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Journal articles on the topic 'Solar exposure'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Turnbull, D. J., and P. W. Schouten. "Utilising polyphenylene oxide for high exposure solar UVA dosimetry." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 10 (May 23, 2008): 2759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2759-2008.

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Abstract. A personal UV dosimeter that can quantitatively assess high exposure solar UVA exposures has been developed. The chemical polyphenylene oxide has been previously reported on its ability to measure high UVB exposures. This current research has found that polyphenylene oxide, cast in thin film form, is responsive to both the UVA and UVB parts of the solar spectrum. Further to this, the UVB wavelengths were filtered out with the use of mylar. This combined system responded to the UVA wavelengths only and underwent a change in optical absorbance as a result of UVA exposure. Preliminary results indicate that this UVA dosimeter saturates steadily when exposed to sunlight and can measure exposures of more than 20 MJ/m2 of solar UVA radiation with an uncertainty level of no more than ±5%.

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2

Turnbull, D. J., and P. W. Schouten. "Utilising polyphenylene oxide for high exposure solar UVA dosimetry." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 6, 2008): 2129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-2129-2008.

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Abstract. Researchers at the University of Southern Queensland have developed a personal UV dosimeter that can quantitatively assess high exposure solar UVA exposures. The chemical polyphenylene oxide has been previously reported on its ability to measure high UVB exposures. This current research has found that polyphenylene oxide, cast in thin film form, is responsive to both the UVA and UVB parts of the solar spectrum. Further to this, the UVB wavelengths were filtered out with the use of mylar. This combined system responded to the UVA wavelengths only and underwent a change in optical absorbance as a result of UVA exposure. Preliminary results indicate that this UVA dosimeter saturates steadily when exposed to sunlight and can measure exposures of more than 20 MJ/m2 of solar UVA radiation with an uncertainty level of no more than ±5%.

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3

Jiwani, Aliya Z., and Louis R. Pasquale. "Exfoliation Syndrome and Solar Exposure." International Ophthalmology Clinics 55, no. 4 (2015): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iio.0000000000000092.

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4

Turnbull, D. J., and A. V. Parisi. "Utilising shade to optimize UV exposure for vitamin D." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2008): 781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-781-2008.

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Abstract. Numerous studies have stated that humans need to utilise full sun radiation, at certain times of the day, to assist the body in synthesising the required levels of vitamin D3. The time needed to be spent in the full sun depends on a number of factors, for example, age, skin type, latitude, solar zenith angle. Current Australian guidelines suggest exposure to approximately 1/6 to 1/3 of a minimum erythemal dose (MED), depending on age, would be appropriate to provide adequate vitamin D3 levels. The aim of the study was to determine the exposure times to diffuse solar UV to receive exposures of 1/6 and 1/3 MED for a changing solar zenith angle in order to assess the possible role that diffuse UV (scattered radiation) may play in vitamin D3 effective UV exposures (UVD3). Diffuse and global erythemal UV measurements were conducted at five minute intervals over a twelve month period for a solar zenith angle range of 4° to 80° at a latitude of 27.6° S. For diffuse UV exposures of 1/6 and 1/3 MED, solar zenith angles smaller than 60° and 50° respectively can be utilised for exposure times of less than 10 min. Spectral measurements showed that, for a solar zenith angle of 40°, the UVA (315–400 nm) in the diffuse component of the solar UV is reduced by approximately 62% compared to the UVA in the global UV, whereas UVD3 wavelengths are only reduced by approximately 43%. At certain latitudes, diffuse UV under shade may play an important role in providing the human body with adequate levels of UVD3 (290–330 nm) radiation without experiencing the high levels of damaging UVA observed in full sun.

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5

Turnbull, D. J., and A. V. Parisi. "Utilising shade to optimize UV exposure for vitamin D." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 11 (June 2, 2008): 2841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2841-2008.

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Abstract. Numerous studies have stated that humans need to utilise full sun radiation, at certain times of the day, to assist the body in synthesising the required levels of vitamin D3. The time needed to be spent in the full sun depends on a number of factors, for example, age, skin type, latitude, solar zenith angle. Current Australian guidelines suggest exposure to approximately 1/6 to 1/3 of a minimum erythemal dose (MED), depending on age, would be appropriate to provide adequate vitamin D3 levels. The aim of the study was to determine the exposure times to diffuse solar UV to receive exposures of 1/6 and 1/3 MED for a changing solar zenith angle in order to assess the possible role that diffuse UV (scattered radiation) may play in vitamin D3 effective UV exposures (UVD3). Diffuse and global erythemal UV measurements were conducted at five minute intervals over a twelve month period for a solar zenith angle range of 4° to 80° at a latitude of 27.6° S. For a diffuse UV exposure of 1/3 MED, solar zenith angles smaller than approximately 50° can be utilised for exposure times of less than 10 min. Spectral measurements showed that, for a solar zenith angle of 40°, the UVA (315–400 nm) in the diffuse component of the solar UV is reduced by approximately 62% compared to the UVA in the global UV, whereas UVD3 wavelengths are only reduced by approximately 43%. At certain latitudes, diffuse UV under shade may play an important role in providing the human body with adequate levels of UVD3 (290–315 nm) radiation without experiencing the high levels of UVA observed in full sun.

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6

El-Swify, M. E., and M. Z. Metias. "Performance of double exposure solar still." Renewable Energy 26, no. 4 (August 2002): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(01)00160-4.

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7

O'Brien, John P. "Vascular Accidents After Actinic (Solar) Exposure." International Journal of Dermatology 26, no. 6 (July 1987): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1987.tb00562.x.

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8

Diffey, Brian L. "Human exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 1, no. 3 (October 2002): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1473-2165.2002.00060.x.

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9

Sayre, R. M., and J. C. Dowdy. "016��Daily non-solar UV exposure." Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 18, no. 2 (April 2002): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0781.2002.180208_16.x.

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10

Moore, S. W. "Exposure testing of solar absorber surfaces." Solar Energy Materials 16, no. 5 (November 1987): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1633(87)90037-2.

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11

Chaudhari, Rujuta, M. Mansoor Ahammed, and Shilpa Dave. "Solar disinfection of natural waters with modified solar concentrators." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.042.

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Solar water disinfection is a proven method for household purification of drinking water. Compound parabolic collectors (CPCs) have been used to enhance the inactivation rate of microorganisms. In the present study, a modified CPC with a higher concentration ratio of 1.1 was employed to further speed up the process. A large number of tests were conducted with water samples collected from different naturally contaminated water sources of varying characteristics under natural sunlight. Results indicated substantial reduction in exposure time for complete inactivation of indicator organisms, total coliforms and Escherichia coli, in modified CPCs compared with that in PET bottles at different solar intensity conditions. Even with weak solar intensity conditions (average values <400 W/m2), complete inactivation of test organisms could be achieved in all the test waters including those with high initial concentrations (total coliforms – 1.1 × 106 MPN/100 mL and E. coli - 1.25 × 105CFU/mL) within 6 h of exposure when modified CPC was employed. No regrowth of microorganisms was observed in the modified CPC up to 48 h of storage following exposure. The study thus suggests that the use of modified solar concentrators can result in significant reduction in the exposure time required for complete inactivation of naturally occurring microorganisms.

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12

Boiano, James M., Sharon R. Silver, Rebecca J. Tsai, Wayne T. Sanderson, Sa Liu, and Lawrence W. Whitehead. "Development of Job Exposure Matrices to Estimate Occupational Exposure to Solar and Artificial Ultraviolet Radiation." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 9 (October 3, 2020): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa076.

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Abstract Objectives Job exposure matrices (JEMs) are important tools for estimating occupational exposures in study populations where only information on industry and occupation (I&O) are available. JEMs The objective of this work was to create JEMs for solar and artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) using a US standardized coding scheme. Methods Using U.S. Census Bureau industry and occupation codes, separate lists of I&O pairs were developed for solar and artificial UVR by a panel of Certified Industrial Hygienists who assigned exposure ratings to I&O pairs with potential exposure. Parameters for exposure included prevalence (P) and frequency (F) for solar UVR and P, F, and intensity (I) for artificial UVR. Prevalence, or percent of all workers employed in an I&O pair who were exposed, was categorically rated: 0 to <1, 1 to <20; 20 to <80, and ≥80. Frequency of exposure, defined by the number of hours per week workers were exposed, was categorically rated: 0 to <5, 5 to <20, 20 to <35, and ≥35 h per week. For artificial UVR only, intensity of exposure was assigned three ratings: low, low with rare excursions, and >low under normal conditions. Discrepant ratings were resolved via consensus. Results After excluding I&O pairs assigned P and F ratings of 0 (solar UVR) and P, F, and I ratings of 0 (artificial UVR) from the JEM, 9206 I&O pairs were rated for solar UVR and 2010 I&O pairs for artificial UVR. For solar UVR, 723 (7.9% of all rated pairs) had ratings in the highest category for P and F; this group included 45 occupations in varied industries. Construction and extraction occupations represented most of the occupations (n = 20; 44%), followed by farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (n = 6; 13%). For artificial UVR, 87 I&O pairs (4.3% of all rated pairs) had maximum ratings for P, F, and I; these comprised a single occupation (welding, soldering, and brazing workers) in diverse industries. Conclusions JEMs for solar and artificial UVR were developed for a broad range of I&O pairs in the US population and are available for use by researchers conducting occupational epidemiological studies.

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13

Downs, Nathan J., Taryn Axelsen, Alfio V. Parisi, Peter W. Schouten, and Ben R. Dexter. "Measured UV Exposures of Ironman, Sprint and Olympic-Distance Triathlon Competitors." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050440.

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Triathletes present an extreme case of modelled behaviour in outdoor sport that favours enhanced exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation. This research presents personal solar ultraviolet exposures, measured using all-weather polysulphone film dosimeters, to triathletes during the distinct swimming, cycling and running stages of competitive Sprint, Olympic and Ironman events conducted within Australia and New Zealand. Measurements of exposure are made for each triathlon stage using film dosimeters fixed at a single site to the headwear of competing triathletes. Exposures are expressed relative to the local ambient and as absolute calibrated erythemally effective values across a total of eight triathlon courses (two Ironman, one half Ironman, one Olympic-distance, and four Sprint events). Competitor exposure results during training are also presented. Exposures range from between 0.2 to 6.8 SED/h (SED: standard erythema dose) depending upon the time of year, the local time of each event and cloud conditions. Cycle stage exposures can exceed 20 SED and represent the highest exposure fraction of any triathlon (average = 32%). The next highest stage exposure occurred during the swim (average = 28%), followed by the run (average = 26%). During an Ironman, personal competitor exposures exceed 30 SED, making triathlon a sporting discipline with potentially the highest personal ultraviolet exposure risk.

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14

J. Lewis, B., L. G. I. Bennett, A. R. Green, M. J. McCall, B. Ellaschuk, A. Butler, and M. Pierre. "Galactic and Solar Radiation Exposure to Aircrew during a Solar Cycle." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 102, no. 3 (November 1, 2002): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006091.

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15

Johnson, David W., James M. Krall, Ronald H. Delaney, and Larry O. Pochop. "Response of Monocot and Dicot Weed Species to Fresnel Lens Concentrated Solar Radiation." Weed Science 37, no. 6 (November 1989): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500072866.

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Fresnel lenses are used to concentrate solar radiation to a line or point. A linear Fresnel lens (0.91 by 1.52 m, 0.74-m focal length, 0.01- by 1.52-m line focus) was investigated as a method for weed control. Field experiments were conducted to assess the effect of Fresnel lens concentrated solar radiation at various exposure times, stages of plant growth, and soil surface moisture conditions. On a dry soil surface exposure times of 1 to 10 s at 290 C resulted in control of redroot pigweed from 100% for a 1-s exposure at the cotyledon stage to 89% for a 10-s exposure at the 10-leaf stage. Redroot pigweed and kochia control was similar at exposures of 3 to 10 s, but less for kochia at 1 and 2 s. Green foxtail control was less than that of kochia and redroot pigweed. Control was reduced on a moist compared to a dry soil surface. Concentrated solar radiation holds the greatest potential for control of small dicot weeds on a dry soil surface.

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16

Gregory, Paul A., Lawrie J. Rikus, and Jeffrey D. Kepert. "Testing and Diagnosing the Ability of the Bureau of Meteorology’s Numerical Weather Prediction Systems to Support Prediction of Solar Energy Production." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51, no. 9 (September 2012): 1577–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-10-05027.1.

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AbstractThe ability of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems to predict solar exposure (or insolation) was tested, with the aim of predicting large-scale solar energy several days in advance. The bureau’s Limited Area Prediction System (LAPS) and Mesoscale Assimilation model (MALAPS) were examined for the 2008 calendar year. Comparisons were made with estimates of solar exposure obtained from satellites for the whole Australian continent, as well as site-based exposure observations taken at eight locations across Australia. Monthly-averaged forecast solar exposure over Australia showed good agreement with satellite estimates; the day-to-day exposure values showed some consistent biases, however. Differences in forecast solar exposure were attributed to incorrect representation of convective cloud in the tropics during summer as well as clouds formed by orographic lifting over mountainous areas in southeastern Australia. Comparison with site-based exposure observations was conducted on a daily and hourly basis. The site-based exposure measurements were consistent with the findings from the analysis against satellite data. Hourly analysis at selected sites confirmed that models predicted the solar exposure accurately through low-level clouds (e.g., cumulus), provided that the forecast cloud coverage was accurate. The NWP models struggle to predict solar exposure through middle and high clouds formed by ice crystals (e.g., altocumulus). Sites located in central Australia showed that the monthly-averaged errors in daily solar exposure forecast by the NWP systems were within 5%–10%, up to two days in advance. These errors increased to 20%–30% in the tropics and coastal areas.

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17

Gies, Peter, Colin Roy, Simon Toomey, and David Tomlinson. "Ambient Solar UVR, Personal Exposure and Protection." Journal of Epidemiology 9, no. 6sup (1999): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.9.6sup_115.

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18

Stock, Ricardo Alexandre, Simone Louise Savaris, Erasmo Carlos Rodrigues de Lima Filho, and Elcio Luiz Bonamigo. "Solar retinopathy without abnormal exposure: case report." Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 76, no. 2 (April 2013): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27492013000200012.

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19

Good, Gregory W., and John P. Schoessler. "Chronic solar radiation exposure and endothelial polymegethism." Current Eye Research 7, no. 2 (January 1988): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02713688808995745.

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20

Arshad, Kutty, Balasundaram Janarthanan, and Sengottain Shanmugan. "Performance of honeycomb double exposure solar still." Desalination and Water Treatment 26, no. 1-3 (February 2011): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.1826.

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21

Koutchmy, Serge. "Serge Koutchmy: Spectacular exposure to solar eclipses." Physics World 14, no. 4 (April 2001): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/14/4/41.

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22

Wong, J. C. F., and A. V. Parisi. "Measurement of UVA Exposure to Solar Radiation." Photochemistry and Photobiology 63, no. 6 (June 1996): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb09634.x.

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23

BOMARJR, S., G. FREEMAN, and J. LEFFERDO. "Performance of materials under hyperthermal solar exposure." Energy 12, no. 3-4 (March 1987): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(87)90082-x.

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24

Ahmad Shah, Wan Insaniah Saleha, and Ahmad Fairuz Omar. "Spectroscopy and Light Emitting Diodes Based System in Characterizing External Beam Therapy 3 Films for Solar Ultraviolet Measurement." Photonic Sensors 10, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-019-0565-6.

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Abstract Gafchromic external beam therapy 3 (EBT3) film has widely been used in medical field applications. Principally, the EBT3 film’s color gradually changes from light green to darker color under incremental exposures by ionizing or even non-ionizing ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Peak absorbance of the EBT3 film can be used to predict absorbed doses by the film. However, until today, related researches still rely on spectrometers for color analysis of EBT3 films. Hence, this paper presents a comparative analysis between results produced by the spectrometer and a much simpler light-emitting diode-photodiode based system in profiling the color changes of EBT3 films after exposure by solar UV radiation. This work has been conducted on a set of 50 EBT3 samples with incremental solar UV exposure (doses). The wavelength in the red region has the best sensitivity in profiling the color changes of EBT3 films for low solar UV exposure measurement. This study foresees the ability of blue wavelength to profile films with a large range of solar UV exposure. The LED (light emitting diode)-based optical system has produced comparable measurement accuracies to the spectrometer and thus, with a potential for replacing the need for a multipurpose spectroscopy system for simple measurement of light attenuation.

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25

Albarado, Tesia L., William A. Hollerman, David Edwards, Whitney Hubbs, and Charles Semmel. "Electron Exposure Measurements of Candidate Solar Sail Materials." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1823495.

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Solar sailing is a unique form of propulsion where a spacecraft gains momentum from incident photons. Since sails are not limited by reaction mass, they provide continual acceleration, reduced only by the lifetime of the lightweight film in the space environment and the distance to the Sun. Practical solar sails can expand the number of possible missions that are difficult by conventional means. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is concentrating research into the utilization of ultra lightweight materials for spacecraft propulsion. Solar sails are generally composed of a highly reflective metallic front layer, a thin polymeric substrate, and occasionally a highly emissive back surface. The Space Environmental Effects Team at MSFC is actively characterizing candidate sails to evaluate the thermo-optical and mechanical properties after exposure to electrons. This paper will discuss the preliminary results of this research.

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Hashim, Irfan Danial, Ammar Asyraf Ismail, and Muhammad Arief Azizi. "Solar Tracker." International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science 2, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0201.60.

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Solar Tracker The generation of power from the reduction of fossil fuels is the biggest challenge for the next half century. The idea of converting solar energy into electrical energy using photovoltaic panels holds its place in the front row compared to other renewable sources. But the continuous change in the relative angle of the sun with reference to the earth reduces the watts delivered by solar panel. Conventional solar panel, fixed with a certain angle, limits their area of exposure from the sun due to rotation of the earth. Output of the solar cells depends on the intensity of the sun and the angle of incidence. To solve this problem, an automatic solar cell is needed, where the Solar Tracker will track the motion of the sun across the sky to ensure that the maximum amount of sunlight strikes the panels throughout the day. By using Light Dependent Resistors, it will navigate the solar panel to get the best angle of exposure of light from the sun.

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27

Schmalwieser, Alois W., Giuseppe R. Casale, Alfredo Colosimo, Susanne S. Schmalwieser, and Anna Maria Siani. "Review on Occupational Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020142.

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During leisure time, people can decide if they want to expose themselves to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to what extent. While working, people do not have this choice. Outdoor workers are exposed to solar UV radiation (UVR) on a daily basis. This may pose a certain health risk, which can be estimated when the personal solar UVR exposure (PE) is known. During past decades, a variety of studies were conducted to measure PE of outdoor workers and our knowledge of the PE of outdoor workers has increased remarkably. As shown by this review, studies clearly indicate that PE of most outdoor workers exceeds the internationally proposed threshold limit value, which is comparable to 1.0 to 1.3 standard erythema dose (SED), respectively, to 1.1 to 1.5 UV Index received over one hour. Besides working in a high UVR environ, monotonic workflow (limited movement, nearly static posture) is a risk factor. In such cases, PE can be higher than ambient UVR. In this review, we provide also a list of milestones, depicting the progress and the most important findings in this field during the past 45 years. However, in many respects our knowledge is still rudimentary, for several reasons. Different measuring positions have been used so that measured PE is not comparable. Few studies were designed to enable the extension of measured PE to other locations or dates. Although the importance of a proper calibration of the measuring devices in respect to the changing solar spectrum was pointed out from the beginning, this is often not performed, which leads to high uncertainties in the presented PE levels. At the end of our review, we provide some key points, which can be used to evaluate the quality of a study respectively to support the design of future studies.

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Bdliya, Bulus, and Peter Abraham. "Efficacy of Mahogany Bark Aqueous Extracts and Exposure to Solar Heat for Treatment of Potato Tuber Soft Rot Caused by Erwinia Carotovora Ssp. Carotovora." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0066-5.

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Efficacy of Mahogany Bark Aqueous Extracts and Exposure to Solar Heat for Treatment of Potato Tuber Soft Rot Caused byErwinia CarotovoraSsp.CarotovoraThe efficacy of combining tuber treatment with mahogany bark aqueous extracts and exposure to solar heat for the control of potato tuber soft rot was investigated. Artificially inoculated potato tubers were treated with mahogany bark aqueous extracts and exposed to solar heat for zero, one, two and three hours. The results showed that tuber treatment with the plant extract followed by exposure to solar heat significantly reduced the incidence and severity of tuber soft rot compared to the control group. However, the highest reduction in the incidence and severity of the disease was recorded on tubers treated with the plant extract and incubated immediately after treatment (no exposure to solar heat). This suggests that the plant extract is more effective at lower than higher temperatures. Potato tuber losses due to soft rot could therefore be managed by tuber treatment with mahogany bark extract and no exposure to solar heat.

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Bodekær, M., P. A. Philipsen, B. Petersen, J. Heydenreich, and H. C. Wulf. "Defining “intermittent UVR exposure”." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 15, no. 9 (2016): 1176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6pp00137h.

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Intermittent UVR exposure has been linked to cutaneous malignant melanoma. In previous studies intermittent UVR exposure has mainly been assessed using retrospective questionnaire data. We introduce a well-defined and objective measure of “intermittent UVR exposure” by use of personal UVR dosimetry. This measure may provide a better prediction of solar skin damage, and CMM than retrospective questionnaire data.

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30

Abdullahi, G., R. Muhamad, O. Dzolkhifli, and U. R. Sinniah. "Efficiency of cardboard solar heater boxes for disinfestations of stored grains against arthropod pest." Agricultural Science and Technology 11, no. 3 (September 2019): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2019.03.043.

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Abstract. The solar heater box is a modest technology that enables easy collection and retention of solar radiation as heat at levels lethal to stored product arthropod pest inside the box. This study was designed to construct solar heater boxes of appreciable capacities to hold large quantities of grains, assess their heat-trapping efficiency and the influence of beans quantity and exposure time on same. Solar heater boxes of five different sizes were constructed for this study. Their heat-trapping capacity was evaluated by exposure to the sunlight for 5h. The influence of bean quantity and exposure on heat capture capabilities of the best performing solar heater box was evaluated using five different quantities of cocoa beans (9, 12, 15, 18 and 21kg) for 2h of exposure period. The result for heat trapping capacity shows that the largest solar heater box trapped the highest mean between and within bean temperatures (69.38±4.97 and 69.45±3.97C, respectively) in 5h of exposure time. The result of the experiment on the effect of bean quantity and exposure time on heat-trapping efficiency show the highest temperature was obtained at 120min exposure time using 9kg of cocoa beans for both between and within bean temperature (70.00±0.73 and 71.23±0.85oC, respectively). The implications of these findings in applying this technology for stored product arthropods pest management on durable commodities were discussed.

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Peters, Cheryl E., Elena Pasko, Peter Strahlendorf, Dorothy Linn Holness, and Thomas Tenkate. "Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure among Outdoor Workers in Three Canadian Provinces." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz044.

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AbstractIntroductionSolar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure places outdoor workers at risk of skin cancer and exposure is difficult to control. In response, the Sun Safety at Work Canada (SSAWC) project was undertaken (2014–2016). The purpose of this substudy was to characterize the UVR exposure levels of outdoor workers in the SSAWC project.MethodsThirteen workplaces in the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario, and Nova Scotia participated in an exposure monitoring campaign (late summer/early fall 2016). Study participants were workers from power utilities and municipalities. Participants wore a UVR measurement badge (light-sensitive polysulfone plastic) on their wrist, shoulder, or hardhat. Badge calibration and absorbance measurements were performed in the AusSun Research Lab. Personal UVR doses are presented as standard erythemal doses (SED) and compared with the internationally recommended exposure limit (1.3 SED), as well as to the total available UVR by date. Generalized linear models were used to examine determinants of solar UVR for personal UVR dose (for both SED and percent of ambient UVR). Models considered badge placement, date, province, industry, main job task, and the hours spent outdoors.ResultsMean personal UVR dose of participating workers was 6.1 SED (nearly 5× the recommended limit). Just 14% of workers experienced ‘acceptable’ levels of solar radiation; 10% were exposed at >10 times the limit. In univariate analyses, workers in Ontario had the highest levels (mean 7.3 SED), but even in the lowest exposed province (British Columbia), the mean personal UVR dose was 4.5 SED. Utility workers had double the exposure of municipal workers (10.4 and 5.5 SED, respectively). In the determinants of exposure models, the differences by province were muted, but utility line workers and those in general maintenance had higher predicted exposures. Those who wore their badge on their hardhat also had higher values of SED in the fully adjusted determinants models.ConclusionsSolar ultraviolet overexposure among outdoor workers is a concern, even in a country like Canada with relatively low ambient UVR. Implementation of sun safety programs should be supported in an effort to reduce exposure in this vulnerable group of workers.

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Blumthaler, M., and W. Ambach. "Human solar ultraviolet radiant exposure in high mountains." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 22, no. 4 (January 1988): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90012-1.

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Floyd, Linton. "Filter responsivity degradation caused by solar UV exposure." Advances in Space Research 23, no. 8 (January 1999): 1459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(99)00298-7.

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Muñoz-Pandiella, I., C. Bosch, N. Mérillou, X. Pueyo, and S. Mérillou. "Real-Time Solar Exposure Simulation in Complex Cities." Computer Graphics Forum 36, no. 8 (May 4, 2017): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13152.

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Schmalwieser, Alois W., and Anna Maria Siani. "Review on Nonoccupational Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements." Photochemistry and Photobiology 94, no. 5 (June 28, 2018): 900–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/php.12946.

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Jang, Jae-Kil, and Hyunhee Park. "Workers' Possible Exposure Hazards in Solar Energy Industries." Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 33, no. 5 (October 30, 2013): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2013.33.5.024.

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Sansoni, Paola, Daniela Fontani, Franco Francini, David Jafrancesco, Giacomo Pierucci, and Maurizio De Lucia. "Technique for Outdoor Test on Concentrating Photovoltaic Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/308541.

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Outdoor experimentation of solar cells is essential to maximize their performance and to assess utilization requirements and limits. More generally tests with direct exposure to the sun are useful to understand the behavior of components and new materials for solar applications in real working conditions. Insolation and ambient factors are uncontrollable but can be monitored to know the environmental situation of the solar exposure experiment. A parallel characterization of the photocells can be performed in laboratory under controllable and reproducible conditions. A methodology to execute solar exposure tests is proposed and practically applied on photovoltaic cells for a solar cogeneration system. The cells are measured with concentrated solar light obtained utilizing a large Fresnel lens mounted on a sun tracker. Outdoor measurements monitor the effects of the exposure of two multijunction photovoltaic cells to focused sunlight. The main result is the continuous acquisition of theV-I(voltage-current) curve for the cells in different conditions of solar concentration and temperature of exercise to assess their behavior. The research investigates electrical power extracted, efficiency, temperatures reached, and possible damages of the photovoltaic cell.

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Felton, S. J., B. B. Shih, R. E. B. Watson, R. Kift, A. R. Webb, and L. E. Rhodes. "Photoprotection conferred by low level summer sunlight exposures against pro-inflammatory UVR insult." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 19, no. 6 (2020): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00452a.

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Tanning (melanisation and epidermal thickening) is a photoprotective response to solar UVR exposure, but it has been unclear to what degree low-level exposures induce this, or whether this modifies the histological inflammatory response to UVR.

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Glanz, Karen, Peter Gies, David L. O'Riordan, Tom Elliott, Eric Nehl, Frances McCarty, and Erica Davis. "Validity of Self-reported Solar UVR Exposure Compared with Objectively Measured UVR Exposure." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 19, no. 12 (October 12, 2010): 3005–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0709.

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Bryson, K. L., F. Salama, A. Elsaesser, Z. Peeters, A. J. Ricco, B. H. Foing, and Y. Goreva. "First results of the ORGANIC experiment on EXPOSE-R on the ISS." International Journal of Astrobiology 14, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550414000597.

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AbstractThe ORGANIC experiment on EXPOSE-R spent 682 days outside the International Space Station, providing continuous exposure to the cosmic-, solar- and trapped-particle radiation background for fourteen samples: 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three fullerenes. The thin films of the ORGANIC experiment received, during space exposure, an irradiation dose of the order of 14 000 MJ m−2 over 2900 h of unshadowed solar illumination. Extensive analyses were performed on the returned samples and the results compared to ground control measurements. Analytical studies of the returned samples included spectral measurements from the vacuum ultraviolet to the infrared range and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Limited spectral changes were observed in most cases pointing to the stability of PAHs and fullerenes under space exposure conditions. Furthermore, the results of these experiments confirm the known trend in the stability of PAH species according to molecular structure: compact PAHs are more stable than non-compact PAHs, which are themselves more stable than PAHs containing heteroatoms, the last category being the most prone to degradation in the space environment. We estimate a depletion rate of the order of 85 ± 5% over the 17 equivalent weeks of continuous unshadowed solar exposure in the most extreme case tetracene (smallest, non-compact PAH sample). The insignificant spectral changes (below 10%) measured for solid films of large or compact PAHs and fullerenes indicate a high stability under the range of space exposure conditions investigated on EXPOSE-R.

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Hassanain, A. A. "Drying sage (Salvia officinalis L.) in passive solar dryers." Research in Agricultural Engineering 57, No. 1 (March 21, 2011): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/14/2010-rae.

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Sage plants (Salvia officinalis L.) were dried in the passive dryers in different times of the year. Different passive solar dryers were used to achieve the socio-economical benefits from drying the medicinal plants growing in Sinai area. Drying sage plants might be a source to increase the Bedouin income instead of cannabis or marijuana, especially if it is exported abroad. Four drying methods were used in this investigation to dry sage in two seasons, namely August 2009 and March 2010 before flowering stage. Plants were dried in an Unglazed transpired passive solar dryer with 100% exposure to direct sun-rays, in a greenhouse dryer covered with shading cloth with 50% exposure to direct sun-rays, and with 0% sun-rays while the medicinal plants were protected from sun i.e. in shaded barn. Investigations were carried out under the environmental weather conditions of Ismailia, Egypt. The study revealed that sage can be dried at different times of the year even before the flowering stage of the plants.

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Thomson, Stuart A. J., Stephen C. Hogg, Ifor D. W. Samuel, and David J. Keeble. "Air exposure induced recombination in PTB7:PC71BM solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 41 (2017): 21926–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03741d.

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Wang, X. D., S. Y. He, and D. Z. Yang. "Low-energy Electron Exposure Effects on the Optical Properties of ZnO/K2SiO3 Thermal Control Coating." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 7 (July 2002): 1766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0261.

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An experimental investigation was undertaken to study low-energy electron exposure effects upon ZnO/K2SiO3 thermal control coating. The specimens were exposed to 10-, 30-, 50-, and 70-keV electrons, respectively. The spectral reflectance of each specimen was measured in situ before and after electron exposures. The solar absorptance was calculated by assuming a Johnson solar spectral irradiance distribution. Electron paramagnetic resonance and photoluminescence measurements were made before and after electron exposures to explain physical changes induced by the electron exposures. All the specimens exhibited a reflectance decrease throughout the visible and the near-infrared regions, and also the induced optical degradation was found to be electron energy dependent, with increased damage for increasing electron energy. It is believed that the optical degradation of ZnO/K2SiO3 thermal control coating, induced by the low-energy electron exposures, is mainly due to the ionization process of the ZnO pigment.

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Tezari, A., P. Paschalis, M. Gerontidou, H. Mavromichalaki, and P. Karaiskos. "Radiation exposure of aircrews due to Space Radiation." HNPS Proceedings 26 (April 1, 2019): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1822.

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Space radiation mainly consists of trapped particles inside the Earth’s magnetosphere, galactic and solar cosmic rays. Cosmic rays propagating in the interplanetary medium, reach the top of the Earth’s atmosphere and collide with the molecules of the atmospheric layers creating showers of secondary particles that can be recorded by ground-based neutron monitors or muon detectors. Due to these cascades, the radiation environment in various atmospheric altitudes is entirely different than the one experienced on the Earth’s surface. Space radiation is ionizing (trapped particles, galactic and solar cosmic rays) as well as non-ionizing (ultra-violet radiation). It is known that ionizing radiation is very dangerous for all biological systems, causing a variety of acute and chronic effects. The determination of the occupational exposure of aircrews to space radiation is of great importance. DYnamic Atmospheric Shower Tracking Interactive Model Application (DYASTIMA), as well as its extension DYASTIMA-R, is a standalone application, based on the toolkit Geant4, that simulates the propagation of cosmic radiation into the atmosphere. DYASTIMA provides all the necessary information about the study of the cascade in different atmospheric altitudes, while DYASTIMA-R, as a dosimetry application, calculates radiobiological quantities, such as dose rate and equivalent dose rate for the determination of the exposure, based on the output provided by DYASTIMA. These quantities are calculated for solar minimum and solar maximum conditions. DYASTIMA can be accessed through the portals ofthe European Space Agency (ESA) (http://swe.ssa.esa.int/spaceradiation) and the Athens Neutron Monitor Station (A.Ne.Mo.S) (http://cosray.phys.uoa.gr/index.php/dyastima).

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Krivoruchko, A., K. Drachenko, S. Drachenko, and A. Korol. "Case Report: Solar retinopathy following exposure to reflected sunlight." Oftalmologicheskii Zhurnal 79, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31288/oftalmolzh201926166.

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Y. Al-Saffawi, Abdul-Aziz, and Reem A. Talaat. "Sewage Water Purification Through Direct Exposure to Solar Radiation." Rafidain Journal of Science 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rjs.2018.141073.

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Gulamova, D. D., D. E. Uskenbaev, Zh Sh Turdiev, Yo K. Toshmurodov, and S. H. Bobokulov. "Synthesis of silicon carbide by exposure to solar radiation." Applied Solar Energy 45, no. 2 (June 2009): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0003701x09020091.

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Li, Yilun, and Li Ma. "Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and breast cancer risk." Medicine 99, no. 45 (November 6, 2020): e23105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000023105.

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K. G. Gebremedhin, C. N. Lee, P. E. Hillman, and R. J. Collier. "Physiological Responses of Dairy Cows during Extended Solar Exposure." Transactions of the ASABE 53, no. 1 (2010): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29499.

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Toner, C. G., S. M. Jefferies, and T. L. Duvall. "Restoration of Long‐Exposure Full‐Disk Solar Intensity Images." Astrophysical Journal 478, no. 2 (April 1997): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/303836.

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