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1
Morand, David T. "The World Reference Base for Soils (WRB) and Soil Taxonomy: an appraisal of their application to the soils of the Northern Rivers of New South Wales." Soil Research 51, no. 3 (2013): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12144.
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Few soil surveys in New South Wales have utilised international soil classifications. Extensive morphological and laboratory data collected during soil surveys in the Northern Rivers region provided a strong basis for correlation with the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), Soil Taxonomy (ST), and the Australian Soil Classification (ASC). Of the 32 reference soil groups comprising the WRB, 20 were present locally; nine of the 12 ST orders were present. After re-classification of soils, correlation of the ASC with the WRB and ST was undertaken. Soils not requiring extensive laboratory analysis for classification and sharing similar central concepts were the more straightforward to correlate. Several ASC orders have unique central concepts and were therefore difficult to correlate with any one WRB reference soil group or ST order/suborder. Other soils were difficult to correlate due to differences in definitions of similar diagnostic criteria. This is most applicable to soils with strong texture-contrast and those with natric conditions. Such soils are not adequately differentiated to suit the Northern Rivers conditions. Of the two international schemes, the WRB was easier to apply locally due to the relative simplicity of the scheme. Considering certain aspects of Australian soils would improve the applicability of the WRB as a truly international framework for soil classification and correlation. Amendments to both the ASC and WRB are suggested.
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Poch, R. M., B. P. Thomas, R. W. Fitzpatrick, and R. H. Merry. "Micromorphological evidence for mineral weathering pathways in a coastal acid sulfate soil sequence with Mediterranean-type climate, South Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 4 (2009): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07015.
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Soil micromorphology, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was used to describe detailed soil morphological and compositional changes and determine mineral weathering pathways in acid sulfate soils (ASS) from the following 2 contrasting coastal environments in Barker Inlet, South Australia: (i) a tidal mangrove forest with sulfidic material at St Kilda, and (ii) a former supratidal samphire area at Gillman that was drained in 1954 causing sulfuric material to form from sulfidic material. Pyrite framboids and cubes were identified in sulfidic material from both sites and are associated with sapric and hemic materials. Gypsum crystals, interpreted as a product of sulfide oxidation, were observed to have formed in lenticular voids within organic matter in the tidal mangrove soils at St Kilda. Sulfide oxidation was extensive in the drained soil at Gillman, evidenced by the formation of iron oxyhydroxide pseudomorphs (goethite crystallites and framboids) after pyrite and jarosite, and of gypsum crystals. Gypsum crystals occur where a local source of calcium such as shells or calcareous sand is present. Sporadic oxidation episodes are indicated by the formation of iron oxide and jarosite coatings around coarse biogenic voids. These observations indicate that mineral transformation pathways are strongly influenced by soil physico-chemical characteristics (i.e. oxidation rate, Eh, pH, soil solution chemistry, mineralogy, and spatial distribution of sulfides). This information has been used to illustrate the interrelationships of pyrite, carbonate, gypsum, jarosite, and organic matter and help predict soil evolution under changing hydro-geochemical, redoximorphic, and thermal conditions in soils from coastal environments.
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Anderson, Geoffrey C., Shahab Pathan, James Easton, David J. M. Hall, and Rajesh Sharma. "Short- and Long-Term Effects of Lime and Gypsum Applications on Acid Soils in a Water-Limited Environment: 1. Grain Yield Response and Nutrient Concentration." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081213.
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Surface (0–10 cm) and subsoil (soil layers below 10 cm) acidity and resulting aluminum (Al) toxicity reduce crop grain yields. In South Western Australia (SWA), these constraints affect 14.2 million hectares or 53% of the agricultural area. Both lime (L, CaCO3) and gypsum (G, CaSO4) application can decrease the toxic effect of Al, leading to an increase in crop grain yields. Within the region, it is unclear if G alone or the combined use of L and G has a role in alleviating soil acidity in SWA, due to low sulfate S (SO4–S) sorption properties of the soil. We present results from three experiments located in the eastern wheatbelt of SWA, which examined the short-term (ST, 2 growing seasons), medium-term (MT, 3 growing seasons), and long-term (LT, 7 growing seasons over 10 years) effects of L and G on grain yield and plant nutrient concentrations. Despite the rapid leaching of SO4–S and no self-liming impact, it was profitable to apply G, due to the significant ST grain yield responses. The grain yield response to G developed even following relatively dry years, but declined over time due to SO4–S leaching. At the LT experimental site had received no previous L application, whereas, at the ST and MT sites, L had been applied by the grower over the previous 5–10 years. For the LT site, the most profitable treatment for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, was the combined application of 4 t L ha−1 with 2 t G ha−1. At this site, the 0–10 cm soil pHCaCl2 was 4.6, and AlCaCl2 was greater than 2.5 mg kg−1 in the 10–30 cm soil layer. In contrast, at the ST and MT sites, the pHCaCl2 of 0–10 cm soil layer was ≥5.5; it was only profitable to apply G to the MT site where the soil compaction constraint had been removed by deep ripping. The use of L increases soil pHCaCl2, resulting in the improved availability of anions, phosphorus (P) in the LT and molybdenum (Mo) at all sampling times, but reduced availability of cations zinc (Zn) in the LT and manganese (Mn) at all sampling. The application of G reduced Mo concentrations, due to the high SO4–S content of the soil.
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Naidu, R., RH Merry, GJ Churchman, MJ Wright, RS Murray, RW Fitzpatrick, and BA Zarcinas. "Sodicity in South Australia - a review." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930911.
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The current knowledge of the nature and distribution of sodic soils in South Australia is reviewed. The agriculturally developed area of South Australia lies south of latitude 32-degrees-S. and is mainly used for low intensity grazing and dry land cereal/sheep production. A high proportion of the State, including much of the high rainfall area, has soils which are sodic (>6% ESP) through a significant proportion of the profile but information on the precise nature of sodicity in these soils is limited. Where exchangeable cation data axe available, the analytical techniques used often did not precisely delineate between soluble salts in the soil and ions on exchange sites. Therefore, many of the datasets have major weaknesses and may be unreliable. Since many soils with ESP <6 also show dispersive characteristics typical of sodic soils, there is an urgent need for new sodicity studies relating to distribution and the criteria (ESP) used to identify dispersive soils. Information on the effect of sodicity on nutrient requirements of plants, especially the modern varieties, is scarce both locally and internationally, making development of management strategies for economically sustainable crop production difficult. Further, many different grades of gypsum are available in South Australia. Preliminary studies show the presence of impurities drastically influences gypsum dissolution characteristics. More effort is needed to assess the quality and reactivity of South Australian gypsum. Some effort has been directed by land managers towards reclamation and management of sodic soils by using both gypsum and lime either separately or as mixtures. However, there is neither a scientific basis for the application of gypsum-lime mixtures nor crop production data to support such management strategies.
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Cochrane, HR, G. Scholz, and AME Vanvreswyk. "Sodic soils in Western Australia." Soil Research 32, no. 3 (1994): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940359.
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Sodic soils are common throughout Western Australia, particularly in the south-west agricultural area where they occur mainly as duplex or gradational profiles. Soils with sodic properties are dominant in 26% of the state; saline-sodic sediments and soils in intermittent streams, lakes and estuarine plains occupy a further 5%. Sodic soils are moderately common throughout the south and western portion of the rangeland areas (38% of the state). The south-west coastal sands and the desert and rangeland soils to the north and east of the state are rarely sodic. Although sodicity has been recognized as a discrete problem in W.A. soils since the 1920s, the extent and severity of sodicity has been satisfactorily described only for small areas of the state and most land managers are unaware of the role sodicity plays in limiting the productivity of their soils. Sodicity is implicated in a diversity of problems for both agricultural and non-agricultural uses of Western Australian soils. Subsoil impermeability is probably the most widespread of these, but no comprehensive, quantitative assessment of the influence of exchangeable sodium on subsoil properties has been undertaken. Topsoil sodicity is much less extensive but can severely restrict land productivity, particularly on sandy loam and finer textured soils which set hard when dry. The physical behaviour of Western Australian topsoils cannot usefully be predicted from measurements of exchangeable sodium alone because soils differ so greatly in their response to changing exchangeable sodium. Some remain structurally stable at ESP values >15 while others are so 'sodium-sensitive' that they exhibit highly dispersive behaviour at ESP values as low as 2%. Land values over much of the dryland farming and pastoral areas of W.A. do not justify sustained use of amendments which would reduce soil exchangeable sodium contents. Efficient management of sodic soils in these areas must rely on the prevention of degradation and the use of biological and physical means to maintain adequate soil physical properties. Effective restoration of degraded sodic soils, however, often does require application of inorganic amendments in combination with tillage to initiate structural recovery. Sodicity is currently not considered to be a problem at any of the three main irrigation areas in W.A., but all have sodic soil within their potentially irrigable lands, which may limit their future expansion.
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Cock, GJ. "Moisture characteristics of irrigated Mallee soils in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 1 (1985): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850209.
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The soil moisture characteristics of undisturbed samples of Mallee soils, taken from typical profiles of the Riverland district neat Berri in South Australia, were determined. Samples were grouped according to texture and bulk density and, for each group, the moisture storage between matric potentials was derived. Over the usual range of soil moisture tensions (-0 to 40kPa) these showed only small variation between soil groups since, while moisture storage at field capacity and at wilting point does vary with texture; 50 to 60 mm/m is available between field capacity (-7 kPa) and the re-irrigation point (-30 to 40kPa) in all soils.
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Gardner, WK, RG Fawcett, GR Steed, JE Pratley, DM Whitfield, Hvan Rees, and Rees H. Van. "Crop production on duplex soils in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920915.
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The environment, duplex soil types and trends in crop production in South Australia, southern New South Wales, north-eastern and north-central Victoria, the southern Wimmera and the Victorian Western District are reviewed. In the latter 2 regions, pastoral industries dominate and crop production is curtailed by regular and severe soil waterlogging, except for limited areas of lower rainfall. Subsurface drainage can eliminate waterlogging, but is feasible only for the Western District where subsoils are sufficiently stable. The other regions all have a long history of soil degradation due to cropping practices, but these effects can now be minimised with the use of direct drilling and stubble retention cropping methods. A vigorous pasture ley phase is still considered necessary to maintain nitrogen levels and to restore soil structure to adequate levels for sustainable farming. Future productivity improvements will require increased root growth in the subsoils. Deep ripping, 'slotting' of gypsum, and crop species capable of opening up subsoils are techniques which may hold promise in this regard. The inclusion of lucerne, a perennial species, in annual pastures and intercropping at intervals is a technique being pioneered in north-central and western Victoria and may provide the best opportunity to crop duplex soils successfully without associated land degradation.
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Ward, P. R., and F. X. Dunin. "Growing season evapotranspiration from duplex soils in south-western Australia." Agricultural Water Management 50, no. 2 (September 2001): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(01)00092-0.
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Unkovich, Murray, Therese McBeath, Rick Llewellyn, James Hall, Vadakattu VSR Gupta, and Lynne M. Macdonald. "Challenges and opportunities for grain farming on sandy soils of semi-arid south and south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 58, no. 4 (2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19161.
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Sandy soils make up a substantial fraction of cropping land in low rainfall (<450 mm p.a.) south and south-eastern Australia. In this paper we review the possible soil constraints to increased production on these soils in this region. Many of these soils have a very low (<3%) clay content and suffer from severe water repellency, making crop establishment and weed control problematic. Crops which do emerge are faced with uneven soil wetting and poor access to nutrients, with crop nutrition constraints exacerbated by low fertility (soil organic matter < 1%) and low cation exchange capacity. Zones of high penetration resistance appear common and have multiple causes (natural settling, cementation and traffic induced) which restrict root growth to <40 cm. Crop water use and grain yield are therefore likely to be well below the water-limited potential. Water repellency is readily diagnosed and where apparent should be the primary management target. Repellency can be mitigated through the use of furrow and other sowing technologies, along with soil wetting agents. These techniques appear to be affected by site and soil nuances and need to be refined for local soils and conditions. Once crop establishment on water repellent soils has been optimised, attention could be turned to opportunities for improving crop rooting depth through the use of deep tillage or deep ripping techniques. The required ripping depth, and how long the effects may last, are unclear and need further research, as do the most effective and efficient machinery requirements to achieve sustained deeper root growth. Crop nutrition matched to the water-limited crop yield potential is the third pillar of crop production that needs to be addressed. Low soil organic matter, low cation exchange capacity, low biological activity and limited nutrient cycling perhaps make this a greater challenge than in higher rainfall regions with finer textured soils. Interactions between nutrients in soils and fertilisers are likely to occur and make nutrient management more difficult. While amelioration (elimination) of water repellency is possible through the addition of clay to the soil surface, the opportunities for this may be restricted to the ~30% of the sandy soils of the region where clay is readily at hand. The amounts of clay required to eliminate repellency (~5%) are insufficient to significantly improve soil fertility or soil water holding capacity. More revolutionary soil amelioration treatments, involving additions and incorporation of clay and organic matter to soils offer the possibility of a more elevated crop yield plateau. Considerable research would be required to provide predictive capacity with respect to where and when these practices are effective.
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Cox, J. W., C. A. Kirkby, D. J. Chittleborough, L. J. Smythe, and N. K. Fleming. "Mobility of phosphorus through intact soil cores collected from the Adelaide Hills, South Australia." Soil Research 38, no. 5 (2000): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99125.
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Intact cores were collected from a variety of soils in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia, and tested for phosphorus retention and mobility (P in drainage) under various rainfall intensities (5, 25, and 50 mm/h). Phosphorus mobility was high in soils with significant macropore structure. However, all soils exhibited some degree of preferential flow of P, including the heavy-textured soils with high P adsorption that were not P saturated. A phosphorus adsorption index based only on the chemical properties of the soil did not accurately predict the mobility of P through soils with macroporosity. A phosphorus mobility index was developed encompassing both soil chemical and physical parameters. Results showed the sandy soils, and the loams over clays with high macroporosity that are located in the more elevated parts of the Adelaide hills, are most susceptible to P leaching. Management to reduce P loss to groundwater, streams, or surface water storages must aim to increase the residence time of P within soils and thereby allow mineral and organic fractions time to sorb P. Phosphorus loss through wet soils was significantly less than P loss through dry soils with high macroporosity. Application of P fertiliser to soils with high macroporosity may need to be delayed until later in the growing season than is currently practised.
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SCHMIDT, ROLF, and YVONNE BONE. "Biogeography of Eocene bryozoans from the St Vincent Basin, South Australia." Lethaia 36, no. 4 (December 2003): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00241160310006394.
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Ying, Guang-Guo, and Rai S. Kookana. "SORPTION OF FIPRONIL AND ITS METABOLITES ON SOILS FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 36, no. 5 (August 31, 2001): 545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pfc-100106184.
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Hopmans, P., N. Collett, and R. Bickford. "Effects of fire retardant on heathland soils in south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 45, no. 8 (2007): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07040.
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A study was undertaken to assess the effects of fire retardant application, unmodified by heat of fire, on soil properties in 2 fire-prone heathland communities at Marlo and the Grampians in south-eastern Australia. Fire retardant (Phos-Chek D75-R at 0.144 g/L) was applied at rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 L/m2 and compared with control treatments of nil and 1.0 L/m2 of water. Monitoring of surface soils showed that pH at both sites decreased while soil salinity increased immediately after application followed by a rapid decline to pre-treatment values within 12 months. The impact of retardant on total carbon and nitrogen was minor and within the range of natural variation of C and N in surface soils at both sites. Levels of readily available or labile forms of N increased at both sites but declined rapidly to background values after 12 months. Applications of retardant progressively increased extractable P in the surface soil at Marlo, in contrast to the Grampians where a rapid increase was observed after two months followed by a decline after 12 months. These results showed a significant increase in labile P in the surface soil after 12 months and also indicated that a large proportion of the phosphate applied had leached into the subsoil. Likewise, fire retardant applied at the highest rate caused increases in labile sulfate after 2 months at both sites, followed by a rapid decline to background levels. It is expected that the elevated levels of soil phosphate in particular could have a long-term impacts on growth and composition of heathland vegetation known to be sensitive to elevated levels of phosphate in soil.
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Urushibara-Yoshino, K. "The soils on the calcareous sand dunes southeast of South Australia." Environmental Geology 28, no. 3 (October 23, 1996): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050088.
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Cartwright, B., BA Zarcinas, and LR Spouncer. "Boron toxicity in South Australian barley crops." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860351.
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Boron toxicity was identified in barley crops grown on a range of soils at 16 widespread locations in South Australia, and also at one site in western Victoria. The soils on which boron toxicity occurred included red-brown earths (Calcic Natrixeralf), calcareous earths (Xerollic Calciorthid and Calcic Paleorthid), and calcareous sands ('Petrocalcixerollic' Xerochrept). At one site the soil was a grey clay (Palexerollic Chromoxerert). The properties of some examples of normal and high-boron soils which were sampled in close proximity are discussed. For individual high-boron soil profiles it was possible to demonstrate statistically significant relationships between extractable boron and ESP, CEC and clay content. However, these relationships did not hold generally for comparisons between normal and high-boron soils. Boron concentrations in affected barley ranged from 56 mg/kg in mature straw to 323 mg/kg in whole tops at Feekes stage 10.1. In control samples the mean boron concentration was 22.8 mg/kg. The concentrations of other nutrient elements (P, K, S, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo) were within normal ranges, and did not differ between control samples and plants with toxicity symptoms. Barley plants affected by the toxicity had increased concentrations of Na and Cl, and decreased concentrations of Ca compared with control plants. These effects were small, but statistically significant, and were consistent with the notion that the toxicity was associated with sodic soils. The findings extend our earlier work on boron toxicity at a single site, and demonstrate that the toxicity is widespread in South Australia.
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Moore, Melanie, and Chris Bayly. "South Australia Kids for Landcare Invests in the Future." Children Australia 16, no. 04 (1991): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200012530.
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Today’s children are the custodians of tomorrow’s environment – and, with that in mind, an all-out effort is being made to educate South Australian children about their important role in the future of Australia as an agriculturally sustainable and profitable nation. Thousands of trees are being propagated, soils are being studied, water is being tested for salinity, frogs are being counted, kids are singing songs about caring for the environment, and country and city schools are linking together.
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Doolette, Ashlea L., Ronald J. Smernik, and Timothy I. McLaren. "The composition of organic phosphorus in soils of the Snowy Mountains region of south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 55, no. 1 (2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16058.
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Few studies have considered the influence of climate on organic phosphorus (P) speciation in soils. We used sodium hydroxide–ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (NaOH–EDTA) soil extractions and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the soil P composition of five alpine and sub-alpine soils. The aim was to compare the P speciation of this set of soils with those of soils typically reported in the literature from other cold and wet locations, as well as those of other Australian soils from warmer and drier environments. For all alpine and sub-alpine soils, the majority of P detected was in an organic form (54–66% of total NaOH–EDTA extractable P). Phosphomonoesters comprised the largest pool of extractable organic P (83–100%) with prominent peaks assigned to myo- and scyllo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), although trace amounts of the neo- and d-chiro-IP6 stereoisomers were also present. Phosphonates were identified in the soils from the coldest and wettest locations; α- and β-glycerophosphate and mononucleotides were minor components of organic P in all soils. The composition of organic P in these soils contrasts with that reported previously for Australian soils from warm, dry environments where inositol phosphate (IP6) peaks were less dominant or absent and humic-P and α- and β-glycerophosphate were proportionally larger components of organic P. Instead, the soil organic P composition exhibited similarities to soils from other cold, wet environments. This provides preliminary evidence that climate is a key driver in the variation of organic P speciation in soils.
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Krishnamurti, G. S. R., and R. Naidu. "Speciation and phytoavailability of cadmium in selected surface soils of South Australia." Soil Research 38, no. 5 (2000): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99129.
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A modified sequential extraction scheme was developed for partitioning the particulate-bound cadmium (Cd) into 9 fractions: exchangeable, carbonate-bound/specifically adsorbed, metal–fulvic acid-complex-bound, metal–humic acid-complex-bound, easily reducible metal oxide-bound, organic-bound, amorphous mineral colloid-bound, crystalline Fe oxide-bound, and detrital (bound to mineral lattices). Results on 11 surface soils showed that Cd in these soils was predominantly present in detrital form, bound to the mineral lattices, accounting for 15.8–61.9%, with an average of 33.4%, of the total Cd in the soils. The average relative abundance of Cd bound to the different particulate forms in the soils is in the order: detrital (0.077 mg/kg) > specifically adsorbed/carbonate-bound (0.066 mg/kg) > organic-bound (0.033 mg/kg) > metal–fulvic acid-complex-bound (0.031 mg/kg) > easily reducible metal oxide-bound (0.019 mg/kg) > exchangeable (0.013 mg/kg) > metal–humic acid-complex-bound (0.011 mg/kg) > crystalline Fe oxide-bound (0.001 mg/kg) =amorphous mineral colloid-bound (0.001 mg/kg). The phytoavailable Cd content was determined as Cd concentration in the shoot and leaf of durum wheat plants grown on the soils in a greenhouse study. Statistical treatment of the data showed that the exchangeable Cd (r = 0.735, P = 0.01) and the metal–fulvic acid-complex-bound Cd (r = 0.824, P = 0.002) correlated significantly with the plant-available Cd, compared with other species. The exchangeable and fulvic acid fraction of the metal–organic-complex-bound Cd contents, together, could explain 91.5% of the variation in plant-available Cd, determined as Cd concentration in leaf and stem of the durum wheat plants (r = 0.956, P = 0.0001). The significance of metal–fulvic acid complexes on Cd phytoavailability has not been reported so far and needs in-depth research in explaining the toxicity and food chain contamination of Cd in the environment.
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Banu, Nargis A., Balwant Singh, and Les Copeland. "Microbial biomass and microbial biodiversity in some soils from New South Wales, Australia." Soil Research 42, no. 7 (2004): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03132.
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Eight surface soils (0–15 cm) including 1 Ferrosol, 2 Tenosols, 2 Kurosols, 1 Sodosol, 1 Chromosol, and 1 Kandosol were collected from mainly pasture sites in New South Wales. The soils had different physico-chemical properties and there were some differences between the sites in climatic conditions. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was estimated by the chloroform-fumigation extraction method, and substrate utilisation patterns determined by the Biolog method were used to assess the amount, functional diversity, substrate richness and evenness, and community structure of the microorganisms in these soils. The amount of MBC (585 µg C/g) and the microbial diversity (H´ = 3.24) were high in soils that had high clay (33%), organic C (5.96%), total N (0.45%), free iron (7.06%), moisture content (50%), and cation exchange capacitiy (133.5 mmolc/kg). These soil properties, e.g. soil moisture (r2 = 0.72), organic C (r2 = 0.58), total N (r2 = 0.63), free iron (r2 = 0.44), and EC (r2 = 0.53), were positively correlated with MBC and microbial diversity index, whereas pH and sand and silt content showed negative correlations. The climatic factors (temperature and rainfall) had no significant influence on either MBC or diversity.
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Pal, Y., R. J. Gilkes, and M. T. F. Wong. "Mineral sources of potassium to plants for seven soils from south-western Australia." Soil Research 40, no. 8 (2002): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02014.
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This investigation was conducted with surface horizon samples from 7 south-western Australian soils and their 3 size fractions (sand, silt, and clay). The K release of these materials was measured for several extractants; the highest amounts of K were released from the clay (<2 μm) fraction. The presence of sand-size feldspars and incomplete removal of attached organic matter resulted in sand releasing significant amounts of K. The proportions of total K released in boiling 1 m HNO3 by the sand, silt, and clay fractions ranged from 0.4 to 3.4%, 2.6 to 36.3%, and 11.2 to 51.4%, respectively, and from 2.0% to 22.9% for the whole soils. Cumulative K uptake by 6 harvests of ryegrass over 260 days ranged from 0.26 to 1.23 cmol/kg soil.The clay fraction released higher proportions of total K to acid compared with the sand and silt size fractions because of the high specific surface area of the clay and because it contained proportionately higher amounts of illite, which releases K by both ion exchange and dissolution, whereas K release from feldspars requires congruent dissolution of the silicate structure. The differences in contents of StepK (relatively available fraction of the non-exchangeable K) and CRK (constant rate K) for 1 m HNO3 dissolution of these soils and size fractions reflect differences in mineralogical composition between the soils and size fractions. The low contents of StepK for the sand fraction indicated that K was strongly retained by feldspars. The soils with high CRK values had significant amounts of illite in the clay fraction. Values of CRK were positively related to cumulative K uptake and cumulative dry matter yield of ryegrass.
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Singh, Balwant, and Susan Heffernan. "Layer charge characteristics of smectites from Vertosols (Vertisols) of New South Wales." Soil Research 40, no. 7 (2002): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02017.
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Premature senescence in cotton has been attributed to K deficiency in the cotton soils of Australia. The availability, release, and fixation of K+ in soils are mainly dependent on the clay mineralogy and layer charge characteristics of 2 : 1 clay minerals. There is a little information on the mineralogy and charge characteristics of the cotton growing soils (Vertosols) of Australia. The aims of this study were to determine the clay mineralogy, the layer charge density, and layer charge distribution of some cotton growing soils by chemical and X-ray diffraction methods.Most soil clays contain abundant smectite associated with small amounts of mica, kaolinite, and an interstratified mineral. The total layer charge as determined by the alkylammonium method ranged between 0.55 and 0.67 mol(–)/(O10(OH)2), indicating a high interlayer charge density. The layer charge of smectites from different valleys and for different size fractions was similar. The Greene-Kelly test showed that most of the charge originated in the tetrahedral sheet. The chemical analysis indicates that the smectite is an iron-rich beidellite, which has possibly formed from the weathering of mica.
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Hughes, JC, and RJ Gilkes. "Rock phosphate dissolution and bicarbonate-soluble-P in some soils from South-Western Australia." Soil Research 32, no. 4 (1994): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940767.
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Samples were collected from 228 soils from the main agricultural areas of Western Australia (W.A.) and their chemical and textural properties analysed. Soils were incubated for 7 days with North Carolina rock phosphate at a rate equivalent to 1022 �g Ca g(-1) and 383 �g P g(-1) soil. Subsequently, the amount of rock phosphate (RP) that had dissolved was determined by measuring the increase in extractable calcium (�Ca) and changes in plant-available P were estimated by a sodium bicarbonate extraction (�Bic-P). Only 29 soils dissolved more than 40% of the added RP and these occur in the wettest area of W.A., to the west of the 800 mm rainfall isohyet. They represent a variety of soil types including Vertisols, Spodosols, Alfisols and Ultisols. Simple and multiple regressions were carried out to investigate the soil properties responsible for RP dissolution and associated P availability. No single soil property adequately predicted RP dissolution or concomitant changes in bicarbonate-P. Titratable acidity and sand content together explained 61% of the variance in RP dissolution; titratable acidity was the most predictive single variable for bicarbonate-P but only explained 56% of the variance. Stepwise regression showed that titratable acidity and pH(CaCl2) together explained 79% of the variance in bicarbonate-P. The most suitable soils for RP application are sandy, humic or peaty podzols where much of the dissolved P remains available to plants. The other soils (mainly red and yellow earths and Vertisols) which dissolved much RP contain larger amounts of extractable aluminium (by dithionite or oxalate) which is the soil component largely responsible for P-sorption in these W.A. soils. These results indicate that RP fertilizers will be most effective on the humic, sandy podzols of the western and southern coastal plains of WA.
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Maher, W. A. "Trace metal concentrations in marine organisms from St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 29, no. 1 (May 1986): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00149330.
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Buckerfield, John C. "Earthworm populations in dryland cropping soils under conservation-tillage in south australia." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24, no. 12 (December 1992): 1667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(92)90167-v.
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Summerton, A. P. "Natural radionuclides in tidal saltmarsh soils in South Australia—An unusual distribution?" Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 161, no. 2 (August 1992): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02040494.
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Antos, Mark, and William Steele. "A likely breeding record of Brown Quail Synoicus ypsilophorus at St Peter Island, Nuyts Archipelago, South Australia." Australian Field Ornithology 38 (2021): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo38107112.
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This note reports observations of birds and other vertebrates during a short stay at St Peter Island, Nuyts Archipelago, South Australia, during November 2019. Of most interest was a sighting of juvenile Brown Quail Synoicus ypsilophorus, outside the generally reported range of this species and representing the first breeding record of which we are aware for this species at St Peter Island. This is one of a series of relatively recent sightings in the west of South Australia, which indicates an ongoing range expansion for this species. Further fauna surveys on the Nuyts Archipelago, with documentation of observations, are encouraged.
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McFarlane, JD, GJ Judson, and J. Gouzos. "Copper deficiency in ruminants in the South East of South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900187.
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Pasture development in the South East of South Australia has depended upon trace element enriched fertiliser applications. Despite the wide usage of copper-enriched fertilisers, copper deficiency is still evident in livestock at pasture, particularly cattle. Serum collected from cows and heifers during the systematic sampling program of the Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication Scheme was analysed for copper. Of the 3611 pooled herd samples analysed, approximately 9% had low serum copper concentrations (<7 �mol/L). Distribution of those herds identified to be at risk of copper deficiency appeared to be random, apart from areas of high risk on peat soils and the coastal fringe of calcareous sands. Analysis of pasture samples collected from paddocks with cattle having low serum copper concentrations showed that low serum copper was usually associated with raised molybdenum rather than low copper concentrations in pasture. In some instances, moderate concentrations of molybdenum and sulfur in pasture and soil ingestion associated with high iron concentrations may combine to cause hypocupraemia, especially when livestock graze stubbles and subterranean clover pastures in summer-autumn and short pastures in winter. Only 6% of pasture samples had less than 4 mg Cu/kg DM, a concentration which indicates possible copper deficiency in subterranean clover or strawberry clover.
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MacEwan, RJ, WK Gardner, A. Ellington, DG Hopkins, and AC Bakker. "Tile and mole drainage for control of waterlogging in duplex soils of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920865.
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Waterlogging is a major problem of dryland agriculture in many areas of Australia. Yellow duplex soils, especially those with bleached A2 horizons, are the soils most commonly associated with waterlogging. The problem is principally the development of perched watertables in the A horizons after rain, due to the restricted downward drainage of water caused by the low hydraulic conductivity of heavy clay subsoils. Pipe and mole drainage techniques are briefly reviewed, and experience with subsoil drainage in yellow duplex soils in Victoria is outlined.
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Hollaway, K. L., R. S. Kookana, D. M. Noy, J. G. Smith, and N. Wilhelm. "Crop damage caused by residual acetolactate synthase herbicides in the soils of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05053.
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Grain growers in south-eastern Australia have reported unexpected crop failures with theoretically safe recropping periods for acetolactate synthase herbicides in alkaline soils. This experience has led to the concern that these herbicides may degrade very slowly in alkaline soils, and herbicide residues have at times been blamed for unexplained crop losses. To address this issue, we established 5 recropping trials across Victoria and South Australia with 5 acetolactate synthase herbicides (chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, imazethapyr, and flumetsulam). The herbicides were applied to separate plots in years 1, 2 or 3, and sensitive crop species were sown in year 4 to measure the impact of herbicide residues. We observed that the persistence of the sulfonylureas (chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl) varied between herbicides, but all persisted longer in alkaline soils than in acid soils, and were, therefore, more likely to damage crops in alkaline soil. Imazethapyr persisted longer in clay soils than in sandy soils and was, therefore, more likely to damage crops in clay soils. All herbicides persisted longer when rainfall was below average. Canola was more sensitive to imazethapyr than either pea, lentil or medic, but was less sensitive to the sulfonylureas. In contrast, lentil and medic were the most sensitive to sulfonylureas. Despite some damage, we found that safe recropping periods could be predicted from the product labels in all but one situation. The sole exception was that metsulfuron-methyl reduced dry matter and yield of lentil and medic sown 10 months after application in a soil with pH 8.5. We hypothesise that the real cause of crop failure in many situations is not unusual herbicide persistence, but failure to take full account of soil type (pH and clay content including variation in the paddock) and rainfall when deciding to recrop after using acetolactate synthase herbicides.
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Scott, B. J., A. M. Ridley, and M. K. Conyers. "Management of soil acidity in long-term pastures of south-eastern Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 8 (2000): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00014.
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Acidification of non arable soils under long-term pasture presents a major agricultural problem in the high rainfall areas (≥600 mm/year) of central and southern New South Wales and north-eastern Victoria. Some of these soils were already strongly acid to depth before agriculture. Evidence suggests that persistence of pasture species tolerant of acidic soils is being affected adversely on a number of severely acidic soils. Acidification processes are well understood but the capacity for grazing enterprises to pay for amendment by lime application is a major constraint in long-term pasture areas. In addition, soil acidification is likely to have substantial off-site effects on water quantity and quality and as a result, on dryland salinity. However, there is a paucity of scientific evidence to link soil acidity and dryland salinity in this way. Production from a grazing enterprise can be maintained by selecting plants for tolerance of acidity, surface application of lime or a combination of both. Responses by subterranean clover, lucerne and perennial grass (mainly phalaris and cocksfoot)-based pastures to incorporated lime are reported, but there is limited evidence of responses to surface applied lime. The movement of the lime effect into the soil from surface application is suggested as a major factor in controlling lime responses by plants. There is a need for more confidence in the benefits of topdressed lime in non arable soils before producers are likely to adopt the practice. High subsurface acidity in many soils is a major limitation to the range of species that can be grown. In the longer term, the use of lime may remove constraints on the use of productive species such as lucerne. Other options for acidic soils where slope is less than 10% are for the grazing system to be modified or intensified, or for crop or horticultural production. Costs of lime could be justified through more profitable enterprises than traditional grazing operations. Low input systems based on native grasses are intrinsically appealing, however, this is only possible where a premium is paid for such produce (such as super fine wool). Forestry is an option where suitable land and infrastructure are present and should slow soil acidification and minimise off-site impacts. Land retirement may be a useful option for some parts of the landscape that contribute disproportionately to environmental problems. Private and government funded land retirement may have a role to play.
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Xiong, X., F. Stagnitti, G. Allinson, N. Turoczy, P. Li, M. LeBlanc, M. A. Cann, et al. "Effects of clay amendment on adsorption and desorption of copper in water repellent soils." Soil Research 43, no. 3 (2005): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04088.
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Copper is an important micronutrient and trace amounts are essential for crop growth. However, high concentrations of copper will produce toxic effects. Australia is increasingly developing production of crops in water repellent soils. Clay amendment, a common amelioration techniques used in Australia, has demonstrated agronomic benefits in increased crop or pasture production. The sorption and desorption of copper and the effect of clay treatment on copper behaviour in a water repellent soil collected from an experimental farm in South Australia is studied. We found that the water repellent soils amended with clay have an increased adsorption capacity of copper. Also the clay-amended soils had an increased ratio of specific sorption to total sorption of copper. The implications of this study to the sustainable agro-environmental management of water repellent soils is discussed.
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Baker, G. H., P. J. Carter, and V. J. Barrett. "Influence of earthworms, Aporrectodea spp. (Lumbricidae), on lime burial in pasture soils in south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 37, no. 5 (1999): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98106.
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The relative abilities of 3 exotic lumbricid earthworms, the endogeic Aporrectodea caliginosa and A. trapezoides and the anecic A. longa, to bury surface-applied lime and help ameliorate soil acidity were measured in cages in 7 pasture soils in south-eastern Australia. All 3 species buried lime, mostly within the top 5 cm of the soil profile, but A. longa buried it deeper than A. caliginosa and A. trapezoides. A. longa significantly increased soil pH at 15–20 cm depth at some sites within 5 months (winter–spring, the earthworm ‘season’ in the Mediterranean climate of south-eastern Australia). Lime burial varied markedly between sites. These site differences were explained, at least in part, by variations in rainfall. Lime burial increased with earthworm density. A minimum density of 214 A. longa/m 2 was needed to significantly enhance lime burial within one season. Higher densities were required for the other two species. However, per unit of biomass, A. caliginosa and A. trapezoides were generally more able to bury lime in the upper soil layers (2 . 5–10 cm depth) than A. longa. Agricultural soils in south-eastern Australia are dominated by shallow burrowing species such as A. caliginosa and A. trapezoides. Deeper burrowers such as A. longa are rare. Introduction of A. longa to soils in high-rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia, where it does not presently occur, should enhance lime burial and help reduce soil acidity.
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Riley, I. T., and S. J. Kelly. "Endoparasitic nematodes in cropping soils of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 1 (2002): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01054.
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Soil samples were collected in Western Australia from cereal fields at about harvest time to determine levels of the endoparasitic nematodes, Pratylenchus and Heterodera. A systematic survey in 1997 and 1998 centred on the 40 shires with the highest proportion of cereal cropping. One hundred and eighty samples were collected in 1997 and 227 in 1998 at 10-km intervals along north–south transects 35 km apart. A targeted survey in 1997 included 98 soil samples from fields selected by growers as having poor productivity without an evident cause. No Heterodera cysts were found in any survey sample but these could be extracted from soils previously known to be infested. Pratylenchus neglectus was most commonly detected followed by P. thornei and P. zeae. Populations identified as P. brachyurus, P. penetrans, P. scribneri, and an undescribed species similar to P. thornei were also found. Overall Pratylenchus was extracted from 63% of samples (mean 1.1, median 0.3, max. 22.0/mL of soil). Maps of the data indicate that Pratylenchus populations were aggregated with some areas having relatively light infestations. There was a positive relationship with the intensity of cereal cropping and a negative relationship with pulse cropping. The findings indicate that potentially damaging Pratylenchus numbers occur in a significant proportion of fields and highlight the need to develop and implement strategies to lower population densities.
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Chittleborough, D. J., J. W. Cox, and D. P. Stevens. "Pathways of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon movement over and through texturally differentiated soils, South Australia." Soil Research 37, no. 4 (1999): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98082.
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One method for preventing the degradation of water supplies through contamination with phosphorus (P), nitrate (NO3), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is to restrict movement of these contaminants from the catchment into water bodies. The purpose of the study was to quantify and characterise the proportion of NO3, P, and DOC moving from duplex soils by overland flow and through-flow on a sub-catchment scale, and to characterise soil properties that influence their movement. Two sites in the Adelaide Hills (South Australia) with contrasting duplex soils were instrumented to collect overland flow and through-flow from the soils A and B horizon. Each site contained 2 sub-catchments in close proximity. Sub-catchments were well defined by the natural topography sloping from hillcrest to a stream headwater. Soil type, especially the degree of texture contrast, the macroporosity, and the proportion of clay in the B horizon, had a large influence on the pathways of water, and therefore P, DOC, and NO3 movement. Environmentally significant concentrations of P (>0�1 mg/L) and NO3-N (>0�5 mg/L) moved overland and through these soils in 1997. High DOC loads (25 mg/L), which would also impact on water treatment costs, moved through some soils. Significant loading of P moved through and over soils in both dissolved (0�5 mg/L) and particulate (0�3 mg/L) forms. Consequently, through-flow cannot be ignored as a contributor to P in streams and both dissolved and particulate P must be measured under these conditions to define the full impact of P. The findings from this research have implications for research on catchment management to restrict DOC and nutrient movement into waterways.
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Humphries, A. W., X. G. Zhang, K. S. McDonald, R. A. Latta, and G. C. Auricht. "Persistence of diverse lucerne (Medicago sativa sspp.) germplasm under farmer management across a range of soil types in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 2 (2008): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07037.
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The persistence of a diverse group of lucerne (Medicago sativa sspp.) germplasm was evaluated under farmer management across a range of acidic and neutral-alkaline soils at 8 sites in South and Western Australia. Dryland field trials were sown in parallel with commercial lucerne paddocks being grown in rotation with cereal crops, remaining unfenced and under management by the farmer for the life of the stand. The combined differences in soil type, grazing management, and low rainfall contributed to large differences in average lucerne persistence between sites in South Australia and Western Australia. After 3 years, plant frequency (a measure of plant density used to monitor persistence) averaged 17% (at least 17 plants/m2) on the strongly acidic soils in Western Australia and 30% on the neutral-alkaline soils in South Australia (at least 30 plants/m2). Differences in persistence were attributed to the combined stresses of soil pH, drought conditions, and grazing management. Genetic correlation analyses between sites failed to show any clear patterns in the performance of entries at each site, except for a high correlation between 2 South Australian sites in close proximity. Highly winter-active germplasm was less persistent than other winter activity groups, but was higher yielding when assessed in an additional trial at Katanning, WA. Highly winter-active lucerne (class 9–10) should continue to be recommended for short (2–4 year) phases in rotation with cereals, and winter-active groups (6–8) should be recommend for longer (4–7 year) phases in rotations. The results of this evaluation are also being used to identify broadly adapted, elite genotypes in the breeding of new lucerne cultivars for the southern Australian cropping districts.
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Lewis, DC, and LA Sparrow. "Implications of soil type, pasture composition and mineral content of pasture components for the incidence of grass tetany in the South East of South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 5 (1991): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910609.
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The occurrence of grass tetany related deaths in cattle grazing pasture in the South East of South Australia is related to soil type. The greatest losses occur on the solodised solonetz soils, with few, if any, on the rendzina or siliceous sand soils in the region. Pastures from 3 soil types were sampled on 2 occasions during the growing period, and soils were sampled once. Comparisons were made for the pasture components of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in soils, and K, Ca, Mg, nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) concentrations in plants. In the July sampling, the mean herbage K/(Ca + Mg) ratio for both annual and perennial grass species grown on the solodised solonetz soils exceeded 2.2 but was below 2 for the other 2 soil types. At the same time the mean K/(Ca + Mg) ratio for soil-extractable cations was 0.10 for the solodised solonetz soils but only 0.058 and 0.025 for the rendzina and siliceous sand soils. A critical value for the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio for the soil extractable cations of 0.07-0.08 is suggested. Of the 22 sites in the investigation, grass tetany deaths had occurred on 9 within the previous 5 years; all of these were classified as solodised solonetz soils. Deaths were reported in late autumn and winter, and in all cases the dominant pasture species growing at these sites in July were grasses. It is suggested that deaths ceased in spring because there was either a change to legume dominance or an increase in air temperature.
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Johnston, Stuart William. "The influence of aeolian dust deposits on alpine soils in south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 39, no. 1 (2001): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99121.
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Aeolian sediment collected from 2 locations across the ‘Main Range’ of Kosciuszko National Park, along with a series of soil profiles that were analysed for particle size, were used as a baseline from which to estimate the effects of aeolian sedimentation in this region. Laboratory analysis of the soil profiles indicated that the properties of the surface horizons of the alpine humus soils were heavily influenced by aeolian dust accumulation; however, the sub-surface horizons were mainly derived from the natural bedrock. The surface and subsurface horizons differed in texture bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable cations, and clay mineralogy. This study confirmed that the snow patch meadow soils exhibited particle size and mineralogy consistent with dust enrichment, with distinct bands being found in some profiles.
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Pal, Y., R. J. Gilkes, and M. T. F. Wong. "The forms of potassium and potassium adsorption in some virgin soils from south-western Australia." Soil Research 37, no. 4 (1999): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98083.
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This investigation was undertaken to determine the potassium (K) status and adsorption behaviour of 227 samples from horizons of 41 representative virgin soil profiles, extending from Geraldton in the north to the Great Southern district of Western Australia. X-ray diffraction analysis of random powder of whole soil indicated that quartz is the dominant mineral and some soils contain significant amounts of feldspars. Clay mineralogy is dominated by kaolinite but minor quantities of illite are present in some soils. Most south-west Australian agricultural soils contain little available K: NaHCO3-extractable K (NaHCO3-K, median value 0·09 cmol K/kg, equivalent to 35 mg K/kg soil), HNO3-extractable K (HNO3-K, median value 0·30 cmol K/kg, equivalent to 117 mg K/kg soil), and total K (XRF determined K, median value, 17 cmol K/kg, equivalent to 6630 mg K/kg soil). The proportion of water-soluble K (H2O-K) ranges from 0 to 3·5% of total K, 0 to 76% of HNO3-K, and 0 to nearly 100% of exchangeable K. Exchangeable K ranges from 0 to 100% (median value 37%) of HNO3-K. These are relatively high proportions of H2O-K and exchangeable K compared with soils from many other parts of the world. The amounts of all forms of K variously increase or decrease downwards in the soil profile depending on both clay content and mineralogy. The commonly assumed increase in K with clay content alone is invalid. The soils mostly have low-to-moderate values of K sorption capacity, ranging from 5% to 67% (median value 14%) of added K (initially 4·1 mM K/L, equivalent to 4·1 cmol K/kg). otassium sorption isotherms conform well to the Freundlich equation. The inability of the Langmuir equation to describe the data may indicate that there are several types of K sorption sites in these soils. The Gapon coefficient KG varied widely from 0·04 to 29·8 (L/mol) ½ [median value 5·4 (L/mol) ½ ].
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Turner, NC. "Crop production on duplex soils: an introduction." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920797.
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Duplex or texture-contrast soils occur over about 60% of the agricultural areas of south-west Western Australia. Annual crops of wheat, barley, oats, and lupins predominate on these soils, grown in rotation with annual pastures. The climate is characterised by cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Crop production is restricted to the winter and spring and is limited by waterlogging in the wet winter months and by water shortage during grain filling in spring. Research on crop production on duplex soils has been undertaken for the past 8 years by a collaborative team from the CSIRO Dryland Crops andyoils Program and the Western Australian Department of Agriculture. This research has been focussed on 3 sites at which processes limiting crop production on duplex soils have been highlighted. This special issue was initiated to summarise that research and to put it in its regional and national perspective. Additionally, opportunity was taken to compare and contrast experiences both within Western Australia and throughout Australia, and to draw out management options for crop production on duplex soils.
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Cox, JW, DJ Mcfarlane, and RW Skaggs. "Field-evaluation of DRAINMOD for predicting waterlogging intensity and drain performance in South-Western Australia." Soil Research 32, no. 4 (1994): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940653.
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Waterlogging is common on sloping duplex soils in south-western Australia and causes damage to non-irrigated cereal crops and pastures. The factors which affect the performance of surface seepage interceptor drains installed to reduce this waterlogging are complex because the soils are very variable and have preferred pathways for groundwater flow. We compared DRAINMOD's predictions with field measured waterlogging intensity and drain flow over 3 years near Mt Barker and Narrogin in Western Australia. DRAINMOD failed to accurately predict waterlogging intensities and drain flows because water can move through macropores which bypass the soil matrix. At Mt Barker, DRAINMOD overpredicted waterlogging intensity by between 120% in a wet year and 650% in a very dry year. Drain flows were underpredicted by 148% in the driest year. At Narrogin, DRAINMOD underpredicted waterlogging intensity each year (rainfall was below average each year) and drain flow in the driest two years. However, by increasing Ks of the topsoil and adjusting Ks of the subsoil clay, DRAINMOD predictions agreed with measured responses. DRAINMOD can be used to predict waterlogging intensities and drain flows in duplex soils in the >450 mm annual rainfall areas of south-western Australia provided adjustments are made to the field point-measured Ks. Reliability increases with increasing rainfall during the growing season.
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Triantafillos, Lianos, Stephen Donnellan, and Alan J. Butler. "Population genetic structure of the muricid gastropodLepsiella vinosain Gulf St Vincent, South Australia." Molluscan Research 19, no. 2 (January 1998): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.1998.10673716.
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de Silva Samarasinghe, J. R., L. Bode, and L. B. Mason. "Modelled response of Gulf St Vincent (South Australia) to evaporation, heating and winds." Continental Shelf Research 23, no. 14-15 (September 2003): 1285–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(03)00129-8.
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James, Noel P., and Yvonne Bone. "Eocene cool-water carbonate and biosiliceous sedimentation dynamics, St Vincent Basin, South Australia." Sedimentology 47, no. 4 (August 2000): 761–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00315.x.
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Butler, A. J. "Recruitment of sessile invertebrates at five sites in Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 97, no. 1 (June 1986): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(86)90065-1.
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Neate, S. M., R. H. Cruickshank, and A. D. Rovira. "Pectic enzyme patterns of Rhizoctonia solani isolates from agricultural soils in South Australia." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 90, no. 1 (January 1988): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(88)80177-3.
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Mele, P. M., and M. R. Carter. "Species abundance of earthworms in arable and pasture soils in south-eastern Australia." Applied Soil Ecology 12, no. 2 (May 1999): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(99)00006-2.
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Holland, Jonathan E., and Asim Biswas. "Predicting the mobile water content of vineyard soils in New South Wales, Australia." Agricultural Water Management 148 (January 2015): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.09.018.
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Dexter, A. R., R. Horn, R. Holloway, and B. F. Jakobsen. "Pressure transmission beneath wheels in soils on the Eyre peninsula of south australia." Journal of Terramechanics 25, no. 2 (January 1988): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4898(88)90020-1.
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Letcher, Peter M., Peter A. McGee, and Martha J. Powell. "Distribution and diversity of zoosporic fungi from soils of four vegetation types in New South Wales, Australia." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-109.
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Chytrids are common microfungi in soils, but their distribution and diversity in Australian soils is poorly described. In this study we analyzed chytrid distribution and diversity in soils from four collection sites representing a subtropical rain forest, wet sclerophyll forest, dry sclerophyll forest, and open heath, using a defined and reproducible sampling protocol. The greatest number of chytrid species was observed from dry sclerophyll forest soils, while the least number of species occurred in the open heath soils, although each soil sample of the open heath harbored more species per sample. Differences in patterns of distribution of chytrid species were statistically significant between subtropical rain forest and open heath. Patterns in other habitats differed but could not be verified statistically to be significant at the 5% level. Observed differences in chytrid distribution, diversity, and freqency indicate that their ecological strategies may be in response to environmental cues such as specific edaphic conditions and substrate availability, and their capacity to respond to the environment.Key words: Chytridiomycota, frequency, habitat, sampling.
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Bibi, Irshad, Balwant Singh, and Ewen Silvester. "Akaganéite (β-FeOOH) precipitation in inland acid sulfate soils of south-western New South Wales (NSW), Australia." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75, no. 21 (November 2011): 6429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.019.
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