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Journal articles on the topic 'Sol-gel composition'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Ali, A. F., P. Mustarelli, E. Quartarone, C. Tomasi, P. Baldini, and A. Magistris. "Sol-gel Lithium Borophosphates." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 4 (April 1999): 1510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0202.

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In this paper we present sol-gel synthesis and thermal and structural characterization of some lithium borophosphates. The as-prepared samples are mostly partially crystalline, and densification heat treatments at 500 °C cause samples to crystallize. In the phosphorus-rich part of the composition triangle we have lithium excess with respect to the nominal composition, which is likely due to the low reactivity of the phosphorus precursor. On the boron-rich side, in contrast, lithium losses are found which probably occur during syneresis.

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2

Miao, Hong Yan, Jing Yun Ma, and Guo Qiang Tan. "Preparation of Barium Strontium Titanate Nanopowders by a Sol-Gel Hydrothermal Synthesis Method." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.50.

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Barium strontium titanate, BST (BaxSr1-xTiO3), nanoparticles were prepared by a sol-gel hydrothermal technique. BST powders of different composition (x=0.1, x=0.3, x= 0.5, x=0.7, x=0.9) prepared by sol-gel technique previously were treated by hydrothermal synthesis method later. XRD results indicated that the as-prepared perovskite BST nanoparticles have the accurate proportioning composition. These results showed that the combination of sol-gel and hydrothermal technique would become a potential and promising process for fabricating BST and other nanopowders.

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3

Chatzistavrou, Xanthippi, E. Hatzistavrou, Nikolaos Kantiranis, Lambrini Papadopoulou, Eleana Kontonasaki, K. Chrissafis, Petros Koidis, Konstantinos M. Paraskevopoulos, and Aldo Roberto Boccaccini. "Novel Glass-Ceramics for Dental Application by Sol Gel Technique." Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (October 2008): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.153.

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The aim of this study was the fabrication using a sol-gel technique of a new glass-ceramic with potential use in dental applications. The characterization of the composition and microstructural properties of the produced material confirmed the similarity between the new sol-gel derived glass-ceramic and a commercial leucite based fluorapatite dental glass-ceramic. The produced material has potential application in dental restorations and it is expected to exhibit better control of composition, microstructure and properties due to the intrinsic advantages of the sol-gel preparation method.

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4

Wang, Xu, Bao Xiang Jiao, Xia Zhang, Ju Hua Luo, and Hao Guan. "Sol-Gel Preparation and Infrared Radiation Property of Zinc-Substituted Cordierite Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.316.

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The sol-gel process is a useful technique with good control over final amount of compositions which can decrease the temperature of sintering in the melting procedure. A cordierite infrared radiation ceramic with a nominal composition of Mg2(1-x)Zn2xAl4Si5O18（x=0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20）was prepared using the powders by sol-gel method and heat treatment at 1523K for 2 hours. The results indicate that the sol-gel method can effectively decrease the sintered temperature and the substitution of Zn2+ to Mg2+ can let structural change and improve the infrared radiation properties. The specimen of x=0.20 attained a relatively high infrared emissivity of 0.91 in the whole band.

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5

Sooksaen, Pat. "Morphology and Phase Composition of Sol-Gel Derived Aluminum Borate Nanowhiskers." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.121.

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Aluminium borate nanowhiskers with varying aspect ratio were synthesized via sol–gel synthesis. The morphology of aluminum borate (Al4B2O9 and Al18B4O33) nanowhiskers could be controlled by varying the aluminum to boron (Al:B) molar ratio in the sol–gel derived precursors. Sintering temperatures (850 and 1100°C) and sintering times (4 and 32 hours) also affected the phase composition and size of the nanowhiskers. Citric acid was also added in the sol–gel derived precursors as a surface stabilizer for obtaining uniform finely dispersed nanostructures. Fine nanowhiskers were obtained by the calcination at 850°C, whereas higher temperature of 1100°C led to thicker and longer nanowhiskers and became rod-like crystals. The morphology and phase composition were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Chemical bond vibrations in the synthesized nanowhiskers were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

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6

Kolchanov, Denis S., Vladislav Slabov, Kirill Keller, Ekaterina Sergeeva, Mikhail V. Zhukov, Andrey S. Drozdov, and Alexandr V. Vinogradov. "Sol–gel magnetite inks for inkjet printing." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 21 (2019): 6426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc00311h.

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The article describes an easy-to-implement and print-ready composition for inkjet printing of magnetic structures, which can be used for security printing, coding, and marking, magnetic device fabrication or creation of micro-antennas.

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7

Bokov, Dmitry, Abduladheem Turki Jalil, Supat Chupradit, Wanich Suksatan, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Iman H. Shewael, Gabdrakhman H. Valiev, and Ehsan Kianfar. "Nanomaterial by Sol-Gel Method: Synthesis and Application." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (December 24, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5102014.

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The sol-gel process is a more chemical method (wet chemical method) for the synthesis of various nanostructures, especially metal oxide nanoparticles. In this method, the molecular precursor (usually metal alkoxide) is dissolved in water or alcohol and converted to gel by heating and stirring by hydrolysis/alcoholysis. Since the gel obtained from the hydrolysis/alcoholysis process is wet or damp, it should be dried using appropriate methods depending on the desired properties and application of the gel. For example, if it is an alcoholic solution, the drying process is done by burning alcohol. After the drying stage, the produced gels are powdered and then calcined. The sol-gel method is a cost-effective method and due to the low reaction temperature there is good control over the chemical composition of the products. The sol-gel method can be used in the process of making ceramics as a molding material and can be used as an intermediate between thin films of metal oxides in various applications. The materials obtained from the sol-gel method are used in various optical, electronic, energy, surface engineering, biosensors, and pharmaceutical and separation technologies (such as chromatography). The sol-gel method is a conventional and industrial method for the synthesis of nanoparticles with different chemical composition. The basis of the sol-gel method is the production of a homogeneous sol from the precursors and its conversion into a gel. The solvent in the gel is then removed from the gel structure and the remaining gel is dried. The properties of the dried gel depend significantly on the drying method. In other words, the “removing solvent method” is selected according to the application in which the gel will be used. Dried gels in various ways are used in industries such as surface coating, building insulation, and the production of special clothing. It is worth mentioning that, by grinding the gel by special mills, it is possible to achieve nanoparticles.

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8

Liu, Hsue-Yang, Steven C. Switalski, Bradley K. Coltrain, and Paul B. Merkel. "Oxygen Permeability of Sol-Gel Coatings." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 8 (August 1992): 1266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924123881.

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Sol-gel processes are applied to prepare organic-inorganic composite coatings. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the possibility of tuning the oxygen permeability of the resulting coatings. It is proposed that if the oxygen permeability is largely controlled by the hydrophobic character and the pore sizes of membranes, then the permeability of the solgel coatings could be tuned by adjusting the composition of the organosilane precursor. The oxygen permeability is measured by the selective oxygen quenching of phosphorescent probes, such as platinum octaethylporphine (PtOEP). The application of such sol-gel coatings for optical fiber oxygen sensors will also be discussed.

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9

Taib, Taifunisyam, Souad A. Mohamad, Mohd Rafie bin Johan, Wan Jefrey Basiron, Chin Kim Ming, Chia Chang Cherng, and Tan Jia Herng. "Optical, Thermal and Dielectric Studies of Silver-Silica Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-Gel Technique." Materials Science Forum 846 (March 2016): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.846.318.

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Silver-silica nanocomposites (Ag-SiO2NCs) with various compositions were synthesized through sol-gel technique. The morphology, optical and thermal stability of the nanocomposite were investigated and was compared with pure sol-gel to determine the effects of the nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that SiO2 was encapsulated Ag with mean size of 30 nm. Uv-vis spectroscopy shows that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak show Ag-SiO2 NCs were greatly reduce due to the SiO2 particles. The permittivity and refractive index were decreased as the composition of Ag was increased at composition of 60% silver. The real permittivity is negative along the visible region. The trend stability of Ag-SiO2NCs were increased with the increased amount of silver.

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10

Tiwari, Atul. "A topical review on hybrid quasi-ceramic coatings for corrosion protection." Corrosion Reviews 36, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2017-0008.

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AbstractA set of unique properties can be derived by a proper combination of organic and inorganic segments in a coating composition. The synthesis of such hybrid coatings is a challenging task due to that a number of variable parameters need to be optimized to achieve the desired results. Similar to the copolymerization of macromolecular segments in a common solvent, sol–gel chemistry could provide a viable alternate for the development of single-phase coating composition. The coating derived through sol–gel and wet chemistry displays homogenous physical and chemical characteristics. A large variety of chemical moieties containing labile functional groups are available for the development of new coating compositions. This article briefly reviews such studies that are reported in majority of the academic sector.

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11

Shilova, Olga A. "Heterogeneous Sol-Gel Systems – Derived Ceramics." Advances in Science and Technology 63 (October 2010): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.63.131.

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Heterogeneous sol-gel systems (suspensions), synthesized by mixing sols and fillers of various dispersity (oxides, minerals, etc.), are successfully used to prepare glass-ceramic coatings. Sol composition (precursor, catalyst, solvent, dopants), filler dispersity and a homogenization mode for obtained suspensions essentially influence the properties of coatings formed. Here ways of the control of properties of heterogeneous sol-gel systems (by using various dopants, additives of organic low- and high-molecular compounds, as well as ultrasound) to reach set electro-physical and mechanical characteristics of coatings are considered in details. A number of examples of applications of glass-ceramic and hybrid coatings as well as ‘skin’ - layers are resulted.

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12

Avram, Daniela, Dan Ungureanu, Nicolae Angelescu, and José Barroso de Aguiar. "A Comparative Study on the Properties of Potentially Bioactive Glasses Obtained by Sol-Gel Technique and by Melting Mixtures of Oxides." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 15, no. 13 (October 1, 2017): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsmm-2017-0013.

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AbstractPhosphocalcic glasses, based on ternary system SiO2 - CaO- P2O5 and those doped with copper (SiO2 – CaO - P2O5 - Cu2O) can be obtained by the traditional method of sub-cooling melts or modern methods such as process that uses mechanical energy, neutrons action, deposition in thin layers or by sol-gel technique. This paper shows the experimental results of three compositional phosphocalcic glasses: 50% SiO2 - 43% CaO - 7% P2O5, 50% SiO2 - 38% CaO - 7% P2O5 - 5% Cu2O obtained through sol-gel method and 45% SiO2 - 22.5% CaO - 22.5 Na2O - 5% P2O5 - 5% Cu2O obtained by melting. In order to study their bioactivity, the three compositions were structural analyzed by X-ray diffraction method. In this case the apatite formation was highlighted after soaked in simulated body fluid, but also other compounds (CaCO3 and CuO) resulting from the same process were observed. In case of the melting glass apatite formation has not been highlighted. The functional groups present in the structure of glasses before and after soaking (PO43−, CO32− and HO−) were highlighted by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The elemental chemical composition was confirmed by elemental analysis WD-XRF. The morphology of sol-gel glass powders was revealed by SEM analysis. All glass compositions were tested in terms of antibacterial activity in vitro.

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13

Zhang, Wen Jie, and Yang Yu. "Preparation Conditions on Adsorption and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO₂ Particles Prepared by Sol-Gel Method." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.131.

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The amounts of ethanol, HCl and H2O, and also calcination conditions during sol-gel process of preparing TiO2 photocatalyst were investigated. Methyl orange adsorption on TiO2 prepared using different sol compositions is not more than 4% by varying the amount of ethanol, HCl and H2O. The photocatalytic degradation is related to sol composition, and the optimal composition is composed of 10 ml ethanol, 1.0 ml H2O, and 0.1 ml HCl. Calcination temperature and time are also important in TiO2 preparation. The TiO2 particle prepared at 500 °C for 3 h has the optimal photocatalytic activity. In the irradiation time range up to 100 min, photocatalytic degradation rate constantly increases up to 94.2%.

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14

Lebedeva, Yu E., N. E. Shchegoleva, V. A. Voronov, and St S. Solntcev. "Al2O3 AND ZrO2 CERAMIC MATERIALS OBTAINED BY SOL-GEL METHOD." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 4 (2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-4-61-73.

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The rheological properties, processes of structure and phase formation of the Al2O3–ZrO2 system compositions obtained by the sol-gel method have been investigated. The temperature range of crystallization of the compositions is 900–1100 °C. With an increase in the concentration of zirconium dioxide in the system, the temperature of the transition from the tetragonal to the monoclinic phase decreases. The effect of the ratio of the components in the initial solutions and the temperature regime of heat treatment of gels on the physicochemical properties of nanopowders and sintered materials has been studied. Ceramic materials of eutectic composition give the highest density and lower values of porosity and water absorption.

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15

He, Ming, Shu Ren Zhang, Xiao Hua Zhou, Jian Geng Hu, Ting Zhang, and Bo Li. "Dielectric and Sintering Properties of the Doping CaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ System Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.371.

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. A doping CaO-B2O3-SiO2 system low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) was prepared with a mixture of high temperature melting glass and sol-gel glass for different ratio. The effects of sol-gel glass content on the microstructure, crystalline phases, sintering properties and dielectric properties of CaO-B2O3-SiO2 system were investigated at 850°C. The results show that the samples with sol-gel glass doping had little change in phase composition, but contained more calcium silicates, and less calcium borate. As the amount of sol-gel glass increased, the shrinkage improved, the sintered density slightly decreased, the dielectric constant (εr) reduced, and the dielectric loss (tgδ) decreased. When the amount of sol-gel glass was 14.5wt%, εr and tgδ of the doping sample were 5.80, 4.6×10-5 (at 1 MHz), respectively. Moreover, the doping system had a good matching ability with gold slurry and Au-Pt-Pd slurry.

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16

Salinas, Antonio J., and Maria Vallet-Regí. "The Sol–Gel Production of Bioceramics." Key Engineering Materials 391 (October 2008): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.391.141.

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Sol–gel synthesis is used for the fabrication of new materials with technological applications including ceramics for implants manufacturing, usually termed bioceramics. Many bioactive and resorbable bioceramics, that is, calcium phosphates, glasses and glass–ceramics, have been improved by using the sol–gel synthesis. In addition, the soft thermal conditions of sol–gel methods made possible to synthesize more reactive materials than those synthesized by traditional methods. Moreover, new families of bioactive materials such as organic–inorganic hybrids and inorganic compounds with ordered mesostructure can be produced. In hybrid materials, the inorganic component ensures the bioactive response whereas the organic polymeric component allows modulating other properties of the resulting biomaterial such as mechanical properties, degradation, etc. On the other hand, the sol–gel processes also allow the synthesis of silica ordered mesoporous materials, which are bioactive and exhibit – as an added value – a possible application as matrices for the controlled release of biologically active molecules (drugs, peptides, hormones, etc.). Finally, by combining the bioactive glasses composition with synthesis strategies of mesoporous materials, template glasses with ordered mesoporosity can be obtained. In this chapter, the advances that sol–gel technology has brought to the silica-based bioactive bioceramics are presented.

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17

Jinga, Sorin-Ion, Ana-Maria Anghel, Silvia-Florena Brincoveanu, Raluca-Maria Bucur, Andrei-Dan Florea, Bianca-Irina Saftau, Stefania-Cristina Stroe, Andreea-Ioana Zamfirescu, and Cristina Busuioc. "Ce/Sm/Sr-Incorporating Ceramic Scaffolds Obtained via Sol-Gel Route." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061532.

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Three different inorganic scaffolds were obtained starting from the oxide system SiO2‒P2O5‒CaO‒MgO, to which Ce4+/Sm3+/Sr2+ cations were added in order to propose novel materials with potential application in the field of hard tissue engineering. Knowing the beneficial effects of each element, improved features in terms of mechanical properties, antibacterial activity and cellular response are expected. The compositions were processed in the form of scaffolds by a common sol-gel method, followed by a thermal treatment at 1000 and 1200 °C. The obtained samples were characterized from thermal, compositional, morphological and mechanical point of view. It was shown that each supplementary component triggers the modification of the crystalline phase composition, as well as microstructural details. Moreover, the shrinkage behavior is well correlated with the attained compression strength values. Sm was proven to be the best choice, since in addition to a superior mechanical resistance, a clear beneficial influence on the viability of 3T3 fibroblast cell line was observed.

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18

Malinkina, O. N., and A. B. Shipovskaya. "Influence of the nature of a polysaccharide on the surface-morphological and physicomechanical properties of sol–gel plates." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012115.

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Abstract Thin-film sol–gel plates based on chitosan and glucomannan polysaccharides in a wide range of compositions were obtained. The effect of the polysaccharide component on the SEM surface morphology and physicomechanical properties was evaluated. It was found that the introduction of the polysaccharide glucomannan (and/or Aloe Vera juice) into the composition of chitosan sol–gel plates increased the elastoplastic characteristics of the samples and had a significant effect on the surface relief of their solid phase. The obtained structures can be used for the design of bioadhesive sensor coatings with a high therapeutic effect, which is an urgent area for theranostics and regenerative medicine.

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19

Zhao, Lan, Dao Li Zhang, Gang Du, Jian Mei Xu, and Dong Xiang Zhou. "The Properties of Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films by the Sol-Gel Approach." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.831.

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Antimony-doped tin oxide thin films have a range of technical applications as conductive coatings, and sol-gel processing seems to offer some advantages over other coating techniques. In this study, the sol was prepared by sol-gel approach from SnO2·H2O and SbCl3 in alcohol. It was found that the heat-treatment temperature and doping level have strong influences on the microstructure and composition of Sb: SnO2 films. The SnO2 crystals exist mainly as tetragonal rutile structure. The optimum heat-treatment temperature is about 450 ~ 500°C, and the film is composed with nanocrystals and nano-pores. Microstructure and the electrical behaviors of Sb-doped SnO2 thin films derived by sol-gel process were investigated.

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20

Wang, Yixuan, Ting Zhang, Xiaoyu Yue, Junyao Wu, and Wei Gao. "Preparation of ultrafine silicon oxycarbide fiber mats via electrospinning/sol–gel method: Investigation of the solution spinnability." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 01n03 (December 19, 2019): 2040004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220400044.

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Ultrafine silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) fiber mats were prepared through a sol–gel method combined electrospinning technique. The influence of sol–gel solution viscosity on its spinnability has been studied. By partially removing solvents after the sol–gel preparation, the solution could be stably spun and resulted in fiber mats with an average fiber diameter of 560 nm. The formation, morphology and composition of the SiOC fiber mats have been studied by TGA, FT-IR, SEM, XPS and XRD. Due to flexibility and free-standing property, the SiOC fiber mats will have a wide range of applications.

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21

Ji, Guang Yi, Hui Ming Ji, and Xiu Ping Li. "Effects of Sol Network Modifiers on Preparation, Morphology and Phase Composition of Zirconium Diboride Nano-Powders by Novel Sol-Gel Technology." Key Engineering Materials 544 (March 2013): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.544.139.

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Zirconium diboride nano-powders were synthesized by novel sol-gel technology using zirconium oxychloride, boric acid and sucrose as row materials. Different sol network modifiers, such as propylene oxide (PO) and citric acid (CA), were used to control the formation of zirconia precursor sol, respectively. PO could stabilize the sol by protonation and ring-opening reactions, and CA could form the sol network by chelation, then transformed to gel network. Gel was dried, ground, and exposed to carbonthermal reduction heat treatment (1500°C, 2h, flowing 95%argon mix with 5% hydrogen) to prepare ZrB2 nano-powders. In this study, effects of sol network modifiers on preparation procedure, powder characteristics were performed by using Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The purity of ZrB2 will improve by increasing the molar ratio of B/Zr, the photomicrograph revealed nearly pure ZrB2 nano-powders with spherical shape of 50-200nm and well dispersed were obtained with a molar ratio of B/Zr of 3.0 at 1500°C for 2h using PO as chemical modifier.

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22

Gbologah, Lemuel, P. S. Kwawukume, and Francis W. Y. Momade. "Sol-Gel Mullite-SiC Oxidation Protective Coating for Carbon-Carbon Composites." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 10 (July 2013): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.10.13.

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Carbon-Carbon composite (C/C) substrate materials are prone to severe oxidation and volatilization problems. To address these issues mullite/SiC coatings were deposited on C/C composite. The coatings were applied by a two-step approach; pack cementation and silica sol based slurry-coating processes. The pack mixture composition for SiC coating comprised; 15-50 wt. % Si (75 μm), 0-25 wt. % B (38.2 μm), 0.01-3 wt. % SiO2 (38 μm) and 40-85 wt. % SiC green (20 μm). Laboratory synthesized mullite via sol-gel (SG) process of different Al2O3/SiO2 ratios (containing approx. 84-72wt. % Al2O3) based on stoichiometric calculation were used; these were admixed with silica sol to form a slurry. The pack mixture and the silica sol based slurry coatings were sintered at temperatures of 1800oC and 550°C respectively. The microstructure and isothermal oxidation behavior of the mullite/SiC coatings and C/C substrates during isothermal oxidation cycle at 1500oC were investigated using XRD and SEM mounted with EDS. Results indicate that optimized oxidation protection for mullite-SiC coating was achieved with higher Al2O3 content. The weight loss rate of sol-gel mullite with bulk composition 84 wt. % Al2O3 (SG84) was 0.09 gcm-2h-1 as compared to bulk composition 72 wt. % Al2O3 (SG72) which had a weight loss rate of 0.20gcm-2h-1. The oxidation protection for the synthesized sol-gel mullite/SiC coatings offered effective protection as evidenced in the cycle hour exposure time with limited degradation, chemical compatibility between the coating/substrate interface was good and the phases were quite stable after isothermal oxidation cycle.

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23

Wang, Wen-Hsi, Yuan-Ling Lee, Chun-Pin Lin, and Feng-Huei Lin. "THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION CHANGE IN SOL-GEL SYNTHESIZED PSC." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 20, no. 01 (February 2008): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s101623720800060x.

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Modified calcium silicate cement had previously been developed as a dental retrograde filling. It had great sealing ability, good biocompatibility, and anti-bacterial properties. However, its clinical application was limited by a long setting time and poor handling property. In previous study,1, 2 the setting property of PSC was greatly improved due the sol-gel process, without the addition of transition metal element. In this study, different ratio of starting material of PSC was prepared. The composition of each group was also altered with the ratio of the starting materials according to the result of XRD pattern. There is no significant difference in pH variation profile between each group. Even though low C 3 S / C 4 AF ratio (DX631 and DX541 groups) possessed high initial strength at first 24 hours after hydration, there was no increase in strength ever since according to the result of microhardness. However, the groups with high C 3 S / C 4 AF ratio (DX811 and DX721 groups) possessed relatively low initial strength at 24 hours after hydration, but the strength increased rapidly and continuously at least for the next six days of hydration. Moreover, the peak intensity of hydration product (Portlandite) on XRD pattern in DX811 group was much higher than other three groups, and this was also in agreement with the result of microhardness. DX811 group is determined to be the optimal one for the further development in the application as root-end filling materials.

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24

Fabes, B. D., D. P. Birnie, and B. J. J. Zelinski. "Porosity and composition effects in sol-gel derived interference filters." Thin Solid Films 254, no. 1-2 (January 1995): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(94)06244-f.

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25

Barbier, D., X. Orignac, X. M. Du, and R. M. Almeida. "Improved composition for sol-gel rare-earth doped planar waveguides." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 8, no. 1-3 (February 1997): 1013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02436976.

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26

Kanunnikova, O. M., A. E. Murav’ev, and S. S. Mikhailova. "Composition and structure of sol-gel platinum-doped silicate films." Glass and Ceramics 64, no. 5-6 (May 2007): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-007-0053-0.

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27

Trusova, E. A., D. D. Titov, A. N. Kirichenko, E. V. Shelekhov, N. S. Trutnev, A. M. Afzal, and I. A. Perezhogin. "The phase composition, morphology and compressibility of graphene–zirconia composite nanostructured powder." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 1 (2020): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00624a.

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28

Cao, Feng, C. Y. Wang, P. S. Tang, C. Y. Lu, H. F. Chen, and Shi Gang Long. "Thermal Conductivity of Sol-Gel Bonded Castables." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1146.

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The silica-alumina sol bonding agent, prepared by the sol gel route from ethyl silicate and aluminium isopropanol, was utilized in the refractory castables. The influence of structure on the heat transfer has been investigated using different sorts of refractory matrix. The results indicated that the heat conductivity of sol-gel bonded castables was considerably affected by their structure. The phase composition of matrix, porosity, pore size distribution and pore size structure were the most important factors. Thermal conductivity has been measured from the ambient temperature up to 1250 °C. The influence of crystalline phases and the glassy phase formation and the influence of the pore size distribution on the thermal conductivity were also described in this work.

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Аверин, И. А., И. А. Пронин, Н. Д. Якушова, А. А. Карманов, Е. А. Алимова, С. Е. Игошина, В. А. Мошников, and Е. И. Теруков. "Адаптация золь-гель технологии наноструктурированного оксида цинка для целей гибкой электроники." Журнал технической физики 89, no. 12 (2019): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2019.12.48492.227-19.

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Abstract The possibility of replacing classical sol-gel operation methods of high-temperature annealing by photo-annealing using ultraviolet-range radiation has been analyzed. A technique for synthesizing hierarchically organized zinc oxide films using sol-gel technology based on the parallel combination of low-temperature treatment and UV photo-annealing is proposed. Spectroscopic studies of the qualitative composition of the film-forming sol and nanomaterials based on it, obtained on various types of substrates, have been carried out before and after initiation of photochemical reactions.

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Yi, Guanghua, and E. Batalla. "Preparation of EuO films by sol-gel technique." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 10 (October 1996): 2470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0311.

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EuO thin films with the cubic NaCl structure were fabricated by a sol-gel technique. The composition and crystal structure of the films were investigated as a function of firing temperature. The preparation of the stock solution and the coating and firing of the films are described. The firing of the gel film and the reduction of the Eu2O3 phase are also discussed.

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Avram, Daniela, Nicolae Angelescu, Dan Nicolae Ungureanu, Ionica Ionita, Anca Gheboianu, and Iulian Bancuta. "Study of Phosphocalcic Glasses SiO2-CaO-P2O5 System with and without Silver. I. Synthesis of glasses and characterization by WD-XRF and XRD." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 5 (June 15, 2017): 944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.5.5586.

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Synthesis glasses biocompatible made a great step forward in the last few decades, moving from traditional methods of supercooling melts and casting them to the modern, using the action of neutrons, mechanical and deposition in thin layers by different techniques, glass transition or sol-gel technique. In this paper it is presented sol-gel synthesis of two glasses silicofosfocalcic composition of SiO2-CaO-P2O5 system with and without silver ions.The investigation of chemical elemental composition of researched glasses, as well as the de novo synthesis of hydroxyapatite, post dip, was done by using modern methods used for this purpose.

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Ionita, S., K. Magyari, A. V. Sandu, V. Simon, and F. Iacomi. "Synthesis and Preliminary Characterization of Modified 45s5 Bioglasses." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Physica 65, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphys.2020.03.

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"The study is devoted to synthesis and preliminary structural and morphological characterization of modified 45S5 glasses, in (66-x)SiO2∙27CaO∙4P2O5∙3TiO2∙xAl2O3 system, with potential applications in dentistry. The composition of the sol-gel derived samples was verified with respect to their nominal composition. The effect of partial SiO2 replacement with Al2O3 on samples structure and morphology is investigated. It was established that the Ca/P ratio is diminished in Al2O3 containing samples and that an amorphous hydroxyapatite phase similar to hydroxyapatite reported for bone tissue is formed. Keywords: bioglasses; sol-gel-synthesis; XRD; SEM; EDX. "

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33

Muhammad, Raz, Yaseen Iqbal, and Carlos Renato Rambo. "Sol–gel synthesis of Na0.4K0.6Ca4Nb5O17 microwave ceramics." International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, no. 21 (August 11, 2015): 1550153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215501532.

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The sol–gel method was developed to synthesize A 5 B 5 O 17-type Na 0.4 K 0.6 Ca 4 Nb 5 O 17 layered perovskite ceramics, using NaNO 3, KNO 3, CaNO 3⋅4 H 2 O and NbCl 5 precursors. Samples were calcined at 950°C and sintered at 1200–1350°C. The phase and microstructural analyses of samples were carried out using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed single phase monoclinic symmetry, within the detection limit of in-house XRD facility. Microstructural analysis shows ~ 10 μ m elongated rod-like grains. The microwave dielectric properties of the sintered composition at 1300°C were: relative permittivity (εr) = 42, quality factor (Q × f0) = 8270 GHz and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) = -10.1 ppm/°C.

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34

Secu, Mihail, Corina Elisabeta Secu, Teddy Tite, and Silviu Polosan. "Sol-Gel Processing of Bismuth Germanate Thin-Films." Coatings 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030255.

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This study aims to obtain uniform and homogeneous bismuth germanate oxides thin films by spin coating and using the sol-gel technique with different precursors, followed by low-temperature annealing at 560 °C. By using Bi(NO3)3 precursors, we have obtained transparent, yellowish thin films with a 200 nm thickness. The structural analysis of the initial sol-gel powder has shown the presence of two crystalline structures, the cubic Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) and monoclinic Bi2GeO5 crystallites, which evolves towards the BGO structure after annealing. The elemental analysis confirmed the composition of the desired compound Bi4Ge3O12 with 60 wt % GeO2 and 40 wt % Bi2O5. On the other hand, by changing the precursor to (Bi(CH3COO)2, the film thickness increased to 500 nm thicker due to the high viscosity of the sol, and a dominant monoclinic Bi2GeO5 crystalline structure appeared. The elemental analysis revealed a nonstoichiometric composition with 38 wt % GeO2 and 62 wt % Bi2O3. Due to the low GeO2 phase content that reacted with metastable Bi2GeO5, we obtained cubic Bi4Ge3O12 as a secondary phase, with Bi2GeO5 as a dominant crystalline phase. The redshifts of both absorptions and emissions spectra peaks confirmed a different disorder structure as an interplay between the cubic Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) and monoclinic Bi2GeO5 phases.

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Drozdov, Andrey S., Katerina V. Volodina, Vasiliy V. Vinogradov, and Vladimir V. Vinogradov. "Biocomposites for wound-healing based on sol–gel magnetite." RSC Advances 5, no. 101 (2015): 82992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra16177k.

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New nanocomposite material based on sol–gel magnetite for wound healing is described. Composition and drug release profile provides 1.5 fold acceleration wound healing rate and 2 fold lesser scar size.

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36

Huan, Yu, Xiao Hui Wang, and Long Tu Li. "Low-Temperature Sintering and Enhanced Piezoelectric Properties in KNN-LTS Nanopowder Prepared via a Low-Cost Water-Based Sol-Gel Method." Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (March 2014): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.795.

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nanoscale lead-free perovskite powders with a composition of (Na0.52K0.4425Li0.0375)(Nb0.9125Ta0.0375Sb0.05)O3 (KNN-LTS) have been synthesized via a low-cost water-based sol-gel method, to reduce the sintering temperature and enhance the electrical properties. KNN-LTS nanopowders with average particle size of about 20 nm are obtained by citrate precursor sol-gel process, where Nb (OH)5 and Sb2O3 are used to replace the costly mental alkoxides. The sol-gel derived nanopowders can be densified at lower temperature of 940 °C and exhibited excellent electrical properties after sintering at 1020 °C (d33 = 396 pC/N, kp = 50.1% = 1882 and tanδ = 0.02), providing a tremendous potential method for high-performance lead-free ceramics preparation.

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37

Ćurković, Lidija, Helena Otmačić Ćurković, Irena Žmak, Mihone Kerolli Mustafa, and Ivana Gabelica. "Corrosion Behavior of Amorphous Sol–Gel TiO2–ZrO2 Nano Thickness Film on Stainless Steel." Coatings 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080988.

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In this work, a single-layer TiO2–ZrO2 thin film is deposited on the AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel by the sol–gel process and the dip coating method to improve its corrosion resistance properties. For the sol preparation, titanium isopropoxide and zirconium butoxide are used as the precursors, yttrium acetate hydrate is used for the ZrO2 stabilization, i-propanol as the solvent, nitric acid as the catalyst, acetylacetone as the chelating agent, and the distilled water for the hydrolysis. The deposited films are annealed at 400 °C or 600 °C. Morphology and phase composition of the sol–gel TiO2–ZrO2 films and powders are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDX detector and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The thickness of the sol–gel TiO2–ZrO2 films deposited on the stainless steel is determined by glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES). The corrosion behavior of the stainless steel, coated by amorphous films, is evaluated in 3 wt% NaCl and 0.5 mol dm−3 HCl by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. It is found that the sol–gel TiO2–ZrO2 films with the amorphous structure, deposited by the sol–gel process, and calcined at 400 °C significantly enhance the corrosion properties of AISI 316L in both chloride media.

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38

Gupta, H. K., and R. Salovey. "Characterization of Ban Copolymers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536067.

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Abstract Molar mass and compositional distributions in copolymers of butadiene and acrylonitrile have been analyzed by gel permeation chromatography with multiple detection. In some cases, a third component could not be separated by size-exclusion chromatography and was presumed to be an antioxidant attached to the copolymer chains. The amount of this antioxidant was measured by ultraviolet detection at 280 nm of chromatographic effluents and found to increase in amount with decreasing molar volume. Molar mass and compositional distributions were derived from corrected ultraviolet responses at 254 nm coupled with refractive index detection of BAN solutions separated by GPC. The variation of composition with molecular size depends on the composition of the monomer feed and, presumably, the conversion. For copolymers close the azeotropic composition (36% ACN), the composition was fairly uniform over the entire molecular weight distribution and showed a single Tg by differential scanning calorimetry. Some of the materials showed gel or insoluble fractions which had to be separated from the soluble moieties prior to GPC. Copolymers of composition slightly above azeotropic showed a single Tg but could be separated into sol and gel fractions which differed in composition. Infrared and calorimetric analysis showed that, in these cases, the gel was enriched in acrylonitrile. A sample containing 20% acrylonitrile showed marked deviations from compositional uniformity, and the high molecular weight components were enriched in butadiene. Infrared and calorimetric analysis of the sol and gel fractions showed that they were enriched in acrylonitrile and butadiene, respectively. In fact, the elastomer evidenced two glass transition temperatures. We suggest that gel permeation chromatography with multiple detection, specifically refractive index and ultraviolet absorption at 254 and at 280 nm, permits a fairly complete characterization of BAN elastomers. With computer analysis, a sophisticated raw material quality control is feasible and simple. We plan to reexamine our assumptions using laboratory synthesized BAN copolymers. Moreover, we hope to relate the physical properties of elastomers and rubber compounds with the molecular characterization of BAN copolymers. As an alternative to ultraviolet detection in GPC, it may be possible to get a more complete functional group analysis by infrared spectroscopy.

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39

Torres-Martínez, Leticia M., Isaías Juárez-Ramírez, Juan S. Ramos-Garza, Francisco Vázquez-Acosta, and Soo Wohn Lee. "Sol-Gel Preparation of Bi₂InTaO₇ and its Photocatalytic Behavior for Organic Compounds Degradation." Materials Science Forum 658 (July 2010): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.658.491.

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In this work it was carried out the synthesis of Bi2InTaO7 pyrochlore-type structure compound by the sol-gel method. By X-Ray powder diffraction the sol-gel compound calcined at 600°C showed the pyrochlore-type structure phase and by scanning electron microscopy its morphology revealed the presence of particles with size lower than 1 micron. Its chemical elemental composition was determined by EDS analysis. Results of SBET area and Eg values of this compound suggested higher properties than those obtained by the compound prepared by solid state reaction. Bi2InTaO7 sol-gel was used as active photocatalyst on the degradation reaction of organic compounds such as Alizarin Red S, and Red and Green Tide, under UV-light. Half time life results showed that Bi2InTaO7 sol-gel compound could be a good candidate for the degradation of organic compounds because after few minutes showed high efficiency on the degradation reaction of Alizarin Red S (t1/2 = 30 min), and Green Tide inactivation (t1/2 = 17 min).

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40

Kim, Deuk Ju, Hae Young Hwang, and Sang Yong Nam. "Characterization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES)/silica-phosphate sol-gel composite membrane: Effects of the sol-gel composition." Macromolecular Research 21, no. 11 (June 14, 2013): 1194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13233-013-1162-y.

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41

Holtzinger, C., L. Rapenne, P. Chaudouët, G. Berthomé, J. C. Joud, and M. Langlet. "Influence of sol composition on natural superhydrophilicity of sol gel–derived TiO2–SiO2nanocomposite thin films." Emerging Materials Research 1, no. 3 (June 2012): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/emr.11.00024.

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42

Cheng, Kui, Wen Jian Weng, Shun Dong Miao, Pi Yi Du, Ge Shen, and Gao Rong Han. "Sol-Gel Derived Biphasic HA/FA Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.651.

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In order to optimize the dissolution resistance, cell attachment and Ca and P releasing ability of the calcium phosphate coatings, Hydroxyapatite/fluorapatite (HA/FA) biphasic coatings are prepared and characterized. Ultrasonically dispersing of HA powders in the mixed ethanol solution of Ca(NO3)2, P2O5 and HPF6, to form a “colloidal sol” for dip coating. The coatings are prepared on Ti6Al4V substrate by dip coating, 150oC drying and 600oC firing. The coatings are characterized by X-ray Diffractometer for the crystalline phase, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for chemical composition and Scanning Electron Microscopy for the surface morphology. The results show biphasic HA/FA coatings with homogenous distribution of HA particle in the FA matrix can be obtained. The nominal F content of the coatings decreases with the increasing amount of HA, and the surface morphology is rough. These demonstrate the obtained biphasic HA/FA coatings are suitable to response to cells, accelerating bone formation.

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43

Krzywiecki, Maciej, Lucyna Grządziel, Adnan Sarfraz, Danish Iqbal, Anna Szwajca, and Andreas Erbe. "Zinc oxide as a defect-dominated material in thin films for photovoltaic applications – experimental determination of defect levels, quantification of composition, and construction of band diagram." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 15 (2015): 10004–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00112a.

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44

Panic, Vladimir. "Supercapacitive characteristics of electrochemically active porous materials." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 6 (2008): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0806661p.

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The results of an investigation of the capacitive characteristics of sol-gel-processed titanium- and carbon-supported electrochemically active noble metal oxides, as representatives of porous electrode materials, are presented in the lecture. The capacitive properties of these materials were correlated to their composition, the preparation conditions of the oxides and coatings, the properties of the carbon support and to the composition of the electrolyte. The results of the electrochemical test methods, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were employed to resolve the possible physical structures of the mentioned porous materials, which are governed by the controlled conditions of the preparation of the oxide by the sol-gel process.

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45

Ramesh, S., K. C. James Raju, and C. Vishnuvardhan Reddy. "Modified Sol-Gel Production of Nano SDC20 Materials." Advanced Materials Research 938 (June 2014): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.938.19.

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The production of high purity samarium doped ceria (SDC20, Sm0.2Ce0.8O2-δ) nanopowders by modified sol-gel process using maltose and pectin as organic precursors. Around, 6 nm particle size can be obtained after calcination of the as synthesized (pre dried) gel at 500 °C for 2 h. Rietveld refinement of Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirms the cubic structure with single phase. Chemical composition of SDC20 is in good agreement with EDX measurements. TEM and XRD analysis indicate the influence of sintering temperature on particle size, which increases with increasing temperature. This modified sol-gel process is a non-toxic and environmentally friendly for large-scale production of high purity nanopowders.

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46

Asl, S. K., and S. K. Asl. "Effectively Doping of Rare Earth Additives in Sol Gel Derived PZT Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.41.

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The PZT-based ceramics with a composition of Pb1.1-sRs (Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3.1+0.5s; s = 0.00 – 0.02, R= La, Nd, Sm were prepared by conventional mixed-oxide, and sol-gel methods, with optimal preparation conditions. The microstructural and electrical properties were examined as a function of the additive content and type then compared. Microstructural and compositional analyses of the PZT-based ceramics have been carried out using SEM and XRD. Dielectric properties of the samples were measured with an impedance analyzer. The ferroelectric properties of the PRZT samples were measured using the frequencies. It showed that the La additive improved both the dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Using sol gel method decreased saturation point of PZT. The PRZT with 0.5 mol% La be in optimum condition

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47

Zhou, Feng, Kai Ming Liang, and Hua Shao. "Study on the Cracking of SiO₂-TiO₂ Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Method." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1227.

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In this paper, the cracking behavior of sol-gel-derived SiO2-TiO2 films on glass-ceramics substrates is characterized by means of DTA, XRD and SEM. The SiO2-TiO2 films are deposited by sol-gel dip coating with tetrabutyl orthotitanate (Ti(OBu)4) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as raw precursors. The result shows that the cracking of the films is mainly related to the surface cleanliness of the substrate, the thermal expansion coefficients of the film and the substrate, the viscosity of the mixed sol, and the unbalanced stress produced during drying and heating process. The films without cracks were obtained by modifying the composition of sol and controlling the relative humidity and the heating rate of heat treatment.

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48

Czekaj, D., A. Lisińska-czekaj, and J. Plewa. "Fabrication and Crystal Structure of Sol-Gel Deposited BST Thin Films with Compositional Gradient." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0095.

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AbstractIn the present research technology of compositionally graded barium strontium titanate Ba1-xSrxTiO3thin films deposited on stainless steel substrates by sol-gel spin coating followed with thermal annealing atT= 650°C is reported. Results of thermal behavior of the sol-gel derived powders with compositions used for fabrication of graded structure (i.e. with Sr mole fractionx= 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3) are described. X-ray diffraction studies of the phase composition and crystal structure of such complex thin film configuration are given. It was found that gel powders exhibited a large total weight loss of about Δm≈ 44-47%. Three stages of weight loss took place at temperature ranges: belowT≈ 300°C, at ΔT≈ 300-500°C and betweenT= 600°C andT= 800°C. Phase analysis has shown that the dominating phase is Ba0.67Sr0.33TiO3compound while the second phase is Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3or Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3for “up-graded” and “down-graded” structure, respectively.

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49

Geioushy, R. A., O. A. Fouad, M. M. Rashad, D. A. Rayan, and A. T. Kandil. "Facile synthesis of nanosized samarium titanate (Sm2Ti2O7) powders: structural, composition, thermal stability, optical and magnetic properties." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 17 (2021): 7799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj01156a.

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50

Karis, T. E., and J. Economy. "Sol-gel route to high Tc ceramic precursors." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 8 (August 1991): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.1623.

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An aqueous sol-gel procedure to obtain fine Y–Ba–Cu particles with an approximately 1-2-3 stoichiometric ratio is described. This involves precipitating an aqueous solution of the oxides in HC1 by neutralization with Ba(OH)2, and precipitation of BaCO3 from solution with CO2. A novel treatment with H2O2 decreased the weight loss while sintering. The average particle size and shape was characterized by rheology, light scattering, and scanning electron microscope. Particle composition was studied with x-ray diffraction, electron microprobe, and infrared spectroscopy. The suspension was formed into a fiber and sintered, and measurements were made indicating a superconducting transition temperature near 60 K.

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