integrates several optical elements, such as prismatic arrays and light guides, into a single-structured embodiment made of solid-dielectric material. The RINSC category is sub-divided in this thesis into four distinctive and original sub-categories/systems: Prismatic Solar Collectors (PSC), Multi-Prismatic Solar Collectors (MPSC), Integrated Multi-Prismatic Solar Collectors (IMPSC) and Vertically Integrated Nonimaging Solar Collectors (VINSC). The optical configuration and compact embodiment of these systems allows them to be integrated into a building façade without creating any protrusion, indicating that they can lead to solar collector systems with high building integration potential. Laboratory and outdoor experimental tests conducted with a series of demonstration prototypes made of clear polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and manufactured by laser ablation process, yield peak transmission efficiencies TE varying from 2% to 8%. Computer simulations indicated that transmission efficiencies TE > 30% are possible. The design and development of the innovative optical systems introduced in this thesis were backed-up with extensive computer ray-tracing analysis, rapid-prototyping, laboratory and outdoor experimental tests. Injection moulding computer simulations and surface analysis concerning the development of the RINSC systems were also conducted. Basic theory and comprehensive literature review are presented. This research has also resulted in the design and prototyping of a novel optical instrumentation named Angular Distribution Imaging Device (ADID), specially developed to analyse the spatial distribution of light emerging from the exit aperture of solar collectors/concentrators. The systems and knowledge described in this thesis may find application in areas such as solar collector systems to harvest sunlight for natural illumination in buildings, solar-photovoltaic and solar-thermal.
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Giovanardi, Alessia. "Integrated solar thermal facade component for building energy retrofit." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2012. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/782/1/AlessiaGiovanardi_DepositoLegale_TesiPhD.pdf.
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In the perspective of the "Net Zero Energy Buildings" as specified in the EPBP 2010/31/EU, herein a modular unglazed solar thermal facade component for facilitating the installation of active solar thermal facades has been conceived and designed to answer three considerations: (1) easily installable elements, offering high modularity to be sized for the specific needs of the buildings considered, (2) low-price unglazed technology, given by the industrial process already developed for the fridge evaporators, and (3) versatile modules to be used for both new buildings and for existing buildings for energy retrofitting.
The existing buildings stock offers a high-potential opportunity to improve the energy efficiency when using such a system. Indeed, the building envelope elements have a significant impact on energy consumptions and performances of the building, and this is a key aspect to consider during renovation.
Considering buildings integrating solar thermal (BIST) by the means of facade retrofitting of solar thermal collectors (STC) opens up new challenges for engineers. Facade usage, compared to the traditional roof installations, offers two interesting potentialities: (1) increased available surfaces, and (2) minimization of the unwanted overheating problem, that appears in summer, thanks to the vertical tilt (as the energy production is almost constant over the year). This allows sizing the STC according to the actual heat needs and avoids as much as possible energy fluxes mismatch.
The design methodology of such a modular component is the main contribution of the PhD work.
The challenges are tackled via a parametric approach. Dynamic simulation tools support the design choices for the energy systems of BIST and to optimize the interactions between the envelope and the STC with the criteria of reducing the overall energy consumption. This methodology is described and applied to the design of a modular prototype of an innovative facade component integrating unglazed STC.
We first analyze a variety of typologies of buildings as potential commercial targets of the facade component of unglazed STC integrated facade element. Both residential and non residential buildings are considered. The purpose of this analysis is to match the heat loads for properly sizing the facade elements for each typology.
Benchmark models of buildings from the Department of Energy are used such as multifamily houses, hospitals, big and small hotels, schools, offices. These are simulated through EnergyPlus in three European locations (Stockholm, Zurich and Rome) in order to define the yearly heat loads for domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating (SH) needs.
Finally, the prototype is conceived and designed as a low-cost product to implement into facades with the criteria of optimizing the energy production. The unglazed STC is combined with a simple configuration of combisystem in order to define some rule of thumbs through Trnsys. By the fact that the energy is produced at lower temperatures, if compared with glazed flat plate collectors, this technology is potential applicable to those buildings having the proper heat loads and the suitable system layout.
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Schylander, Anna. "Building-Integrated Photovoltaics for a Habitat on Mars : A Design Proposal Based on the Optimal Location and Placement of Integrated Solar Cells." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-72753.
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The ever-increasing challenges that we face with our consumption of resources on Earth are factors which have prompted researchers to show interest in studying the possibilities of human habitat on other celestial bodies. Mars is a stone planet and is at such distance from the sun that it could be feasible for future settlements with the right technology and solutions. Future missions to Mars rely on solar panels as their primary power system. Utilizing solar architecture is a solution that reduces both a building’s energy consumption and the extent of environmental damage fossil fuels are causing the Earth. This leads to extensive opportunities to explore how we can increase the use of renewable energy using new technologies developed for use on Earth but also for use in the space industry. This study used a qualitative method through literature studies and semi-structured interviews as well as a quantitative method through calculations. The literature study was meant to act as a theoretical base for this study and for the interviews by creating an understanding of the world’s usage of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and how solar power works by the means of photovoltaic cells. The interviews were held to identify the opportunities and obstacles regarding a solar power system on Mars as well as the usage of BIPV (building-integrated photovoltaics) in extreme environments. Mathematical calculations were based on the fundamental geometric shape of a cylinder where the walls were set to be the varying parameter. Six locations on Mars with different coordinates and underlying matters were selected to the study based on the knowledge collected from the literature study and the interviews. Aspects that needs to be considered for building-integrated photovoltaics placed on a building’s envelope on Mars are several. Some of the most crucial are: dust deposition and dust in the atmosphere, a climate with major temperature extremes, the habitats location on the planet and the amount of output energy provided by BIPV partly affected by the Mars-Sun distance. If the fundamental geometric shape of the building is a cylinder, the building’s shape would to form as a truncated cone with smaller wall slopes the closer the equator the habitat is located. If the habitat is placed far away from the equator the walls’ slope, the optimal tilt angle of the photovoltaic module, would be steeper and increase with the higher latitude. The maximized power by using BIPV on a building on Mars is provided as close to the equator as possible due to the big amount of sunlight reaching the surface. If BIPV could be used on the Martian surface is still a relatively extensive hypothesis. Studies about Mars and other planets tend to result in this kind of approach because of the many insecurities that cannot be proven before humans get to the planet or detailed tests have been accomplished and analyzed. A solar power system shows great opportunities for future human missions to Mars but BIPV is not considered an option in the near future without further research and development verifying the option.
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Marín, Sáez Julia. "Design, Construction and Characterization of Holographic Optical Elements for Building-Integrated Concentrating Photovoltaics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669230.
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El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és el disseny, construcció i caracterització d'un sistema de concentració solar format per dues lents cilíndriques hologràfiques i una cèl•lula fotovoltaica de silici per integració arquitectònica en façanes. L'ús d'Elements Òptics Hologràfics (EOHs) en lloc d'elements refractius o miralls suposa avantatges com la selectivitat cromàtica i la facilitat d'integració en façanes. D'altra banda, cal fer seguiment en una direcció.
Els EOHs han estat dissenyats de manera que s'acobla l'espectre solar amb la resposta espectral de la cèl•lula per obtenir una concentració òptica màxima en el rang espectral desitjat i per tant, corrent elèctrica màxima. S'ha desenvolupat un algoritme de traçat de raigs basat en la Teoria d'Ones Acoblades per analitzar local i globalment EOHs i sistemes hologràfics. Les simulacions han estat validades amb resultats experimentals de EOHs registrats a fotopolímer Bayfol HX. També s'han estudiat EOHs que operen en el règim de transició entre el règim de Bragg i el de Raman-Nath, observant els avantatges que ofereix per a aplicacions d'il•luminació amb espectre ample.El principal objetivo de esta tesis es el diseño, construcción y caracterización de un sistema de concentración solar formado por dos lentes cilíndricas holográficas y una célula fotovoltaica de Silicio para integración arquitectónica en fachada. El uso de Elementos Ópticos Holográficos (EOHs) en lugar de elementos refractivos o espejos supone ventajas como la selectividad cromática y la facilidad de integración en fachada. Por otro lado, es necesario realizar seguimiento en una dirección. Los EOHs han sido diseñados de forma que se acopla el espectro solar con la respuesta espectral de la célula para obtener una concentración óptica máxima en el rango espectral deseado y por lo tanto, corriente eléctrica máxima. Se ha desarrollado un algoritmo de trazado de rayos basado en la Teoría de Ondas Acopladas para analizar local y globalmente EOHs y sistemas holográficos. Las simulaciones han sido validadas con resultados experimentales de EOHs registrados en fotopolímero Bayfol HX. También se han estudiado EOHs que operan en el régimen de transición entre el régimen de Bragg y el de Raman-Nath, observándose las ventajas que ofrece para aplicaciones de iluminación con espectro ancho.
The main objective of this thesis is the design, construction and characterization of a solar concentrating system formed by two cylindrical holographic lenses and a Silicon PV cell for the scope of façade building integration. The use of Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs) instead of refractive or reflective elements implies advantages such as chromatic selectivity and ease of integration on a façade. On the other hand, tracking is necessary in one direction. The HOEs have been designed to couple the solar spectrum with the spectral response of the PV cell in order to provide maximal optical concentration on the target spectral range and therefore maximal electrical current. A ray-tracing algorithm based on Coupled Wave Theory has been developed to locally and globally analyze HOEs and holographic systems. Simulations have been validated with experimental results of HOEs recorded on Bayfol HX photopolymer. HOEs operating in the transition regime between the Bragg regime and Raman-Nath regime have also been studied, showing the promising advantages it offers for broadband spectrum illumination applications.
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Dinkel, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Integrated Effciency Engineering in Solar Cell Mass Production / Thomas Dinkel." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1035033437/34.
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Assembe, Cedric Obiang. "Integrated solar photovoltaic and thermal system for enhanced energy efficiency." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2387.
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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.South Africa has raised concerns regarding the development of renewable energy sources such as wind, hydro and solar energy. Integration of a combined photovoltaic and thermal system was considered to transform simultaneous energy into electricity and heat. This was done to challenge the low energy efficiency observed when the two solar energy conversion technologies are employed separately, in order to gain higher overall energy efficiency and ensure better utilization of the solar energy. Therefore, the notion of using a combined photovoltaic and thermal system was to optimize and to improve the overall PV panel efficiency by adding conversion to thermal energy for residential and commercial needs of hot water or space heating or space cooling using appropriate technology. The PV/T model constructed using water as fluid like the one used for the experimental work, presented a marginal increase in electrical efficiency but a considerable yield on the overall PV/T efficiency, because of the simultaneous operation by coupling a PV module with a thermal collectors.
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Xu, Zheng. "Thermal Performance Comparison of Three Integrated Thermal Solar Roof Collectors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35859.
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The integrated solar roof collector system can bring the house year-round energy saving benefit. In heating season, part of the space heating and preheating domestic hot water demand can be met by this integrated system. In the cooling season, cooling load reduction and preheating domestic hot water can be achieved by operating this system. The traditional solar thermal system is an add-on system rather than integrated, which increases the cost-benefit ratio. The current system is integrated with the roof structure. Except for the energy collecting benefit, it will reduce the material cost, labor cost and construction period.
The objectives of this research is to estimate the energy performance of three collector configurations including space heating saving, and preheat hot water saving. This study also compares energy performance for the three collectors on two types of evaluated houses in Roanoke, Virginia.Master of Science
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Buker, Mahmut Sami. "Building integrated solar thermal collectors for heating & cooling applications." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29009/.
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International Energy Agency Solar Heating & Cooling (IEA SHC) programme states the fact that space/water heating and cooling demand account for over 75% of the energy consumed in single and multi-family homes. Solar energy technology can meet up to 100% of this demand depending on the size of the system, storage capacity, the heat load and the region’s climate. Solar thermal collectors are particular type of heat extracting devices that convert solar radiation into thermal energy through a transport medium or flowing fluid. Although hybrid PV/T or thermal-alone systems offer some advantages to improve the solar heat utilisation, there are a few technical challenges found in these systems in practice that prevented wide-scale applications. These technical drawbacks include being expensive to make and install, inability of switching already-built photovoltaic (PV) systems into PV/T systems, architectural design etc. The aims of this project, therefore, were to investigate roof integrated solar thermal roof collectors that properly blend into surrounding thus avoiding ‘add on’ appearance and having a dual function (heat absorption and roofing). Another objective was to address the inherent technical pitfalls and practical limitations of conventional solar thermal collectors by bringing unique, inexpensive, maintenance free and easily adaptable solutions. Thus, in this innovative research, unique and simple building integrated solar thermal roof collectors have been developed for heating & cooling applications. The roof systems which mainly based on low cost and structurally unique polyethylene heat exchanger are relatively cost effective, competitive and developed by primarily exploiting components and techniques widely available on the market. The following objectives have been independently achieved via evaluating three aspects of investigations as following: • Investigation on the performance of poly heat exchanger underneath PV units • Investigation on the performance of a Building Integrated PV/T Roof ‘Invisible’ Collector combined with a liquid desiccant enhanced indirect evaporative cooling system • Investigation on the build-up and performance test of a novel ‘Sandwich’ solar thermal roof for heat pump operation These works have been assessed by means of computer simulation, laboratory and field experimental work and have been demonstrated adequately. The key findings from the study confirm the potential of the examined technology, and elucidate the specific conclusions for the practice of such systems. The analysis showed that water temperature within the poly heat exchanger loop underneath PV units could reach up to 36°C and the system would achieve up to 20.25% overall thermal efficiency. Techno-economic analysis was carried out by applying the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) method. Evaluations showed that the estimated annual energy savings of the overall system was 10.3 MWh/year and the cost of power generation was found to be £0.0622 per kWh. The heat exchanger loop was coupled with a liquid desiccant enhanced indirect evaporative cooling unit and experimental results indicated that the proposed system could supply about 3 kW of heating and 5.2 kW of cooling power. Lastly, the results from test of a novel solar thermal collector for heat pump operation presented that the difference in water temperature could reach up to 18°C while maximum thermal efficiency found to be 26%. Coefficient Performance of the heat pump (COPHP) and overall system (COPSYS) averages were attained as COPHP=3.01 and COPSYS=2.29, respectively. An economic analysis pointed a minimum payback period of about 3 years for the system.
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Garnier, Celine. "Performance measurement and mathematical modelling of integrated solar water heaters." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2009. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2593.
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In a period of rapidly growing deployment of sustainable energy sources the exploitation of solar energy systems is imperative. Colder climates like those experienced in Scotland show a good potential in addressing the thermal energy requirement of buildings; particularly for hot water derived from solar energy. The result of many years of global research on solar water heating systems has outlined the promising approach of integrated collector storage solar water heaters (ICS-SWH) in cold climates. This calls for a need to estimate the potential of ICS-SWH for the Scottish climate. This research project aims to study and analyse the performance of a newly developed ICS-SWH for Scottish weather conditions, optimise its performance, model its laboratory and field performance together with its environmental impacts and analyse its integration into buildings and benefits of such a heating system, for the primary purpose of proposing a feasible ICS-SWH prototype. Laboratory and field experiments were performed to investigate the performance of the newly developed ICS-SWH and the parameters affecting it which were fundamental to modelling its performance. This was followed by developing a thermal macro-model able to compare the temperature variation in different ICS-SWH designs; including internal temperature and external weather conditions for a given aspect ratio and to evaluate the performance of this ICS-SWH for laboratory and field conditions. This was followed by a three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis of the ICS-SWH in order to optimise the fin spacing as a means of improving its performance. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and monetary analysis considering the whole life energy of the different ICS-SWH designs were carried out using a previously developed thermal model in order to establish the most viable ICS-SWH with the smallest carbon footprint. Finally, a study to show how the ICS-SWH could be integrated into buildings and its potential benefits to builders and households was undertaken. Through this work, important parameters for modelling laboratory and field performance of ICS-SWH are established. The innovative modelling tool developed can predict the bulk water temperature of the ICS-SWH for any orientation and location in the world with good accuracy. Improvements of the ICS-SWH fin design were suggested through the CFD analysis while keeping the costs to a minimum. The ICS-SWH prototype showed a high commercial potential due to its environmental and monetary benefits as well as its potential for integration into commonly used solar water heating installations and modern methods of construction such as roof panels which could result in a viable commercialisation of the prototype.
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Bakar, Siti Hawa Abu. "Novel rotationally asymmetrical solar concentrator for the building integrated photovoltaic system." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.700990.
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Bonadies, Monica. "Analysis and optimization of a solar thermal collector with integrated storage." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4531.
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Solar energy, a topic popular in the United States during the oil embargo of the 1970?'s, has become a relevant topic once more with the current focus on reducing greenhouse emissions. Solar thermal energy in particular has become popular as it uses existing steam turbine technology to produce electricity, with the benefit of using solar energy to produce steam rather than coal or nuclear heat sources. Solar thermal can also be used at lower temperatures to heat water for pools or for residential use. While this energy source has its benefits, it has the problem of being opportunistic ?? the energy must be used as it is captured. With the integration of storage, a solar thermal system becomes more viable for use. In this work, a low temperature (50-70o C) thermal storage unit with a solar thermal collector is experimentally run then studied using both analytical and numerical methods. With these methods, suggestions for future developments of the storage unit are made. The prototype collector and storage combination tested worked best during the winter months, when there was low humidity. Furthermore, the heat exchanger design within the storage unit was found to work well for charging (heating) the unit, but not for discharging the storage to heat water. The best modeling method for the storage unit was the use of FLUENT, which would allow for the suggested changes to the prototype to be simulated before the next prototype was constructed.ID: 028731128; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references.
M.S.M.E.
Masters
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Thermofluids
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Guerra, Alexander Adrian. "Modeling a solar energy collector with an integrated phase-change material." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54472.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 43).
In this thesis, a finite-element computer model was created to simulate a solar air heater with an integrated-phase change material. The commercially available finite element package ADINA-Fluid was used to generate the model that captures the fundamental physical processes which are necessary in accurately simulate the system. These processes include convective and radiative losses between the working fluid and device. Time varying loads to simulate the available solar energy that can be collected over the course of a day. Most importantly the phase-change material. This was accomplished by defining a material with a temperature-dependent specific heat. The simulation yielded positive results to its validity and can now be used to test different physical geometries and material before a prototype of the solar air heater is produced.
by Alexander Adrian Guerra.
S.B.
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Song, Fengchi. "Luminescent solar concentrator and photovoltaic module integrated system analysis and design." Thesis, Song, Fengchi (2017) Luminescent solar concentrator and photovoltaic module integrated system analysis and design. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38693/.
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This thesis report presents the analysis and design work associated with luminescent solar concentrators (LSC) and photovoltaic integrated systems in microalgae cultivation application, which is the dissertation topic of my graduation dissertation in Engineering major, Murdoch University. Around the main topic of LSCs, a few relevant studies have been carried out in sequence. To start with, the contents focus on brief introduction and theoretical analysis and they act as the foundation of the whole analysis. Therefore, the majority works of this part of analysis are finished by looking through literature works; a significant number of relevant articles are cited here. Afterwards, the data from experiment is expressed and presented. From the experiment’s data, the two specimen LSC, flat sheet LSC and hollow cylinder LSC can emit fluorescent light at bottoms up to 6.9 times and 1.85 times stronger than coinstantaneous sunlight illumination respectively. Moreover, when the sample photovoltaic cell is receiving the concentrated fluorescent light from the two LSCs, the cell can produce up to 4mW power from flat sheet LSC emission light irradiance and 13.5mW from tubular LSC emission irradiance. Another major achievement of this project is that an integrated system has been designed, which has the ability to supply the power requirement entirely by itself.
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Niaparast, Shervin. "ENERGY ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR BLIND CONCEPT INTEGRATED WITH ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131419.
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The use of an attached sunspace is one of the most popular passive solar heating techniques. One of the main drawbacks of the sunspace is getting over heated by the sun energy during the hot season of the year. Even in northern climates overheating could be problematic and there is a considerable cooling demand. Shading is one of the most efficient and cost effective strategies to avoid overheating due to the high irradiation especially in the summer. Another strategy is using ventilation system to remove the excess heat inside the sunspace. However this rejected energy can be captured and stored for future energy demands of the sunspace itself or nearby buildings. Therefore the Solar blind system has been considered here for the shielding purpose in order to reduce the cooling demand. By considering the PV/T panels as the solar blind, the blocked solar energy will be collected and stored for covering part of the heating demand and the domestic hot water supplies of the adjacent building. From a modeling point of view, the sunspace can be considered as a small-scale closed greenhouse. In the closed greenhouse concept, available excess heat is indeed utilized in order to supply the heating demand of the greenhouse itself as well as neighboring buildings. The energy captured by PV/T collectors and the excess heat from the sunspace then will be stored in a thermal energy storage system to cover the daily and seasonal energy demand of the attached building. In the present study, a residential building with an attached sunspace with height, length and width of 3, 12 and 3.5 meters respectively has been assumed located in two different locations, Stockholm and Rome. Simulations have been run for the Solar blind system integrated with a short-term and a long-term TES systems during a year to investigate the influence of the sunspace equipped with a PV/T Solar blind on the thermal behavior of the adjacent building. The simulated results show that the Solar blind system can be an appropriate and effective solution for avoiding overheating problems in sunspace and simultaneously produce and store significant amount of thermal energy and electricity power which leads to saving considerable amount of money during a year.
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Oliver, Mark. "The viability of solar photovoltaics : with specific reference to building integrated photovoltaics cladding systems." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/853/.
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Mallick, Tapas K. "Optics and heat transfer for asymmetric compound parabolic photovoltaic concentrators for building integrated photovoltaics." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288897.
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Soresi, Stefano. "InP based tandem solar cells integrated onto Si substrates by heteroepitaxial MOVPE." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS021/document.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à l'intégration sur Si de cellules solaires III-V à simple et double jonction par épitaxie en phase vapeur aux organo-métalliques (MOVPE). Les dispositifs photovoltaïques ont été réalisés avec des matériaux accordés sur InP. L'objectif était d'abord d'obtenir des dispositifs performants sur des substrats InP, puis de les intégrer sur une structure avec un paramètre de maille différent, en évaluant les effets sur les performances photovoltaïques. Ceci a nécessité la réalisation et l'optimisation de plusieurs étapes de fabrication.Tout d'abord, nous avons réalisé une cellule InP à simple jonction, qui peut correspondre à la cellule top dans notre structure tandem. Cela était également nécessaire pour mettre en place un processus de fabrication pour toutes les cellules suivantes. Les conditions de croissance ont été optimisées en profitant des techniques de caractérisation des matériaux telles que la XRD, l’analyse C-V et le SIMS. En optimisant les épaisseurs et les niveaux de dopage des différentes couches du dispositif, ainsi que le procédé en salle blanche, nous avons obtenu une efficacité de conversion de 12.9%, avec un FF de 84.3%. Nous avons démontré que l'utilisation d'une couche fenêtre en AlInAs au lieu de l’InP peut augmenter l'efficacité à 13.5%, malgré une légère réduction du FF (81.4%). La même procédure a ensuite été étendue à la réalisation d'une cellule solaire InGaAs comme cellule bottom du dispositif tandem. Nous avons obtenu un rendement de 11.4% et un FF de 74.5%.En parallèle, des jonctions tunnels capables de relier électriquement les deux sous-cellules dans un dispositif tandem ont été étudiées. En particulier, nous avons concentré notre attention sur les conditions de croissance de l'anode de la jonction, qui a été fabriquée en AlInAs et dopée avec le précurseur CBr4. Les réactions chimiques d’un tel précurseur avec le précurseur de l’Al et l’In nécessitaient une importante réduction de la température de croissance à 540 °C. En déterminant les effets des flux sur la composition et les niveaux de dopage du composé, nous avons obtenu un dopage élevé de +4x1019 cm-3. En obtenant un niveau équivalent pour la cathode InP:S, nous avons réalisé un dispositif présentant un Jp de 1570 A/cm2, capable de fonctionner dans des conditions de concentration solaire élevée. En combinant finalement les trois dispositifs présentés dans une cellule tandem, nous avons pu obtenir un rendement global de conversion de 18.3%, avec un FF de 83.9%.Un template approprié pour l'intégration III-V/Si a été déterminé en testant plusieurs possibilités fournies par différents partenaires. Les caractérisations XRD et AFM ont démontré qu'un template InP/GaP/Si fourni par la société NAsP était la meilleure option. Ceci a été confirmé par la croissance d'une cellule InP à simple jonction sur le template. La techno sur un substrat Si a été rendu possible en déplaçant le contact arrière de la cellule sur la face avant du dispositif, ce qui a nécessité la mise au point d'un ensemble approprié de masques photolithographiques. La réussite de l’intégration des cellules solaires III-V sur Si a été confirmée par le photocourant produit. Celui-ci correspond à environ 60% de la valeur obtenue sur les substrats InP. De plus, les caractéristiques J-V mesurées donnent une tendance de type diode, démontrant la validité de l'approche proposéeThis thesis focuses on III-V/Si integration of single- and dual-junction solar cells by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). The photovoltaic devices were made with materials lattice matched to InP. The goal was to firstly obtain efficient devices on InP substrates and then to integrate them on a structure with a different lattice parameter, by evaluating the effects on the photovoltaic performances. This required the realization and the optimization of several manufacturing steps.Firstly, we realized an InP single junction device, which may correspond to the top cell of our tandem structure. This was also necessary to set up a manufacturing process for all the next cells. The growth conditions were optimized by taking advantage of material characterization techniques such as XRD, C-V profiling and SIMS. By optimizing thicknesses and doping levels of the various layers of the device, as well as the clean room process, we obtained a conversion efficiency of 12.9%, with a FF of 84.3%. We demonstrated that the use of an AlInAs window layer instead of InP may increase the efficiency to 13.5%, despite a slight reduction in FF (81.4%). The same procedure was then extended to the realization of an InGaAs solar cell as the bottom component of the tandem device. We obtained an efficiency of 11.4% and a FF of 74.5%.In parallel, tunnel junctions able to electrically connect the two subcells in a tandem device were studied. In particular, we focused our attention on the growth conditions of the junction anode, which was made in AlInAs and doped with CBr4 precursor. The particular chemical interactions that such a precursor has with Al precursor and In required a relevant reduction of growth temperature to 540 °C. By determining the effects of the flows on composition and doping levels of the compound, we obtained a high doping of +4x1019 cm-3. By obtaining an equivalent level for the InP:S cathode, we realized a device presenting a Jp of 1570 A/cm2, able to work under high solar concentration conditions. By finally combining the three presented devices in a tandem cell, we could obtain an overall conversion efficiency of 18.3%, with a FF of 83.9%.A proper template for III-V/Si integration was determined by testing several possibilities provided by different partners. XRD and AFM characterizations demonstrated that an InP/GaP/Si template provided by NAsP Company was the best option. This was confirmed by the growth of an InP single junction cell over the template. The processing over a Si substrate was made possible by shifting the rear contact of the cell on the front side of the device, which required the development of a proper set of photolithographic masks. The successful integration of the III-V solar cells on Si was confirmed by the relevant produced photocurrent. This corresponds to around 60% of the value obtained on InP substrates. Furthermore, the measured J-V characteristics show a diode-like trend, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed approach
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Verma, Darpan. "Hybrid Solar Energy System with integrated Concentration Photovoltaic Cells and Thermoelectric Devices." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1553613351859182.
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Davids, Vernon Pete. "Design and Implementation of an Integrated Solar Panel Antenna for Small Satellites." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3044.
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Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019This dissertation presents a concept for a compact, low-profile, integrated solar panel antenna for use on small satellites in low Earth orbit. To date, the integrated solar panel antenna design approach has primarily been, patch (transparent or non-transparent) and slot radiators. The design approach presented here is proposed as an alternative to existing designs. A prototype, comprising of an optically transparent rectangular dielectric resonator was constructed and can be mounted on top of a solar panel of a Cube Satellite. The ceramic glass, LASF35 is characterised by its excellent transmittance and was used to realise an antenna which does not compete with solar panels for surface area. Currently, no closed-form solution for the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna exists and as a first-order solution the dielectric waveguide model was used to derive the geometrical dimensions of the dielectric resonator antenna. The result obtained with the dielectric waveguide model is compared with several numerical methods such as the method of moments, finite integration technique, radar cross-section technique, characteristic mode analysis and finally with measurements. This verification approach was taken to give insight into the resonant modes and modal behaviour of the antenna. The interaction between antenna and a triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cell is presented demonstrating a loss in solar efficiency of 15.3%. A single rectangular dielectric resonator antenna mounted on a ground plane demonstrated a gain of 4.2 dBi and 5.7 dBi with and without the solar cell respectively. A dielectric resonator antenna array with a back-to-back Yagi-Uda topology is proposed, designed and evaluated. The main beam of this array can be steered can steer its beam ensuring a constant flux density at a satellite ground station. This isoflux gain profile is formed by the envelope of the steered beams which are controlled using a single digital phase shifter. The array achieved a beam-steering limit of ±66° with a measured maximum gain of 11.4 dBi. The outcome of this research is to realise a single component with dual functionality satisfying the cost, size and weight requirements of small satellites by optimally utilising the surface area of the solar panels.
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Turpin, Timothy W. "Meshed Patch Antennas Integrated on Solar Cell - A Feasibility Study and Optimization." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/251.
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This thesis work presents the feasibility of integrating meshed patch antennas directly onto the solar cell assembly to save valuable surface real estate of a small satellite. The solar cell cover glass is used as the substrate for the patch antenna. The antenna topology is chosen to be a meshed patch so that it is transparent to light to ensure the proper operation of solar cells. We found that although there is a compromise between the antenna efficiency and see-through percentage, one is able to optimize the antenna by carefully designing the mesh. To verify the design and integration, a meshed antenna operating at around 2.3 GHz is printed with conductive ink on a plastic substrate and placed on-top of solar cells attached to an aluminum ground plane. The printed solar cell antenna is measured with Nearfield Systems Inc. spherical near-field range and the measurements agree well with the design.
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CORONA, FABIO. "Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems: specific non-idealities from solar cell to grid." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2538891.
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After an initial phase of great diffusion of large Photovoltaic (PV) systems installed on the ground, the recent evolution of the feed-in tariffs makes the Building
Integrated PV (BIPV) systems for residential, commercial and industrial users, the more befitting application of the PV technology.
Unfortunately, the building integration implies some critical issues on the operation of principal components, such as the PV panels or the grid-connected inverter, typical of this kind of installation and not so important in the case of ground mounted PV plants. These non-idealities can be due to: presence of obstacles near the PV panels, like trees, poles, antennas, architectural elements (chimneys, barriers, buildings in the neighbourhood); non-optimal orientation of the PV field (not Southward) or with different orientations among the sub-fields,
with consequent production asymmetry between morning and evening or mismatch; sub-optimal tilt angle of the PV modules, as it is fixed by the building roof; not-efficient cooling of the PV panels, which can cause temperature gradients both horizontally, between PV modules in the central area of the field and the peripheral ones, and vertically, between panels installed in the bottom and in the top of a structure, due to the direction of the cooler flow.
The consequences of these non-idealities is the subject of this PhD dissertation, from both theoretical, through convenient simulation tools, and experimental viewpoints. The most evident of these effects is the mismatch of the currentvoltage characteristics of the PV field panels. With the aim of illustrating the analysis methodologies used to study the mismatch effect on all the PV system components, a specific case study is considered, constituted by a large BIPV system (almost 1MWp) installed on the roof of a wholesale warehouse.
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Luta, Doudou Nanitamo. "Modelling of hybrid solar wind integrated generation systems in an electrical distribution network." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1177.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014The research in this thesis deals with the application of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) practices in the modelling of power systems. More particularly, we have presented the modelling hybrid photovoltaic wind integrated in an electrical distribution network using SysML (System Modelling Language) which is a modelling language in support of MBSE. MBSE refers to a formalised practice of systems development through the application of modelling principles, methods, languages and tools to the entire lifecycle of a system. Generally speaking, the modelling of power systems is performed using software such as Matlab Simulink, DigSilent, PowerWorld etc. These software programs allow modelling of a system considering only a specific viewpoint, depending on the objective that is to be assessed. The advantage of the SysML over the above mentioned modelling languages lies from the fact that SysML includes different viewpoints of a system. These views are known as the Four Pillars of SysML. Pillar One refers to the requirements of a system and includes all the functional and non-functional requirements. Pillar Two deals with the structure representation of a system by considering all its subsystems and their different connections. Pillar Three considers the behaviour of a system and includes its activities, sequences and different states. The last Pillar includes the detailed characteristics, physical laws and constraints on the system. The main objectives of this research are the development of models which will include: the system’s requirements; the system’s structure representation in term of different entities involved and the relationship between them; the system’s behaviours in terms of activities in different cases considered and transitions from one state to another as well as the interaction between the system and all the stakeholders. Keywords: Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), System Modelling Language (SysML), Renewable Energy systems, Hybrid power systems, photovoltaic systems, wind power systems.
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Ho, Kam Ting K. "The potential of covered profiled steel cladding as a building-integrated solar collector for the UK climate." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7088.
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Profiled steel cladding can be modified to act as an air heating solar collector by the addition of a transparent cover system. A mathematical model of the thermal performance of such an arrangement has been derived for the situation of a building-integrated solar collector facade, allowing for the condition of differing temperatures at front and rear faces of the collector. By introducing an equivalent ambient temperature, it is possible to quantify the performance of such a collector arrangement in terms of existing parameters as derived in the standard Hottel-Whillier-Bliss analysis. Using a purpose-built solar simulator, a set of standard performance characteristics for the proposed collector geometry is derived; these characteristics are used to confirm the validity of the derived model for use in this application area, i.e. as a building-integ rated system with the standard thickness of back insulation. Those conditions of front/rear temperature difference and rear insulation level for which the standard Hoftel-Whillier-Bliss analysis is no longer valid, are identified. The model has been encoded as a new subroutine within the thermal simulation program TRNSYS in order to investigate the energy performance of a typical profiled metal-clad building in the UK climate with and without the assistance of such a collector system. The effects of orientation of the solarcollector facade, together with collection area, steel-to-cover spacing and fan power requirements were determined. Assessment of capital maintenance, operating costs and energy savings permitted the cost-effectiveness of such a system to be evaluated. Guidance for future designers of such buildingintegrated systems is presented for UK conditions. It is concluded that the use of such a collector system can approach cost-effectiveness in electrically fuelled buildings, and that this is likely to be especially so if the building has a significant requirement for pre-heated fresh air. The system is shown to be not cost-effective at present for gas-fuelled installation in the UK, such as in the case of a retrofit to a typically profiled-clad sports centre, though factors other than that of payback alone may well influence such investment decisions in the future.
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Chaibi, M. Thameur. "Greenhouse systems with integrated water desalination for arid areas based on solar energy /." Alnarp : Dept. of Agricultural Biosystems and Technology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a389.pdf.
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Smyth, Mervyn A. "Design and development of a heat retaining integrated collection/storage solar water heater." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264693.
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Fu, Yu. "Investigation of solar assisted heat pump system integrated with high-rise residential buildings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14582/.
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The wide uses of solar energy technology (solar thermal collector, photovoltaic and heat pump systems) have been known for centuries. These technologies are intended to supply domestic hot water and electricity. However, these technologies still face some barriers along with fast development. In this regards, the hybrid energy system combines two or more alternative technologies to help to increase the total efficiency of the system. Solar assisted heat pump systems (SAHP) and photovoltaic/thermal collector heat pump systems (PV/T-HP) are hybrid systems that convert solar radiation to thermal energy and electricity, respectively. Furthermore, they absorb heat first, and then release heat in the condenser for domestic heating and cooling. The research initially investigates the thermal performance of novel solar collector panels. The experimental results indicate an average daily efficiency ranging from 0.75 to 0.96 with an average of 0.83. Compared with other types of solar collectors, the average daily efficiency of novel solar thermal collectors is the highest. The research work further focuses on the integrated system which combines solar collector and air source heat pump (ASHP). The individual components, configurations and layout of the system are illustrated. Theoretical analysis is conducted to investigate thermodynamic cycle and heat transfer contained in the hybrid system. Laboratory tests are used to gauge the thermal performance of the novel SAHP. A comparison is made between the modelling and testing results, and the reasons for error formation are analysed. The research then considers the specially designed PV/T collector that employs the refrigerant R134a for cooling of PV modules and utilizes the glass vacuum tubes for reducing the heat loss to the ambient air. The PV/T collector consists of 6 glass vacuum tube-PV module-aluminium sheet-copper tube (GPAC) sandwiches which are connected in series. The theoretical analysis and experimental tests all give the satisfactory results of up to 2.9% improvement of electrical efficiency compared with those without cooling. The research finally focuses on the integrated heat pump system where the PV/T collector acts as evaporator. Based on the energy balance of the four main components of the heat pump system, a mathematical model of the heat pump system is presented. When the instantaneous ambient temperature and solar radiation are provided, results are obtained for the spatial distributions of refrigerant conditions, which include temperature, pressure, vapour quality and enthalpy. Detailed experimental studies are carried out in a laboratory. Three testing modes are proposed to investigate the effect of solar radiation, condenser water flow rate and condenser water supply temperature on energy performance. The testing results show that an average coefficient of performance (COP) reached 3.8,4.3 and 4.0 under the three testing modes with variable radiation, condenser water supply water temperature and water flow rate, respectively. However, this could be much higher for a large capacity heat pump system using large PV panels on building roofs. The COP increases with the increasing solar radiation, but decreases as the condenser water supply temperature and water flow rate increases.
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Gros, Ellinor. "Amasonen : A Design Proposal for a Mixed-Use Building with Integrated Solar Cells." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69617.
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With the growing energy consumption in the world today, the decreasing amount of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment, developments and greater use of renewable energy resources is crucial. One of the promising environmentally friendly energy resources is solar power. The technology for producing electricity from the use of solar cells is continuously developing and is growing on the market. The objective of this master thesis is to illustrate how solar panels can be integrated into a building’s design, and what value this gives to the building. The purpose is also to give an indication of whether an integrated solar panel installation is profitable, and what is required for more building developers to invest in solar power. A study on solar cells was conducted to gain knowledge of the different types of solar cells and systems and their possible integration into buildings. The study also included research on why solar cell installations are not more common today. Case Studies were also conducted on projects with integrated solar cells. This was done to gain an understanding of how solar panels can be used as design elements. The study was done as a systematic literature study through a qualitative method. City and site analyses were carried out as a first step in the design process. The analyses focused on the movements, green spaces, climates, functions and architectural character of the city and site. The analyses were done to attain an impression of the environment the building would be placed in, and its requisites. These analyses were followed by volume and solar studies to come up with a building design that would fulfill the requirements of the client, while creating good areas for placement of the solar panels. The master thesis resulted in a design proposal for a mixed-use building with integrated solar cells. The resulting two buildings are located in the outskirts of the city center of Linköping. The buildings are designed to interact with the surrounding buildings and the remaining city, while at the same time bringing something new and exciting to the mix. The buildings’ placement and height were decided by the combination of the movement of the sun over the plot, so as to create good areas for the solar panels, and the requisites of the site. The integrated solar panels are placed on the roofs and facades of the buildings. The possibilities of semitransparent solar cells in windows and glass railings is also examined. The solar panels on the roof consist of solar roof tiles and are placed on the east side of the north building’s roof and the west side of the south building’s roof. These tiles have matching roof tiles without solar cells inside, on the other side of the roofs, meaning that no difference can be seen between the two sides. The façade panels are placed to cover the entire protruding stairwells of the buildings. Panels are also placed on remaining parts of the south-east and south-west facing facades but are here placed in a pattern as though they are trickling down the walls. The panels are placed to avoid shade as shading of the panels reduces their effect. The solar cells are smooth, black, thin-film solar cells and the panels have matching glass panes that are placed were the design opted for panels, but the placement was not good out of a solar irradiation perspective. The results of the rough calculations on the project’s solar panel installation’s profitability shows that the investment would have a payback time of approximately 15 years. This, when counting in a government support of 1.2 million kroners and the reduced cost for the building cover material that the solar panels replace. The solar panels in the design proposal are not in standard sizes. Would they have been so the investment cost would have been lower and the payback time, according to the rough calculations, would be around 10 years. The produced electricity constitutes around 60 percent of the operational electricity for the buildings. If semitransparent solar cells are included the value goes up to 80 percent. Although the produced electricity does not cover the complete electricity needs of the buildings, it still reduces the amount of bought electricity. Electricity that would most likely not come from a renewable source. The conclusion is, therefore, that an integrated solar cell installation is economically profitable. The solar panels contribute both the aesthetics of the building and building functions, as well as electricity from a renewable source. Investing in a solar cell installation also sets a good example and will lead to more investors taking a chance on solar power. Getting more building developers to invest in solar cells systems can be done by increasing the, today lacking, knowledge of solar energy and solar cells, the process for designing and installing a solar cell system, as well as the laws regarding solar power and solar power investments. Another obstacle for solar power is the high costs of the installations. The prices on solar cells are, however, continuously dropping, because of the development in technology and the manufacturing process, as well as the growing number of manufacturers. To increase the speed of this process more building developers should invest in solar cells, as a higher demand will lead to more manufacturers, which will then lead to reduced prices. The government can also help by offering research support and for example tax subventions to make an investment in solar power seem more worthwhile.
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Burke, Alex Norton. "An Integrated Toolbox to Assess the Viability of Solar PV at OHIO University." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1492506322974432.
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Osorio, Ruy Sebastian Bonilla. "Surface passivation for silicon solar cells." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:46ebd390-8c47-4e4b-8c26-e843e8c12cc4.
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Passivation of silicon surfaces remains a critical factor in achieving high conversion efficiency in solar cells, particularly in future generations of rear contact cells -the best performing cell geometry to date. In this thesis, passivation is characterised as either intrinsic or extrinsic, depending on the origin of the chemical and field effect passivation components in dielectric layers. Extrinsic passivation, obtained after film deposition or growth, has been shown to improve significantly the passivation quality of dielectric films. Record passivation has been achieved leading to surface recombination velocities below 1.5 cm/s for 1 Ωcm n-type silicon covered with thermal oxide, and 0.15 cm/s in the same material covered with a thermal SiO2/PECVD SiNx double layer. Extrinsic field effect passivation, achieved by means of corona charge and/or ionic species, has been shown to decrease by 3 to 10 times the amount of carrier recombination at a silicon surface. A new parametrisation of interface charge, and electron and hole recombination velocities in a Shockley-Read-Hall extended formalism has been used to model accurately silicon surface recombination without the need to incorporate a term relating to space-charge or surface damage recombination. Such a term is unrealistic in the case of an oxide/silicon interface. A new method to produce extrinsic field effect passivation has been developed in which charge is introduced into dielectric films at high temperature and then permanently quenched in place by cooling to room temperature. This approach was investigated using charge due to one or more of the following species: ions produced by corona discharge, Na+, K+, Cs+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. It was implemented on both single SiO2 and double SiO2/SiNx dielectric layers which were then measured for periods of up to two years. The decay of the passivation was very slow and time constants of the order of 10,000 days were inferred for two systems: 1) corona-charge-embedded into oxide grown on textured FZ-Si, and 2) potassium ions driven into an oxide on planar FZ-Si. The extrinsic field effect passivation methods developed in this work allow more flexibility in the combined optimisation of the optical properties and the chemical passivation properties of dielectric films on semiconductors. Increases in cell Voc, Jsc and η parameters have been observed in simulations and obtained experimentally when extrinsic field effect passivation is applied to the front surface of silicon solar cells. The extrinsic passivation reported here thus represents a major advancement in controlled and stable passivation of silicon surfaces, and shows great potential as a scalable and cost effective passivation technology for solar cells.
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Schober, Benjamin. "Membrane Stratified Solar Ponds." Thesis, University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-7083.
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This project deals with the potential of membrane stratified solar ponds which consist of two water layers, where one is a salt solution here, and a separating translucent membrane. An experimental pond was set up to study the thermal behaviour of such collector systems. The input is mainly solar radiation, sometimes when the ambient temperatures are higher than the pond temperatures also heat from the environment is transferred into the pond.
The measured temperatures of the pond, the ambient temperature, the global radiation and wind speed were the basis data for thermal calculations which showed that the pond was working well as a solar collector and thermal storage system all in one. Heat was not extracted from the pond however, only the losses to the environment were studied.
It was found out that the pond temperatures were higher than the ambient temperature over the whole measurement period of 12 days, and insulation and pollution problems as well as future prospects and suggestions for further studies are discussed at the end of this paper.
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Alghamedi, Ramzy. "Luminescent solar concentrator structures for solar energy harvesting and radiation control." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2017. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1965.
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Luminescent solar concentrators are devices capable of converting some spectral components of solar radiation by luminescence and concentrating them before collection by photovoltaic. The aim of this thesis is to design, develop and demonstrate the principle of all-inorganic semitransparent luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) structures capable of passing most of the visible light through to provide illumination, while reflecting more than 90% of the UV and IR radiations and scattering them to the edges of the glass where they are collected by PV cells to produce electricity. All-inorganic visibly-transparent energy-harvesting clear laminated glass windows are the most practical solution to boosting building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) energy outputs significantly while reducing cooling- and heatingrelated energy consumption in buildings. A typical semitransparent luminescent solar concentrator is based on the integration of micro-engineered optical structures, nano-materials and IR-selective thin-film coatings, to realise stable, long-lifetime and shatterproof clear glass panels. The ability of the proposed semitransparent luminescent solar concentrators to generate electricity addresses the future net-zero-energy building demand [1, 2], making them ideal candidates for future high-rise glass buildings.
The developed semitransparent luminescent solar concentrators employ low-e thin films, which particularly, provide many benefits, including, (i) building overall aesthetic appearance, (ii) low glare and (iii) filtration of unwanted components of the incident sunlight thus increasing the energy saving rating of buildings. The low-e glass panes are typically used in a double glazing structure in order to protect the low-e film from environmental impacts and improve the insulation properties of the semitransparent luminescent solar concentrators in addition to reducing the energy consumed for cooling or heating the inside of buildings.
Multi-layer thin film coatings for solar and thermal radiation control are designed, using the Optilayer software package, developed using Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD), and tested using spectrophotometry. Experimental results show that the measured transmittance spectra for the developed structures are in agreement with simulation results and demonstrate that with the use of optimum metal-dielectric layer combination it is possible to transmit/reflect arbitrary spectral components of the incident sunlight.
In addition, two types of semitransparent luminescent solar concentrator structures are designed, developed and characterised, namely:
1. LSCs incorporating inorganic luminophore materials into the lamination interlayer. These luminophores, when used in conjunction with spectrally-selective low-e thin-film coatings and CuInSe2 solar cells, enable most of the visible solar radiation to be transmitted through the glass window with minimum attenuation and the ultraviolet (UV) radiation to be down-converted and routed together with a significant part of infrared radiation to the edges for collection by solar cells.
2. Advanced LSCs incorporating inorganic luminophore materials as well as spectrallyselective diffraction gratings as light deflector structures of high visible transparency into the lamination interlayer. For these LSCs, most of the visible solar radiation can be transmitted through the glass windows with minimum attenuation while the ultraviolet (UV) and a part of incident solar infrared (IR) radiation energy are converted and/or deflected geometrically for routing towards the vicinity of glass panel edge regions for collection by solar cells.
To boost the solar concentration capability of the laminated glass panes, functionalized epoxy interlayers are especially developed, which comprise UV-curable epoxy and inorganic luminophores with engineered absorption and emission bands. The developed functionalized interlayers demonstrate an excellent ability to scatter and concentrate sunlight within the glass structure with minimum reabsorption. Several materials and combinations of several luminophore types were investigated in order to determine the optimum interlayer structure that exhibits maximum UV and IR radiation scattering, conversion, and deflection towards the edge solar cells. Measured conversion efficiencies of 3.8% and 5.4% are achieved for 10 cm × 10cm LSCs samples without and with diffraction gratings, which correspond to output electrical power densities of 38Wp/m2 and 54 Wp/m2,respectively.
A photobioreactor based on the developed semitransparent luminescent solar concentrator technology is developed, in collaboration with Murdoch University, for microalgae growth. An Insulated Glass Units (IGU) employing a special low-e thin film is developed, which passes more than 50% of the visible light while blocking more than 90% of the UV and IR radiations, hence, reducing the temperature inside the photobioreactor and improving the microalgae growth. The growth and productivity of the microalgae in the Insulated Glass
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Blewett-Silcock, Tymandra. "The visual impacts of renewable energy systems : UK public perception of building integrated photovoltaics." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324931.
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Baig, Hasan. "Enhancing performance of building integrated concentrating photovoltaic systems." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17301.
Full textAbstract:
Buildings both commercial and residential are the largest consumers of electricity. Integrating Photovoltaic technology in building architecture or Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) provides an effective means for meeting this huge energy demands and provides an energy hub at the place of its immediate requirement. However, this technology is challenged with problems like low efficiency and high cost. An effective way of improving the solar cell efficiency and reducing the cost of photovoltaic systems is either by reducing solar cell manufacturing cost or illuminating the solar cells with a higher light intensity than is naturally available by the use of optical concentrators which is also known as Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) technology. Integrating this technology in the architecture is referred as Building integrated Concentrating Photovoltaics (BICPV). This thesis presents a detailed performance analysis of different designs used as BICPV systems and proposes further advancements necessary for improving the system design and minimizing losses. The systems under study include a Dielectric Asymmetric Compound Parabolic Concentrator (DiACPC) designed for 2.8×, a three-dimensional Cross compound parabolic concentrator (3DCCPC) designed for 3.6× and a Square Elliptical Hyperbolic (SEH) concentrator designed for 6×. A detailed analysis procedure is presented showcasing the optical, electrical, thermal and overall analysis of these systems. A particular issue for CPV technology is the non-uniformity of the incident flux which tends to cause hot spots, current mismatch and reduce the overall efficiency of the system. Emphasis is placed on modelling the effects of non-uniformity while evaluating the performance of these systems. The optical analysis of the concentrators is carried out using ray tracing and finite element methods are employed to determine electrical and thermal performance of the system. Based on the optical analysis, the outgoing flux from the concentrators is predicted for different incident angles for each of the concentrators. A finite element model for the solar cell was developed to evaluate its electrical performance using the outputs obtained from the optical analysis. The model can also be applied for the optimization of the front grid pattern of Si Solar cells. The model is further coupled within the thermal analysis of the system, where the temperature of the solar cell is predicted under operating conditions and used to evaluate the overall performance under steady state conditions. During the analysis of the DiACPC it was found that the maximum cell temperature reached was 349.5 K under an incident solar radiation of 1000 W/m2. Results from the study carried on the 3DCCPC showed that a maximum cell temperature of 332 K is reached under normal incidence, this tends to bring down the overall power production by 14.6%. In the case of the SEH based system a maximum temperature of 319 K was observed on the solar cell surface under normal incidence. An average drop of 11.7% was found making the effective power ratio of the system 3.4. The non-uniformity introduced due to the concentrator profile causes hotspots in the BICPV system. The non-uniformity was found to reduce the efficiency of the solar cell in the range of 0.5-1 % in all the three studies. The overall performance can be improved by addressing losses occurring within different components of the system. It was found that optical losses occurred at the interface region formed due to the encapsulant spillage along the edges of the concentrator. Using a reflective film along the edge of the concentrating element was found to improve the optical efficiency of the system. Case studies highlighting the improvement are presented. A reflective film was attached along the interface region of the concentrator and the encapsulant. In the case of a DiACPC, an increase of 6% could be seen in the overall power production. Similar case study was performed for a 3DCCPC and a maximum of 6.7% was seen in the power output. To further improve the system performance a new design incorporating conjugate reflective-refractive device was evaluated. The device benefits from high optical efficiency due to the reflection and greater acceptance angle due to refraction. Finally, recommendations are made for development of a new generation of designs to be used in BiCPV applications. Efforts are made towards improving the overall performance and reducing the non-uniformity of the concentrated illumination.
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Albaz, Abdulkarim. "Investigation into using Stand-Alone Building Integrated Photovoltaic System (SABIPV) as a fundamental solution for Saudi rural areas and studying the expected impacts." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15844.
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A number of natural resources can be exploited for providing energy, such as the sun, wind, water flow, tides, waves and deep heat generated within the earth. Recently, renewable resources especially that extracted from solar have been significantly encouraged mainly for environmental worries, such as climate change mitigation and global warming, coupled with high oil cost and security and economic matters. The crucial need of energy in human development has also been another important drive pushing the rapid progresses in renewable technologies, which results in both large-scale strategic projects for covering wide urban and rural areas and simple systems suitable for individual buildings. Solar energy has become a widely desired option, especially in high solar radiation areas. The Middle East, especially Gulf region is an ideal geographical area for solar power where it has one of the highest solar irradiation rates across the world. The population in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries is significantly small compared to the geographical areas and populations are distributed mostly throughout huge areas forming small villages and rural communities on substantial distances from the main power networks. In Saudi Arabia, there is a crisis in supplying enough electricity to the large cities and domestic remote area in various parts in the country and a wide range of remote areas still suffer from a severe shortage of power supply. In this project, the opportunity of using small-scale solar energy technologies, such as Stand-Alone Building-Integrated PV (SABIPV) systems has been investigated as an optimal solution for providing solar energy to a great deal of off-grid areas in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the expected short and long-term impacts of such solution have been studied. The study showed that the main reasons behind the crisis in supplying electricity to domestic remote and rural off-grid areas in Saudi Arabia are the weakness of the financial returns compared to the cost of providing the service, the difficulty of the natural topography of areas, high cost of maintenance works, and the regulations of providing electric services in Saudi Arabia. This is in addition to the expected environmental impacts, such as raising the pollution rates in the area and the safety influences of extending the high voltage lines over huge areas. On the other hand, the lack of the necessary infrastructure services, particularly electricity and the looking forward for better level of prosperity lead people who live in countryside and remote areas usually to immigrate to in-grid areas which has several short and long-term negative impacts on economic, social and security sides. This study shows that SABIPV system is a cost-Impactive, powerful, and fundamental solution for all off-grid areas in Saudi Arabia including remote villages and rural communities and providing the same level of electricity services that can be achieved in urban on-grid areas. The system is expected to have positive impacts including reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, the expansion of agricultural land and reduce desertification, reducing the influence of high-voltage electrical lines on living organisms, providing adequate electricity service at lower cost, offering more job opportunities for people in remote areas, increasing agricultural and handicraft products, developing the tourism sector in rural areas, reducing the rate of migration from rural areas to the cities, and reducing the slum areas in cities which helps to reduce the rate of crimes, ignorance, the low level of morality, and health and environmental problem.
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Chien, Chih-Tao. "Carbon-based nanomaterials for solar energy harvesting and storage devices towards integrated power platform." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708903.
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Stoichkov, Vasil. "Degradation and outdoor performance monitoring of next generation solar cells for building integrated applications." Thesis, Bangor University, 2018. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/performance-monitoring-of-next-generation-solar-cells-for-building-integrated-applications(88fa44b1-4406-4d31-a7e3-60d9ee31e75d).html.
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This thesis focuses on the manufacturing, indoor characterisation and outdoor monitoring of Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and Organic photovoltaics (OPVs). In order for emerging PV technologies to become commercially viable it is important that their performance under these conditions is defined. In this thesis, the outdoor performance parameters of PSCs and OPVs monitored over the course of several campaigns are reported and benchmarked against polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) solar cells. The data has been analysed in detail against solar irradiance dose, climatic conditions and stability. It was discovered that in common with poly-Si PVs, PSCs also exhibits a distinctive negative temperature coefficient across all performance parameters (VOC, ISC, FF and PCE) which decreases with increasing irradiation dose. In all outdoor campaigns the main causes for early-life degradation were noted to be sealant failure leading to oxygen and water ingress, although longer-term degradation has been observed and assigned to photo-oxidation which in some cases was effectively suppressed by the utilisation of UV filtering. The stability of PSCs and active layers was improved by the use of luminescent down-shifting coatings which were applied as a substitute to conventional UV filters. This thesis also demonstrates the benefit of multidirectional orientation of OPVs laminated onto an industrial building prototype for building-integrated applications. It is shown that positioning OPVs to more directions than South improves the overall diurnal yield and can potentially double the energy produced per year, in particular for peak generation hours in the UK. The benefit of unreacted lead iodide as partial filter to the highly damaging UV component of sunlight is shown. The importance of a thin residue lead iodide layer in PSCs shows an improvement in the stability of fabricated devices. One of the most significant findings in this thesis is the first report on the stability of perovskite absorber layers and solar cells conducted with irradiance levels at 1sun or 100sun concentrated natural sunlight. By accelerating the aging process, this method provides invaluable information about the long-term performance of absorber layers and devices which is an immense contribution to the PV community in improving the compositions and structure of PSCs. The stability of 3rd generation PV remains a critical issue preventing the appearance of these new and exciting, flexible and highly efficient PVs on the market. The last part of this thesis shows the second important finding in this thesis which focuses on an in-depth study of the stability of OPVs subjected to a multi-stress accelerated lifetime testing (ALT). This study is conducted indoors which facilitates the most destructive elements to the life of an OPV exposed outdoors to be clearly determined by exposing the modules to well-defined exposure conditions.
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KHAN, YUNIS. "THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLAR INTEGRATED THERMAL POWER PLANT USING ORC FOR WASTE HEAT RECOVERY." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18849.
Full textAbstract:
Solar power tower (SPT) and parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) system is really a promising option to harness the solar energy with the purpose of solar thermal electricity generation via power cycles. These days, combined cycles especially based on supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) cycle are very much popular. Performance of different configurations of sCO2 cycles driven with SPT/PTSC have been further investigated in this thesis work. Apart from this, organic Rankine cycle (ORC), parallel double evaporator ORC (PDORC), supercritical ORC (SORC) were used as bottoming waste heat recovery cycle, also a short analysis have been performed with SORC combined with vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) cycle, vapor compression cycle (VCC) for cooling and power generation. Simultaneously, effects of the working fluids on the system performance were investigated.
At firstly, the output of the SPT-driven combined pre-compression sCO2 cycle-ORC for waste heat recovery was investigated. The use of ORC increased thermal efficiency and net power output of the pre-compression cycle by 4.52% and 4.51%, respectively. Solar irradiation improved the highest power output, exergy efficiency and thermal efficiency of the combined cycle, with highest values of 278.5kW, 74.06 and 51.83% at 1000 W/m2 of direct normal irradiation (DNI) using R227ea. Waste heat recovery ratio (WHRR) was improved with heat exchanger effectiveness. Based on R227ea, highest value reached to 0.5673 at effectiveness of 0.95. Also this system further examined using the low GWP HFO fluids such as R1234ze(Z), R1224yd(Z), R1225ye(Z), R1233zd(E), R1234yf, R1243zf, R1234ze(E), and R1336mzz(Z) and compared with the R134a fluid. It was concluded from the results that HFO working performed better than the R134a. R1336mzz(Z) gave highest power output, exergy efficiency and thermal efficiency for the combined cycle by 298.5kW, 59.60%, and 55.02% at 950 W/m2 of DNI respectively. At end, it was found that the R1336mzz(Z) and R1234ze(Z) estimated the lowest and highest specific investment cost i.e. 2234 and 2290 €/kWe respectively. It was also concluded from the results that if fluid is best for thermal performance, it is not necessary it would be best for the economic point of view.
Secondly, for the performance evaluation of the SPT driven recompression with main compressor intercooling (RMCIC) sCO2 cycle incorporating the PDORC as bottoming cycle using eight ultra-low GWP HFO working fluids such as R1234ze(Z), R1224yd(Z), R1225ye(Z), R1233zd(E), R1234yf, R1243zf, R1234ze(E), and R1336mzz(Z) were therefore considered for the PDORC analysis to reduce the global warming and ozone depletion. Using the PDORC instead of the basic ORC, waste heat from exhaust and from the intercooler cycle
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was recovered simultaneously to enhance performance of the standalone RMCIC cycle. Exergy, thermal efficiency, efficiency improvement and waste recovery ratio were considered as performance parameters. It has been found that by the incorporation of the PDORC thermal efficiency was improved by 7-8% at reference conditions. Maximum combined cycle’s thermal and exergy efficiency were found 54.42% and 80.39% respectively of 0.95 kW/m2 of solar irradiation based on R1243zf working fluid. Among the results it was also found that maximum waste heat was recovered by the R1243zf about 54.22 % at 0.95 effectiveness of low temperature recuperator.
Thirdly, parametric analysis of the SPT integrated combined cascade sCO2 (CSCO2) cycle and ORC. Effects of topping cycle parameters on combined cycle and ORC performance were investigated. Results show that application of the ORC to the topping cycle improved the thermal performance by approximately 6-6.5 %. Highest thermal, exergy efficiency and net output work of combined cycle were obtained by 45.35, 66.99% and 204.9kW respectively at 1000W/m2. In order to examine the utility of the basic ORC and PDORC with the standalone intercooled CSCO2 cycle, two configurations were considered, such as the intercooled CSCO2 cycle/ORC (configuration-1) and the intercooled CSCO2 cycle/PDORC (configuration-2). The effects of SPT design parameters, high temperature turbine inlet temperature, compressors inlet temperature and main compressor’s inlet pressure on the system performance were investigated. It was concluded that by incorporating the basic ORC and PDORC to standalone intercooled CSCO2 cycle, thermal efficiency improved by 2.26 and 6.66% respectively. Therefore, for recovering the waste heat PDORC (configuration-2) performed better than basic ORC (configuration-1) and waste heat recovery ratio for basic ORC and PDORC were obtained by 0.1197 and 0.1775 respectively at LTR effectiveness of 0.95. Finally, the performance of the combined cycles can be further enhanced by reducing solar emittance and improving the concentration ratio.
Apart from sCO2cycles, also SPT system incorporated with combined SORC and VAR system, further performance analysis was performed. Thermal and exergy efficiency of the combined system increased with DNI. Maximum thermal and exergy efficiency were obtained 46.60% and 68.25% respectively at 950 W/m2 while maximum exergy destruction was obtained 7589.46 kW at 500W/m2. The maximum COP for heating and cooling were found 1.4452 and 0.4448 respectively at 90℃ of generator temperature.
Apart from the SPT system, performance of the PTSC system also examined incorporating with sCO2 cycle and SORC and VCC systems in further study. The parametric evaluation of the partial heating sCO2 (PSCO2) cycle combined with ORC was performed in this thesis
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considering six working fluids such as R1224yd(Z), R1234ze(Z), R1234yf, R1234ze(E), R1233zd(E) and R1243zf for low temperature application. The basic PSCO2 cycle was then compared to previous studies that had not included partial heating. The PSCO2 system was found to be 1-3% more thermally efficient than the without partial heating cycle. Moreover, it was discovered that incorporating ORC into the current PSCO2 cycle increased thermal efficiency by 4.47% over the standard PSCO2 cycle. The impact of the PTSC on combined cycle efficiency was investigated further. Without taking into consideration the performance of PTSCs, the combined cycle using R1233zd(E) got the highest exergy and thermal efficiency of 83.26% and 48.61%, respectively, at 950 W/m2 of DNI. When taking into consideration the performance of PTSCs, the combined cycle achieved exergy efficiency of 42.31% because PTSCs alone accounted for 62.93% of the total exergy. Also the high solar incidence angle was responsible for the system's poor performance.
Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis PTSC driven SORC coupled with VCC system simultaneously for cooling and power production were carried out. Influences of the PTSC design parameters, turbine inlet pressure, and condenser and evaporator temperature on system performance were discussed. Furthermore, the performance of the cogeneration system was also compared with and without PTSCs. It was concluded that it is necessary to design the PTSCs carefully in order to achieve better cogeneration performance. At 0.95 kW/m2 of DNI based on R227ea, the highest exergy destruction, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the cogeneration system were 1437 kW, 51.13% and 92.9% respectively, but the highest coefficient of performance was found to be 2.278 on the basis of R134a.
At last, study examined the effect of SPT design parameters on SPT integrated combined CSCO2-ORC using ultra GWP HFO fluids. Exergy efficiency, thermal efficiency and net output power were considered as performance parameters. It was investigated that thermal and exergy efficiencies of the standalone (SPT+ CSCO2) cycle improved by 2.36% and 2.41% respectively by the incorporation of the ORC as bottoming cycle. Highest exergy efficiency, thermal efficiency and net output power were increased with DNI, concentration ratio, HTF velocity while decreased with solar emittance. Highest performance were found with R1224yd(E) while lowest with R1234yf among other considered low GWP fluids at current input conditions. Finally, comparison analysis was carried out. Combined cycle RMCIC sCO2-PDORC was considered best performing cycle for power generation among all considered models. While SORC-VCC system was selected as best system for simultaneously cooling and power generation.
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Yousefzadeh, Moslem. "Integrated sustainable energy solutions for large- and small-scale communities." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25876.
Full textAbstract:
Devising sustainable energy for large- and small-scale communities requires two different perspectives. While, in the former, the main challenge is the allocation of relatively abundant resources to meet the supply for generic demands, in the latter, the detailed properties of the resources and demands should be identified and matched. First, this thesis focuses on one of the challenges of energy development simulations for large-scale communities. A novel CSP performance model is proposed for whole-of-grid simulations, that despite the usual simplified models in the literature does not compromise the major performance parameters. The model is first used to estimate the performance of a new CSP project and then its results are compared to those from a simplified CSP model in a whole-of-grid simulation. The comparison shows a significant overestimation in the case of the simplified model. The second part of the thesis focuses on two sustainable solutions for small-scale communities. In the first proposed solution for Nauru, the recovered waste heat from the diesel generator-based power plant of the island is utilised to supply cooling power required for the preservation of imported food in the island and increase the production of permeate water of the island’s desalination units by heating its inlet water. The solution supplies the whole required cooling power, reduces the carbon emission of the island by 1.1 kilotonnes and increases the annual freshwater production by 81 million litres. In the second proposed solution, several combined cooling and power (CCP) units, fuelled by agriculture residue and household waste supply electricity and cooling power for different districts of Tonga. The results show that the optimum combination of the CCP units supplies 38% of the total electricity demand of Tonga and provides 3700 m2 of cold storage area, sufficient for preserving the prospective yield of the exploitation of 27% of the total fallow land.
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Mohammed, Kadhim Nada. "Creating 3D city models from satellite imagery for integrated assessment and forecasting of solar energy." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/109232/.
Full textAbstract:
Buildings are the most prominent component in the urban environment. The geometric identification of urban buildings plays an important role in a range of urban applications, including 3D representations of buildings, energy consumption analysis, sustainable development, urban planning, risk assessment, and change detection. In particular, 3D building models can provide a comprehensive assessment of surfaces exposed to solar radiation. However, the identification of the available surfaces on urban structures and the actual locations which receive a sufficient amount of sunlight to increase installed power capacity (e.g. Photovoltaic systems) are crucial considerations for solar energy supply efficiency. Although considerable research has been devoted to detecting the rooftops of buildings, less attention has been paid to creating and completing 3D models of urban buildings. Therefore, there is a need to increase our understanding of the solar energy potential of the surfaces of building envelopes so we can formulate future adaptive energy policies for improving the sustainability of cities. The goal of this thesis was to develop a new approach to automatically model existing buildings for the exploitation of solar energy potential within an urban environment. By investigating building footprints and heights based on shadow information derived from satellite images, 3D city models were generated. Footprints were detected using a two level segmentation process: (1) the iterative graph cuts approach for determining building regions and (2) the active contour method and the adjusted-geometry parameters method for modifying the edges and shapes of the extracted building footprints. Building heights were estimated based on the simulation of artificial shadow regions using identified building footprints and solar information in the image metadata at pre-defined height increments. The difference between the actual and simulated shadow regions at every height increment was computed using the Jaccard similarity coefficient. The 3D models at the first level of detail were then obtained by extruding the building footprints based on their heights by creating image voxels and using the marching cube approach. In conclusion, 3D models of buildings can be generated solely from 2D data of the buildings’attributes in any selected urban area. The approach outperforms the past attempts, and mean error is reduced by at least 21%. Qualitative evaluations of the study illustrate that it is possible to achieve 3D building models based on satellite images with a mean error of less than 5 m. This comprehensive study allows for 3D city models to be generated in the absence of elevation attributes and additional data. Experiments revealed that this novel, automated method can be useful in a number of spatial analyses and urban sustainability applications.
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Blajin, Cristina. "Simulation of an Innovative Integrated Solar Receiver/Combustor Unit for Flexible Gas Turbine Based CSP." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284523.
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In the wake of climate change, the generation of renewable power is of vital importance to ensure a sustainable development with reduced carbon emissions. Among all renewable energy sources, solar power is the most abundant and has a great potential to move the global energy production away from fossil fuels as well as to bring power into regions that currently lack access to electricity. The hybridization of gas turbines with solar power is a promising way to harness the solar energy while ensuring that the technology can meet the demand at any times. Currently, the researchers from the Department of Energy Technology at KTH and Compower AB are working on developing an innovative hybrid solar micro-turbine, which allows nominal power output with a solar share between 0% and 100% by integrating a biogas based internal combustor. The current thesis explores different ways in which the hybridization of the micro-turbine can be achieved. Specifically, the thesis examines three different configurations of integrating the receiver with the combustor e.g. serial, parallel or externally fired gas turbine. The first part of the thesis develops a steady state model to simulate the three different configurations at the design point. The results indicate that the parallel configuration has a slightly better thermodynamic performance. However, given the fact that the series arrangement is still the preferred choice considering its reduced complexity. The second part of the thesis develops a methodology to evaluate the market potential and identify the most suitable countries where the technology could be deployed. Based on the identified suitable location, annual simulations were run. South Africa is identified as the most suitable country since it has a high solar and biogas availability, as well as a high-power demand.Till följd av klimatförändringarna är produktionen av förnybar elkraft av avgörande betydelse för att säkerställa en hållbar utveckling med minskade koldioxidutsläpp. Bland alla förnybara energikällor finns solenergi i rikligast mängd och har stor potential att flytta den globala energiproduktionen bort från fossila bränslen samt förse el till de regioner som i dagsläget saknar tillgång. Att kombinera gasturbiner med solenergi är ett lovande sätt att utnyttja solenergi och samtidigt se till att tekniken kan möta efterfrågan när som helst. För närvarande arbetar forskare på Institutionen för Energiteknik vid KTH och Compower AB med att utveckla en innovativ solhybrid-mikroturbin som tillåter nominell uteffekt där solenergin står för mellan 0% och 100% genom att integrera en biogasbaserad förbränningsenhet. Detta examensarbete undersöker de olika sätten på vilka hybridiseringen av mikroturbinen kan uppnås. Mer specifikt undersöker examensarbetet tre olika konfigurationer för att integrera mottagaren med förbränningen, en serie-, parallell- eller en externt eldad gasturbin. I den första delen av examensarbetet utvecklas en steady-state-modell för att simulera de tre olika konfigurationerna vid designpunkten. Resultaten indikerar att den parallella konfigurationen har en något bättre termodynamisk prestanda. Men med tanke på dess mindre komplicerade konfiguration är seriekonfigurationen fortfarande att föredra. Med tanke på det faktum att seriekonfigurationen fortfarande är det föredragna valet med tanke på dess minskade komplexitet. I den andra delen av examensarbetet utvecklas en metod för att utvärdera teknikens marknadspotential och identifiera de mest lämpliga länderna för tekniken att användas. Baserat på den identifierade lämpliga platsen körs simuleringar på årsbasis. Sydafrika identifieras som det mest lämpliga landet tack vare dess höga tillgänglighet till solenergi och biogas, samt ett högt effektbehov.
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Zhang, Haoquan S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "An integrated multi-input single-output buck converter for laterally-arrayed multi-bandgap solar cells." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121745.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 151-156).
Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) systems provides a potentially low-cost and high-efficiency alternative to conventional mono-crystalline Si panel PV systems, and a new CPV system with Laterally-Arrayed Multi-Bandgap (LAMB) cells is introduced. In this thesis, an IC-based Multi-Input Single-Output (MISO) power converter, which serves as the small-footprint and self-powered power management module of the CPV system, is designed and tested. The proposed converter shall efficiently harvest energy from 4 types of solar cells and track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) at the cell-block level. First, the circuit topology, MPP Tracking (MPPT) algorithm, and control mechanism are verified with discrete converters, then a qualitative demonstration is conducted outdoors to show the concept of the entire CPV system with power management. Finally, a first-generation integrated converter, with the passive components, Analog/Digital converters and a MPPT-enabling micro-controller off-chip, is implemented.
by Haoquan Zhang.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Stegen, Sascha. "Development of an Integrated Magnetic System Assisted by Electromagnetic Simulation." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365703.
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In DC/DC converter systems, power electronic circuits are reaching switching efficiencies close to 100 percent nowadays. Thus, most of the energy loss appears inside the passive magnetic circuit of the converter, which at the same time is the component that requires most space in the system. In order to battle this issue, research during the last century has been focused on planarization, hybridization and integration techniques with the goal to achieve higher efficiencies and decrease the profile and volume of the devices. In addition, higher frequencies have been applied to achieve a higher power density of the magnetic systems, but with the negative consequence of stronger parasitic effects such as proximity and skin effects inside the magnetic circuit.
This thesis deals with the development of an integrated magnetic system in a L-C-T (Inductor-Capacitor-Transformer) configuration, with the assistance of Finite Element Method (FEM) computer modeling, which is supportively used to accelerate the development process. Computational simulation method is used to indicate and address the physical issues, which cannot be identified with conventional measurement methods.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Belusko, Martin. "Development of a roof integrated solar air collector." 2005. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/46303.
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Solar heating systems are a proven technology which can significantly reduce the amount of fossil fuel needed to meet the heating reuqirements of homes. The southern part of Australia represents the region which requires considerable heating and experiences significant levels of sunshine during the winter period. However existing solar heating systems are not a viable technology due to practical, aesthetic and cost factors. A novel concept for a solar heating system has therefore been proposed which attempts to address these factors.
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SHYU, JIH-PERNG, and 徐繼鵬. "Design and Analysis of Integrated Solar Power System." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70103197438300461198.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
機械工程學系
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This thesis aims at the analysis and design of integrated solar power system . This context is developed in the analog circuit direction-MPPT , therefor the efficiency of solar power system can be upgraded to the top. At the same time ,using battery connection and official electricity to accomplish the purpose of solar power system management . In this thesis , DC-DC Boosetr and Inverter are used to generate the output of the unstable solar battery. The output of 110V/60Hz can be provided for the domestic use.
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"Gallium Phosphide Integrated with Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells." Doctoral diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.46175.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: It has been a long-standing goal to epitaxially integrate III-V alloys with Si substrates which can enable low-cost microelectronic and optoelectronic systems. Among the III-V alloys, gallium phosphide (GaP) is a strong candidate, especially for solar cells applications. Gallium phosphide with small lattice mismatch (~0.4%) to Si enables coherent/pseudomorphic epitaxial growth with little crystalline defect creation. The band offset between Si and GaP suggests that GaP can function as an electron-selective contact, and it has been theoretically shown that GaP/Si integrated solar cells have the potential to overcome the limitations of common a-Si based heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells.
Despite the promising potential of GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells, there are two main obstacles to realize high performance photovoltaic devices from this structure. First, the growth of the polar material (GaP) on the non-polar material (Si) is a challenge in how to suppress the formation of structural defects, such as anti-phase domains (APD). Further, it is widely observed that the minority-carrier lifetime of the Si substrates is significantly decreased during epitaxially growth of GaP on Si.
In this dissertation, two different GaP growth methods were compared and analyzed, including migration-enhanced epitaxy (MEE) and traditional molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). High quality GaP can be realized on precisely oriented (001) Si substrates by MBE growth, and the investigation of structural defect creation in the GaP/Si epitaxial structures was conducted using high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).
The mechanisms responsible for lifetime degradation were further investigated, and it was found that external fast diffusors are the origin for the degradation. Two practical approaches including the use of both a SiNx diffusion barrier layer and P-diffused layers, to suppress the Si minority-carrier lifetime degradation during GaP epitaxial growth on Si by MBE were proposed. To achieve high performance of GaP/Si solar cells, different GaP/Si structures were designed, fabricated and compared, including GaP as a hetero-emitter, GaP as a heterojunction on the rear side, inserting passivation membrane layers at the GaP/Si interface, and GaP/wet-oxide functioning as a passivation contact. A designed of a-Si free carrier-selective contact MoOx/Si/GaP solar cells demonstrated 14.1% power conversion efficiency.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017
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Guo, Jing-Huei, and 郭菁輝. "An Integrated Experiment System for Solar Power Generation." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96475845844562790269.
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碩士北臺灣科學技術學院
機電整合研究所
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The developments and usages of green energy are important national policies. The green energy applications are an important part for the education of electrical and mechanical engineering. To enhance the efficiency of the teaching of green energy applications, this thesis uses MATLAB/GUI functions to develop a human-machine interface and design the screen for use to integrate different solar power generation experiments in the same environment. Have to do this, users can execute experiments without operating MATLAB/Simulink in detail, and can reduce the barriers for solar power experiments, increase the operating convenience, and upgrade the benefits of existing solar power equipment.