Journal articles on the topic 'Soils – Chile – Composition'
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Alekseev, Ivan, and Evgeny Abakumov. "13C-NMR spectroscopy of humic substances isolated from the agricultural soils of Puchuncavi (El Melón and Puchuncavi areas), central Chile." Soil and Water Research 15, No. 3 (June 17, 2020): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/81/2019-swr.
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Chile is a well-developed agricultural country, which is faced with the problem of agricultural soil contamination with metals, such as Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn, and metalloids (As). These elements can be retained by soils through different mechanisms, i.e., complex-forming with organic matter or occlusion within organic matter. That is why studying soil contamination should also be accompanied by detailed investigations of the soil organic matter composition. Soil organic matter is crucial for plant growth since its decomposition releases nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients available for the plants. <sup>13</sup>C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, providing crucial data on carbon functional structures diversity, can also be used to study changes in the soil organic matter (SOM) during decomposition and humification. This study is aimed at investigating the molecular composition of the soil organic matter in the agricultural soils of urbanised areas of central Chile using <sup>13</sup>C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The studied soils were characterised by almost neutral pH values and organic carbon contents from 1.7% to 5.2%. The results showed that soils with an increased content of the total organic matter demonstrated an increased portion of aromaticity and a decreased portion of aliphaticity. Most of the investigated humic acids show the highest peaks centred at 125 ppm, which can be tentatively assigned to aromatic alkene structures. The relatively high stabilisation rate of the organic matter in the studied soils can be explained by the mineralisation of its peripheral part, which, in turn, is explained by the decreasing C/N ratio values. The humic substances of the studied agricultural soils of central Chile showed a high average content of aromatic carbon, which is also typical for subboreal soils.
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Castro, David, Christopher Concha, Fabiola Jamett, Cristian Ibáñez, and Vaughan Hurry. "Soil Microbiome Influences on Seedling Establishment and Growth of Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis tamarugo from Northern Chile." Plants 11, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11202717.
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Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis tamarugo, two woody legumes adapted to the arid regions of Chile, have a declining distribution due to the lack of new seedling establishment. This study investigated the potential of both species to establish in soil collected from four locations in Chile, within and outside the species distribution, and to assess the role of the root-colonizing microbiome in seedling establishment and growth. Seedling survival, height, and water potential were measured to assess establishment success and growth. 16S and ITS2 amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the composition of microbial communities from the different soils and to assess the ability of both Prosopis species to recruit bacteria and fungi from the different soils. Both species were established on three of the four soils. P. tamarugo seedlings showed significantly higher survival in foreign soils and maintained significantly higher water potential in Mediterranean soils. Amplicon sequencing showed that the four soils harbored distinct microbial communities. Root-associated microbial composition indicated that P. chilensis preferentially recruited mycorrhizal fungal partners while P. tamarugo recruited abundant bacteria with known salt-protective functions. Our results suggest that a combination of edaphic properties and microbial soil legacy are potential factors mediating the Prosopis establishment success in different soils.
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Sanogo, S. "Asexual Reproduction of Phytophthora capsici as Affected by Extracts from Agricultural and Nonagricultural Soils." Phytopathology® 97, no. 7 (July 2007): 873–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-7-0873.
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Formation of sporangia and zoospores in species of Phytophthora is known to be influenced by soil microbial and chemical composition. In Phytophthora capsici, the study of the relationship of soil chemical composition to production of sporangia and zoospores has been limited. P. capsici is a soilborne pathogen of a wide array of vegetable crops, including chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) in New Mexico. Production of sporangia and zoospores by P. capsici was evaluated in extracts of soils from three different environments in New Mexico: (i) agricultural environments with a long history of chile pepper cropping and occurrence of P. capsici (CP), (ii) agricultural environments with no history of chile pepper cropping and no occurrence of P. capsici (Non-CP), and (iii) nonagricultural environments consisting of forests and rangelands (Non-Ag). There was a significant difference in production of P. capsici asexual propagules, expressed as natural log (number of sporangia × number of zoospores), among the three environments (P = 0.0298). Production of propagules was 9 to 13% greater in Non-Ag than in CP or Non-CP environments. Stepwise multiple discriminant analysis and canonical discriminant analysis identified the edaphic variables Na, pH, P, organic matter content, and asexual propagule production as contributing the most to the separation of the three environments. Two significant (P < 0.0001) canonical discriminant functions were derived with the first function, accounting for ≈75% of the explained variance. Based on the two discriminant functions, ≈93, 86, and 89% of observations in CP, Non-CP, and Non-Ag environments, respectively, were classified correctly. Soils from agricultural and nonagricultural environments differentially influence production of sporangia and zoospores in P. capsici, and soil samples could be effectively classified into agricultural and nonagricultural environments based on soil chemical properties and the production of asexual propagules by P. capsici in soil extracts.
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Quade, Jay, Jason A. Rech, Claudio Latorre, Julio L. Betancourt, Erin Gleeson, and Mary T. K. Kalin. "Soils at the hyperarid margin: The isotopic composition of soil carbonate from the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71, no. 15 (August 2007): 3772–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.016.
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Rivas, Yessica, Jorge Retamal-Salgado, Heike Knicker, Francisco Matus, and Diego Rivera. "Neutral Sugar Content and Composition as a Sensitive Indicator of Fire Severity in the Andisols of an Araucaria–Nothofagus Forest in Southern Chile." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 12061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112061.
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Wildfire induces soil alterations that have a long-term impact on soil organic matter (SOM) quality. We postulated that after different fire severities, the neutral sugars in soils can be used as an indicator of soil organic matter quality after fire. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of neutral sugar, bulk and occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) affected by wildfire, at different soil depths in an Araucaria–Nothofagus Forest, four years post-after fire. The concentration and composition of the neutral sugars in the soils clearly comprised the major fraction in the unburned soil. Medium- and high-severity fires caused a drastic reduction in soil sugars in the bulk soil as well as in the oPOM fractions. The 13C-CPMAS NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed a high contribution of recalcitrant carbon to the decomposition such as aryl–C and aryl–O derived from charred material, whereas the abundance of O–alkyl C and alkyl C functional groups were decreased. The neutral sugars (Galactose+Mannose/Xilose+Arabinose) revealed a major microbial origin in fire affected areas as the ratio was >2. Therefore. Therefore, we suggest that the neutral sugar content of soil should be used for monitoring both short- and long-term changes in SOM altered by fires.
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Toneatti-Bastidas, M., and J. Roger-Estrade. "Recuperación de la fertilidad de los suelos volcánicos ácidos del sur de Chile: Impactos del encalado y fertilización fosfatada." Agro Sur 43, no. 2 (2015): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/agrosur.2015.v43n2-02.
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Hernández, H. J., M. A. Gutiérrez, and M. P. Acuña. "URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS IN SANTIAGO (CHILE): PROPOSING SUSTAINABLE INDICATORS FROM REMOTE SENSING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-873-2016.
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Latin America is one of the world’s most urbanised regions, with more than 80% of inhabitants living in urban areas and over 50 cities with at least 1 million inhabitants. The concept of urban structure types (UST) allows the dynamics of a growing urban environment to be captured in its quantity and quality. They are defined as areas of homogenous appearance in the urban matrix with a recognisable mixture of built-up areas and open spaces. We used the vegetation-impervious-soil (V-I-S) model approach to classify and monitor different types of USTs in Santiago (~800 km2), Chile between 1985 and 2015. The V-I-S model is based on a simplification of the large diversity of urban land cover types in three general categories: vegetation, impervious surfaces and soil. These categories were obtained by processing Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI images. First, we applied standard radiometric calibration and co-registration methods to all datasets. Second, using a linear spectral unmixing algorithm we performed a soft classification of urban land cover types (<i>end members</i>): trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, soils, buildings, roads and water bodies. All <i>end members</i> were validated using a combination of photointerpretation on high-resolution images (~1 m) and field data collection (only for 2015). In each pixel we used the resulting probability scores, logically grouped, to obtain final values for each V-I-S component. Third, we used statistical clustering of V-I-S values to create a set of eight pixel groups, which we interpreted as USTs and mapped them for each date. The overall accuracy for V-I-S components in 1985 and 2015 were 78% and 82%, respectively, and errors did not exhibit any spatial correlation. The main sources of differentiation between USTs were the trade-off proportions between vegetation and impervious components, whereas soil proportions remained near 5% across the city in both dates. To analyse the change in UST spatial configuration between dates, we used a set of selected landscape metrics and discussed their use as indicators for sustainable urban development. These indicators relate to the dispersion pattern of urban growth, the connectivity of open green space and the complexity in the composition of the UST types within the different sectors of the city. We were able to identify, using the dynamics exhibited by the USTs, three main zones: (1) city centre, where USTs of high-intensity development predominate, (2) eastern high-income areas whose spatial structure is marked by a relatively high urbanisation intensity with a very large proportion of vegetated spaces, and (3) peripheral areas, with significant changes in composition and configuration of USTs, in recent decades, showing high rates of urbanisation, shifting from low-medium to high densities. We concluded that these patterns and their dynamics are mainly determined by the spatial socio-economic stratification of the population.
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Hernández, H. J., M. A. Gutiérrez, and M. P. Acuña. "URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS IN SANTIAGO (CHILE): PROPOSING SUSTAINABLE INDICATORS FROM REMOTE SENSING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-873-2016.
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Latin America is one of the world’s most urbanised regions, with more than 80% of inhabitants living in urban areas and over 50 cities with at least 1 million inhabitants. The concept of urban structure types (UST) allows the dynamics of a growing urban environment to be captured in its quantity and quality. They are defined as areas of homogenous appearance in the urban matrix with a recognisable mixture of built-up areas and open spaces. We used the vegetation-impervious-soil (V-I-S) model approach to classify and monitor different types of USTs in Santiago (~800 km2), Chile between 1985 and 2015. The V-I-S model is based on a simplification of the large diversity of urban land cover types in three general categories: vegetation, impervious surfaces and soil. These categories were obtained by processing Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI images. First, we applied standard radiometric calibration and co-registration methods to all datasets. Second, using a linear spectral unmixing algorithm we performed a soft classification of urban land cover types (<i>end members</i>): trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, soils, buildings, roads and water bodies. All <i>end members</i> were validated using a combination of photointerpretation on high-resolution images (~1 m) and field data collection (only for 2015). In each pixel we used the resulting probability scores, logically grouped, to obtain final values for each V-I-S component. Third, we used statistical clustering of V-I-S values to create a set of eight pixel groups, which we interpreted as USTs and mapped them for each date. The overall accuracy for V-I-S components in 1985 and 2015 were 78% and 82%, respectively, and errors did not exhibit any spatial correlation. The main sources of differentiation between USTs were the trade-off proportions between vegetation and impervious components, whereas soil proportions remained near 5% across the city in both dates. To analyse the change in UST spatial configuration between dates, we used a set of selected landscape metrics and discussed their use as indicators for sustainable urban development. These indicators relate to the dispersion pattern of urban growth, the connectivity of open green space and the complexity in the composition of the UST types within the different sectors of the city. We were able to identify, using the dynamics exhibited by the USTs, three main zones: (1) city centre, where USTs of high-intensity development predominate, (2) eastern high-income areas whose spatial structure is marked by a relatively high urbanisation intensity with a very large proportion of vegetated spaces, and (3) peripheral areas, with significant changes in composition and configuration of USTs, in recent decades, showing high rates of urbanisation, shifting from low-medium to high densities. We concluded that these patterns and their dynamics are mainly determined by the spatial socio-economic stratification of the population.
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Huygens, Dries, Jan Schouppe, Dries Roobroeck, Maricel Alvarez, Oscar Balocchi, Eduardo Valenzuela, Dante Pinochet, and Pascal Boeckx. "Drying–rewetting effects on N cycling in grassland soils of varying microbial community composition and management intensity in south central Chile." Applied Soil Ecology 48, no. 3 (July 2011): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.04.012.
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Leybourne, M. I., and E. M. Cameron. "Composition of Soils and Ground Waters at the Pampa del Tamarugal, Chile: Anatomy of a Fossil Geochemical Anomaly Derived from a Distant Porphyry Copper Deposit." Economic Geology 101, no. 8 (December 1, 2006): 1569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.8.1569.
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Mamedzade, Vafa. "Microbiological Indicators of Meadow-Brown Soils of Natural Cenoses." Natural Systems and Resources, no. 3 (October 2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nsr.jvolsu.2021.3.5.
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The article presents data on microbiological indicators of meadow-brown soils of semi-humid subtropics of the Lenkoran region. Meadow-brown soils are typical representatives of a number of hydromorphic soils of Azerbaijan. These soils are formed under sparse forests and shrub plantations with well-developed herbage. The soil-forming rocks are deluvial-proluvial deposits of clay composition. The influence of groundwater and surface runoff on soil formation is periodic. In the described soils, biological processes, including the activity of microorganisms, take place at moderate moisture level (10–25%) and temperature (18–23 °C). The paper presents a comparative analysis of the total number of microorganisms (in a layer of 0–50 cm) between typical meadow-brown, meadow-brown leached, meadow-gray-brown and gray-earth-meadow soils. We have shown changes in the total amount of microbiota for individual horizons of meadow-brown soils. Changes in the quantitative indicators of the microbiota of the studied soils also affect their overall biogenicity. A close relationship has been established between humus and the number of microorganisms. As the humus decreases in individual horizons, an adequate decrease in the number of microbiota is noted. If in 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–15 cm layers the amount of microbiota varied between 6,13–5,83–4,81 million per gram of soil, then in deeper layers of 15–20 cm, 20–25 cm, 30–40 cm, 35–50 cm, their number gradually decreases to 3,9–3,10–2,65–1,81–1,52 million per gram of soil.
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Pho, Nguyen Van, Pham Tich Xuan, and Pham Thanh Dang. "Occurrence of supergene nickel ores in the Ha Tri Massive, Hoa An District, Cao Bang Province." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/11676.
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Nickel (Ni) laterites are regolith materials derived from ultramafic rocks and play an important role in the world's Ni production. Ni-laterite deposits are the supergene enrichment of Ni formed from the intense chemical and mechanical weathering of ultramafic parental rocks. In Vietnam, the weathering profile containing Ni laterite was first discovered in the Ha Tri massive (Cao Bang). This profile develops on the Ha Tri serpentinized peridotite rocks classified to the Cao Bang mafic-ultramafic complex (North Vietnam) and exhibits thick weathered zone (10 - 15m). This work carried out a detailed study of the weathering profile at the center of Ha Tri massive. Samples from different horizons of the profile were collected and analyzed in detail by XRF, XRD and SEM-EDX methods to establish the relationship between the Ni-rich supergene products and the parental peridotites (lherzolite) rocks in Ha Tri massive. The results show that the saprolite horizon is most Ni-rich in the weathering profile in Ha Tri. In this horizon, Ni-silicate minerals of garnierite group such as pimelite, nepouite and other Mg-Ni silicates have been found. The appearance of minerals of garnierite group is due to the exchange of Mg by Ni during weathering of peridotite minerals, especially olivine, which leads to the enrichment of the supergene Ni. The occurrence of Ni silicates suggests the existence of the supergene Ni ore in the weathering profile of the Ha Tri massive.References Bosio N.J., Hurst J.V., Smith R.L., 1975. Nickelliferousnontronite, a 15 Å garnierite, at Niquelandia, Goias Brazil. Clays Clay Miner., 23, 400-403. Brand N.W., Butt C.R.M., Elias M., 1998. Nickel Laterites: Classification and features. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 17(4), 81-88. Bricker O.P., Nesbitt H.W. and Gunter W.D., 1973. The stability of talc. American Mineralogist, 58, 64-72. Brindley G.W. and Hang P.T., 1973. The nature of garnierites. Structures, chemical composition and color characteristics. Clay and Clay Minerals, 21, 27-40. Brindley G.W. and Maksimovic Z., 1974. The nature and nomenclature of hydrous nickel-containing silicates. Clay Minerals, 10, 271-277. Brindley G.W. and Wan H.M., 1975. Composition structures and thermal behavior of nickel containing minerals in thelizardite-ne´pouite series. American Mineralogist, 60, 863-871. Brindley G.W., Bish D.L. and Wan H.M., 1979. Compositions, structures and properties of nickel containing minerals in the kerolite-pimelite series. American Mineralogist, 64, 615-625. Cluzel D. and Vigier B., 2008. Syntectonic mobility of supergene nickel ores from New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific). Evidence from faulted regolith and garnierite veins. Resource Geology, 58, 161-170. Colin F., Nahon D., Trescases J.J., Melfi A.J., 1990. Lateritic weathering of pyroxenites at Niquelandia, Goais, Brazil: The supergene behavior ofnickel: Economic Geology, 85, 1010-1023. Das S.K., Sahoo R.K., Muralidhar J., Nayak B.K., 1999. Mineralogy and geochemistry of profilesthrough lateritic nickel deposits at Kansa,Sukinda, Orissa. Joural of Geoogical. SocietyIndia, 53, 649-668. Decarreau A., Colin F., Herbillon A., Manceau A., Nahon D., Paquet H., Trauth-Badaud D.,Trescases J.J., 1987. Domain segregation in NiFe-Mg-Smectites. Clay Minerals, 35, 1-10. Freyssinet P., Butt C.R.M. and Morris R.C., 2005. Oreforming processes related to lateritic weathering. Economic Geology, 100th aniversary volume, 681-722.Garnier J., Quantin C., Martins E.S., Becquer T., 2006. Solid speciation and availability of chromium in ultramafic soils from Niquelandia, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88, 206-209. Garnier J., Quantin C., Guimarães E., Becquer T., 2008. Can chromite weathering be a source of Cr in soils? Mineralogy Magazine, 72, 49-53. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R. and Elias M., 2003. Nickel laterites: A review. SEG Newsletter, 54, 11-18. Gleeson S.A., Butt C.R., Wlias M., 2003. Nickellaterites: a review. SEG Newsletter, Society of Economic Geology, 54. Available from www.segweb.org. Golightly J.P., 1981. Nickeliferous laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary volume, 710-735. Golightly J.P., 2010. Progress in understanding the evolution of nickel laterite. Society of Economic Geology, In Special Publication, 15, 451-485. Manceau A. and Calas G., 1985. Heterogeneous distribution of nickel in hydrous silicates from New Caledonia ore deposits. American Mineralogist, 70, 549-558. Nguyen Van Pho, 2013. Tropic weathering in Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Pubisher Science and Technology, 365p.Ngo Xuan Thanh, Tran Thanh Hai, Nguyen Hoang, Vu Quang Lan, S. Kwon, Tetsumaru Itaya, M. Santosh, 2014. Backarc mafic-ultramafic magmatism in Northeastern Vietnam and its regional tectonic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 90, 45-60.Pelletier B., 1983. Localisation du nickel dans les minerais ‘‘garnieritiques’’ de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Sciences Ge´ologique: Me´moires, 73, 173-183.Pelletier B., 1996. Serpentines in nickel silicate ores from New Caledonia. In Grimsey E.J., and Neuss I. (eds): Nickel ’96, Australasian Institute of Miningand Metallurgy, Melbourne, Publication Series 6(9), 197-205. Proenza J.A., Lewis J.F., Galı´ S., Tauler E., Labrador M., Melgarejo J.C., Longo F. and Bloise G., 2008. Garnierite mineralization from Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit (Dominican Republic). Macla, 9, 197-198. Soler J.M., Cama J., Galı´ S., Mele´ndez W., Ramı´rez, A., andEstanga, J., 2008. Composition and dissolution kinetics ofgarnierite from the Loma de Hierro Ni-laterite deposit,Venezuela. Chemical Geology, 249, 191-202. Springer G., 1974. Compositional and structural variations ingarnierites. The Canadian Mineralogist, 12, 381-388. Springer G., 1976. Falcondoite, nickel analogue of sepiolite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 14, 407-409.Svetlitskaya T.V., Tolstykh N.D., Izokh A.E., Phuong Ngo Thi, 2015. PGE geochemical constraints on the origin of the Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide mineralization in the Suoi Cun intrusion, Cao Bang province, Northeastern Vietnam. Miner Petrol, 109, 161-180.Tran Trong Hoa, Izokh A.E., Polyakov G.V., Borisenko A.S., Tran Tuan Anh, Balykin P.A., Ngo Thi Phuong, Rudnev S.N., Vu Van Van, Bui An Nien, 2008. Permo-Triassic magmatism and metallogeny of Northern Vietnam in relation to the Emeishan plume. Russ. Geol. Geophys., 49, 480-491.Trescases J.J., 1975. L'évolution supergene des roches ultrabasiques en zone tropicale: Formation de gisements nikelifères de Nouvelle Caledonie. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 259p.Tri T.V., Khuc V. (eds), 2011. Geology and Earth Resources of Vietnam. Publishing House for Science and Technology, 645p (in English). Villanova-de-Benavent C., Proenza J.A., GalíS., Tauler E., Lewis J.F. and Longo F., 2011. Talc- and serpentine-like ‘‘garnierites’’ in the Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit, Dominican Republic. ‘Let’s talk ore deposits’, 11th Biennial Meeting SGA 2011, Antofagasta, Chile, 3p.Wells M.A., 2003. Goronickel laterite deposit. New Caledonia. CRC LEME, p.3.
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Clunes, John, Susana Valle, Jose Dörner, Marco Campos, Jorge Medina, Sarah Zuern, and Lorena Lagos. "Changes in Soil Quality of an Urban Wetland as a Result of Anthropogenic Disturbance." Land 11, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030394.
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Urban wetland soil provides ecosystem services (ES) through their functions. Changes in soil properties due to anthropogenic disturbances lead to a loss of soil quality. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of nearby anthropic disturbance on the chemical, physical and biological properties of the urban wetland soil. Soil samples were collected from four sites (P1, P2, P3 and P4) located in the Angachilla urban wetland, Chile, according to the magnitude of anthropogenic disturbance. An assessment of the physical and chemical properties of the soil profile was carried out in two sites, P1 and P4. Additionally, chemical and biological properties of the soil were evaluated in the four sites selected. Results from the soil profiles showed that Hz1 of P4 had a higher levels of soil fertility as a result of low anthropogenic disturbance in contrast to Hz1 of P1 (p < 0.05). Relevant differences among sites were observed for P-Olsen, pH NaF, nosZ gene, Nitrate and Na (PC1: 50.5%). Composition of the soil bacterial community in P1 and P4 showed higher richness and diversity. Anthropogenic disturbance on the urban wetland soil leads to a loss of the soil’s organic horizon, as well as its soil quality and, subsequently, its capacity to provide ES through its functions.
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Orudjova, Ramala, Mustafa Mustafayev, and Zumrud Qurbanova. "Assessment of the Impact of Irrigation on the Ecological State of Gray-Brown Soils of the Ganja-Kazakh Massif." Natural Systems and Resources, no. 2 (October 2022): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nsr.jvolsu.2022.2.4.
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The article presents the results of a study of irrigated gray-brown soils of the Ganja-Kazakh massif, the reasons for changes in individual soil properties associated with the characteristics of specific soil-hydrogeological conditions. It was pointed out that irrigation of gray-brown soils with low mineralized slightly alkaline waters leads to a change in the qualitative composition of salts, an increase in the content of absorbed sodium and its activity. There is also a tendency towards dehumidification of irrigated soils and deterioration of their agrophysical properties. To eliminate the negative effects of irrigation, it is necessary to systematically, comprehensively regulate soil processes and regimes. Thus, during irrigation for 50–60 years, the main properties of gray-brown soils that determine its fertility deteriorated. However, a negative effect of irrigation water with a mineralization of 1.25–2.50 on the salt regime of the soil was noted. Optimization of the reclamation state of soils, prevention of salinization and increase of fertility is promoted by modern agrotechnical measures in combination with an optimal irrigation regime (68–78% HB), as well as with improving the quality of irrigation water by reducing its discharge from irrigated fields and the use of chemical meliorants. Since irrigation of gray-brown soils with mineralized waters was carried out on small areas until recently and, as a rule, was not accompanied by a general increase in the groundwater level, secondary salinization of soils is noted locally in the lowered relief elements. In the main irrigation area for most systems, the period of active salt accumulation observed in the first 3–5 years after the start of irrigation stabilizes at the level of 0.12–0.25% in arable horizons and 0.26–0.32% in sub-arable horizons, and they do not leave the gradation of unsalted. Based on the conducted research, generalization and analysis of the literature data, a systematics of changes on gray-brown soils occurring during irrigation was carried out.
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Zhang, Huanjun, Xixi Wang, Yi Li, and Weixin Ding. "Effect of long-term fertilization on bacterial community in a sandy loam soil and its relation to organic carbon accumulation." E3S Web of Conferences 338 (2022): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233801007.
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Fertilization can affect the transformation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial community composition. However, thus far, how SOC accumulation in association with bacterial community is still unclear. We collected arable soils (aquic inceptisol) from a long-term fertilization experiment (20 years) including compost (CM), inorganic nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium (NPK), half compost N plus half inorganic fertilizer N (HCM), NP, NK, PK, and untreated (Control). We investigated the relationship between the SOC accumulation rate and bacterial community composition measured by high-throughput sequencing. The highest SOC accumulation rate was observed in the compost treatments. Furthermore, compost and balanced NPK treatments increased soil carbohydrate content significantly (P < 0.05), while no such enhancement was observed following NK and PK application. Compared with the Control, fertilization substantially reduced the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in soil. Meanwhile, fertilization lowered the relative abundance (RA) of Bacteroidetes but increased the RA of Proteobacteria. Compost application increased the RA of Firmicutes, while inorganic fertilizers reduced it. The RA of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were significantly and positively correlated with the SOC and carbohydrate content and the SOC accumulation rate (P < 0.05). SOC accumulation was also accompanied with the reduction in the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in soil. Our results indicated that poor aeration may induce a shift in the microbial community composition and a transition from aerobic to anaerobic degradation of SOC, thereby favoring SOC accumulation.
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Hirzel, Juan, Pablo Undurraga, Lorenzo León, Marcelo Panichini, Jorge Carrasco, Jorge González, and Iván Matus. "Different Residues Affect Wheat Nutritional Composition." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 20, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00102-2.
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Abstract Conservation agriculture using crop rotation benefits the environment, soil fertility, and crop production. A biannual rotation experiment during a period of 2 years was conducted in volcanic soil in south-central Chile in a production system under conservation agriculture. The experiment considered two previous crops, canola (Brassica napus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and four levels of residue incorporation (0%, 50%, 100%, and 200% of generated residue). Grain yield (0.41 Mg ha−1), grain sedimentation value (5.5%), grain K (0.031%) and Ca (0.006%) concentrations, and residue K concentration (0.159%) were higher when the previous crop was bean. The Ca concentration (0.037%) in wheat residue increased after the canola crop. The different applied residue levels of the previous crop had no effect on any of the evaluated parameters in wheat. There was a very consistent negative correlation between the grain S concentration and the residue P (− 0.55), K (− 0.55), Mg (− 0.61), and S (− 0.63) concentrations in wheat when it was cultivated after bean. A larger number of study cycles are required to obtain more consistent results about the effect of the different residue levels on these two biannual rotations.
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Guevara-Araya, María José, Víctor M. Escobedo, Valeria Palma-Onetto, and Marcia González-Teuber. "Changes in Diversity and Community Composition of Root Endophytic Fungi Associated with Aristolochia chilensis along an Aridity Gradient in the Atacama Desert." Plants 11, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111511.
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Despite the widespread occurrence of fungal endophytes (FE) in plants inhabiting arid ecosystems, the environmental and soil factors that modulate changes in FE diversity and community composition along an aridity gradient have been little explored. We studied three locations along the coast of the Atacama Desert in Chile, in which the plant Aristolochia chilensis naturally grows, and that differ in their aridity gradient from hyper-arid to semi-arid. We evaluated if root-associated FE diversity (frequency, richness and diversity indexes) and community composition vary as a function of aridity. Additionally, we assessed whether edaphic factors co-varying with aridity (soil water potential, soil moisture, pH and nutrients) may structure FE communities. We expected that FE diversity would gradually increase towards the aridity gradient declines, and that those locations that had the most contrasting environments would show more dissimilar FE communities. We found that richness indexes were inversely related to aridity, although this pattern was only partially observed for FE frequency and diversity. FE community composition was dissimilar among contrasting locations, and soil water availability significantly influenced FE community composition across the gradient. The results indicate that FE diversity and community composition associated with A. chilensis relate to differences in the aridity level across the gradient. Overall, our findings reveal the importance of climate-related factors in shaping changes in diversity, structure and distribution of FE in desert ecosystems.
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Grez, Audrey A., Tania Zaviezo, Mary M. Gardiner, and Alberto J. Alaniz. "Urbanization filters coccinellids composition and functional trait distributions in greenspaces across greater Santiago, Chile." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 38 (February 2019): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.01.002.
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Giono, Bibiana Rini Widiati, Muchtar Salam Solle, Muhammad Izzdin Idrus, and Sofyan Sofyan. "Utilization of biochar and mycorrhiza to increase the absorption of elemental nutrients of cayenne chili plant (Capsicum fruntescnes L.)." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 26, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2021.v26i2.75-86.
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This study aimed to obtain the composition of biochar as a soil enhancer and mycorrhizal dose, which affected the nutrient uptake of cayenne plants. This experimental research was based on a separate plot design (RPT) with a basic randomized block design (RCBD). The main plot experiment was vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza or VAM (m) with three levels: mycorrhiza 10 g/plant (m1), mycorrhiza 15 g/plant (m2), and mycorrhiza 20 g/plant (m3). The subplot is biochar composition as soil enhancer (b) with three types: biochar husk 50%+25% soil+25% sand (b1), 50% sand+25% soil+25% biochar wood (b2), and wood charcoal biochar 50%+soil 25%+biochar charcoal husk 25% (b3). Each level of the VAM doses factor is combined with biochar. These nine treatment combinations and the levels were repeated thrice, accounting for 27 experimental units. The results showed that the parameters of phosphorus uptake, potassium uptake, and fresh root weight had a positive and significant relationship to the percentage of mycorrhizal infections. The combination treatment of mycorrhiza 20 g/plant and the composition of 50% husk biochar+25% soil+25% sand, 15 g mycorrhizal dose treatment with 50% wood biochar+25% soil+25% biochar rice husk and 20 g/plant are the best treatment as a planting medium.
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Prameswari, Wuri, Welly Herman, and Umi Salamah. "Growth of Long pepper (Piper rectofractum Vahl.) with Different Growing Media Composition." PENDIPA Journal of Science Education 5, no. 3 (March 28, 2021): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/pendipa.5.3.345-350.
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Long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) It is one of the potential medicinal plants in Indonesia. However, information related to the cultivation of this plant is still minimal. Therefore, research needs regarding the determination of suitable planting media for the growth of herbal chilies. This experiment used a complete randomized group design (RKLT) with one treatment factor for the composition of the growing media, namely soil, soil + sand (3: 1, v / v), soil + rice husk charcoal (3: 1, v/v), and soil + manure (3: 1, v / v). Each treatment repeats six times, and each consisted of 10 plants. Data analysis using a variance. The plant material used was in soil tendrils and polybags measuring 30 cm x 30 cm as a container. NPK + Mg inorganic fertilizer with an equivalent dose of 12: 12: 17: 2. The results of the experiment showed that the composition of the different growing media affected all observed variables. The use of soil planting medium + cow manure showed the best growth results of chili herbs for plant height, the number of leaves, root length, root and canopy wet weight, and root and canopy dry weight.
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Castro-Huerta, Ricardo, Carolina Morales, John Gajardo, Enrique A. Mundaca, and Marco Yáñez. "Soil Mesofauna Responses to Fire Severity in a Sclerophyllous Forest in Central Chile." Forests 12, no. 11 (October 23, 2021): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111444.
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Forest fires may have severe impacts on the aboveground biodiversity and soil chemical and biological properties. Edaphic organisms are highly sensitive to disturbances and are typically used to measure the magnitude of these events. Overall, little is known about the responses of these organisms to fires differing in their severity levels. This study aimed to assess the effect of fire severity on the soil mesofauna community diversity and structure in a site located in a Mediterranean zone of central Chile. In postfire conditions, we use spectral indexes from satellite images to map fire severity at four levels (non-damage (ND), low damage (L), medium damage (M), high damage (H)). Soil samples were collected at each severity level, and the mesofauna abundance was quantified. Although the metrics describing species diversity and dominance were similar among fire severity levels, the abundance and composition of the mesofauna were specifically altered at the high severity level. The edaphic mesofauna can be considered suitable bioindicators to evaluate the postfire ecosystem recovery, especially in the areas highly damaged by fire.
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Raisyadikara, Fadila, Bambang Irawan, Salman Farisi, and Yulianty Yulianty. "Pemberian Kompos Bahan Sampah Serat Bromelain Yang Diinduksi Inokulum Fungi Selulolitik Aspergillus sp. Pada Pertumbuhan Vegetatif Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.)." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 14, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.1701.
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The purpose of this research is to understand the effect and the best dossage of bromelain wastes solid compost for vegetative growth of chilli plants. Accumulation of pineapple wastes made by the large pineapple plantation area. The litter of pineapple bromelain enzyme (bromelain wastes) still containing organic matter that could composted for plant nutrition. The composting of it can be accelerated by induction inoculum of cellulotic Aspergillus sp. fungus. The research used Completely Randomized Design method with seven treatment and three replications. The treatment used two different type of compost. The composition of compost A type is: 0,5 kg bromelain + 0,5 kg leaves litter + 0,5 kg livestock wastes + inoculum 1%. The composition of compost B type is: 1 kg bromelain + 0,5 kg livestock wastes + inoculum 1%. The treatment conducted P0: 5 kg soil (control). P1: 5 kg soil + 1,4% A type compost. P2: 5 kg soil + 1,7% A type compost. P3: 5 kg soil + 2% A type compost. P4: 5 kg soil + 1,4% B type compost. P5: 5 kg soil + 1,7 % B type compost. P6: 5 kg soil + 2% B type compost. Variance analyzed of obtained data were using ANOVA and tested using the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) method. Parameter of this study are number of leaves and chlorophyll content. The results showed that the application of P6: 2% dossage B type compost from bromelain solid compost could optimized the vegetative growth of chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.). Key words: Aspergillus sp.; bromelain; chili; compost.
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de Porras, María Eugenia, Antonio Maldonado, Andrés Zamora-Allendes, and Claudio Latorre. "Calibrating the pollen signal in modern rodent middens from northern Chile to improve the interpretation of the late Quaternary midden record." Quaternary Research 84, no. 3 (November 2015): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.10.004.
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The use of rodent middens from northern Chile as paleoecological archives has at times been questioned due to concerns about their biogenic origin and the degree to which their record represents vegetation composition rather than rodent habits. To address such concerns, we carried out a modern calibration study to assess the representation of vegetation by pollen records from rodent middens. We compared vegetation censuses with soil-surface and midden (matrix and feces) pollen samples from sites between 21° and 28°S. The results show that (1) the pollen signal from the midden matrix provides a more realistic reflection of local vegetation than soil-surface samples due to the pollen-deposition processes that occur in middens; and (2) in contrast to feces pollen assemblages, which feature some biases, rodent dietary habits do not seem to influence midden matrix pollen assemblages, probably because midden agents are dietary generalists. Our finding that modern pollen data from rodent middens reflect vegetation patterns confirms the reliability of midden pollen records as paleoecological archives in northern Chile.
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Silva, Viviane F., Carlos V. C. Bezerra, Elka C. S. Nascimento, Tricia N. F. Ferreira, Vera L. A. Lima, and Leando O. Andrade. "Production of chili pepper under organic fertilization and irrigation with treated wastewater." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 2 (February 2019): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n2p84-89.
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ABSTRACT With the occurrence of prolonged droughts in the Brazilian semi-arid region, water scarcity directly influences agriculture in this region, so that water reuse and bovine manure application become a viable alternative for pepper production. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the sustainable production of chili peppers (Capsicum frutescens) under levels of irrigation with treated wastewater and doses of bovine manure. The following bovine manure doses were considered: D1 (0% manure and 100% soil), D2 (10% manure and 90% soil), D3 (20% manure and 80% soil), D4 (30% manure and 70% soil), D5 (40% manure and 60% soil) and D6 (50% manure and 50% soil), based on volume. Three levels of irrigation were applied, based on the water requirement of the crop (WR), namely: 100% WR (L1), 75% WR (L2) and 50% WR (L3). Production variables and physical characteristics of the produced peppers were evaluated. Pepper production (g plant-1) increased as 10% of bovine manure were added in substrate composition. Increasing concentration of bovine manure and using 50% WR provided favorable conditions for the organic production of chili pepper.
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Nuke, Yolanda, Ludgardis Ledheng, and Maria Yustiningsing. "Pengaruh Komposisi Media Tanam Organik Arang Sekam Dan Pupuk Kotoran Sapi Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kelangsungan Hidup Tanaman Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum L.) dan Cabai Rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.)." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.23.2.125-132.
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This study aims to determine the effect of organic growing media composition of husk charcoal and cow dung on the growth and survival of red chili (Capsicum annum L.) and cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). The research was conducted in November 2019 – February 2020 in Faennake Village, North Bikomi District, TTU Regency. The method used in this study is an experimental method with a two-factor randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The first factor is a large red chili plant. The second factor is cayenne pepper plants with different planting media treatments. The parameters studied were plant height, number of leaves, number of fruit, number of productive branches and plant survival of red chili and cayenne pepper. Data were analyzed through ANOVA with an error rate of 0.5% and to determine the difference between treatments using Duncan's multiple range test with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the survival of red chili and cayenne pepper in each treatment was good because each planting medium was able to meet the needs of these plants. As for the growth in the treatment of 50% soil, 25% husk charcoal, 25% cow dung, it showed a good effect where in red chili plants the plant height at 45 DAP was 59.5 cm. And for cayenne pepper plants at 45 DAP, which is 50.75 cm. From the observations, it can be concluded that the composition of the growing media 50% soil plus 25% husk charcoal and 25% cow manure was able to increase the growth and yield of Capsicum annum L. and Capsicum frutescens L. plants.
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Sofwan Siddiq Abdullah. "PEMANFAATAN ENDAPAN LIMBAH CAIR (ELC) INDUSTRI KULIT UNTUK PUPUK TANAMAN CABAI." Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu, dan Produk Kulit 21, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.58533/bptkspk.v21i2.177.
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The purpose of this study was to utilize solid waste from wastewater treatment sludge for red chili fertilizer by finding the proportion/ratio of solid waste components with soil to obtain the most optimal composition. The materials used are solid waste sediment leather tannery, soil, chili seedlings, pesticides, and water. The tools used are plant pots (pots made of clay with a diameter of ± 25 cm and a height of ± 20 cm). The method used was planting red chili seeds on 6 types of planting media, namely control pots, 1,2,3,4,5 pot which were sequentially controlled (without solid waste), and the ratio of solid waste: soil with a ratio of 1:2, 1: 3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6. The results of the data obtained were analyzed using a T test and completely random design. furthermore, duncan test was conducted to determine the best dose (ratio) for chili plants if previously (in the unidirectional variance test) there was a ratio effect. The results obtained were pots 1, 2, 4 had a higher plant height than the control. Pots 1,2,3,4 had more leaves than the control. The conclusion that can be obtained is that the solid waste sediment on chili planting media affects height increase, number of chili leaves, and quantitatively not all of them have a significant effect. Giving solid waste sediments with a ratio of 1: 3 showed the fastest increase in height and number of leaves.
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Rubiana, Ratna, and Araz Meilin. "Keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan arhtropoda tanah pada lahan cabai dengan perlakuan bioremediasi." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 19, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.19.1.23.
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The level of contaminants in the land can be reduced by remediation. Remediation allows to destroy or makes contaminants into harmless using natural biological activities (bioremediation). Land conditions before and after bioremediation treatment is uses some kind of arthropods land as an indicator of soil fertility. This study aims to assess the factors affect diversity, compare the structural similarity, and species composition of soil arthropods as bioindicators of the recovery of soil biological properties in chili cultivation. Soil arthropod sampling was carried out on chili farmers’ fields with 5 bioremediation treatments in Sangir Tengah Village, Kayu Aro District, Kerinci Regency, Jambi Province with the pitfall trap method that was installed for 2 nights. The bioremediation treatments were control (without bioremediation), and 4 bioremediation treatments (trichocompos 10 tons/ha, trichocompos + bagasse biochar at a dose of 2 tons/ha, trichocompos + corncob biochar at a dose of 2 tons/ha, and trichocompos + rice husk biochar at a dose of 2 tons/ha. The results showed that there were 9,712 individuals belonging to 10 orders and 28 species of soil arthropods. The diversity of soil arthropods in the bioremediation treatment showed significant differences (R = 0.3953; P < 0.001). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was highest in the control land as well as the evenness index (E) which means that the bioremediation treatment had no effect on the diversity of soil arthropods. Bioremediation treatment on chili fields did not show an increase in the number of orders and species.
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Maneeintr, Kreangkrai, Tuyet Thi Anh Tran, and Watcharin Kaewmaneewan. "Bottom-Ash Waste Management for Soil Improvement in Saraburi Province, Thailand." Materials Science Forum 947 (March 2019): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.947.114.
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Recently, coal is still one of the main sources of energy. From a coal combustion process, a huge amount of coal waste such as bottom ash is generated. The most common method for coal-waste disposal is a landfill which creates the environmental problems. However, the coal-waste utilization like soil amendment is a better way to manage the waste as well as to reduce the environmental impacts and to increase the profit for the manufacturers. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to measure the properties of soil mixed with bottom ash from coal waste and to apply the bottom ash to improve the soil quality by growing one types of plants, chili, and to compare the results with the normal soil and soil with fertilizer. The operating parameters of this study are the compositions of coal-waste mixed with soil and fertilizer ranging from 0 to 30%wt. Furthermore, the pH, bulk density as well as soil texture are also measured and studied. From the results, it is found that bottom ash can help growing both plants especially chili with 10%wt bottom ash.
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Molina, Mauricio, Fabián Aburto, Raúl Calderón, Marcia Cazanga, and Mauricio Escudey. "Trace Element Composition of Selected Fertilizers Used in Chile: Phosphorus Fertilizers as a Source of Long-Term Soil Contamination." Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal 18, no. 4 (June 22, 2009): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15320380902962320.
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Özcan, Nuran, Christer S. Ejsing, Andrej Shevchenko, Andrej Lipski, Susanne Morbach, and Reinhard Krämer. "Osmolality, Temperature, and Membrane Lipid Composition Modulate the Activity of Betaine Transporter BetP in Corynebacterium glutamicum." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 20 (August 10, 2007): 7485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00986-07.
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ABSTRACT The gram-positive soil bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum, a major amino acid-producing microorganism in biotechnology, is equipped with several osmoregulated uptake systems for compatible solutes, which is relevant for the physiological response to osmotic stress. The most significant carrier, BetP, is instantly activated in response to an increasing cytoplasmic K+ concentration. Importantly, it is also activated by chill stress independent of osmotic stress. We show that the activation of BetP by both osmotic stress and chill stress is altered in C. glutamicum cells grown at and adapted to low temperatures. BetP from cold-adapted cells is less sensitive to osmotic stress. In order to become susceptible for chill activation, cold-adapted cells in addition needed a certain amount of osmotic stimulation, indicating that there is cross talk of these two types of stimuli at the level of BetP activity. We further correlated the change in BetP regulation properties in cells grown at different temperatures to changes in the lipid composition of the plasma membrane. For this purpose, the glycerophospholipidome of C. glutamicum grown at different temperatures was analyzed by mass spectrometry using quantitative multiple precursor ion scanning. The molecular composition of glycerophospholipids was strongly affected by the growth temperature. The modulating influence of membrane lipid composition on BetP function was further corroborated by studying the influence of artificial modulation of membrane dynamics by local anesthetics and the lack of a possible influence of internally accumulated betaine on BetP activity.
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Molina, Verónica, Osvaldo Ulloa, Laura Farías, Homero Urrutia, Salvador Ramírez, Pilar Junier, and Karl-Paul Witzel. "Ammonia-Oxidizing β-Proteobacteria from the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Northern Chile." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 11 (April 6, 2007): 3547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02275-06.
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ABSTRACT The composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria from the β-Proteobacteria subclass (βAOB) was studied in the surface and upper-oxycline oxic waters (2- to 50-m depth, ∼200 to 44 μM O2) and within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) suboxic waters (50- to 400-m depth, ≤10 μM O2) of the eastern South Pacific off northern Chile. This study was carried out through cloning and sequencing of genes coding for 16S rRNA and the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme active subunit (amoA). Sequences affiliated with Nitrosospira-like cluster 1 dominated the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries constructed from both oxic and suboxic waters. Cluster 1 consists exclusively of yet-uncultivated βAOB from marine environments. However, a single clone, out of 224 obtained from the OMZ, was found to belong to Nitrosospira lineage cluster 0. To our knowledge, cluster 0 sequences have been derived from βAOB isolated only from sand, soil, and freshwater environments. Sequences in clone libraries of the amoA gene from the surface and upper oxycline could be grouped in a marine subcluster, also containing no cultured representatives. In contrast, all 74 amoA sequences originating from the OMZ were either closely affiliated with cultured Nitrosospira spp. from clusters 0 and 2 or with other yet-uncultured βAOB from soil and an aerated-anoxic Orbal process waste treatment plant. Our results reveal the presence of Nitrosospira-like βAOB in both oxic and suboxic waters associated with the OMZ but with a clear community shift at the functional level (amoA) along the strong oxygen gradient.
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Kraus, Diana, Roland Brandl, Sebastian Achilles, Jörg Bendix, Paulina Grigusova, Annegret Larsen, Patricio Pliscoff, Kirstin Übernickel, and Nina Farwig. "Vegetation and vertebrate abundance as drivers of bioturbation patterns along a climate gradient." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): e0264408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264408.
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Bioturbators shape their environment with considerable consequences for ecosystem processes. However, both the composition and the impact of bioturbator communities may change along climatic gradients. For burrowing animals, their abundance and composition depend on climatic and other abiotic components, with ants and mammals dominating in arid and semiarid areas, and earthworms in humid areas. Moreover, the activity of burrowing animals is often positively associated with vegetation cover (biotic component). These observations highlight the need to understand the relative contributions of abiotic and biotic components in bioturbation in order to predict soil-shaping processes along broad climatic gradients. In this study, we estimated the activity of animal bioturbation by counting the density of holes and the quantity of bioturbation based on the volume of soil excavated by bioturbators along a gradient ranging from arid to humid in Chile. We distinguished between invertebrates and vertebrates. Overall, hole density (no/ 100 m2) decreased from arid (raw mean and standard deviation for invertebrates: 14 ± 7.8, vertebrates: 2.8 ± 2.9) to humid (invertebrates: 2.8 ± 3.1, vertebrates: 2.2 ± 2.1) environments. However, excavated soil volume did not follow the same clear geographic trend and was 300-fold larger for vertebrates than for invertebrates. The relationship between bioturbating invertebrates and vegetation cover was consistently negative whereas for vertebrates both, positive and negative relationships were determined along the gradient. Our study demonstrates complex relationships between climate, vegetation and the contribution of bioturbating invertebrates and vertebrates, which will be reflected in their impact on ecosystem functions.
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Pérez, Cecilia A., Martín R. Carmona, José M. Fariña, and Juan J. Armesto. "Selective logging of lowland evergreen rainforests in Chiloé Island, Chile: Effects of changing tree species composition on soil nitrogen transformations." Forest Ecology and Management 258, no. 7 (September 2009): 1660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.026.
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Laycock, Adam, Simon Chenery, Elizabeth Marchant, Helen Crabbe, Ayoub Saei, Ekaterine Ruadze, Michael Watts, Giovanni S. Leonardi, and Tim Marczylo. "The Use of Pb Isotope Ratios to Determine Environmental Sources of High Blood Pb Concentrations in Children: A Feasibility Study in Georgia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 15007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215007.
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The incidence of lead (Pb) poisoning in children in Georgia has been identified as a major health concern, with a recent national survey identifying that 41% of children aged 2–7 years had blood lead concentrations (BLCs) greater than the blood lead reference value (BLRV) of ≥5 µg dL−1. This study collected samples of blood, spices, paint, soil, dust, flour, tea, toys, milk, and water from 36 households in Georgia where a child had previously been identified as having a BLC > BLRV. The Pb concentrations of these samples were determined and compared to Georgian reference values. Samples from 3 households were analysed for their Pb isotope composition. The Pb isotope composition of the environmental and blood samples were compared to identify the most likely source(s) of Pb exposure. This approach identified that some spice and dust samples were the likely sources of Pb in the blood in these cases. Importantly, some soil, paint, and dust sources with high Pb concentrations could be discounted as contributing to blood Pb based on their distinct isotope composition. The data presented demonstrate the significant contribution that Pb surveillance and Pb isotope ratio analyses can make to managing Pb exposure in regions where high BLCs are identified.
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Almonacid-Muñoz, Leonardo, Hector Herrera, Andres Fuentes-Ramírez, Rodrigo Vargas-Gaete, Giovanni Larama, Ronald Jara, Camila Fernández-Urrutia, and Rafael Borges da Silva Valadares. "Tree Cover Species Modify the Diversity of Rhizosphere-Associated Microorganisms in Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst Temperate Forests in South-Central Chile." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 14, 2022): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050756.
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Chilean native forests have been subjected to several types of disturbances, with one of them being the replacement by exotic species. Pinus radiata D. Don is a widespread exotic tree that forms extensive plantations in southern Chile. It covers extended areas, affecting the landscape, biodiversity, and ecosystem services associated with native forest ecosystems. Although advances in assessing the impact of exotic plant species have been conducted, few studies have focused on the alteration of soil microorganisms. This study aimed to characterize the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities associated with the tree species Nothofagus obliqua inside a native forest stand and within a P. radiata plantation growing nearby. We used a 16S rRNA gene and ITS region metabarcoding approach. Using bioinformatics, diversity indices, relative abundance, preferential taxa, and predicted functions and guilds were estimated. The β-diversity analysis showed that both factors, the type of soil (rhizosphere or bulk soil) and the type of site (native forest or P. radiata plantation), were significant, with the site explaining most of the variation among bacterial and fungal communities. Proteobacteria and Basidiomycota were the most abundant bacterial and fungal phyla in both types of soil and sites. Similarly, bacteria showed similar abundant taxa at the family level, independent of the soil type or the site. The main fungal taxa associated with native forests were Tricholomataceae and Cantharellales, whereas in P. radiata plantations, Russulaceae and Hyaloscyphaceae were the most abundant families. The main bacteria functional groups were chemoheterotrophy and aerobic chemoheterotrophy, without significant differences between the type of soil or sites. Overall, these results demonstrate that the composition and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities associated with native N. obliqua forest are influenced by the surrounding forest, and mainly depend on the site’s characteristics, such as the lignin-rich wood source. These results improve our understanding of the impact of native forest replacement on soil microbial communities, which can alter microbial-related soil ecosystem services.
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Batbaatar, Jigjidsurengiin, Alan R. Gillespie, Ronald S. Sletten, Amit Mushkin, Rivka Amit, Darío Trombotto Liaudat, Lu Liu, and Gregg Petrie. "Toward the Detection of Permafrost Using Land-Surface Temperature Mapping." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040695.
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Permafrost is degrading under current warming conditions, disrupting infrastructure, releasing carbon from soils, and altering seasonal water availability. Therefore, it is important to quantitatively map the change in the extent and depth of permafrost. We used satellite images of land-surface temperature to recognize and map the zero curtain, i.e., the isothermal period of ground temperature during seasonal freeze and thaw, as a precursor for delineating permafrost boundaries from remotely sensed thermal-infrared data. The phase transition of moisture in the ground allows the zero curtain to occur when near-surface soil moisture thaws or freezes, and also when ice-rich permafrost thaws or freezes. We propose that mapping the zero curtain is a precursor to mapping permafrost at shallow depths. We used ASTER and a MODIS-Aqua daily afternoon land-surface temperature (LST) timeseries to recognize the zero curtain at the 1-km scale as a “proof of concept.” Our regional mapping of the zero curtain over an area around the 7000 m high volcano Ojos del Salado in Chile suggests that the zero curtain can be mapped over arid regions of the world. It also indicates that surface heterogeneity, snow cover, and cloud cover can hinder the effectiveness of our approach. To be of practical use in many areas, it may be helpful to reduce the topographic and compositional heterogeneity in order to increase the LST accuracy. The necessary finer spatial resolution to reduce these problems is provided by ASTER (90 m).
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Chand, D., D. A. Hegg, R. Wood, G. E. Shaw, D. Wallace, and D. S. Covert. "Source attribution of climatically important aerosol properties measured at Paposo (Chile) during VOCALS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 26, 2010): 17853–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-17853-2010.
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Abstract. Measurements of submicron aerosol composition, light scattering, and size distribution were made from 17 October to 15 November 2008 at the elevated Paposo site (25° 0.4' S, 70°27.01' W, 690 m a.s.l.) on the Chilean coast as part of the VOCALS1 Regional Experiment (REx). Based on the chemical composition measurements, a receptor modeling analysis using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was carried out, yielding four broad source categories of the aerosol mass, light scattering coefficient, and a proxy for cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration at 0.4% supersaturation derived from the size distribution measurements assuming an observed soluble mass fraction of 0.53. The sources resolved were biomass burning, marine, an urban-biofuels mix and a somewhat ambiguous mix of smelter emissions and mineral dust. The urban-biofuels mix is the most dominant aerosol mass component (52%) followed by biomass burning (25%), smelter/soil dust (12%) and marine (9%) sources. The average (mean±std) submicron aerosol mass concentration, aerosol light scattering coefficient and proxy CCN concentration were, 8.77±5.40 μg m−3, 21.9±11.0 Mm−1 and 548±210 cm−3, respectively. Sulfate is the dominant identified submicron species constituting roughly 40% of the dry mass (3.64±2.30 μg m−3, although the indentified soluble species constitute only 53% of the mass. Much of the unidentified mass is likely organic in nature. The relative importance of each aerosol source category is different depending upon whether mass, light scattering, or CCN concentration is being considered, indicating that the mean size of aerosols associated with each source are different. Marine aerosols do not appear to contribute to more than 10% to either mass, light scattering, or CCN concentration at this site. Back trajectory cluster analysis proved consistent with the PMF source attribution. 1 VOCALS: VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study (VOCALS)VAMOS: Variability of American Monsoon System
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Chand, D., D. A. Hegg, R. Wood, G. E. Shaw, D. Wallace, and D. S. Covert. "Source attribution of climatically important aerosol properties measured at Paposo (Chile) during VOCALS." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 22 (November 18, 2010): 10789–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10789-2010.
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Abstract. Measurements of submicron aerosol composition, light scattering, and size distribution were made from 17 October to 15 November 2008 at the elevated Paposo site (25° 0.4' S, 70° 27.01' W, 690 m a.s.l.) on the Chilean coast as part of the VOCALS* Regional Experiment (REx). Based on the chemical composition measurements, a receptor modeling analysis using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was carried out, yielding four broad source categories of the aerosol mass, light scattering coefficient, and a proxy for cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentration at 0.4% supersaturation derived from the size distribution measurements assuming an observed soluble mass fraction of 0.53. The sources resolved were biomass burning, marine, an urban-biofuels mix and a somewhat ambiguous mix of smelter emissions and mineral dust. The urban-biofuels mix is the most dominant aerosol mass component (52%) followed by biomass burning (25%), smelter/soil dust (12%) and marine (9%) sources. The average (mean±std) submicron aerosol mass concentration, aerosol light scattering coefficient and proxy CCN concentration were, 8.77±5.40 μg m−3, 21.9±11.0 Mm−1 and 548±210 cm−3, respectively. Sulfate is the dominant identified submicron species constituting roughly 40% of the dry mass (3.64±2.30 μg m−3), although the indentified soluble species constitute only 53% of the mass. Much of the unidentified mass is likely organic in nature. The relative importance of each aerosol source category is different depending upon whether mass, light scattering, or CCN concentration is being considered, indicating that the mean size of aerosols associated with each source are different. Marine aerosols do not appear to contribute to more than 10% to either mass, light scattering, or CCN concentration at this site. Back trajectory cluster analysis proved consistent with the PMF source attribution. *VOCALS: VAMOS** Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study (VOCALS) **VAMOS: Variability of American Monsoon System
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Ramírez-Aragón, Mercedes G., Enrique Troyo-Diéguez, Pablo Preciado-Rangel, Victoria J. Borroel-García, Edgar M. García-Carrillo, and José L. García-Hernández. "Antioxidant profile of hot and sweet pepper cultivars by two extraction methods." Horticultura Brasileira 40, no. 4 (December 2022): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-0536-20220409.
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ABSTRACT Chili peppers are among the most important vegetables in the world. The demand of this fruit reveals a noticeable rapid increasing, which importance is mainly due to its nutraceutical composition. These fruits are rich in capsaicinoids, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and others, including vitamins. In this study, a comparative evaluation between two extraction methods of bioactive compounds of fourteen chili pepper cultivars was performed. Two extraction methods for antioxidants, the time-solvent and the ultrasound were evaluated. The design of the experiment was completely randomized with three repetitions where variables evaluated were total phenolic compounds, flavonoids content, antioxidant capacity and capsaicin. Results showed that the phenolic compounds oscillated between 48.7 - 634.1 mg GAE/100 g dry weight (DW), the flavonoids content varied from 1 - 97 mg QE/100 g DW, the antioxidant activity from 65 - 348 µmol Trolox/g DW and the capsaicin content oscillated from 0.3 - 922 mg/100 g DW. The extraction method with higher values of bioactive compounds for each of the chili pepper types was the ultrasound for all the measured variables.
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Zhyhola, V. S. "DIGITAL FIXATION OF THE 10TH CENTURY BURIAL." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.23.
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In 2018 the expedition headed by O. P. Motsia explored the territory of Chernihiv suburb. The burial mounds and flat burial grounds appeared here periodically since the 10th century. The aggressive chemical composition of local soils has a very negative effect on the survival of metal artifacts and organic materials complicating their study and fixation. In such a situation it is appropriate to use the field digital capture the photogrammetric method that allows create a 3D-model of objects and artifacts with authentic size which will allow the metrological measurements later in the laboratory. One of these poor survived objects was made into virtual space for further elaboration.
In the grave 3 the remains of child skeleton have been discovered. Only some limb bones, the fragment of the jaw and traces of bone tissue in the soil were preserved. The grave 3 was digitally captured using a camera and a series of snapshots from different points, and then the 3D-model of the object was created. On the basis of markers and measuring battens the authentic dimensions and orientation in space was given the model which allowed further metrological measurements of bones and artifacts.
Particular attention is drawn to the wooden bucket in the lower left corner of the coffin. Rather, the prints and oxides of the metal parts of the bucket which completely have dissolved in the soil having left only the outline. Right away the performed photogrammetric fixation of the artifact under field conditions has been done. On the basis of the 3D-model the orthophotos with different projections have been created, which completely replace the graphic drawings and can be included to the scientific report. Using the specialized program it is possible to measure all elements of the object.
The newest methods allowed to measure the item and visualize the object for public access.
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Hassan, MR, I. Hossain, MR Islam, and MAR Khokon. "Comparative Efficacy of Compost, Compost Tea, Poultry Litter and Bavistin in Controlling Diseases of Chili." Progressive Agriculture 24, no. 1-2 (June 9, 2014): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19096.
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Compost, compost tea and poultry litter in comparison with Bavistin were evaluated for controlling diseases of chili. The experiments were conducted at Field Lab. and Eco-friendly Plant Disease Management Lab. of the Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh in 2011- 2012 using eight different treatments following Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments were (1) Compost tea (1 : 5 w/v) as foliar spray, (2) Soil drenching with Compost tea (1 : 5 w/v), (3) Soil drenching with poultry litter extract (1 : 5 w/v), (4) Bavistin (0.1%) as foliar spray, (5) Soil drenching with Bavistin (0.1%), (6) Compost (10 t/ha) in soil application, (7) Poultry litter (10 t/ha) in soil application and (8) control. Minimum leaf curl incidence (80.89%) and severity grade (2) were recorded in plots under Compost tea @ 1:5 w/v as foliar spray, but severity and severity grade were maximum by 95.00% and 3, respectively under control plots. Minimum anthracnose infected plants (16.67%) and infected fruit (9.35%) were recorded in plots under Compost @ 10 t/ha in soil application and soil drenching with poultry litter extract (1.5 w/v). The highest Cercospora leaf spot having severity rating grade 3.15 was recorded in field where compost tea was applied as soil drenching and lowest grade 1.07 was determined where Bavistin was applied as foliar spray. The fruit yield (4.67 t/ha) was found significantly higher in plots under compost tea as foliar spray and Bavistin as foliar spray which was 79.62% higher yield over control. Physical and chemical compositions of compost tea and poultry litter were determined.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19096 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 39 - 44, 2013
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Belyaev, Alexander, Alina Markovnina, Vladimir Belyakov, and Vladimir Makarov. "Study of deformation properties of road foundations of the mixed type intended for the movement of mobile complexes for monitoring and transporting raw materials." E3S Web of Conferences 326 (2021): 00010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132600010.
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Analysis of the conditions of movement of mobile robotic complexes showed that about 70% of the time of movement is made up of sand, gravel and sandy areas. In winter, it is covered with snow. An unsolved problem is the traffic conditions during the transition period, namely, movement on snow-sandy support bases. This paper is devoted to the study of road and soil foundations, i.e. mixed surfaces consisting of sand and snow. A method for obtaining mixed surfaces (mixtures) with different percentages is described. It is shown how the measurements of the density and fractional composition of the sand were carried out. It also shows how the snow density was measured. Examples of test fragments are given. A test procedure for measurement of deformation properties is presented. “Load-deformation” curves are provided. The study reveals how the sand and snow percentage affects the curve behaviour. Dependencies are given to describe the process “load deformation” for sand and snow. The dependence of the mixtures is proposed. The generalized dependence includes the dependences of Goryachkin - Letoshnev and Malygin. This paper also specifies the curve behaviour for an undisturbed road and soil foundation, and a surface exposed to an operating mover or a utility vehicle. It is shown that for mixtures of various compositions for an intact surface and under repeated loading, the difference in stresses is from 1.25 to 5 times.
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Liu, Zhiming, Xiangcui Liu, and Tong Zhang. "Hyperspectral characteristics of altered rock and soil features and compositional correlation analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 358 (2022): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235802001.
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Hyperspectral characteristics of ground features are the basic data of modern remote sensing. In this paper, reflectance spectrum detection was carried out on the altered rock and soil features from mountainous environment. The analysis between reflectance spectrum and its related compositions was studied on the rock and soil samples collected. The typical hyperspectral characteristics and their influencing factors of the altered rock and soil features were proposed. The relevant conclusions could provide spectral information reference for remote sensing analysis of altered rock and soil features and environmental evaluation of the northern mountainous environment in China.
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Sumiati, Sumiati, Mahmuda Mahmuda, and Siswa Indra. "EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN DIFA SS PADA SOIL-BOTTOM ASH DAN SOIL-CEMENT DALAM MEMINIMALKAN KERUSAKAN SUB-GRADE JALAN." TERAS JURNAL 12, no. 1 (April 2, 2022): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/tj.v12i1.690.
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<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p> </p><p class="11daftarpustaka">Salah satu penyebab kerusakan jalan adalah seringnya struktur perkerasan jalan terendam air saat musim hujan. Tanah lempung berplastisitas tinggi mempunyai sifat fisik dan teknik yang kurang baik jika digunakan sebagai lapisan tanah dasar (<em>sub grade</em>), karena mempunyai sifat kembang susut yang tinggi dan nilai CBR yang rendah jika terendam air. Stabilisasi menggunakan <em>chemical additive</em> dan limbah pabrik merupakan salah satu cara untuk memperbaiki sifat fisik dan teknik tanah, di mana akan memberikan hasil yang memadai jika komposisi campuran yang digunakan sesuai dan tepat. Oleh sebab itu akan diteliti efektifitas penggunaan aditif Difa SS pada <em>Soil-Bottom ash</em> dan <em>Soil-Cement</em> dengan melakukan pengujian CBR laboratorium <em>unsoaked </em>dan <em>soaked</em>. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa penambahan Difa SS tidak memberikan peningkatan nilai CBR <em>soaked</em> pada <em>Soil-bottom ash</em>. Nilai CBR <em>soaked</em> <em>Soil-Cement</em> menunjukkan peningkatan dan lebih besar dibandingkan nilai CBR <em>unsoaked</em> sehingga Difa SS lebih efektif digunakan sebagai <em>chemical additive</em> pada <em>Soil-Cement</em> dalam usaha meminimalkan kerusakan jalan.</p><p class="11daftarpustaka"> </p><p class="11daftarpustaka">Kata kunci: <em>tanah-bottom ash, tanah-semen, Difa soil stabilizer.</em><em></em></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p> </p><p class="11daftarpustaka">One of the causes of road damage is that the pavement structure is often submerged in water during the rainy season. High plasticity clays soils have poor physical and technical properties when used as a subgrade layer, because they have high sweeling and shrinkage properties and low CBR values when submerged in water. Stabilization using chemical additives and factory waste is one way to improve the physical and engineering properties of the soil, which will give adequate results if the composition of the mixture used is appropriate and appropriate. Therefore, the effectiveness of the use of Difa SS additive in Soil-Bottom ash and Soil-Cement will be investigated by conducting unsoaked and soaked laboratory CBR testing. The results showed that the addition of Difa SS did not increase the soaked CBR value in soil-bottom ash. Soil-Cement soaked CBR value shows an increase and is greater than the unsoaked CBR value so that Difa SS is more effectively used as a chemical additive in Soil-Cement in an effort to minimize road damage.</p><p class="11daftarpustaka"> </p><p class="11daftarpustaka">Keywords: <em>soil-bottom ash, </em><em>soil-</em><em>cemen</em><em>t, Difa soil stabilizer </em><em></em></p><p class="11daftarpustaka"> </p>
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Risal, Darmawan, and Nurul Mukhlishah. "EFEKTIVITAS PUPUK ORGANIK FESES KUDA HASIL PEMBAKARAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN CABAI MERAH KERITING (Capsicum annum L)." Jurnal Ecosolum 8, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ecosolum.v8i1.6893.
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Organic material derived from horse manure is very abundant and has the potential to be used as organic fertilizer with good nutrient content for plants. This study to utilize organic manure from combustion for growth and productivity of the red chili. In addition, this research was conducted to obtain the right composition of fertilizer doses to increase the growth and production of curly red chili. The method to use the Alfisol soil growing media at the site using polybag by treating different doses on each treatment. The number of treatments were given doses of 0 g (P0), 1 g (P1), 284 g (P2), 426 g (P3) and 568 g (P4) with replications each three times. Analysis metode for use macro nutrient content (N, P, K) and data collection in the form of plant height, leaves, production and environmental factors. Data analysis used Duncan α 0.05. The results of the analysis of the treatment effect on plant height were P4 (Media of soil with combustion horse fertilizer from 568 g) treatment significantly different from other treatments. While other treatments did not show a significant difference in plant height. The effect of treatment on the number of leaves showed no real effect. In the growth and production of curly red chilies there are markedly significant differences. P4 is significantly different from P3, P2, P1 and P0. Whereas P3 is not significantly different from P1 as well as P2 which is significantly different from other treatments. P4 is a treatment with a large number of fruits with an average of 10.3 pieces. While treatment with a small number of fruits is P0 with an average of 2.3 fruits. Combustion horse manure organic fertilizer is quite effective in increasing the growth and production of red chili. It can be assessed from the development of plant height and number of fruits on curly red chili plants. The dose of horse manure organic fertilizer which is good enough for curly red chili plants is 568 g.
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Ramírez-Sandoval, Magdalena, Dante Pinochet, and M. Jordana Rivero. "Soil Dynamics and Nitrogen Absorption by a Natural Grassland under Cow Urine and Dung Patches in an Andisol in Southern Chile." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030719.
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The objective of this study was to assess N dynamics in the soil, and the response in regard to dry matter yield (DM yield; kg·DM·ha−1), N yield (g·N·m−2) and N concentration (g·N·kg−1 DM) under urine patches and dung pats and in the affected zone of the grassland soil over 304 days. The amount of N under the urine and dung patches increased until day 10 and then started to decrease until the end of the experiment, reaching control treatment levels. The DM yield in the urine patch zone and the 0–10 cm zone around the dung pat was higher than in the control treatment throughout the evaluated period, while in the 0–30 cm zone around the urine patch and the 10–20 cm zone around the dung pat the DM yield was negatively affected by the application of excreta. The maximum accumulated N yield was up to two times higher than the control in the 0–10 cm zone of the dung pat, while the mean concentration of N throughout the period was 42% higher than the control for the “urine patch” zone and 47% higher in the 0–10 cm area around the dung pat. The total absorbed N was 19% and 15% for urine and dung excreta, respectively. Further research is needed to explain the variables that might affect the results obtained, and it is necessary to evaluate the botanical composition as a factor that contributes to this effect.
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Salmani-Ghabeshi, Soroush, Ximena Fadic-Ruiz, Conrado Miró-Rodríguez, Eduardo Pinilla-Gil, and Francisco Cereceda-Balic. "Trace Element Levels in Native Plant Species around the Industrial Site of Puchuncaví-Ventanas (Central Chile): Evaluation of the Phytoremediation Potential." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020713.
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The present work investigates the uptake of selected trace elements (Cu, Sb, As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, Mn, Ni, V, and Co) from soil and their accumulation in the biomass samples (leaves and flowers) of three selected native plants (namely Oenothera picensis, OP; Sphaeralcea velutina, SV; and Argemone subfusiformis, AS) around an industrial area (Puchuncaví-Ventanas) located in the Puchuncaví valley, in the central region of Chile. Primary emission sources in the area come from a copper refinery, coal-fired power plants, and a set of 14 other different industrial facilities. Trace element measurements in the native plants of this area and the ability to transfer of these pollutants from soil to plants (transfer factor) have been assessed in order to identify the potential use of these plant species for phytoremediation. Preliminary results showed a high concentration of trace elements in the OP, SV, and AS samples. The concentration of these elements in the plants was found to be inversely correlated to the distance of the primary emission sources. Moreover, the high concentrations of trace elements such as Cu, As, Cr and V, upon the toxic limits in the native plant species, suggest the need for continuous monitoring of the region. The OP species was identified as the plant with the highest capacity for trace elements accumulation, which also showed higher accumulation potential in whole aerial parts than in leaves. Transfer factor values suggested that these native plants had phytoremediation potential for the elements Cu, Pb, As, Ni, and Cr. This study provides preliminary baseline information on the trace element compositions of important native plants and soil in the Puchuncaví-Ventanas area for phytoremediation purposes.
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Zhang, Qian, Macarena M. Araya, Marcia Astorga-Eló, Gabriela Velasquez, Joaquin I. Rilling, Marco Campos, Michael J. Sadowsky, Milko A. Jorquera, and Jacquelinne J. Acuña. "Composition and Potential Functions of Rhizobacterial Communities in a Pioneer Plant from Andean Altiplano." Diversity 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14010014.
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Plant microbiota that associate with pioneer plants are essential to their growth and adaptation to harsh conditions found in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes. In this sense, the rhizosphere of pioneer species represents a unique opportunity to examine how bacterial communities are recruited and support the growth of plants under abiotic stress conditions, such low nutrient availability, high solar irradiation, water scarcity, soil salinity, etc. In this study, we explored the community composition and potential functions of rhizobacteria obtained from specimens of Parastrephia quadrangularis (Meyen) Cabrera, commonly called Tola, grown on the slopes of the Guallatiri, Isluga, and Lascar volcanoes in the Atacama Desert of Chile by using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Sequence analysis showed that the Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla of the rhizobacterial communities examined. A similar diversity, richness, and abundance of OTUs were also observed in rhizosphere samples obtained from different plants. However, most of OTUs were not shared, suggesting that each plant recruits a specific rhizobacterial communities independently of volcanoes slope. Analyses of predicted functional activity indicated that the functions were mostly attributed to chemoheterotrophy and aerobic chemoheterotrophy, followed by nitrogen cycling (nitrate reduction and denitrification), and animal parasites or symbionts. In addition, co-occurrence analysis revealed that complex rhizobacterial interactions occur in P. quadrangularis rhizosphere and that members of the Patulibacteraceae comprise a keystone taxon. This study extends our understanding on the composition and functions of the rhizobiome, which is pivotal for the adaptability and colonization of pioneer plant to harsh conditions of the Atacama Desert, widely recognized as the driest place on planet Earth.
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Herrera, Héctor, Tedy Sanhueza, Rafael Borges da Silva Valadares, Francisco Matus, Guillermo Pereira, Cristian Atala, María de la Luz Mora, and Cesar Arriagada. "Diversity of Root-Associated Fungi of the Terrestrial Orchids Gavilea lutea and Chloraea collicensis in a Temperate Forest Soil of South-Central Chile." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080794.
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The diversity of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) and other beneficial root-associated fungi in temperate forests has scarcely been examined. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of mycorrhizal and rhizosphere-associated fungal communities in the terrestrial orchids Gavilea lutea and Chloraea collicensis growing in high-orchid-population-density areas in the piedmont of the Andes Cordillera with native forest (Nothofagus-Araucaria) and Coastal Cordillera with an exotic plantation (Pinus-Eucalyptus) in south-central Chile. We focused on rhizosphere-inhabiting and peloton-associated OMF in a native forest (Andes Cordillera) and a mixed forest (Coastal Cordillera). The native terrestrial orchids G. lutea and C. collicensis were localized, mycorrhizal root segments were taken to isolate peloton-associated OMF, and rhizosphere soil was taken to perform the metabarcoding approach. The results revealed that Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the main rhizosphere-inhabiting fungal phyla, showing significant differences in the composition of fungal communities in both sites. Sebacina was the most-abundant OMF genera in the rhizosphere of G. lutea growing in the native forest soil. In contrast, Thanatephorus was the most abundant mycorrhizal taxa growing in the rhizosphere of orchids from the Coastal Cordillera. Besides, other OMF genera such as Inocybe, Tomentella, and Mycena were detected. The diversity of OMF in pelotons differed, being mainly related to Ceratobasidium sp. and Tulasnella sp. These results provide evidence of differences in OMF from pelotons and the rhizosphere soil in G. lutea growing in the Andes Cordillera and a selection of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of C. collicensis in the Coastal Cordillera. This raises questions about the efficiency of propagation strategies based only on mycorrhizal fungi obtained by culture-dependent methods, especially in orchids that depend on non-culturable taxa for seed germination and plantlet development.
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Ma, Yan, Terry Gentry, Ping Hu, Elizabeth Pierson, Mengmeng Gu, and Shixue Yin. "Impact of brassicaceous seed meals on the composition of the soil fungal community and the incidence of Fusarium wilt on chili pepper." Applied Soil Ecology 90 (June 2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.01.016.
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