Journal articles: 'Sol-gel Synthesi'

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Shkuropatenko, V. A. "Sol-gel synthesis of NZP phosphates." Functional materials 23, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm23.01.092.

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Hada, Renu, Sakshi Kabra, Stuti Katara, Ashu Rani, Vijay Devra, and S. S. Amritphale S. S. Amritphale. "Synthesis of Nanosized Titania by sol Gel Route." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2013/16.

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Kadhum, Samah Abd, and Zainab Raheem Muslim. "Synthesis and Characterization of Li2MnO3 Using Sol-gel Technique." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22238.

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Li2MnO3 nanoparticles were prepared using the Sol-Gel method and characterized by XRD, AFM, SEM, TGA and DSC with major peaks (18.81°), (37.10°) and (44.76°) using AfM, the average diameter of the nanoparticles was (45.71 nm). SEM was used to assess the surface morphology; The micropicture showed homogeneous spherical formations with particle sizes ranging from 2 to 4 meters. Thermal analysis was determined by TGA and DSC results showed a thermal stability from 500 to 750, indicating development of the phase. Li2MnO3 nanoparticles display excellent properties and are suitable as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries.

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Ibrahim, Sundus S., and Ziad T. Khodair. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Cd2SnO4 Nanoparticles Prepared by Sol-Gel Technique." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.2.nq22081.

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In this study, Cd2SnO4 nanoparticles were produced using a sol-gel technique. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the Cd2SnO4 nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) with Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), FE-SEM images show that manufactured Cd2SnO4 nanoparticles have cubic structures with some irregular cubic shaped nanoparticles. XRD patterns of the prepared thin films showed that the nanoparticles have a polycrystalline structure. The wide bands between 551 and 854 cm-1 are attributable to the framework vibrations of the Sn-O bond in SnO2, and the band at 551 cm-1 is also due to cadmium and oxygen in this area, according to the FTIR analysis. The TEM result shows the presence of cubic shaped nanoparticles. The interaction between the cadmium nanoparticles and the cellular contents of the fungi may be the reason for the antifungal effectiveness of Cd2SnO4 nanocomposites.

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Dogana, Esra Nur, and Fatih Demir. "Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Borate via Sol-Gel Method and Electrospinning Method." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (April 30, 2019): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21662.

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Gonçalves, M. Clara. "Sol-gel Silica Nanoparticles in Medicine: A Natural Choice. Design, Synthesis and Products." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082021.

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Silica is one of the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust, and over time it has been introduced first into human life and later into engineering. Silica is present in the food chain and in the human body. As a biomaterial, silica is widely used in dentistry, orthopedics, and dermatology. Recently amorphous sol-gel SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have appeared as nanocarriers in a wide range of medical applications, namely in drug/gene target delivery and imaging diagnosis, where they stand out for their high biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, enormous flexibility for surface modification with a high payload capacity, and prolonged blood circulation time. The sol-gel process is an extremely versatile bottom-up methodology used in the synthesis of silica NPs, offering a great variety of chemical possibilities, such as high homogeneity and purity, along with full scale pH processing. By introducing organic functional groups or surfactants during the sol-gel process, ORMOSIL NPs or mesoporous NPs are produced. Colloidal route, biomimetic synthesis, solution route and template synthesis (the main sol-gel methods to produce monosized silica nanoparticles) are compared and discussed. This short review goes over some of the emerging approaches in the field of non-porous sol-gel silica NPs aiming at medical applications, centered on the syntheses processes used.

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Khomidov, Fakhriddin Gafurovich, Zulayho Raimovna Kadyrova, Khikmatulla Lutpullayevich Usmanov, and Shokhista Mansuraliyevna Niyazova. "Preparation And Sintering Calcium Aluminate Nanopowder By Using Sol Gel Method." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 03, no. 06 (June 8, 2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume03issue06-11.

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The optimal synthesis temperatures and methods of using the alumina-containing waste in the process of obtaining calcium aluminate are determined. It has been established that the optimum synthesis temperature is 1100°C and corresponds to the maximum full formation of calcium aluminate with the smallest dispersion of particles, the size of 100-700 nm.

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Sundar, Sasikala, and Shakkthivel Piraman. "Nanospheres of Fe3O4 Synthesis through Sol-gel Technique and Their Structural & Magnetic Characterization." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2013/33.

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Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN, Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sm-Ho-CeO2 Compounds Produced by Different Synthesis Methods." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 3 (2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000577/jcsp/43.03.2021.

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The most important part of a solid oxide fuel cell is the ceramic electrolyte. In this study, cerium oxide (CeO2) was used as the ceramic electrolyte, and different dopant types were used to increase total conductivity. In this study, the most commonly used Sm, and the less frequently used Ho elements were doped simultaneously. As a result, the effect of dope and different synthesis methods on electrolyte properties was evaluated. Three rates were studied with the total amount of Sm-Ho being 20%. The effect of the dopant types on conductivity with critical radius effect was investigated. These dope types were placed in a CeO2 crystal lattice by using the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. After synthesis, the stable phase was obtained at room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used for phase determination. The thermogravimetry (TG) determined mass change. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in the analysis of surface morphology. Total conductivity measurements were measured by the four-probe dc method. After synthesis processes, cubic compounds were obtained. The total conductivity values of the cubic phases samples obtained by two different synthesis methods were compared. The highest conductivity was observed in the sol-gel compounds. The highest electrical conductivity Ce0.80Sm0.10Ho0.10O2 system sol- gel; 6.92x10-3(Ωcm)1- at 655 oC. It was found that the compound obtained as a result of the evaluations could be used ceramic electrolyte application.

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Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN, Ahmet Hamdi BAKIR and Handan ZL TORUN. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sm-Ho-CeO2 Compounds Produced by Different Synthesis Methods." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 43, no. 3 (2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000577.

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The most important part of a solid oxide fuel cell is the ceramic electrolyte. In this study, cerium oxide (CeO2) was used as the ceramic electrolyte, and different dopant types were used to increase total conductivity. In this study, the most commonly used Sm, and the less frequently used Ho elements were doped simultaneously. As a result, the effect of dope and different synthesis methods on electrolyte properties was evaluated. Three rates were studied with the total amount of Sm-Ho being 20%. The effect of the dopant types on conductivity with critical radius effect was investigated. These dope types were placed in a CeO2 crystal lattice by using the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. After synthesis, the stable phase was obtained at room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used for phase determination. The thermogravimetry (TG) determined mass change. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in the analysis of surface morphology. Total conductivity measurements were measured by the four-probe dc method. After synthesis processes, cubic compounds were obtained. The total conductivity values of the cubic phases samples obtained by two different synthesis methods were compared. The highest conductivity was observed in the sol-gel compounds. The highest electrical conductivity Ce0.80Sm0.10Ho0.10O2 system sol- gel; 6.92x10-3(Ωcm)1- at 655 oC. It was found that the compound obtained as a result of the evaluations could be used ceramic electrolyte application.

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Zhuang, Quan, and Jack M. Miller. "One-pot sol-gel synthesis of sulfated ZrO2-SiO2 catalysts for alcohol dehydration." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-109.

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Sulfated ZrO2SiO2 catalysts were synthesized by one-pot sol-gel method using ammonium sulfate, zirconium propoxide, and tetraethyl orthosilicate as precursors. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption and DRIFTS. On calcining the gel at elevated temperature, the ammonium sulfate decomposed, giving a sulfated zirconiasilica catalyst. By adding ammonium sulfate to the sol-gel synthesis system, the surface area, pore size, and pore volume of the resultant catalyst were increased. The one-pot sol-gel synthesized catalyst with an optimum loading of SO42 14 mol% showed significantly higher catalytic activity, with a selectivity of 100%, for isopropanol dehydration when compared to the impregnated catalyst. The one-pot sol-gel synthesis method is an effective way to prepare sulfated zirconia catalyst.Key words: sulfated zirconia, sol-gel synthesis, acid catalyst, alcohol dehydration, N2 adsorption, DRIFT.

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Grañana, M. C., J. B. Vicent, M. Llusar, M. A. Tena, and G. Monrós. "Recuperación de sílice residual de columnas de cromatografía en la síntesis sol-gel de pigmentos." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 39, no. 2 (April 30, 2000): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2000.v39.i2.870.

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Radin, Shula, T. L. Chen, and Paul Ducheyne. "Emulsified Sol-Gel Microspheres for Controlled Drug Delivery." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.1025.

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Controlled release silica sol-gels are room temperature processed, porous, resorbable, and biocompatible materials. Many molecules including drugs, proteins, and growth factors can be released from sol-gels, and the quantity and duration of the release can vary widely. Processing parameters render these release properties exquisitely versatile [1]. The synthesis of controlled release sol-gels involves several steps: an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to form a sol with the molecules included, followed by casting, aging, and drying. Additional steps such as grinding and sieving are required to produce sol-gel granules of a desirable size. In this study, we focus on the synthesis of controlled release sol-gel microspheres by using a novel process, which involves only two steps:sol formation followed by emulsification. Sol-gel microspheres containing either vancomycin (antibiotic) or bupivacaine (analgesic) were successfully synthesized via this synthesis route. Both drugs showed controlled, load-dependent and time-dependent release from the microspheres. The in vitro release properties of sol-gel microspheres were different from those of sol-gel granules produced by grinding and sieving. In comparison to a fast, short-term release from the granules, the release from the microspheres was slower and of longer duration. In addition, the degradation rate of microspheres was significantly slower than that of the granules. These data enable the use of sol-gel powders for controlled long-term release.

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Lópes, A. C., J. Gallardo, and A. Durán. "Síntesis y estructura de recubrimientos híbridos de ZrO₂-SiO₂ obtenidos por sol-gel." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 40, no. 6 (December 30, 2001): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2001.v40.i6.726.

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Rodríguez Torres, Gerardo Manuel, Juan Zarate Medina, and María Eugenia Contreras García. "Synthesis and characterization of Zirconia- Yttria nanoparticles in t’ phase by sol-gel and spray drying." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 68, no. 4 (2016): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2016.21.

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16

Zhang, J. "Synthesis and characterization of Mn0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 ferrite with sol-gel combustion method." Materiali in tehnologije 54, no. 5 (October 16, 2020): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2019.225.

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Salinas, Antonio J., and Maria Vallet-Regí. "The Sol–Gel Production of Bioceramics." Key Engineering Materials 391 (October 2008): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.391.141.

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Sol–gel synthesis is used for the fabrication of new materials with technological applications including ceramics for implants manufacturing, usually termed bioceramics. Many bioactive and resorbable bioceramics, that is, calcium phosphates, glasses and glass–ceramics, have been improved by using the sol–gel synthesis. In addition, the soft thermal conditions of sol–gel methods made possible to synthesize more reactive materials than those synthesized by traditional methods. Moreover, new families of bioactive materials such as organic–inorganic hybrids and inorganic compounds with ordered mesostructure can be produced. In hybrid materials, the inorganic component ensures the bioactive response whereas the organic polymeric component allows modulating other properties of the resulting biomaterial such as mechanical properties, degradation, etc. On the other hand, the sol–gel processes also allow the synthesis of silica ordered mesoporous materials, which are bioactive and exhibit – as an added value – a possible application as matrices for the controlled release of biologically active molecules (drugs, peptides, hormones, etc.). Finally, by combining the bioactive glasses composition with synthesis strategies of mesoporous materials, template glasses with ordered mesoporosity can be obtained. In this chapter, the advances that sol–gel technology has brought to the silica-based bioactive bioceramics are presented.

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Tanheitafino, Sellen, Anis Shofiyani, Risya Sasri, and Rudiyansyah Rudiyansyah. "Synthesis and Characterization of Trimethylchlorosilane-Modified Silica Xerogel." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 7 (June 27, 2020): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.7.249-254.

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Modification of silica xerogel with TMCS (trimethylchlorosilane) reagent has been carried out to improve the hydrophobicity of silica xerogel. Silica xerogel was synthesized based on the sol-gel method using sodium silicate as a precursor, and citric acid as a catalyst, with a mole ratio of sodium silicate and citric acid, was 0.172: 0.004. The sol-gel process was carried out through several stages, i.e., hydrolysis and condensation of sodium silicate to form sol, gelation (sol transition to gel), aging, and drying. Surface modification was performed by studying the effect of TMCS: methanol: petroleum benzine volume ratio of 0.5:1:1, 1:1:1, 1.5:1:1, 2:1:1, and 2.5:1:1 on the characteristics of silica xerogel synthesized. FTIR, SEM, and GSA characterized the synthesized results. The results of FTIR characterization on silica xerogel with volume ratios of 2:1:1 and 2.5:1:1 indicate the presence of the Si‑C group absorption at a wavenumber of 848.68 cm-1 which shows that the formation of silyl groups on the modified silica xerogel surfaces occurs at a TMCS: methanol: petroleum benzine ratio of 2:1:1 and 2.5:1:1. SEM results indicate that the silica xerogels produced are porous. Meanwhile, the GSA analysis results show that the pore size distributions are in the mesoporous region with an average pore radius of 8-13 nm. The greater the volume of TMCS used, the higher the surface area, and the resulting xerogel’s hydrophobicity. Based on the contact angle and seeped time test, the highest hydrophobicity is produced by the material synthesized at a TMCS: methanol: PB volume ratio of 2.5:1:1 with a contact angle of 116.346°.

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Ali, A. F., P. Mustarelli, E. Quartarone, C. Tomasi, P. Baldini, and A. Magistris. "Sol-gel Lithium Borophosphates." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 4 (April 1999): 1510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0202.

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In this paper we present sol-gel synthesis and thermal and structural characterization of some lithium borophosphates. The as-prepared samples are mostly partially crystalline, and densification heat treatments at 500 °C cause samples to crystallize. In the phosphorus-rich part of the composition triangle we have lithium excess with respect to the nominal composition, which is likely due to the low reactivity of the phosphorus precursor. On the boron-rich side, in contrast, lithium losses are found which probably occur during syneresis.

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Mallahi, M., V. Mazinani, M. R. Vaezi, and A. Shokuhfar. "Synthesis of Yttria-Doped Bi2o3 Nanopowders Via Sol Gel Used in Electrolyte of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." International Journal of Engineering Research 3, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17950/ijer/v3s4/420.

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Vicent, J. B., M. Llusar, J. Badenes, M. A. Tena, M. Vicente, and G. Monrós. "Oclusión de óxidos cromoforos mediante métodos Sol-Gel: Aplicación a la síntesis de rojo Hematita-Sílice." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 39, no. 1 (February 28, 2000): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2000.v39.i1.878.

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Villanueva, Matthew Bryan P., Renz Marion G. Garcia, and Rinlee Butch M. Cervera. "Synthesis and Characterization of Sc and Y Co-doped Zirconia (Zr0.84Y0.08Sc0.08O1.92) Electrolyte Prepared by Sol-Gel Method." International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (December 2019): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijmse.2018.6.4.99-105.

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Bokov, Dmitry, Abduladheem Turki Jalil, Supat Chupradit, Wanich Suksatan, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Iman H. Shewael, Gabdrakhman H. Valiev, and Ehsan Kianfar. "Nanomaterial by Sol-Gel Method: Synthesis and Application." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (December 24, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5102014.

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The sol-gel process is a more chemical method (wet chemical method) for the synthesis of various nanostructures, especially metal oxide nanoparticles. In this method, the molecular precursor (usually metal alkoxide) is dissolved in water or alcohol and converted to gel by heating and stirring by hydrolysis/alcoholysis. Since the gel obtained from the hydrolysis/alcoholysis process is wet or damp, it should be dried using appropriate methods depending on the desired properties and application of the gel. For example, if it is an alcoholic solution, the drying process is done by burning alcohol. After the drying stage, the produced gels are powdered and then calcined. The sol-gel method is a cost-effective method and due to the low reaction temperature there is good control over the chemical composition of the products. The sol-gel method can be used in the process of making ceramics as a molding material and can be used as an intermediate between thin films of metal oxides in various applications. The materials obtained from the sol-gel method are used in various optical, electronic, energy, surface engineering, biosensors, and pharmaceutical and separation technologies (such as chromatography). The sol-gel method is a conventional and industrial method for the synthesis of nanoparticles with different chemical composition. The basis of the sol-gel method is the production of a homogeneous sol from the precursors and its conversion into a gel. The solvent in the gel is then removed from the gel structure and the remaining gel is dried. The properties of the dried gel depend significantly on the drying method. In other words, the “removing solvent method” is selected according to the application in which the gel will be used. Dried gels in various ways are used in industries such as surface coating, building insulation, and the production of special clothing. It is worth mentioning that, by grinding the gel by special mills, it is possible to achieve nanoparticles.

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Christ, Bastian, Walther Glaubitt, Katrin Berberich, Tobias Weigel, Jörn Probst, Gerhard Sextl, and Sofia Dembski. "Sol-Gel-Derived Fibers Based on Amorphous α-Hydroxy-Carboxylate-Modified Titanium(IV) Oxide as a 3-Dimensional Scaffold." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 2752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082752.

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The development of novel fibrous biomaterials and further processing of medical devices is still challenging. For instance, titanium(IV) oxide is a well-established biocompatible material, and the synthesis of TiOx particles and coatings via the sol-gel process has frequently been published. However, synthesis protocols of sol-gel-derived TiOx fibers are hardly known. In this publication, the authors present a synthesis and fabrication of purely sol-gel-derived TiOx fiber fleeces starting from the liquid sol-gel precursor titanium ethylate (TEOT). Here, the α-hydroxy-carboxylic acid lactic acid (LA) was used as a chelating ligand to reduce the reactivity towards hydrolysis of TEOT enabling a spinnable sol. The resulting fibers were processed into a non-woven fleece, characterized with FTIR, 13C-MAS-NMR, XRD, and screened with regard to their stability in physiological solution. They revealed an unexpected dependency between the LA content and the dissolution behavior. Finally, in vitro cell culture experiments proved their potential suitability as an open-mesh structured scaffold material, even for challenging applications such as therapeutic medicinal products (ATMPs).

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Wang, Yan Xiang, Min Xu, and Jian Sun. "Preparation of TiO₂ Nanopowders by Non-Hydrolytic Sol−Gel and Solvothermal Synthesis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 1934–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.1934.

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TiO2nanopowders were synthesized by non-hydrolytic sol−gel synthesis and solvothermal method. Effects of the type of alcohol on the properties of TiO2nanopowders were investigated. XRD and FSEM were used to characterize TiO2nanopowders. The results showed that TiO2nanopowders with diameters of about 50nm and micro-spheres with diameters of about 400~500nm were obtained by non-hydrolytic sol−gel synthesis, when ethanol and isopropanol were used as oxygen donor and solvent, respectively. TiO2prepared with ethanol by non-hydrolytic sol−gel synthesis and calcined at 700°C consisted only 3.8% rutile phase. After solvothermal synthesis, TiO2nanopowders with diameters of about 50nm were obtained when ethanol and isopropanol were used as the oxygen donor. However, submicrometer spheres with uniform size distribution were obtained with 1-octanol.

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SHAHMIRZAEI, M., S. A. SEYYED EBRAHIMI, and R. DEHGHAN. "SYNTHESIS OF THE NANOCRYSTALLINE NICKEL FERRITE BY A NOVEL MECHANO SOL–GEL AUTO-COMBUSTION METHOD." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 11 (May 10, 2011): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911026516.

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In this work, a novel method of mechano sol–gel auto-combustion has been developed for production of single phase nickel ferrite nanocrystalline powder, consisting of a sol–gel auto-combustion synthesis followed by a high energy milling process before calcination. Sol–gel auto-combustion was carried out using a gel including citric acid as a reductant and metal nitrates as oxidants. This gel exhibited a self-propagating behavior after ignition in air. The effects of the intermediate high energy milling on the physical properties of the final product after calcination were investigated. The results showed that with a high energy milling of the sol–gel auto-combusted powders with a ball-to-powder mass ratio of 20 for 20 h, the temperature of calcination for synthesis of the single phase ferrite reduced from 1000°C to 700°C and the size of the ferrite crystallites decreased from 72 nm to 15 nm.

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Maesaroh, Kiki, Muhamad Diki Permana, Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy, and Iman Rahayu. "The Effect of Different Synthesis with Chemical and Biological Methods on Properties of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 3 (January 16, 2023): 4350. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.4350.

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Silver oxide (Ag2O) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized through several methods, namely sol-gel, sonochemical, and biological methods. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the sonochemical method produces silver oxide with high phase purity, then the sol-gel method produces another phase, namely silver crystals, while the biological method produces Ag3PO4 phase from the precursor media. The research showed that the sol-gel method had the smallest crystallite and particle sizes of 9.5 and 232.7 nm, respectively, compared to sonochemical and biological methods. It is known that the specific surface area of the sol-gel method has the largest value, namely 60.09 m2/g, compared to the sonochemical and biosynthetic methods, which are 51.78 and 24.77 m2/g, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy study showed homogeneous spherical nanoparticles of silver oxide in the sol-gel and sonochemical methods, however, the biological method resulted in the formation of non-spherical silver oxide nanoparticles in the form like flakes. HIGHLIGHTS Synthesis of silver oxide by chemical method produces pure silver oxide crystals, smaller crystallite size, larger specific area, and more homogeneous particle size than biological methods The sol-gel method for the synthesis of silver oxide produces the smallest particle size than the sonochemical and biological methods The sonochemical method produces the highest crystallinity and size homogeneity compared to the sol-gel and biological methods GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Livage, J., P. Barboux, M. T. Vandenborre, C. Schmutz, and F. Taulelle. "Sol-gel synthesis of phosphates." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 147-148 (January 1992): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(05)80586-1.

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Xu, Yebin, Guohua Huang, and Hua Long. "Sol–gel synthesis of BaTi2O5." Materials Letters 57, no. 22-23 (July 2003): 3570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(03)00127-7.

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Munhoz Jr., Antonio Hortencio, Renato Meneghetti Peres, Leila Figueiredo Miranda, Raphael Cons Andrades, Matheus Francelino Bezerra da Silva, Maura Vincenza Rossi, and Odila Florencio. "Synthesis of Pseudoboehmite - Aging Effect." Materials Science Forum 958 (June 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.958.5.

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The Pseudoboehmite is an aluminum compound used as an alumina precursor and it is produced by sol-gel process. The sol-gel process is a methodology to produce porous, vitreous or crystalline ceramics started by molecular precursors. Pseudoboehmite with high purity, high specific surface area and porous homogeneity was obtained by sol-gel process. The material was used to produce gamma-alumina with surface area ranging from 211.2-288.1m2/g. It was studied the effect of aging time, temperature of aging and poly (vinyl alcohol) addition in the synthesis.

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Zhou, Yucheng, Etienne Le Calvez, Sun Woong Baek, Matevž Frajnkovič, Camille Douard, Olivier Crosnier, Thierry Brousse, and Laurent Pilon. "Effect of Particle Size on Thermodynamics and Lithium Ion Transport in Ti₂Nb₂O₉ Electrodes Synthesized By Solid State or Sol-Gel Method." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012258mtgabs.

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Ti2Nb2O9 has been identified as a promising lithium-ion battery anode material with large specific capacity, small cycling degradation, and good capacity retention at large currents. This study aims to gain insight into the charging mechanisms as well as the thermodynamics and ion transport in Ti2Nb2O9 synthesized by the solid state or the sol-gel method and formed by particles of different sizes using potentiometric entropy and operando isothermal calorimetric measurements. First, electrochemical testing showed that Ti2Nb2O9 electrodes made by sol-gel synthesis exhibited larger specific capacity, smaller polarization between lithiation/delithiation, and better capacity retention at large currents compared to those made by solid state synthesis. The measured open-circuit voltage and entropic potential revealed that the same solid solution charging mechanism prevailed and was independent of particle size, as confirmed by in situ XRD measurements. In other words, particle size had no influence on the quasi-equilibrium thermodynamics behavior of Ti2Nb2O9. However, Ti2Nb2O9 electrodes made by sol-gel synthesis featured smaller overpotential and faster lithium diffusion. In fact, operando isothermal calorimetry revealed smaller instantaneous heat generation rates and smaller time-averaged irreversible heat generation rates at Ti2Nb2O9 electrodes made by sol-gel synthesis compared to those made by solid state synthesis at any given C-rate. These observations highlight the smaller resistive losses and the larger electrical conductivity of Ti2Nb2O9 synthesized by the sol-gel method. Furthermore, time-averaged reversible heat generation rates at Ti2Nb2O9 electrodes made by both synthesis methods featured significant contributions from entropic changes, ion adsorption/desorption, and ion solvation/desolvation accompanied by ion-pairing.

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Jo, Hye-Soo, Hyeonjin Kim, and Seog-Young Yoon. "Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Aluminum Silicate and Its Adsorption for Pb (II) Ions and Methylene Blue in Aqueous Solution." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 3562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103562.

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Aluminum silicate powder was prepared using two different syntheses: (1) co-precipitation and (2) two-step sol-gel method. All synthesized powders were characterized by various techniques including XRD, FE-SEM, FT-IR, BET, porosimeter, and zetasizer. The particle morphology of the synthesized aluminum silicate powder was greatly different depending on the synthesis. The synthesized aluminum silicate powder by co-precipitation had a low specific surface area (158 m2/g) and the particle appeared to have a sharp edge, as though in a glassy state. On the other hand, synthesized aluminum silicate powder by the two-step sol-gel method had a mesoporous structure and a large specific surface area (430 m2/g). The aluminum silicate powders as adsorbents were characterized for their adsorption behavior towards Pb (II) ions and methylene blue in an aqueous solution performed in a batch adsorption experiment. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pb (II) ions and methylene blue onto the two-step sol-gel method powder were over four-times and seven-times higher than that of the co-precipitation powder, respectively. These results show that the aluminum silicate powder synthesized with a two-step sol-gel method using ammonia can be a potential adsorbent for removing heavy metal ions and organic dyes from an aqueous solution.

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Porto, Paulo Sergio da Silva, José Rafael C. Proveti, E. P. Muniz, R. D. Pereira, and D. R. Araujo. "Applications of Fourier Transform Infrared and X-Ray Techniques to Analyze Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles Produced." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.884.

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Various methods have been reported to obtain nanosized ferrite particles such as chemical coprecipitation, sol-gel, spray-drying, microwave plasma, sonochemical, hydrothermal synthesis, reverse micelle technique and mechano synthesis. In this work Nickel Ferrite nanoparticles are produced using coconut water or pectin extracted from apple peel (using sulfuric or chloridric acid) as precursor for the proteic sol-gel (PSG) method. The samples are prepared by drying and subsequent isothermal treatment of the sol gel at 873 or 1173 K during 2 hours. The resultant materials were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIRS) and discussed with emphasis in the purity of the samples produced.

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Esposito, Serena. "“Traditional” Sol-Gel Chemistry as a Powerful Tool for the Preparation of Supported Metal and Metal Oxide Catalysts." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 23, 2019): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040668.

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The sol-gel method is an attractive synthetic approach in the design of advanced catalytic formulations that are based on metal and metal oxide with high degree of structural and compositional homogeneity. Nowadays, though it originated with the hydrolysis and condensation of metal alkoxides, sol-gel chemistry gathers plenty of fascinating strategies to prepare materials from solution state precursors. Low temperature chemistry, reproducibility, and high surface to volume ratios of obtained products are features that add merit to this technology. The development of different and fascinating procedure was fostered by the availability of new molecular precursors, chelating agents and templates, with the great advantage of tailoring the physico-chemical properties of the materials through the manipulation of the synthesis conditions. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the “traditional” sol-gel synthesis of tailored and multifunctional inorganic materials and their application in the main domain of heterogeneous catalysis. One of the main achievements is to stress the versatility of sol-gel preparation by highlighting its advantage over other preparation methods through some specific examples of the synthesis of catalysts.

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Thomas, Jeena, Ajith Verghese George, and Vinoy Thomas. "Sol-Gel Synthesis and Spectroscopic Analysis of Chromium in Sol Gel Silica." Asian Journal of Chemistry 25, no. 12 (2013): 6767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.14612.

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Qin, Xi Xi, Xiao Dong Zhao, Hui Ming Ji, and Zhe Zhao. "Preparation of Zirconium Diboride Nanopowders Using Different Zirconium Sources via Sol-Gel Method." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.33.

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Zirconium diboride nanopowders were synthesized by sol–gel method using different zirconium sources of zirconium carbonate and zirconium nitrate based on different gelling processing. Both of zirconium source can be applied in the synthesis of good performance ZrB2 powders while the in-suit sol-gel using zirconium carbonate tend to form the spherical ZrB2 powders about 50nm and the traditional sol-gel using zirconium nitrate prefer to form worm ZrB2 powders about 200nm. The influences of B/Zr molar ration of zirconium carbonate and zirconium nitrate of sol-gel method on the phase constitution was investigated. And the gel mechanism was discussed to explain the different phase constitution, morphology of final products.

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Khairy, Mohamed, Abdelrahman H. Mahmoud, and Kamal M. S. Khalil. "Synthesis of highly crystalline LaFeO3 nanospheres for phenoxazinone synthase mimicking activity." RSC Advances 11, no. 29 (2021): 17746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra02295d.

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Ma, Yu, Hye Ryeon Lee, and Toshinori Tsuru. "Study on Preparation and Hydrophobicity of MTES Derived Silica Sol and Gel." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 2563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.2563.

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The synthesis of hydrophobic sol by one-step sol-gel process ammonia catalyzed was investigated. The water molar ratio and catalyst molar ratio were discussed to prevent phase segregation during the hydrolysis and co-condensation of the organic and inorganic precursors. The reactant system with water molar ratio 70 could make the reaction rate of MTES slightly less than that of TEOS, so that the hydrolysis - condensation – gelling reaction with MTES and TEOS as co-precursors could be synchronously. With the increase of the MTES/TEOS molar ratio, the reaction rate of the silica sol preparation decreased, the hydrophobicity of the sol and gel increased as the molar ratio MTES/TEOS change from 0.5~4. But the hydrophobicity of the methyl-modified silica sol and gel prepared with pure MTES in the sol-gel process were slightly lower than that of the methyl-modified silica sol and gel prepared with MTES and TEOS as co-precursors.

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K.Karunakaramoorthy, K. Karunakaramoorthy, and G. Suresh G.Suresh. "Synthesis And Characterization of the Al-Doped and Al–Mn Co-Doped Zno Nanoparticles by Sol Gel Method." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2014/149.

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Ballato, John, Matthew Dejneka, Richard E. Riman, Elias Snitzer, and Weimin Zhou. "Sol-gel synthesis of rare-earth-doped fluoride glass thin films." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 4 (April 1996): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0102.

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This paper describes ZBLA fluoride glass thin films produced via an inexpensive, low-temperature reactive atmosphere sol-gel approach. Luminescence from erbium at 1.55 μm has been observed in x-ray-amorphous doped films deposited on calcium fluoride, polyimide, sapphire, and silicon substrates. Fluorescence studies of the erbium 4S3/2 → 4I13/2 transition, a characteristic emission for a reduced phonon energy host, were conducted for both sol-gel-derived films and conventionally prepared glass rods. The peak intensity observed from the sol-gel films was blue-shifted by 16 nm with a FWHM value approximately half that measured for the melt-quenched rods. Excitation studies indicate that, unlike conventionally prepared glasses, sol-gel materials suffer from nonradiative relaxation of the 4S3/2 excited state to the 4I9/2 level, where subsequent radiative emission to the 4I15/2 ground state occurs. The proposed source of the quenching mechanism are remnant species inherent to the sol-gel process. While this causes the luminescence behavior of rare-earth-doped sol-gel-derived fluoride materials to be similar to oxide hosts, these remnant species modify the branching ratios, resultantly leading to a novel 824 nm emission when excited at 488 nm.

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Kirilovs, Edgars, Silvija Kukle, Janis Gravitis, and Hans-Jörg Gusovius. "Moisture absorption properties of hardwood veneers modified by a sol-gel process." Holzforschung 71, no. 7-8 (July 26, 2017): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0151.

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Abstract A new invisible nanolevel coating has been developed based on the sol-gel process for veneer finishes. The sol synthesis and its application as a protective agent is described. It could be demonstrated that a combination of organic light stabilizers and sol-gel deposits is feasible and that the resulting hybrid inorganic-organic thin films decrease moisture uptake of hardwood veneers.

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Huang, Wenjun, Xiangyu Miao, and Zhaojun Liu. "Investigations of Sidewall Passivation Using the Sol-Gel Method on the Optoelectronic Performance for Blue InGaN Micro-LEDs." Micromachines 14, no. 3 (February 27, 2023): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14030566.

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The optoelectronic effects of sidewall passivation on micro-light-emitting diodes (Micro-LEDs) were investigated using sol-gel chemical synthesis. Blue InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) Micro-LEDs, ranging in size from 20 × 20 μm to 100 × 100 μm and with high EQE, were fabricated and distinguished by the passivation method used, including no passivation, sol-gel SiO2, and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO2. Impressively, the sol-gel method is advantageous in improving the optoelectronic performance of Micro-LEDs. The fabricated 20 × 20 μm Micro-LEDs showed an EQE of 27.7% with sol-gel passivation, which was a 14% improvement compared to devices without sidewall passivation. Sol-gel sidewall passivation allows Micro-LEDs to effectively achieve sharper edge emission, superior surface luminous uniformity, and intensity, providing the possibility for the fabrication of low-cost and high-efficiency Micro-LEDs.

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Zarkov, Aleksej, Andrius Stanulis, Tomas Salkus, Algimantas Kezionis, Vitalija Jasulaitiene, Rimantas Ramanauskas, Stasys Tautkus, and Aivaras Kareiva. "Synthesis of nanocrystalline gadolinium doped ceria via sol–gel combustion and sol–gel synthesis routes." Ceramics International 42, no. 3 (February 2016): 3972–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.11.066.

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Miao, Hong Yan, Jing Yun Ma, and Guo Qiang Tan. "Preparation of Barium Strontium Titanate Nanopowders by a Sol-Gel Hydrothermal Synthesis Method." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.50.

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Barium strontium titanate, BST (BaxSr1-xTiO3), nanoparticles were prepared by a sol-gel hydrothermal technique. BST powders of different composition (x=0.1, x=0.3, x= 0.5, x=0.7, x=0.9) prepared by sol-gel technique previously were treated by hydrothermal synthesis method later. XRD results indicated that the as-prepared perovskite BST nanoparticles have the accurate proportioning composition. These results showed that the combination of sol-gel and hydrothermal technique would become a potential and promising process for fabricating BST and other nanopowders.

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Periyasamy, Aravin Prince, Mohanapriya Venkataraman, Dana Kremenakova, Jiri Militky, and Yan Zhou. "Progress in Sol-Gel Technology for the Coatings of Fabrics." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081838.

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The commercial availability of inorganic/organic precursors for sol-gel formulations is very high and increases day by day. In textile applications, the precursor-synthesized sol-gels along with functional chemicals can be deposited onto textile fabrics in one step by rolling, padding, dip-coating, spraying or spin coating. By using this technology, it is possible to provide fabrics with functional/multi-functional characteristics including flame retardant, anti-mosquito, water- repellent, oil-repellent, anti-bacterial, anti-wrinkle, ultraviolet (UV) protection and self-cleaning properties. These surface properties are discussed, describing the history, basic chemistry, factors affecting the sol-gel synthesis, progress in sol-gel technology along with various parameters controlling sol-gel technology. Additionally, this review deals with the recent progress of sol-gel technology in textiles in addressing fabric finishing, water repellent textiles, oil/water separation, flame retardant, UV protection and self-cleaning, self-sterilizing, wrinkle resistance, heat storage, photochromic and thermochromic color changes and the improvement of the durability and wear resistance properties.

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Saritha, D. "Sol–Gel Synthesis and Electrochemical Studies on Mo3Nb2O14." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 5593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12156.

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Shear ReO3 structure type Mo3Nb2O14 was prepared by both solid state reaction, sol–gel methods, characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction Patterns (PXRD) and compared the electrochemical cycling performance. Ex-situ XRD studies proved that the structure is retained. Sol–gel sample shows high capacity 175 mAhg−1 after 20 cycles. At C/5 rate, Sol–gel sample shows lower capacity fading 243 mAhg−1, when compared with solid state reaction sample 170 mAhg−1 after 20 cycles. Mo3Nb2O14 shows good cycling behavior. The complete outcome will be discussed based on the charge/discharge cycles.

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Mahu, Elvira, Cristina Giorgiana Coromelci, Doina Lutic, Iuliean Vasile Asaftei, Liviu Sacarescu, Valeria Harabagiu, and Maria Ignat. "Tailoring Mesoporous Titania Features by Ultrasound-Assisted Sol-Gel Technique: Effect of Surfactant/Titania Precursor Weight Ratio." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051263.

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A mesoporous titania structure has been prepared using the ultrasound-assisted sol-gel technique in order to find out a way to tailor its structure. The TiO2 obtained was compared to the same version of titania but synthesized by a conventional sol-gel method with the objective of understanding the effect of ultrasound in the synthesis process. All synthesis experiments were focused on the preparation of a titania photocatalyst. Thus, the anatase photocatalytic active phase of titania was proven by X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the ultrasonation treatment proved to increase the crystallinity of titania samples, being one of the requirements to having good photocatalytic activity for titania. The influence of surfactant/titania precursor weight ratio on the structural (XRD), textural (N2-sorption measurements), morphological (TEM), surface chemistry (FTIR) and optical properties (UVDR) was investigated. It was observed that the crystallite size, specific surface area, band gap energy and even photocatalytic activity was affected by the synergism occurring between cavitation effect and the surfactant/titania precursor weight ratio. The study yielded interesting great results that could be considered for further application of ultrasound to tailor mesoporous titania features via sol-gel soft template synthesis, against conventional sol-gel process.

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Tian, Peng, Zhen Yan Shi, Li Yan Liu, Gang Liu, Yan Hong Kang, and Hui Zhang. "Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol in Wastewater Using Nanometer TiO₂ Film under UV Light Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1485.

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In this paper, using tetrabutyl titanate as source, H2O2(30%) as solvent, synthesis of titanium dioxide sol was achieved by sol-gel method. A transparent sol aging in air 30min, titanium dioxide films were prepared by using spin coating method. The photodegradation capability of 4-chlorophenol has been enhanced by using immobilized TiO2 particles, where the titanium sol synthesized by a sol-gel method was used as the binder for the immobilization. Optimal conditions of TiO2film, 4-chlorophenol concentration, solution pH, and UV irradiation intensity have been found to enhance the photodegradation efficiency.

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Tsai, Shu-Yi, and Kuan-Zong Fung. "Synthesis Routes on Electrochemical Behavior of Co-Free Layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 Cathode for Li-Ion Batteries." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020794.

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Co-free layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 has received considerable attention due to high theoretical capacity (280 mAh g−1) and low cost comparable than LiCoO2. The ability of nickel to be oxidized (Ni2+/Ni3+/Ni4+) acts as electrochemical active and has a low activation energy barrier, while the stability of Mn4+ provides a stable host structure. However, selection of appropriate preparation method and condition are critical to providing an ideal layered structure of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 with good electrochemical performance. In this study, Layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 has been synthesized by sol-gel and solid-state routes. According to the XRD, the sol-gel method provides a pure phase, and solid-state process only minimize the secondary phases to certain limit. The Ni2+/Mn4+ content in the sol-gel process was higher than in the solid-state reaction, which may be due to the chemical composition homogeneity of the sol-gel samples. Regarding the electrochemical behavior, sol-gel process is better than solid-state reaction. The discharge capacity is 145 mAh/g and 91 mAh/g for the sol-gel process and solid-state reaction samples, respectively.

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Myasoedova, Tatiana N., Rajathsing Kalusulingam, and Tatiana S. Mikhailova. "Sol-Gel Materials for Electrochemical Applications: Recent Advances." Coatings 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111625.

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This review article emphases on the modern approaches to the types of sol-gel materials that are beneficial for electrochemistry, monitored by a report of recent advances in the numerous fields of sol-gel electrochemistry. Modified electrodes for sensors and supercapacitors as well as anti-corrosion are described. Sol-gel synthesis expands the capabilities of technologists to obtain highly porous, homogeneous, and hybrid thin-film materials for supercapacitor electrode application. The widespread materials are transition metal oxides, but due to their low conductivity, they greatly impede the rate capability of electrochemical supercapacitors. The way to optimize their properties is the production of complex oxides or different composites. Among the new materials, a special place is occupied by perovskites and materials with an olivine-type structure, which can be easily obtained by the sol-gel method. The sol-gel coating process has demonstrated excellent chemical stability to advance the corrosion resistance of the various metal alloy substrates. Furthermore, the sol-gel process is a user-friendly technique for applying a hybrid sol-gel coating to provide corrosion resistance. The hybrid sol-gel coating technique is the most attractive, easy to prepare at a lower temperature, and has shown the potential to swap Cr-based coatings. The hybrid sol-gel coating has exhibited promising properties of adherent and uses chemically inert to enhance the corrosion resistance of the metal and alloys. Hence, this review article emphases on the recent advances and approaches in the sol-gel coating processes that influence the belongings of its hybrid sol-gel coating for protecting metal substrates and their alloys from corrosion. In addition, the author discusses the current problem and challenges of hybrid anti-corrosion sol-gel coatings. Metal oxides and composites based on them are actively used to create electrochemical sensors. They synthesized, including the anhydrous and citrate sol-gel methods. Such materials are widely used as glucose biosensors and harmful gas sensors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sol-gel Synthesi'

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