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Journal articles on the topic 'Solar cells – Design and construction'
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1
Bhavnani, S. H. "Design and Construction of a Solar-Electric Vehicle." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 116, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930061.
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Recent concerns relating to global warming caused by greenhouse gases, coupled with a growing awareness of the limited available resources of fossil fuels, have spurred an interest in alternative energy powered vehicles. This paper describes the analysis, development, and testing of an aerodynamic vehicle powered by photovoltaic cells. The primary components of the vehicle are the composite material body, the aluminum space frame, the wheel hubs and front suspension assembly, the drive train, and the electrical system. The frame was designed using finite element analysis with the components of the frame modeled as beam elements. The body, designed to have a very high strength-to-weight ratio, was of graphite/Kevlar/Nomex sandwich construction. Testing was carried out using the three-point bend test to determine the optimal sandwich cross-sectional configuration. The design of the front suspension, the wheel hubs, and the power transmission are also discussed. The electrical system, based on a monocrystalline photovoltaic cell assembly, and silver-zinc storage cells, is also described. Finally, results of the optimization routine developed are also described.
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Pavlovic, A., V. Mikhnych, M. Bertoldi, and C. Fragassa. "Investigating encapsulation design strategy of photovoltaic cells in the case of a solar race car." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1214, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1214/1/012042.
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Abstract The efficiency in converting solar energy into electricity is fundamental wherever photovoltaic panels are present, still more crucial in the design of racing solar vehicles. Even minimal reductions in conversion ratio, maintained for the long solar races, cause solar cars to lose race positions and competitiveness. Here we introduce a numerical-experimental study for choosing the best combination of materials to encapsulate cells in solar roofs. The tangible expectation is to improve the performance of the monocrystalline silicon cells used in our solar vehicle by maximizing heat dissipation to the environment. The operating temperature is in fact a determining factor for efficient conversion, with efficiency drops of the order of 5% every 10 °C. Different stratifications, some of which quite unusual in solar panel design, were compared by transient thermal simulations and experiments. Specifically, five alternatives were analyzed, varying in the presence and thickness of the encapsulation materials (ETFE, EVA and PET). The main scope of the work, however, was not choosing the best among several specific hypotheses, but the development of an accurate numerical model able to predict the behavior of the solar panel in conditions close to the expected ones. This model, in fact, has provided valuable help in optimizing the vehicle design by allowing to evaluate the effect of alternative materials and construction solutions in the cell’s construction housing structure.
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Bodnár, István, Dániel Koós, Patrik Iski, and Ádám Skribanek. "Design and Construction of a Sun Simulator for Laboratory Testing of Solar Cells." Acta Polytechnica Hungarica 17, no. 3 (2020): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12700/aph.17.3.2020.3.9.
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Nanda, Rizki Aulia, Karyadi Karyadi, Fathan Mubina Dewadi, Amir Amir, and Mohamad Rizkiyanto. "Archimedes' Principle Applied to Buoy Design for Measuring Purposes in Offshore Illumination Conditions." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore 3, no. 1 (August 8, 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jtmmx.v3i1.2692.
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Solar cells are becoming so common that every industry except PLN is already using them to produce alternative energy. The more solar cells used, the more light intensity meters are needed to calculate the amount of Illumination in a given area. This research entails constructing or implementing software, calculating the float's balance against the impact of waves, and determining how the float distributes load using the Archimedes principle. Electrical construction and chassis buoyancy are included in the design. When the density of water is greater than the density of the object, namely > objects (997 kg/m3 > 46.73 kg/m3), the variables obtained are the total weight of the buoy of 5,044 kg with the distribution of the object force of 49.43 N and the buoyant force of 1046.08 N. then this design produces the required buoyancy force when manufactured and used.
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Zhang, Shuaiqing. "Two-Terminal Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells: from Design to Commercial Prospect." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3780.
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Tandem Solar Cells (TSCs) with multi-junction are capable to break the SQ limit and achieve high PCE through absorbing larger range of light wavelength by multiple absorber layers with different band gaps. Perovskite solar cells are ideal light absorbing materials for TSC because of its high PCE, high suitability with other absorbers, low cost and easy fabrication. Perovskite-based TSCs have so far outperformed single-junction devices in PCE, garnering considerable interest from both academia and material industry. In this review, the basic science of perovskite Tandem Solar Cells (PTSCs) is presented, as well as the construction and properties of PSC as a top cell. Then three main types of PTSCs are introduced: Perovskite/Si, Perovskite/CIGS, and Perovskite/Perovskite including their design, challenges and fabrication methods. Finally, the current status and future prospects for commercialization of PTSCs are also discussed. According to recent developments, PTSCs are considered to be one of the most promising solar cells. Research on PTSCs could contribute to the development of desirable clean energy sources in order to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems of human beings.
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Li, Qianqian, Zhongxing Jiang, Jingui Qin, and Zhen Li. "Heterocyclic-Functionalized Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Tuning Solar Cell Performance by Structural Modification." Australian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 9 (2012): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12126.
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Due to their high conversion efficiency and low cost of production, dye-sensitized solar cells based on organic dyes have attracted considerable attention. By utilizing various heterocycles as construction blocks for organic dyes, the performance of solar cells was optimized to exhibit good light-harvesting features and suppress interfacial recombinations. The aim of this review is to highlight recent progress in the molecular design of heterocyclic-functionalized organic dyes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells, and special attention has been paid to the relationship between chemical structure and the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on these dyes.
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Dzyuba, N., T. Kaverzneva, N. Leonova, and I. Skripnik. "Protection Against Traffic Noise Acoustic Screens with Solar Cells." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 032003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/3/032003.
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Abstract In connection with the growth of cities and the increase in building density, the problem of noise control in the city is becoming increasingly relevant. To protect residential areas from the noise of traffic flows in megacities, acoustic barriers with their own design features are widely used. These features can be based on a number of reasons: a complex noise picture, imperfection of noise insulation or noise absorption materials, high cost of execution, and other reasons. The article shows that the use of transport acoustic barriers with hoods, the design of which includes solar panels, can ensure the investment attractiveness of highway projects due to the potential profit from the use of solar energy. The efficiency of the use of solar cells in the construction of transport acoustic barriers is evaluated on the example of protection against exceeding the permissible noise of a section of territory near a major highway in St. Petersburg. The necessary noise measurements were carried out and a 3D model of the highway section was created with an acoustic barrier design that combines the function of noise reduction and solar energy generation. The selection of the tilt angle of the hood of the acoustic transport barrier was carried out (it was proposed to place solar panels on the hood), when the use of solar energy in the territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region is sufficient to generate adequate electricity consumption in the period from April to September. To assess the effectiveness of the protective barrier, we used guidelines for protecting areas adjacent to highways from traffic noise from Rosavtodor for galleries and tunnels. The conducted assessments showed the prospects of using solar cells in the construction of transport acoustic barriers, as it is shown that even in geographical locations with relatively low solar activity, a useful effect can be obtained from the use of solar panels.
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Zhang, Lisha, Linlin Song, Qiwei Tian, Xingyu Kuang, Junqing Hu, Jianshe Liu, Jianmao Yang, and Zhigang Chen. "Flexible fiber-shaped CuInSe2 solar cells with single-wire-structure: Design, construction and performance." Nano Energy 1, no. 6 (November 2012): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.07.022.
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Schoden, Fabian, Anna Katharina Schnatmann, Tomasz Blachowicz, Hildegard Manz-Schumacher, and Eva Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp. "Circular Design Principles Applied on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 15280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215280.
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In a world with growing demand for resources and a worsening climate crisis, it is imperative to research and put into practice more sustainable and regenerative products and processes. Especially in the energy sector, more sustainable systems that are recyclable, repairable and remanufacturable are needed. One promising technology is dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). They can be manufactured with low energy input and can be made from non-toxic components. More than 70% of the environmental impact of a product is already determined in the design phase of a product, which is why it is essential to implement repair, remanufacturing and recycling concepts into the product design. In this publication, we explore appropriate design principles and business models that can be applied to DSSC technology. To realize this, we applied the concept of Circo Track, a method developed by the Technical University of Delft, to DSSCs and investigated which design concepts and business models are applicable. This method enables companies to transform a product that is disposed of after its useful life into one that can be used for longer and circulates in material cycles. The most important result is the description of a performance-based business model in which DSSCs are integrated into the customer’s building and green energy is provided as a service. During the operational phase, data is collected for product improvement and maintenance, and repair is executed when necessary. When the contract expires, it can be renewed, otherwise the modules are dismantled, reused, remanufactured or recycled.
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Li, Hongkun. "The Recent Progress and the state-of-art applications of Perovskite Solar Cells." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 5 (July 7, 2022): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v5i.745.
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With the awareness of using clean and sustainable energy, the utilization of solar power is of great importance in human society. Following the trend, solar cells are required to have higher and higher power conversion efficiency. Contemporarily, perovskite materials, as a new type of materials for construction of solar cells, exhibits great potential to have high efficiency. This article focuses on the methods on improving power conversion efficiencies of perovskite solar cells and discusses the limitation of recent technologies and industrial applications, and the future prospect of perovskite solar cells. To be specific, all the methods are focusing on the selection of materials suitable for cells design, from CsSnI3 to lead-based organic materials, the efficiencies have increased significantly. The method of stacking perovskite solar cells to make tandem solar cells improved efficiencies among all the methods. Meanwhile, the toxicity, low stability and difficulties in large-scale application are the main limitations for perovskite solar cells. For the future studies, it is important to search for materials with low toxicity and high stability. The technology for improving efficiency of large-scale solar cells is also required. These results provide a guideline for the future study in perovskite solar cells.
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Daoud, Raid W., Obed Majeed Ali, Omer Khalil Ahmed, and Ihab A. Satam. "Arduino-based design and implementation of experimental rooms with a trombe wall for solar cells applications." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 1248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i3.4522.
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The simplicity of design and construction following the researcher's or company's notion is the most typical description of solar panels. There will be a set of sensors in every design to derive information about the environment's shifting seasons and days. Two chambers of 1 m2 and 2 m in height were constructed for this study. A solar panel made from a unique exchangeable material has been installed instead of one of the walls, allowing a space between them for experimental reasons. Several temperature sensors were mounted inside and outside the chamber, as well as on the surface of the solar panel and within the air openings, in this work to record the temperature readings in various places. The used controller, an Arduino, is in charge of several operations, including controlling the solar panel's cooling device, reading and recording sensor data and storing it in RAM, controlling the orientation of the solar panel, controlling the vacuums, and regulating the on-off time of the motors. The findings show that by using sensor data, the system can keep the temperature constant when it is turned on. Additionally, the battery life will be preserved to the greatest extent feasible thanks to the well-balanced regulation of the loads.
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Huang, Dingyan, Huimin Xiang, Ran Ran, Wei Wang, Wei Zhou, and Zongping Shao. "Recent Advances in Nanostructured Inorganic Hole−Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 2592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12152592.
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Organic−inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received particular attention in the last decade because of the high−power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), facile fabrication route and low cost. However, one of the most crucial obstacles to hindering the commercialization of PSCs is the instability issue, which is mainly caused by the inferior quality of the perovskite films and the poor tolerance of organic hole−transporting layer (HTL) against heat and moisture. Inorganic HTL materials are regarded as promising alternatives to replace organic counterparts for stable PSCs due to the high chemical stability, wide band gap, high light transmittance and low cost. In particular, nanostructure construction is reported to be an effective strategy to boost the hole transfer capability of inorganic HTLs and then enhance the PCEs of PSCs. Herein, the recent advances in the design and fabrication of nanostructured inorganic materials as HTLs for PSCs are reviewed by highlighting the superiority of nanostructured inorganic HTLs over organic counterparts in terms of moisture and heat tolerance, hole transfer capability and light transmittance. Furthermore, several strategies to boost the performance of inorganic HTLs are proposed, including fabrication route design, functional/selectively doping, morphology control, nanocomposite construction, etc. Finally, the challenges and future research directions about nanostructured inorganic HTL−based PSCs are provided and discussed. This review presents helpful guidelines for the design and fabrication of high−efficiency and durable inorganic HTL−based PSCs.
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Xu, Haifeng, and Zhong Jin. "Reasonable construction of Fe3O4/Ni@N-RGO nanoflowers as highly efficient counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 7 (2020): 3604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00494d.
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The rational design of high-performance yet low-cost counter electrodes (CEs) with exceptional catalytic activity for the I−/I3− redox couple and excellent corrosion resistance is of great importance for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
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Shukla, Utkarsh. "Solar Autopilot Drone." Journal of Advanced Research in Power Electronics and Power Systems 07, no. 1&2 (May 13, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.1401.202003.
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Advances in technology have made the drone an affordable tool for various purposes. This article focuses on gaining knowledge of drone at a working and conceptual level. Firstly, there is a detailed explanation of the construction of the drone. Some of the most essential elements of a drone include frame, propellers, engine, system of power the electronic control and communication system. Whether you fly your drone for commercial or recreational purposes, staying in the air as long as possible is the goal. But of course, the battery life of the drone can put a damper on how much you can accomplish while you’re flying.Batteries serve as a major drawback because they get exhausted after 15 minutes of flight and thereby landing the drone on ground. The batteries used for powering the drones are lithium-polymer batteries.This project aims to provide an ingenious solution to this hurdle by introducing the current popular photovoltaic system into the UAV power system design.Solar drones use solar cells powered directly from the sun and solve major issues related to conventional drones such as increasing the flight time and risk of the drone losing connectivity with its controller. The design is to be modular for easy module upgrade and replacement. Using photovoltaic system minimizes the environmental impact, an issue that can be controversial for large projects built for utilities because they tend to spread across hundreds of acres of land in remote regions.
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Pa, P. S. "Design of Thin Films Removal on Solar-Cells Silicon-Wafers Surface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.805.
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In this study, the design of the mechanism of a recycling system using composite electrochemical and chemical machining for removing the surface layers from silicon wafers of solar cells is studied. The reason for constructing a new engineering technology and developing a clean production approach to perform the removal of surface thin film layers from silicon wafers is to develop a mass production system for recycling defective or discarded silicon wafers of solar cells that can reduce pollution. The goal of the development is to replace the current approach, which uses strong acid and grinding and may cause damage to the physical structure of silicon wafers and cause pollution to the environment, to efficiently meet the requirements of industry for low cost. It can not only perform highly efficient recycling of silicon wafers from discarded solar cells to facilitate the following remelting and crystal pulling process, but can also recycle defective silicon wafers during the fabrication process of solar cells for rework. A small gap width between cathode and workpiece, higher temperature, higher concentration, or higher flow rate of machining fluid corresponds to a higher removal rate for Si3N4 layer and epoxy film. Pulsed direct current can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous to associate with the fast feed rate of workpiece, but raises the current rating. A higher feed rate of silicon wafers of solar cells combine with enough electric power produces fast machining performance. The electrochemical and chemical machining just needs quite short time to make the Si3N4 layer and epoxy film remove easily and cleanly. An effective and low-cost recycle process for silicon wafers of solar cells is presented.
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Shukla, Naman, K. Anil Kumar, Madhu Allalla, and Sanjay Tiwari. "Analysis of High Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Using Machine Learning." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 35, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 09–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2022-35-1-2.
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Affordable manufacturing along with high efficiency perovskite solar cell in photovoltaic technology has everyone's attention. Perovskite, which is in the lead role in solar cells, is full of characteristics such as high absorption coefficient, low exciton binding energy, charge carrier capable of having better mobility as well as more diffusion length and availability in suitable energy band. The application of machine learning technology is proving to be a boon to ensure optimum implementation with different properties in photovoltaic device, design, simple construction process and low-cost price. Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence which includes large data aggregation, precise structure property installation, demonstration and final model after model validation. The most of the source of database is the simulation and experimental results, calculations and related literature surveys which have a comprehensive compilation of the performance of hybrid perovskite device, collection of structures and properties of elements. Structure-property relationship installation comes under feature engineering which establishes a clear relationship between structure and the properties. In other demonstration process, proper algorithms are selected, data is generated and tested as well as pure estimated values are taken. This article contains a detailed discussion on the involvement of machine learning technology to build high-performance Perovskite solar cells. Proper selection as well as designing of active perovskite absorbent layer by machine learning successfully establishes results by including other parts such as non-toxic (lead free) and stability. Mature machine learning technology becomes a very essential method in determining the solvent combination of hybrid perovskite and in estimating design of the entire solar cell to ensure optimum implementation in the sector of perovskite solar technology. Finally, a phased concept has been briefly discussed to meet the challenges of machine learning and potential future compatibilities related to the prevalence.
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Ahmad Gondal, Irfan. "Design and experimental analysis of a solar thermoelectric heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system as an integral element of a building envelope." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418814067.
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This study presents an innovative concept of a compact integrated solar-thermoelectric module that can form part of the building envelope. The heating/cooling modes use the photovoltaic electrical current to power the heat pump. The experimental analysis was carried out and the results of coefficient of performance were in the range 0.5–1 and 2.6–5 for cooling and heating functions, respectively. The study demonstrates that thermoelectric cooler can effectively be used for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning applications by integrating with solar panels especially in cooling applications. The system is environmentally friendly and can contribute in the implementation of zero energy buildings concept. Practical application: In order to help address the challenge of climate change and associated environmental effects, there is continuous demand for new technologies and applications that can be readily integrated into day-to-day life as a means of reducing anthropogenic impact. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, as one of the largest energy consumers in buildings, is the focus of many researchers seeking to reduce building energy use and environmental impact. This article proposes using facades and windows that have an integrated modules of solar photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric devices that are able to work together to achieve heating and cooling effects as required by the building without requiring any external operational power.
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White, David A. "Modular Design of Li-Ion and Li-Polymer Batteries for Undersea Environments." Marine Technology Society Journal 43, no. 5 (December 1, 2009): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.43.5.16.
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AbstractLi-Ion chemistry is ideal for undersea environments. The cells are sealed and do not outgas, and the polymer versions can withstand pressures greater than 10,000 psi. This combination results in a battery that is easier and safer to use and one that does not require heavy, expensive pressure vessels.Recent advances in electronic control of the Li-Ion battery and new modular design concepts for construction of complex battery systems have resulted in battery systems that are more robust, more flexible, longer lived, easier to charge and maintain, and safer than their lower density counterparts. These new Li-Ion battery systems can be designed to deliver this energy at high voltages and high currents. Electronic charge control within the battery system allows charging by direct connection to power supplies or constant power sources such as fuel cells and solar panels.The modular design concept for Li-Ion and Li-Polymer battery systems are presented with an emphasis on construction for undersea applications. Key to the modular battery system design concept is the ability to electronically balance all the cells within the battery system automatically without operator intervention. Two different methods are described, which show how electronic balancing of all the cells within the battery system is accomplished. Examples of production battery systems already in service are shown, and systems under development are provided.
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Zhang, Xin, Yee Sin Ang, Lay Kee Ang, and Jincan Chen. "Concentrated thermionic solar cells using graphene as the collector: theoretical efficiency limit and design rules." Nanotechnology 33, no. 6 (November 16, 2021): 065404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac3459.
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Abstract We propose an updated design on concentrated thermionic emission solar cells, which demonstrates a high solar-to-electricity energy conversion efficiency larger than 10% under 600 suns, by harnessing the exceptional electrical, thermal, and radiative properties of the graphene as a collector electrode. By constructing an analytical model that explicitly takes into account the non-Richardson behavior of the thermionic emission current from graphene, space charge effect in vacuum gap, and the various irreversible energy losses within the subcomponents, we perform detailed characterizations on the conversion efficiency limit and parametric optimum design of the proposed system. Under 800 suns, a maximum efficiency of 12.8% has been revealed, where current density is 3.87 A cm−2, output voltage is 1.76 V, emitter temperature is 1707 K, and collector temperature is 352 K. Moreover, we systematically compare the peak efficiencies of various configurations combining diamond or graphene, and show that utilizing diamond films as an emitter and graphene as a collector offers the highest conversion efficiency, thus revealing the important role of graphene in achieving high-performance thermionic emission solar cells. This work thus opens up new avenues to advance the efficiency limit of thermionic solar energy conversion and the development of next-generation novel-nanomaterial-based solar energy harvesting technology.
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Shi, Yaqi, and Wei Luo. "Application of Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation System in Maritime Vessels and Development of Maritime Tourism." Polish Maritime Research 25, s2 (August 1, 2018): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0090.
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Abstract The use of new energy generation technologies such as solar energy and electric propulsion technologies to form integrated power propulsion technology for ships has become one of the most concerned green technologies on ships. Based on the introduction of the principles and usage patterns of solar photovoltaic systems, the application characteristics of solar photovoltaic systems and their components in ships are analyzed. The important characteristics of the marine power grid based on solar photovoltaic systems are explored and summarized, providing a basis for future system design and application. Photovoltaic solar cells are made using semiconductor effects that convert solar radiation directly into electrical energy. Several such battery devices are packaged into photovoltaic solar cell modules, and several components are combined into a certain power photovoltaic array according to actual needs, and are matched with devices such as energy storage, measurement, and control to form a photovoltaic power generation system. This article refers to the basic principle and composition of the land-use solar photovoltaic system, and analyzes the difference between the operational mode and the land use of the large-scale ocean-going ship solar photovoltaic system. Specific analysis of large-scale ocean-going ship solar photovoltaic system complete set of technical route, for the construction of marine solar photovoltaic system to provide design ideas.
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Javier, Aguirre Contreras, Aguirre Muñoz Javier, and Arzate Perez Miguel. "Design of a System Generating Electricity by Means of a Solar Heater for a House." Resourceedings 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i1.456.
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This article discloses a domestic system that allows greater energy efficiency in a home located in Mexico City, which facilitates its contribution to a green urbanism by installing it in the buildings of the City.The system was designed and built using a solar heater (CalGen) that was installed in a house with four people. Aluminum cans were used in the CalGen as vacuum tubes, the water heated in the cans was used in the shower, in addition the CalGen structure were placed photoelectric cells, which were controlled by an Arduino Uno, in order to increase the efficiency of the solar radiation. The water heated by the CalGen helps to reduce the emissions 3.6 kiolograms (kg) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per day, since before installing the system the house used principally liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to heat the water. The water circulating inside the aluminum cans is heated by solar radiation, leaving the water at an average temperature of 37.71°C. The eight photoelectric cells generate 240 watts per day (W/day). The electricity generated by the photoelectric cells is stored in rechargeable batteries. The methodology of the tests and construction of CalGen is shown, as well as the changes that were made from the tests. There is also a cost-benefit study that CalGen had in housing.It should promote the design of cities where the environment of the quality of life of human beings is healthier and more sustainable, given that the space of cities is being increasingly demanded. Green buildings should not be an optional trend, but a fundamental requirement, taking advantage of and adapting existing spaces more effectively.
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Van Dongen, Pauline, Ellen Britton, Anna Wetzel, Rogier Houtman, Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed, and Stephanie Ramos. "Suntex." Journal of Facade Design and Engineering 10, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/jfde.2022.powerskin.9.
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The key objective of this research project is to “create a new architectural textile, Suntex, by interweaving thin film solar cells and electrically conductive yarn into a structural technical textile, so it can generate energy while it is providing shade, structure or an aesthetic update to a building.”
Textile has strong potential as a sustainable building material because it can be lightweight, material efficiency and low carbon. Moreover, its flexibility provides great design freedom and its transparency makes it very suitable for façade applications, maintaining views to the outside while providing solar shading. Suntex is a solar textile, currently in development, intended for textile architecture applications like textile façades. By combining three qualities, namely providing the building with energy generation, solar shading and a unique aesthetic appearance, which also promotes the acceptance of solar technology, it offers a positive climate impact.
Suntex can be considered as a new type of membrane material for Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). With this innovative, constructive fabric, enormous surfaces that are still unused can be outfitted with energy-generating potential.
This paper presents a design case to analyse the potential impact of Suntex as a textile façade. Based on insights into the development process and experiment results so far, it evaluates the feasibility and impact from a technical and design perspective.
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Kango, Riklan, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, and Ezra Hartarto Pongtuluran. "Design and Implementation of Smart Bench Integrated Solar Cell for Public Space Electricity Saving." International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review 2, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47667/ijpasr.v2i2.121.
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The purpose of this research is to design a multifunctional garden bench integrated with solar panels. The bench product is created by utilizing sunlight as a source of electrical energy for the object features of the bench product. The implementation method for producing innovative bench products uses a research and development approach, including concept, design, collection of materials, assembly, and testing. The bench was tested to supply electricity to the LED lights and USB ports. Furthermore, analyzing statistical data the average value of; current, voltage, and power generated by the intelligent bench object. The study results present the primary resources needed for the design and implementation of intelligent bench products. Experiments show that a load of LED lights and USB station chargers depends on the percentage of battery batteries supplied from solar cells. The innovative bench is designed from hollow steel to support product construction efficiency and electronic effectiveness. In this way, we achieved our goal of designing and implementing a portable garden bench that could function in all open areas.
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Gatto, Emanuela, Raffaella Lettieri, Luigi Vesce, and Mariano Venanzi. "Peptide Materials in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 5632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155632.
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In September 2015, the ONU approved the Global Agenda for Sustainable Development, by which all countries of the world are mobilized to adopt a set of goals to be achieved by 2030. Within these goals, the aim of having a responsible production and consumption, as well as taking climate action, made is necessary to design new eco-friendly materials. Another important UN goal is the possibility for all the countries in the world to access affordable energy. The most promising and renewable energy source is solar energy. Current solar cells use non-biodegradable substrates, which generally contribute to environmental pollution at the end of their life cycles. Therefore, the production of green and biodegradable electronic devices is a great challenge, prompted by the need to find sustainable alternatives to the current materials, particularly in the field of dye-sensitized solar cells. Within the green alternatives, biopolymers extracted from biomass, such as polysaccharides and proteins, represent the most promising materials in view of a circular economy perspective. In particular, peptides, due to their stability, good self-assembly properties, and ease of functionalization, may be good candidates for the creation of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology. This work shows an overview of the use of peptides in DSSC. Peptides, due to their unique self-assembling properties, have been used both as dyes (mimicking natural photosynthesis) and as templating materials for TiO2 morphology. We are just at the beginning of the exploitation of these promising biomolecules, and a great deal of work remains to be done.
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Chen, Shih-Hsiu, Kuan-Yi Kuo, Kun-Hung Tsai, and Chia-Yun Chen. "Light Trapping of Inclined Si Nanowires for Efficient Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111821.
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Light/matter interaction of low-dimensional silicon (Si) strongly correlated with its geometrical features, which resulted in being highly critical for the practical development of Si-based photovoltaic applications. Yet, orientation modulation together with apt control over the size and spacing of aligned Si nanowire (SiNW) arrays remained rather challenging. Here, we demonstrated that the transition of formed SiNWs with controlled diameters and spacing from the crystallographically preferred <100> to <110> orientation was realized through the facile adjustment of etchant compositions. The underlying mechanism was found to correlate with the competing reactions between the formation and removal of oxide at Ag/Si interfaces that could be readily tailored through the concentration ratio of HF to H2O2. By employing inclined SiNWs for the construction of hybrid solar cells, the improved cell performances compared with conventional vertical-SiNW-based hybrid cells were demonstrated, showing the conversion efficiency of 12.23%, approximately 1.12 times higher than that of vertical-SiNW-based hybrid solar cells. These were numerically and experimentally interpreted by the involvement of excellent light-trapping effects covering the wide-angle light illuminations of inclined SiNWs, which paved the potential design for next-generation optoelectronic devices.
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Sobik, Piotr, Radosław Pawłowski, Anna Pluta, Olgierd Jeremiasz, Kazimierz Drabczyk, Grażyna Kulesza-Matlak, and Paweł Antoni Zięba. "The impact of ribbon treatment on the interconnection of solar cells withina glass free PV module." Microelectronics International 36, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-11-2018-0076.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behavior of interconnections between solar cells in a glass-free solar modules. As glass weight can be a limitation, it is still interesting to investigate other types of systems, especially when the glass was replaced with a polymeric front sheet. Such systems can be more sensitive for the solar cell interconnection ribbon fatigue. Design/methodology/approach To examine this effect, the set of glass-based and glass-free modules were prepared using various ribbon thickness and treatment concerning its stretching or curving before lamination. Furthermore, additional reinforcement of the connection between the ribbon and the solar cell was proposed. The prepared modules were exposed to the cyclic temperature variation in the environment chamber. The number of cycles after which the interconnection maintains its conductivity was noted. Findings Changing the outer layers into more elastic ones requires additional care for the ribbon treatment because interconnections become more sensitive for a system relative displacement. To secure interconnection before fatigue an additional curving of ribbon between solar cells can be introduced whereas the best results were obtained for a system with aluminum plate laminated as an interlayer. Originality/value The paper presents a new system of a glass-free solar module based on epoxy-glass fiber composite as a backsheet. The glass front sheet was replaced with an elastic, transparent polymer. Such construction can be used in a system where the glass weight is a limitation. As glass has a structural function in traditional modules and limits fatigues of interconnections the proposed system requires additional ribbon treatment to preserve long module life-span.
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Dharmadasa, I. M., and A. E. Alam. "How to Achieve Efficiencies beyond 22.1% for CdTe-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 9510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249510.
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This review paper summarises the key issues of CdTe and CdS/CdTe solar cells as observed over the past four decades, and focuses on two growth techniques, electrodeposition (ED) and closed space sublimation (CSS), which have successfully passed through the commercialisation process. Comprehensive experience in electrical contacts to CdTe, surfaces & interfaces, electroplated CdTe and solar cell development work led to the design and experimentally test grading of band gap multilayer solar cells, which has been applied to the CdS/CdTe structure. This paper presents the consistent and reproducible results learned through electroplated CdTe and devices, and suggestions are made for achieving or surpassing the record efficiency of 22.1% using the CSS material growth technique.
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Plebankiewicz, Ireneusz, Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz, and Agnieszka Iwan. "Photo-Rechargeable Electric Energy Storage Systems Based on Silicon Solar Cells and Supercapacitor-Engineering Concept." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 3867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153867.
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Recently, use of supercapacitors as energy storage systems has attracted considerable attention. However, the literature is scarce of information about the optimization of hybrid systems, using supercapacitors as the main energy storage system. In our study, we focused step-by-step on the engineering concept of a photo-rechargeable energy storage system based on silicon solar cells and supercapacitors. In the first step, based on commercially available elements, we designed a solar charger and simulated its work in idealized conditions. Secondly, we designed appropriate electronic connections and control systems, allowing for the charging–discharging process of the energy storage system. After constructing three type of demonstrators of solar energy charger, we tested it. The novel design allowed us to achieve total available energy from solar panel energy conversion up to 93%.
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Racharla, Suneetha, K. Rajan, and K. R. Senthil Kumar. "A Fuzzy Logic Controlled Single Axis Solar Tracking System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.893.
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Recently renewable energy sources have gained much attention as a clean energy. But the main problem occurs with the varying nature with the day and season. Aim of this paper is to conserve the energy, of the natural resources. For solar energy resource, the output induced in the photovoltaic (PV) modules depends on solar radiation and temperature of the solar cells. To maximize the efficiency of the system it is necessary to track the path of sun in order to keep the panel perpendicular to the sun. This paper proposes the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system. The fuzzy controller aims at maximizing the efficiency of PV panel by focusing the sunlight to incident perpendicularly to the panel. The system consists of a PV panel which can be operated with the help of DC motor, four LED sensors placed in different positions and a fuzzy controller which takes the input from sensors and gives output speed to motor. A prototype is fabricated to test the results and compared with the simulation results. The results show the improved performance by using a tracking system
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Khalifa, Mohamed E., Abdulraheem S. A. Almalki, Amar Merazga, and Gaber A. M. Mersal. "Design, Molecular Modeling and Synthesis of Metal-Free Sensitizers of Thieno Pyridine Dyes as Light-Harvesting Materials with Efficiency Improvement Using Plasmonic Nanoparticles." Molecules 25, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081813.
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Considering the thiophene unit as an electron-rich heterocycle, it is investigated with the aim of elucidating its potential efficiency for solar cell application. With the introduction of active substituents such as COOEt, CONH2 and CN into the thiophene segment, three novel thieno pyridine sensitizers (6a–c), based on donor-acceptor D-π-A construction, are designed and synthesized. The effect of the anchoring groups is investigated based on their molecular orbital’s (MO’s) energy gap (Eg). The electrostatic interaction between the synthesized dyes and metal nanoparticles, namely gold, silver and ruthenium, is believed to improve their performance as organic sensitizers. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are manufactured using the novel diazenyl pyridothiophene dyes, along with their metal nanoparticles conjugates as sensitizers, and were examined for efficiency improvement. Accordingly, using this modification, the photovoltaic performance was significantly improved. The promising results of conjugate (6b/AgNPs), compared with reported organic and natural sensitizers (JSC (1.136 × 10−1 mA/cm2), VOC (0.436 V), FF (0.57) and η (2.82 × 10−2%)), are attributed to the good interaction between the amide, methyl, amino and cyano groups attached to the thiophene pyridyl scaffolds and the surface of TiO2 porous film. Implementation of a molecular modeling study is performed to predict the ability of the thiophene moiety to be used in solar cell applications.
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Al-Ahmad, Alaa, John Holdsworth, Benjamin Vaughan, Warwick Belcher, Xiaojing Zhou, and Paul Dastoor. "Optimizing the Spatial Nonuniformity of Irradiance in a Large-Area LED Solar Simulator." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 8393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228393.
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The solar simulator has allowed all photovoltaic devices to be developed and tested under laboratory conditions. Filtered xenon arc lamps were the gold-standard source for solar simulation of small-area silicon photovoltaic devices; however, scaling these devices to illuminate large areas is neither efficient nor practical. Large-area solar simulation to meet appropriate spectral content and spatial nonuniformity of irradiance (SNI) standards has traditionally been difficult and expensive to achieve, partly due to the light sources employed. LED-based solar simulation allows a better electrical efficiency and uniformity of irradiance while meeting spectral intensity requirements with better form factors. This work details the design based on optical modeling of a scalable, large-area, LED-based, solar simulator meeting Class AAA performance standards formed for inline testing of printed solar cells. The modular design approach employed enables the illuminated area to be expanded in quanta of ~260 cm2 to any preferred illumination area. A 640 cm2 area illuminated by two adjacent PCB units has a measured total emission of 100 mW/cm2, with a SNI of 1.7% and an excellent approximation to the AM1.5G spectrum over the wavelength range of 350–1100 nm. The measured long-term temporal instability of irradiance (TIE) is <0.5% for a 550-min continuous run. This work identifies the design steps and details the development and measurement of a scalable large-area LED-based solar simulator of interest to the PV testing community, and others using solar simulators.
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Bangaru, Varun, Srisailam Deshamonula, and Shiva Rama Krishna. "Single Axis Sun Tracking Solar System Using IC L293D." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2022.v11i01.009.
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Of all the renewable energies, solar power is the only energy gained its popularity and importance quickly. Through the solar tracking system, we are able to manufacture a plenteous quantity of energy that makes the solar panel’s workability far more efficient. Perpendicular quotient of the solar panels with the sun rays are that the reason lying behind its efficiency. Pecuniary, its installation charges are high provided cheaper choices are on the market. This project is mentioned all regarding the design and construction mechanism of the paradigm for the sun solar tracking system having a single axis of freedom. The main control circuit is based on upon motor controlling ICl293d. The LDR sensors, in accordance with the detection of the sun rays, will provide direction to the DC Motor that during which manner the solar panel goes to revolve. Through this, the solar panel is positioned in such a way that the utmost quantity of sun rays could be received as compared with the other motors, DC motor is simplest and therefore the suave one, the torque of that is high and speed of the motor is slow enough. We can program it for ever-changing the direction however the very fact that it rotates solely in one direction subject to exception as far as programming is concerned. 1985, initial time ever it had been witnessed for production of the silicon solar cells with an efficiency of 20 % percentage, although a hike within the efficiency of the solar panel had a handsome increase still perfection was a far fetching goal for it. Below 40%, most of the panels still hover to control. Consequently, peoples are compelled to get a variety of panels to meet their energy demands or purchase single systems with giant outputs. Availability of the solar cells varieties with higher efficiencies is on provided they're too expensive to buy. Ways to be accessed for increasing solar panel efficiencies are a plethora in range still one among the ways to be availed for accomplishing the said purpose while reducing prices, is chasing. Tracking helps in the wider projection of the panel to the Sun with enlarged power output. It may well be twin or single.
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Alfaraidy, Faris A., and Hassan A. Sulieman. "The Economics of Using Solar Energy: School Buildings in Saudi Arabia as a Case Study." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 7, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10461.
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As a result of increasing population and building of new schools in Saudi Arabia, the demand for electricity is growing rapidly. In this context, the utilization of renewable energy resources such as solar energy appears to goal since it is abundant and holds huge ecological and economic promise. This study aims to provide a new entrance in school buildings’ design and construction by studying the current situation of energy consumption, the possibility of using solar cells, and the economics of its exploitation in school buildings. Interviews were conducted in school buildings at different levels in Arar city as a case study to collect data on energy consumption. Furthermore, a base case school building was selected for studying detailed energy consumption, and then, photovoltaic (PV) energy was proposed to use the on-grid system in accordance with governmental regulations. The study concluded that the use of PV energy in school buildings is economically feasible in addition to that more incentive from the government is needed for wide penetration use in Kingdom Saudi Arabia.
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Konishi, Toshifumi, Masaki Horie, Tatsuo Wada, Shin Ogasawara, Jun-ichi Kikuchi, and Atsushi Ikeda. "Supramolecular photocurrent-generating systems using porphyrin composite materials." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 11, no. 05 (May 2007): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424607000382.
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Supramolecular design principles for a porphyrin-sensitized, wet-type solar cell are described. To construct efficient organic photocurrent-generating systems, the following two important targets exist: (i) kinetic control of photoinduced electron-transfer processes by spatial, three-dimensional alignment of photo-functional molecules (sensitizers, electron donors, acceptors, and mediators) and (ii) highly dense deposition of composites of the photo-functional molecules on an electrode. These objectives can be achieved by tailoring a photoactive multilayer using supramolecular interactions, such as molecular adsorption, inclusion, coordination, and recognition. Using these interactions, it is expected that the reduction of the costs of synthesis and the combinational fabrication of a simplified-molecular device will become possible. In addition, recent approaches toward the construction of supramolecular porphyrin-sensitized photovoltaic cells are introduced.
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Bai, Jitao, Simiao Zhang, Jiahe Liang, Yanlong Zhao, Weiyi Li, Yu Diao, and Dongfan Shang. "A systematic design method for green buildings based on the combined system of flexible solar cells and reactors on buildings." Building and Environment 209 (February 2022): 108657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108657.
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Yu, Yunhe, Nishant Narayan, Victor Vega-Garita, Jelena Popovic-Gerber, Zian Qin, Marnix Wagemaker, Pavol Bauer, and Miro Zeman. "Constructing Accurate Equivalent Electrical Circuit Models of Lithium Iron Phosphate and Lead–Acid Battery Cells for Solar Home System Applications." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092305.
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The past few years have seen strong growth of solar-based off-grid energy solutions such as Solar Home Systems (SHS) as a means to ameliorate the grave problem of energy poverty. Battery storage is an essential component of SHS. An accurate battery model can play a vital role in SHS design. Knowing the dynamic behaviour of the battery is important for the battery sizing and estimating the battery behaviour for the chosen application at the system design stage. In this paper, an accurate cell level dynamic battery model based on the electrical equivalent circuit is constructed for two battery technologies: the valve regulated lead–acid (VRLA) battery and the LiFePO 4 (LFP) battery. Series of experiments were performed to obtain the relevant model parameters. This model is built for low C-rate applications (lower than 0.5 C-rate) as expected in SHS. The model considers the non-linear relation between the state of charge ( S O C ) and open circuit voltage ( V OC ) for both technologies. Additionally, the equivalent electrical circuit model for the VRLA battery was improved by including a 2nd order RC pair. The simulated model differs from the experimentally obtained result by less than 2%. This cell level battery model can be potentially scaled to battery pack level with flexible capacity, making the dynamic battery model a useful tool in SHS design.
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Reynolds, James, Evan Williams, Devon Martin, Caleb Readling, Parvez Ahmmed, Anders Huseth, and Alper Bozkurt. "A Multimodal Sensing Platform for Interdisciplinary Research in Agrarian Environments." Sensors 22, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 5582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155582.
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Agricultural and environmental monitoring programs often require labor-intensive inputs and substantial costs to manually gather data from remote field locations. Recent advances in the Internet of Things enable the construction of wireless sensor systems to automate these remote monitoring efforts. This paper presents the design of a modular system to serve as a research platform for outdoor sensor development and deployment. The advantages of this system include low power consumption (enabling solar charging), the use of commercially available electronic parts for lower-cost and scaled up deployments, and the flexibility to include internal electronics and external sensors, allowing novel applications. In addition to tracking environmental parameters, the modularity of this system brings the capability to measure other non-traditional elements. This capability is demonstrated with two different agri- and aquacultural field applications: tracking moth phenology and monitoring bivalve gaping. Collection of these signals in conjunction with environmental parameters could provide a holistic and context-aware data analysis. Preliminary experiments generated promising results, demonstrating the reliability of the system. Idle power consumption of 27.2 mW and 16.6 mW for the moth- and bivalve-tracking systems, respectively, coupled with 2.5 W solar cells allows for indefinite deployment in remote locations.
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Tian, Bozhi, and Charles M. Lieber. "Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel nanowire structures for photovoltaics and intracellular probes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 12 (October 31, 2011): 2153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-08-25.
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Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) represent a unique system for exploring phenomena at the nanoscale and are expected to play a critical role in future electronic, optoelectronic, and miniaturized biomedical devices. Modulation of the composition and geometry of nanostructures during growth could encode information or function, and realize novel applications beyond the conventional lithographical limits. This review focuses on the fundamental science aspects of the bottom-up paradigm, which are synthesis and physical property characterization of semiconductor NWs and NW heterostructures, as well as proof-of-concept device concept demonstrations, including solar energy conversion and intracellular probes. A new NW materials synthesis is discussed and, in particular, a new “nano-tectonic” approach is introduced that provides iterative control over the NW nucleation and growth for constructing 2D kinked NW superstructures. The use of radial and axial p-type/intrinsic/n-type (p-i-n) silicon NW (Si-NW) building blocks for solar cells and nanoscale power source applications is then discussed. The critical benefits of such structures and recent results are described and critically analyzed, together with some of the diverse challenges and opportunities in the near future. Finally, results are presented on several new directions, which have recently been exploited in interfacing biological systems with NW devices.
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Hasan, Husam Abdulrasool, Jenan S. Sherza, Jasim M. Mahdi, Hussein Togun, Azher M. Abed, Raed Khalid Ibrahim, and Wahiba Yaïci. "Experimental Evaluation of the Thermoelectrical Performance of Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems with a Water-Cooled Heat Sink." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 10231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610231.
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A design for a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) assembly with a water-cooled heat sink was planned, constructed, and experimentally evaluated in the climatic conditions of the southern region of Iraq during the summertime. The water-cooled heat sink was applied to thermally manage the PV cells, in order to boost the electrical output of the PVT system. A set of temperature sensors was installed to monitor the water intake, exit, and cell temperatures. The climatic parameters including the wind velocity, atmospheric pressure, and solar irradiation were also monitored on a daily basis. The effects of solar irradiation on the average PV temperature, electrical power, and overall electrical-thermal efficiency were investigated. The findings indicate that the PV temperature would increase from 65 to 73 °C, when the solar irradiation increases from 500 to 960 W/m2, with and without cooling, respectively. Meanwhile, the output power increased from 35 to 55 W when the solar irradiation increased from 500 to 960 W/m2 during the daytime. The impact of varying the mass flow rate of cooling water in the range of 4 to 16 L/min was also examined, and it was found that the cell temperature declines as the water flow increases in intensity throughout the daytime. The maximum cell temperature recorded for PV modules without cooling was in the middle of the day. The lowest cell temperature was also recorded in the middle of the day for a PVT solar system with 16 L/min of cooling water.
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Pandey, Rahul, Sakshi Sharma, Jaya Madan, and Rajnish Sharma. "Numerical simulations of 22% efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cell utilizing lead-free and low lead content halide perovskites." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 014004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac34a0.
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Abstract Lead-free or low lead content perovskite materials are explored in photovoltaic (PV) devices to mitigate the challenges of toxic lead-based halides. However, the conversion efficiency from such materials is far below compared to its counterparts. Therefore, to make a humble contribution in the development of lead-free or low lead content perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for future thin-film PV technology, a simulation study of tin (Sn) and Pb mixed halide (MAPb0.5Sn0.5I3, 1.22 eV) PSC is carried out in this manuscript. The device is further optimized in terms of transport layer and thickness variation to get 15.1% conversion efficiency. Moreover, the optimized narrow bandgap halide based device is further deployed in the monolithic tandem configuration with lead-free wide bandgap (1.82 eV) halide, i.e. Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6, 1.82 eV (WBH) PSC, to mitigate the thermalization as well as transparent E g losses. Filtered spectrum, current matching, and construction of tandem J–V curve at the current matching point are utilized to design the tandem solar cell under consideration. Tandem device delivered short current density, J SC (15.21 mA cm−2), open-circuit voltage, V OC (1.95 V), fill factor, FF (74.09%) and power conversion efficiency, PCE (21.97%). The performance of the devices considered in this work is found to be in good approximation with experimental work.
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Keiyinci, Sinan, and Kadir Aydin. "Ground simulation of fuel cell/battery hybrid propulsion system for small unmanned air vehicles." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 93, no. 5 (June 10, 2021): 783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-08-2020-0180.
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Purpose The endurance of small unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) is directly associated with the energy density of the propulsion system used. As the batteries commonly used in small UAVs have a relatively low energy density, they are not sufficient for long-term endurance tasks. The purpose of this paper is to offer a solution to increase the endurance of a concept small UAV with combination of different power sources. The design, construction and ground tests of fuel cell-powered hybrid propulsion systems are presented in this paper. Design/methodology/approach The power requirements of a concept UAV were calculated according to aerodynamic calculations and then, hybrid propulsion system sources are determined. The hybrid system consists of a 100 W scale proton-exchange membrane (PEM) type fuel cell stack, lithium-polymer battery, solar cells and power management system (PMS). Subsequently, this hybrid power system was integrated with the new design of PMS and then series of ground tests were carried out. Findings This experimental study proved that it is theoretically possible to obtain an endurance of around 3 h for concept UAV with the proposed hybrid system. Practical implications The research study shows that fuel cell-based hybrid propulsion system with the proposed PMS can be widely used to obtain extended endurance in small UAVs. Originality/value A hybrid propulsion system with a novel PMS unit is proposed for small UAVs and the ground tests were implemented.
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Guerrero-Ramirez, Esteban, Alberto Martinez-Barbosa, Marco Antonio Contreras-Ordaz, Gerardo Guerrero-Ramirez, Enrique Guzman-Ramirez, Jorge Luis Barahona-Avalos, and Manuel Adam-Medina. "DC Motor Drive Powered by Solar Photovoltaic Energy: An FPGA-Based Active Disturbance Rejection Control Approach." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 6595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186595.
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This paper presents an experimental platform for regulating the DC motor angular speed powered by photovoltaic cells. The experimental platform comprises an Eco Green Energy EGE-260P-60 solar panel, DC/DC SEPIC converter, DC bus, DC/DC buck converter, DC motor and Nexys 4 board with an Artix-7 100T FPGA. The DC/DC SEPIC converter is used for harvesting the maximum amount of energy from the PV cells using the perturb and observe algorithm to track the maximum power point. The DC/DC buck converter is used as the motor drive using the active disturbance rejection control to regulate the angular speed of the DC motor. In addition, the FPGA architecture design is presented using a hierarchical top-down methodology with the VHDL hardware description language and Xilinx System Generator tool. The software takes advantage of the FPGA’s concurrency to simultaneously evaluate the different processes, which is the main reason for choosing this digital device. Several tests were performed on the platform such as irradiance changes, DC bus variations, DC motor connection and load torque variations applied in the motor shaft. The results indicate that the maximum power is obtained from the photovoltaic cells, establishing the minimum operating conditions. In addition, the control approach estimates and cancels the effects of disturbances caused by variations in the environmental conditions, photovoltaic system, DC bus, and load changes in order to regulate DC motor speed.
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Wu, Jieyun, Qing Li, Wen Wang, and Kaixin Chen. "Optoelectronic Properties and Structural Modification of Conjugated Polymers Based on Benzodithiophene Groups." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x15666180406144851.
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Organic conjugated materials have shown attractive applications due to their good optoelectronic properties, which enable them solution processing techniques in organic optoelectronic devices. Many conjugated materials have been investigated in polymer solar cells and organic field-effect transistors. Among those conjugated materials, Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDT) is one of the most employed fused-ring building groups for the synthesis of conjugated materials. The symmetric and planar conjugated structure, tight and regular stacking of BDT can be expected to exhibit the excellent carrier transfer for optoelectronics. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of BDT-based conjugated polymers in optoelectronic devices. BDT-based conjugated materials are classified into onedimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) BDT-based conjugated polymers. Firstly, we introduce the fundamental information of BDT-based conjugated materials and their application in optoelectronic devices. Secondly, the design and synthesis of alkyl, alkoxy and aryl-substituted BDT-based conjugated polymers are discussed, which enables the construction of one-dimensional and two-dimensional BDTbased conjugated system. In the third part, the structure modification, energy level tuning and morphology control and their influences on optoelectronic properties are discussed in detail to reveal the structure- property relationship. Overall, we hope this review can be a good reference for the molecular design of BDT-based semiconductor materials in optoelectronic devices.
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Yi, Yanjie, Jingshun Zhuang, Chao Liu, Lirong Lei, Shuaiming He, and Yi Hou. "Emerging Lignin-Based Materials in Electrochemical Energy Systems." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 9450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249450.
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Lignin is a promising material due to its excellent properties. It is commonly used in electrochemical energy systems (including electrolytes, electrodes, diaphragms, and binders) due to its low price, sustainability and rich functional groups. However, lignin’s applications in energy storage systems have not been systematically reviewed in the current research. In this article, recent advances in the preparation and design of lignin-derived energy storage materials were reviewed. Starting with a brief overview of the basic chemistry of lignin and the separation process, progress in the preparation of lignin-based materials for lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and solar cells were described, respectively. This review provides the basis for the application of lignin in the field of electrochemical energy systems. Also, the current bottleneck problems and perspectives of lignin-derived materials in improved energy storage device performance were presented for future developments.
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Jeremiasz, Olgierd, Paweł Nowak, Franciszek Szendera, Piotr Sobik, Grażyna Kulesza-Matlak, Paweł Karasiński, Wojciech Filipowski, and Kazimierz Drabczyk. "Laser Modified Glass for High-Performance Photovoltaic Module." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 6742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186742.
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The solar module output power is the power generated by all individual cells in their specific electrical circuit configuration, multiplied by the cell-to-module power ratio. The cell-to-module power ratio thus reflects the sum of the losses and gains produced by the structure of the module. The biggest process change in module design during the last few years was the introduction of half cells. Another important trend is the use of bifacial cells to build bifacial modules. These two trends increase parts of the module that correspond to the intercell gaps, and the light does not meet the cell in its path. This part of the radiation is therefore not used efficiently. Scientific efforts focus on the texturing surface of covering glass and cells, and the introduction of narrower ribbons and encapsulation materials with improved UV performance, etc. The concept of a diffusor that actively redirects light from the intercell space into the cell was proposed in the past, in the form of a micro-structured prismatic film, but this is not applicable for bifacial modules. The conclusion is that losses caused by the incidence of light on the areas of the photovoltaic panel not covered with solar cells yet are to be explored further. A sawtooth-shaped reflecting diffusor placed between cells is proposed. This article addresses the issue in a novel way, primarily because the theoretical range of the optimum sawtooth profile is defined. In the experimental part of the study, the possibility of producing such a profile directly on glass using a CO2 laser is demonstrated. The theoretical model enables discrimination between advantageous and disadvantageous sawtooth profiles. As a proof of concept, minimodules based on the optimum parameters were built and tested for their electrical performance. The result confirms that the proposed sawtooth-shaped reflecting diffusor placed between cells creates cell-to-module power gain. The proposed laser technology can be incorporated into existing production lines, and can increase the output of any photovoltaic technology, including and beyond silicon.
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Liu, Siyang, Shuwang Yi, Peiling Qing, Weijun Li, Bin Gu, Zhicai He, and Bin Zhang. "Molecular Engineering Enhances the Charge Carriers Transport in Wide Band-Gap Polymer Donors Based Polymer Solar Cells." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 4101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184101.
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The novel and appropriate molecular design for polymer donors are playing an important role in realizing high-efficiency and high stable polymer solar cells (PSCs). In this work, four conjugated polymers (PIDT-O, PIDTT-O, PIDT-S and PIDTT-S) with indacenodithiophene (IDT) and indacenodithieno [3,2-b]thiophene (IDTT) as the donor units, and alkoxy-substituted benzoxadiazole and benzothiadiazole derivatives as the acceptor units have been designed and synthesized. Taking advantages of the molecular engineering on polymer backbones, these four polymers showed differently photophysical and photovoltaic properties. They exhibited wide optical bandgaps of 1.88, 1.87, 1.89 and 1.91 eV and quite impressive hole mobilities of 6.01 × 10−4, 7.72 × 10−4, 1.83 × 10−3, and 1.29 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 for PIDT-O, PIDTT-O, PIDT-S and PIDTT-S, respectively. Through the photovoltaic test via using PIDT-O, PIDTT-O, PIDT-S and PIDTT-S as donor materials and [6,6]-phenyl-C-71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as acceptor materials, all the PSCs presented the high open circuit voltages (Vocs) over 0.85 V, whereas the PIDT-S and PIDTT-S based devices showed higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 5.09% and 4.43%, respectively. Interestingly, the solvent vapor annealing (SVA) treatment on active layers could improve the fill factors (FFs) extensively for these four polymers. For PIDT-S and PIDTT-S, the SVA process improved the FFs exceeding 71%, and ultimately the PCEs were increased to 6.05%, and 6.12%, respectively. Therefore, this kind of wide band-gap polymers are potentially candidates as efficient electron-donating materials for constructing high-performance PSCs.
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Valsalakumar, Sreeram, Anurag Roy, Tapas K. Mallick, Justin Hinshelwood, and Senthilarasu Sundaram. "An Overview of Current Printing Technologies for Large-Scale Perovskite Solar Cell Development." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010190.
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The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have seen significant performance improvements between 2012 and 2022. PSCs have excellent optoelectronic properties and can be built using low-cost materials. In order to compete with first-generation photovoltaic technologies, it will be necessary to scale up production. This review article explores the advancements in several scalable perovskite deposition techniques, including recent developments in the fabrication of high-quality perovskite film, their stabilities and commercialization status. Several scalable deposition techniques are discussed, including user-friendly solution-techniques (spin coating, slot die coating, etc.), vapour-assisted deposition approaches in the laboratory and full-scale commercial applications. The aforementioned deposition techniques have advantages compared to deposition techniques based on cost, effective mask-less patterning and unparalleled-design freedom. Other potential advantages include optimal use of materials, scalability, contactless deposition in high-resolution and a rapid transformation from small laboratory-scale work to large industrial-scale roll-to-roll production. Most recent technological advancements and structural developments relate to long-term thermal stability and moisture resistance. Many of the developments are still in the evolving field of lab-scale devices. The improvement roadmap and commercialization aspects of PSC manufacture involve two significant milestones: bridging the gap between the performance characteristics of small-scale and large-scale devices and the scalable printing techniques for all the layers in the device.
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Athmani, Wafa, Leila Sriti, Marwa Dabaieh, and Zohir Younsi. "The Potential of Using Passive Cooling Roof Techniques to Improve Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in Hot Arid Regions." Buildings 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010021.
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In hot dry regions, the building envelope receives abundant solar radiation, which contributes to heat stress and indoor thermal discomfort. To mitigate overheating inside spaces, cooling is the main basic requirement during most of the year. However, due to the harsh climatic conditions, buildings fail to provide passively the required comfort conditions. Consequently, they are fully dependent on-air conditioning systems, which are huge energy consumers. As roofs are exposed to the sun throughout the daytime, they are estimated to be the main source of heat stress. In return, they can contribute significantly to achieve optimum comfort and energy savings when efficient design strategies are used in an early design stage. To examine the potential for cooling load reduction and thermal comfort enhancement by using cooling roof techniques in residential buildings, a study was performed in the city of Biskra (southern Algeria). Accordingly, an in-field measurement campaign was carried out on test-cells during five days in summer. Three different cooling roof techniques were addressed: (a) cool reflective white paint (CR), (b) white ceramic tiles (CT) and (c) a cool-ventilated roof (C-VR). These roofing alternatives were investigated by monitoring both roof surface temperatures and indoor temperatures. Comparative analysis showed that a cool-ventilated roof is the most efficient solution, reducing the average indoor temperature by 4.95 °C. A dynamic simulation study was also performed based on TRNSYS software to determine the best roofing system alternatives in terms of thermal comfort and energy consumption, considering the hottest month of the year. Simulation tests were run on a base-case model representing the common individual residential buildings in Biskra. Results showed that a double-skin roof combined with cool-reflective paint is the most efficient roofing solution. By comparison to a conventional flat roof, meaningful improvements have been achieved, including reducing thermal discomfort hours by 45.29% and lowering cooling loads from 1121.91 kWh to 741.09 kWh.
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Abdallah, Yomna K., and Alberto T. Estevez. "BIOACTIVE DEVICES AS SELF-SUFFICIENT SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN ARCHITECTURE." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.2.3.
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ABSTRACT Using bioenergy systems in architecture provides energy by means of negative emissions technologies (NETs). It plays an important role in stabilizing CO2 emissions at low levels. This depends on options of low life cycle emissions (for instance, a sustainable use of biomass residues), and on outcomes that are site-specific and rely on efficient integrated systems that convert biomass into bioenergy. The objective of this study is to develop self-sufficient systems that generate bioelectricity and offer safety, electricity generation efficiency, cost-effectiveness, waste treatment, integration in domestic use, ease of use, reproducibility and availability. The study also intends to elaborate a general design method of embedding and utilizing microorganisms into architectural elements to achieve design ecology, introducing a multidisciplinary research application through a design theory aspect. The study is based on previous experimental work conducted by the authors. Microbial fuel cell technology was applied to exploit the natural potential of a fungal strain that was identified and optimized to be implemented in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to generate electricity. The outcomes were included in the self-sufficient cluster design that meets the aforementioned conditions. The novelty of this study is the direct use of a bioreactor of MFCs in a design application for bioelectricity production. It aims to reduce the currently high global CO2 emissions that come from the energy supply sector (47%) and from the building sector (3%), as well as to eliminate the need for large-scale infrastructure intervention. This self-sufficient bio-electricity cluster therefore outweighs other abiotic renewable energy resources such as solar energy or wind power.
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Allen, Norman S. "Book Review: Light Harvesting NanoMaterials, Bentham e-Books, ISBN: 978-1-60805-959-1; e-ISBN: 978-1-60805-958-4." Open Materials Science Journal 9, no. 1 (June 26, 2015): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x01509010049.
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Light Harvesting NanoMaterials, Bentham e-Books, ISBN: 978-1-60805-959-1;e- ISBN: 978-1-60805-958-4 Edited by Surya Prakash Singh The harvesting, capture and efficient conversion of solar light energy into electrical and heat energy through chemical and structural materials is now a rapid and exciting field of significant advancement and investigation in the scientific world. Many of these novel and often complex materials can attain important developments for many industrial outlets in energy transformation from solar power. This book targets a number of key newly developed nano-materials and consists in total of five chapters each one compiled by authors who are experts in that particular field and is edited by Surya Prakash Singh. The book consists of a number of important topics many developmental in the fields of organic/polymeric nano-materials which brings the reader up-to-date on many important features. The first chapter covers recent investigations covering the inter-locking and embedding of inorganic transistion metal compound based nano-particles onto solar panel surfaces as anti-reflective coatings in order to enhance light absorption characteristics for effective energy conversion. Silicon, titanium and silver compounds in various nano-formats are highlighted. Here the properties of the particles in harvesting light energy as a support and their photochemistry provides many important answers to questions in relation to the efficiencies of energy harnessing. The efficiencies of these processes is examined practically and theoretically in some depth with many very well illustrated devices. Silver nano-particles were particularly valuable and effective in this regard for enhancing solar energy absorption. Nano-crystalline titanium dioxide is a widely investigated material for solar energy harnessing but its inefficiency in absorption like many materials is a major deficiency. In chapter two, the use of doped titanias utilising tetrapyrolic sensitisers and various metal complexes for overcoming this problem is reviewed. Here, the deficiencies of usual ruthenium complexes is superseded via more effective porphyrins, phthalocyanines and corroles and with enhanced coupling i.e. via zinc significant energy conversions may be achieved. The next chapter explores the behavior and properties of polymeric materials as matrices for nano-composites where again energy efficiency conversion is crucial in determining the role of the light induced physic-chemicalprocesses. In this case the design of polymer based nanocomposites is widely assessed and is proving to be one of the most interesting and upcoming fields in solar energy harnessing. Of course, one major setback in this area with organo-materials is durability. In chapter four, one rather interesting area of growing interest in utilising solar energy is that dealing with gold and titania nanoparticles called “plasmonic photocatalysts”. This important field has direct relevance to photo-induced electrical and semiconductor processes aswell as significance in the manufacture of photoelectrochemical catalysts due to their broad visible absorption characteristics and hence high efficiency. In this context, the formulation and properties of the various catalysts can result in the production of novel highly active material complexes with high efficacy for oxidation of organic compounds. In the last chapter C60-based solar cells with copper oxides, CuInS2, phthalocyanines, diamond, porphyrin and exciton-diffusion blocking layers have been fabricated and characterized for use in energy efficient solar cell construction. High efficiencies are observed in all these devices when utilized with C60. To summarize, this important edited text provides the reader with a highly useful and valuable source of scientific information which focuses on many important aspects of development in light energy harvesting processes in both fields of photochemistry and photophysics thus providing many valuable ways forward for further scientific development for the future in solar energy conversion and photocatalysis. It makes interesting reading coupled with many new ideas and is very well illustrated and certainly provides a valuable reference source for chemists, physicists, biologists and engineers working in the field in both academia, government and industry, alike.