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1
Lotfollahi, Mohammad. "The effect of subsoil mineral nitrogen on grain protein concentration of wheat." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl882.pdf.
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Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Bibliography: leaves 147-189. This project examines the uptake of mineral N from the subsoil after anthesis and its effect on grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. The overall objective is to examine the importance of subsoil mineral N and to investigate the ability of wheat to take up N from the subsoil late in the season under different conditions of N supply and soil water availability. Greenhouse experiments investigate the importance of subsoil mineral N availability on GPC of wheat and the factors that contribute to the effective utilisation of N. The recovery of N from subsoil, the effect of split N application on GPC and short term N uptake by the wheat at different rooting densities are also studied.
2
Hoyle, Frances Carmen. "The effect of soluble organic carbon substrates, and environmental modulators on soil microbial function and diversity." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0050.
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[Truncated abstract] The principal aim of this thesis was to examine the response of the microbial community to the addition of small amounts (<50 μg C g-1 soil) of organic C substrates (‘trigger molecules’) to soil. This addition is comparative to indigenous soluble C concentrations for a range of soil types in Western Australia (typically measured between 20 and 55 μg C g-1 soil). Previously it has been reported that the application of trigger molecules to European soils has caused more CO2-C to be evolved (up to six fold) than was applied . . . Findings from this study indicated that there was an additional CO2 release (i.e. greater than the C added) on application of organic C substrates to some soil treatments. However, findings from this study indicate that the response of the microbial community to small additions of soluble C substrate is not consistent for all soil types and may vary due to greater availability of C, and supports the premise that microbial responses vary in a yet to be predicted manner between soil type and ecosystems. Differences in microbial response to the addition of soluble organic C are likely attributable to differences in soil attributes and environmental factors influencing both the diversity of microbes present and the frequency of food events. Theoretically, trigger molecules could also provide a possible control mechanism for microorganisms in arable farming systems. These mechanisms include stimulating either targeted pathogenic microorganisms that starve after depletion of a suitable substrate; or stimulating beneficial microorganisms to manipulate nutrient cycling, by targeting specific functional groups and altering mineralisation and immobilisation turnover rates.
3
Lalor, Briony Maree. "An assessment of the recovery of the microbial community in jarrah forest soils after bauxite mining and prescription burning." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0037.
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[Truncated abstract] Recovery of soil nutrients, microbial populations and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling processes are critical to the success of rehabilitation following major ecosystem disturbance. Bauxite mining represents a major ecosystem disturbance to the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest in the south-west of Western Australia. Mining has created a mosaic of mined areas in various stages of succession surrounded by non-mined forest areas. Initial site preparations within rehabilitation areas such as contour ripping alter soil structure (creation of mound and furrows) and over time also influence the distribution of vegetation and litter. Current performance criteria developed by industry, government and other stakeholders have determined that before post-bauxite mined areas of jarrah forest can be integrated back into normal forest management practises they should be functional and demonstrate resilience to normal forest disturbances such as fire. Furthermore, resilience should be of a manner comparable to non-mined analogue forest sites. Currently little is known of the resilience of microbial communities and C and N cycling in rehabilitation sites to normal forest disturbances such as prescription burning. As such, before rehabilitated jarrah forests can be successfully integrated into broad scale forest management regimes, a more thorough knowledge of the potential impacts of burning practises on the soil microbial community and C and N cycling processes in these systems is required. ... While there are similar rates of C and N cycling the underlying microbial community structure was distinctly different; implying a high degree of functional redundancy with respect to C and N cycling. Differences in the C and N cycling and structure of the microbial communities were likely to be due to differences in soil environmental conditions (i.e. soil alkalinity/acidity, soil moisture) and C substrate availability which influence the physiological status of the microbial community and in turn are related to successional age of the forests. Results also suggest that the measurement of CLPP can be a useful approach for assessment of changes in the functional ability of microbial communities. However, the interpretation of how well these rehabilitation forests have recovered heterotrophic abilities was greatly affected by the methodological approach used (e.g. MicroRespTM or Degens and Harris, 1997). Importantly, results from Chapter 4 and 5 suggested that the effects of a moderate prescription fire on C and N processes, CLPP and microbial community structure of 18 year old rehabilitation forests are likely to be short-lived (< 2 years). Furthermore, the effects of the moderate spring prescription fire were not large enough to decouple C and N cycling processes over the short-term (< 1 years) which suggests that by 18 years of age rehabilitation forests demonstrate comparable functional resilience to a moderate prescription burn.
4
Baethgen, Walter E. "Plant nitrogen availability in selected Virginia soils." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90907.
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Surface and subsoil samples were collected from agriculturally important soils of Coastal Plain, Piedmont and Ridge and Valley regions of Virginia for the purpose of determining the contribution of different soil N fractions to plant available N. Soil samples were analyzed for exchangeable and non-exchangeable NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N, total N, and organic matter contents. The samples were also subjected to the anaerobic incubation procedure as an index of organic N availability. Plant available N was measured by N uptake of successive wheat crops grown in the greenhouse. Multiple linear regression models for different groups of samples were used to determine the contribution of the different soil N fractions to the plant available N supply, and to predict N uptake by wheat. Best models were selected considering fit, significance of the regression coefficients, and predictive ability. Due to the high correlation among the different soil N fractions, important collinearity was present and affected the linear models. These effects were reduced by utilizing biased techniques. All the soils provided significant amounts of N to the wheat in both the first and second crops. Exchangeable NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N were the major initial sources of plant available N. Non-exchangeable NH₄⁺-N was also a significant contributor to the plant available N supply for most soils. The results of the biological and chemical indices of organic N availability were highly correlated among each other, and with plant N uptake by the first and second wheat crops. Plant N uptake was associated with the variation observed in the different soil N fractions, indicating that wheat is a good indicator crop for plant N availability experiments. The procedures used to detect and combat collinearity were effective in producing more stable models with better predictive ability. Further research should be conducted under field conditions to study the contribution of non-exchangeable NH₄⁺-N to plant N availability.M.S.
5
Mehdi, Bano B. "Soil nitrate-N and plant nitrogen distributions under different tillage practices." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0005/MQ44220.pdf.
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Sarmah, Ajit K. "Persistence and mobility of triasulfuron, metsulfuronmethyl, and chlorsulfuron in alkaline soils." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs2461.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 157-174. This study examined the fate of three common sulfonylurea herbicides in highly alkaline soils through a series of laboratory and field experiments to determine if existing leaching models could be used to describe their field behaviour under Australian climatic conditions. A liquid chromatographic method was developed to simultaneously determine levels of triasulfuron, metsulfuronmethyl, and chlorsulfuron in soil and water. The investigation of base hydrolysis for the herbicides in aqueous buffer and soil solutions determined that it was unlikely to be a major loss pathway for sulfonylureas in alkaline soils. The herbicides were found to have low sorption, very little retardation and high mobility, moving at a marginally slower rate than water. Degradation did not follow first-order kinetics, but rather a two-stage process appeared to be involved. Both VARLEACH and LEACHM models predicted the measured concentration of the herbicides reasonably well in profile under low rainfall conditions but were less adequate under high rainfall. Forecasts with the LEACHP model predicted levels of the herbicides for a dominant soil type of the cereal belt of southern Australia with median rainfall after a year.
7
Fotovat, Amir. "Chemistry of indigenous Zn and Cu in the soil-water system : alkaline sodic and acidic soils." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf761.pdf.
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Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Bibliography: leaves 195-230. In this study the soil aqueous phase chemistry of Zn and Cu in alkaline sodic soils are investigated. The chemistry of trace metal ions at indigenous concentrations in alkaline sodic soils are reported. Metal ions at low concentrations are measured by the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) technique.
8
Haskin, Catherine Marie. "Nitrogen availability and soil microclimate after clearcutting lodgepole pine." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24677.
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Long term management of lodgepole pine depends, in part, on the nutrient capital of the site. Harvesting has been shown to increase the availability of nitrogen and other nutrients for a limited period of time. This increase, or nutrient flush, following cutting has been attributed to several factors including changes in organic matter quantity and quality, soil moisture and temperature regimes, and competition for nutrients. Knowledge of the duration and the magnitude of the nutrient flush would be valuable for management decisions.
A consequence of lodgepole pine clearcuts was studied for soil nitrogen availability and microclimate. Mineral soil and forest floor samples were anaerobically incubated and analyzed for ammonium-nitrogen (ppm). The mineral soil showed a flush lasting about 12 years, peaking by year 8, while the forest floor material showed no trend. The size of the increase from year 2 to year 8 was about 52%. Temperature (air and soil), soil moisture, solar radiation, and precipitation data were collected, and a soil water budget was calculated using a simple water balance model. The average calculated soil water deficit was 119 mm, but this may have been an over-estimate.
Windrowing following cutting may have depleted the site nitrogen reserve which in turn reduced the amount that was mineralized during incubation. The interaction between the soil temperature and moisture may have further limited nitrogen availability to the lodgepole pine trees.
It is concluded that the dynamics of nitrogen availability following clearcutting are important for the establishment and growth of lodgepole pine. The summer moisture deficit appears to limit the nitrogen mineralization rate as well as seedling growth.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
9
Simon, John J. "Wastewater application to soils: hydraulic and nitrogen considerations." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71186.
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Land application of domestic and industrial wastewaters provides an effective means of recycling water and its components into the ecosystem. Successful treatment by soil requires that wastewater is applied in quantities that both maintain infiltrative capacity of the soil and do not exceed the capacity of the soil-plant system to assimilate biological and chemical contaminants. Application of N-rich wastewaters requires that consideration be given to both the ability of the soil to transmit the hydraulic load and remove sufficient N to maintain groundwater quality standards. A textile wastewater containing high concentrations of organic N was spray-irrigated to tall fescue (Festuca arunindinacea) to determine optimum N application levels. Nitrogen balances were determined at each N level and and the potential for predicting the leaching component of the excess N applied was investigated. Historically on-site wastewater disposal systems (OSWDS) for treating septic tank effluent (STE) have been designed on a hydraulic loading basis with N pollution potential essentially ignored. Many soils have been deemed unsuitable for application of STE because of textural, water table, or landscape restrictions. The relations between soil properties, hydraulic performance of OSWDS, and N distribution around OSWDS are evaluated.
Wastewater from a nylon processing plant was applied to 'Ky 31' tall fescue at total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) levels of approximately 250, 430, and 1900 kg ha⁻¹ during 1982 and 1983. Fescue yield and N removal was comparable to agricultural yields at similar N application levels. Nitrogen balances indicate that plant uptake efficiency decreased with increasing organic N levels above the 250 kg ha⁻¹ level and that maximum uptake occurred at the 450 kg ha⁻¹ level. Most of the N not recovered in plant tissue mineralized rapidly to the nitrate NO₃⁻ form and leaching was noted during the winter and spring. This data is evaluated with quasi-transient analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation. The movement of the solute center of mass is predicted on the basis of assumptions of piston flow as well as alternative assumptions of mixing via plate layer theory. Prediction of the location of the center of solute mass (α) provides a moving lagrangian coordinate solution around which dispersion of solute is calculated. The assumptions made about the sequence of evaporation and infiltration events significantly influence the prediction of α and hence the agreement between predicted and measured solute distribution. Both approaches give results which are within experimental error and provide a rational basis for predicting leaching losses and carry-over NO₃⁻ available to future crops.
Prototype OSWDS with low pressure distribution installed in three clayey limestone-derived soils were dosed with STE at flux densities ranging from 0.4 to 3.6 cm d⁻¹ on a trench bottom area basis. Ponding was noted in OSWDS at all sites dosed at the 3.6 cm d⁻¹ flux due to both underlying hydraulic restrictions and resultant anaerobic conditions. It is concluded that clayey B horizons low in swelling clays but moderately well structured can be dosed at flux densities up to 2 cm d⁻¹ if low pressure distribution of STE is used. Nitrification was found to be quite limited in soils where effluent was ponded above a restrictive layer but occurred readily within 30 cm below trenches which were freely drained or had matric potentials of at least 40 cm of water. Ratios of NO₃⁻ to Cl⁻ indicate that only limited denitrification can be expected and that substantial NO₃⁻ does leach from below OSWDS in the direction of water flow.Ph. D.
10
Melkamu, Teshome. "Intercropping in corn : soil physical quality and soil inorganic nitrogen levels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ44098.pdf.
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Glessner, Michael. "Effects of Long-Term Nitrogen Additions on Rapid Nitrate Immobilization in Forest Soils." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GlessnerM2005.pdf.
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12
Liang, Baochang. "Soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen fractions in a Quebec soil as influenced by corn plant population, hybrid, irrigation and fertilization." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55697.
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13
Meier, Jackie N. "Effects of lignosulfonate in combination with urea on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56658.
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Lignosulfonate (LS), a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, may have the potential to increase fertilizer N availability by acting as a urease and nitrification inhibitor. Four consecutive laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the behavior of LS in agricultural soils. The effects of various types and rates of LS on soil respiration and soil N dynamics were determined. Effects of LS in combination with fertilizers on microbial activity and N dynamics were measured. Due to the high water solubility of LS a leaching column study was conducted to determine the potential leaching of LS.Higher rates (20% w/w) of LS initially inhibited microbial activity. Generally LS was relatively resistant to degradation by soil microorganisms and small proportions of added LS-C ($<$2.1%) were leached from the soil columns, but leaching was a function of soil and moisture regime. Recovery of added mineral LS-N from soil treated with LS was low ($<$41%). Mineral N recovered from LS plus fertilizer amended soil was higher than recovery from corresponding fertilizer treatments. Lignosulfonate reduced urea hydrolysis and the proportion of added N volatilized as NH$ sb3$-N from a LS plus urea treatment. The mineral N pool from LS plus fertilizer treated soils had significantly lower NO$ sb3$-N concentrations than corresponding fertilizer treatments. Nitrification inhibition was believed to have been due to high fertilizer concentrations. At reduced urea and LS concentrations, LS decreased NO$ sb3$-N recovery in one of four soil types. However, reduced recovery may not have been from nitrification inhibition but possibly from denitrification or chemical reactions between N and phenolics from LS.
14
Au, William R. "Relationships between microbial physiological status and nitrogen availability in forest soils." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21506.
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Although the physiological nitrogen demand of the soil microbial biomass is a major determinant of N mineralization in forest soils, the exact nature of the relationship is unclear. This study investigated the relationships between a respiration-based indicator of microbial physiological N demand (NIR) and N availability in forest soils. NIR was found to correlate significantly with net mineralized N in the field and annual foliar litterfall N fluxes. In a laboratory incubation, NIR was shown to be sensitive to changes in soil available C and N pools. These results demonstrated that microbial physiological N demand is determined by relative availabilities of labile C and N, and that it is significantly related to N cycling in forest soils. Results from a seasonal study of a forested watershed suggest that nutrient availability determined tree production and soil C availability, which in turn determined microbial physiological N demand and nitrogen dynamics in the forest.
15
Shrestha, Hari Ram. "Post-fire recovery of carbon and nitrogen in sub-alpine soils of South-eastern Australia /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/6963.
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The forests of south-eastern Australia, having evolved in one of the most fire-prone environments in the world, are characterized by many adaptations to recovery following burning. Thus forest ecosystems are characterized by rapid regenerative capacity, from either seed or re-sprouting, and mechanisms to recover nutrients volatilized, including an abundance of N2 fixing plants in natural assemblages. Soil physical, chemical and biological properties are directly altered during fire due to heating and oxidation of soil organic matter, and after fire due to changes in heat, light and moisture inputs. In natural ecosystems, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) lost from soil due to fires are recovered through photosynthesis and biological N2 fixation (BNF) by regenerating vegetation and soil microbes.This study investigated post-fire recovery of soil C and N in four structurally different sub-alpine plant communities (grassland, heathland, Snowgum and Alpine ash) of south-eastern Australia which were extensively burnt by landscape-scale fires in 2003. The amount and isotopic concentration of C and N in soils to a depth of 20 cm from Alpine ash forest were assessed five years after fire in 2008 and results were integrated with measurements taken immediately prior to burning (2002) and annually afterwards.
Because the historical data set, comprised of three soil samplings over the years 2002 to 2005, consisted of soil total C and N values which were determined as an adjunct to 13C and 15N isotopic studies, it was necessary to establish the accuracy of these IRMS-derived measurements prior to further analysis of the dataset. Two well-established and robust methods for determining soil C (total C by LECO and oxidizable C by the Walkley-Black method) were compared with the IRMS total C measurement in a one-off sampling to establish equivalence prior to assembling a time-course change in soil C from immediately pre-fire to five years post-fire. The LECO and IRMS dry combustion measurements were essentially the same (r2 >0.99), while soil oxidizable C recovery by the Walkley-Black method (wet digestion) was 68% compared to the LECO/IRMS measurements of total C. Thus the total C measurement derived from the much smaller sample size (approximately 15 mg) combusted during IRMS are equivalent to LECO measurement which require about 150 mg of sample.
Both total C and N in the soil of Alpine ash forests were significantly higher than soils from Snowgum, heathland and grassland communities. The ratio of soil NH4+ to NO3- concentration was greater for Alpine ash forest and Snow gum woodland but both N-fractions were similar for heathland and grassland soils. The abundance of soil 15N and 13C was significantly depleted in Alpine ash but both isotopes were enriched in the heathland compared to the other ecosystems. Abundance of both 15N and 13C increased with soil depth.
The natural abundance of 15N and 13C in the foliage of a subset of non-N2 fixing and N2 fixing plants was measured as a guide to estimate BNF inputs. Foliage N concentration was significantly greater in N2 fixers than non-N2 fixers while C content and 13C abundance were similar in both functional groups. Abundance of 15N was depleted in the N2 fixing species but was not significantly different from the non-N2 fixers to confidently calculate BNF inputs based on the 15N abundance in the leaves.
The total C pool in soil (to 20 cm depth) had not yet returned to the pre-fire levels in 2008 and it was estimated that such levels of C would be reached in another 6-7 years (about 12 years after the fire). The C and N of soil organic matter were significantly enriched in 15N and 13C isotopes after fire and had not returned to the pre-fire levels five years after the fire. It is concluded that the soil organic N pool can recover faster than the total C pool after the fire in the Alpine ash forests.
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Schoenholtz, Stephen H. "Restoration of nitrogen and carbon cycling in an Appalachian mine spoil." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28437.
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Nitrogen deficiencies have long been acknowledged as a factor limiting the restoration of ecosystems destroyed by surface mining in the Appalachian Region of the U.S. The fundamental ecological structure and function common to intact terrestrial ecosystems are largely lacking in mine soils. Reliable guidelines for effective long-term restoration require a detailed understanding of the ecological processes occurring within the mine-soil system. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which inorganic N fertilization, native topsoil replacement, or whole-tree wood-chip amendment affected the restoration and reforestation of an Appalachian mine-soil system through changes in C and ~ dynamics. Eighteen concrete tank lysimeters filled with mine spoils served as experimental microcosms to test hypotheses set forth in this study. Treatment effects on soil N and C pools, herbaceous biomass production, N uptake, N fluxes between pools, net leachate N losses, and early growth of pitch x loblolly hybrid pines were evaluated at regular intervals between July 1987 and October 1989. Inorganic N fertilization increased aboveground herbaceous biomass yield and N uptake by 87 and 71%, respectively, during the first growing season, but did not significantly affect yield or N uptake thereafter. During the first growing season, biomass production was 38% higher in the topsoil-amended mine soil than the unamended control. This resulted in an additional 17.4 kg N ha-1 sequestered in comparison to the control. Biomass yield was 270 and 19% lower in the wood-chip-amended mine soil than the unamended control after the first and third growing seasons, respectively. This resulted in 63 and 25% less N uptake, respectively, than the control. Survival of pitch x loblolly pine after two growing seasons was 90% in the N-fertilized mine soil and 71% with the fertilizer control treatment. This difference in survival was the result of lower water potential in the unamended mine soil during the growing season in which the trees were planted. Nitrogen fertilization did not significantly affect tree growth or nutrition. Pine survival after two growing seasons was 83, 98, and 60% for the unamended control, wood-chip, and topsoil treatments, respectively. By the end of the second growing season, the wood-chip treatment also resulted in greater tree height, ground-line diameter, and stem-volume index by 30, 49, and 203% respectively, when compared to the control. Increased survival and growth in the wood-chip-amended mine soil were directly related to higher soil water potential than the control or topsoil treatments. Total inorganic N leaching loss from N-fertilized mine soil was 47.64 kg ha-1 yr-1 higher than the control during the first growing season. However, N fertilization losses were not significantly higher during the remainder of the study period. Drainage was significantly higher during all three growing seasons in the wood-chip-amended mine soil. This resulted in lower N sequestering during the third growing season when precipitation was most abundant. Topsoil amendment did not significantly affect N leaching losses. Inorganic N fertilization did not significantly affect total organic C, total N, or N availability indices in the mine soil. Following topsoil addition, mine-soil total N was 294% higher than the unamended control. Wood-chip effects on the soil organic-matter pool were more gradual; however, by the end of the study, total N and total organic C were 18 and 95% higher, respectively in the wood-chip-amended mine soil than in the unamended control. Aerobic incubation of soil samples collected near the end of the second growing season showed that the topsoil and wood-chip amendments increased the N mineralization potential by 101 and 55%, respectively, in comparison to the unamended control. Furthermore, the mineralization rate constant of the wood-chip-amended mine soil was 44% lower than the control. This shows a slower rate of N turnover and more stable mine-soil N pool with the wood-chip treatment. This study shows that inorganic N fertilizer effects on N and C dynamics were rapid but transient. In contrast, the surface-applied amendments of native topsoil and whole-tree wood chips improved the potential for successful restoration of forests by increasing the N cycling capacity of the developing mine-soil system.Ph. D.
17
Schindler, Frank Vincent. "Redistribution and fate of applied ??N-enriched urea under irrigated continuous corn production." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 1996. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28973.
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Understanding the redistribution and fate of N is essential for justification of Best Management Practices (BMP). This project was conducted on a Hecla fine sandy loam (sandy, mixed, Aquic Haploboroll) soil at the BMP field site near Oakes, North Dakota. One objective of this investigation was to evaluate the residence times of N03- -N in 20 undisturbed lysimeters and its infiltration time through the soil profile to tile drains. Corn (Zea mays L.) was fertilized with 135 kg N ha -1 as ??N-enriched urea plus 13.5 and 48.1 kg N ha -1 preplant for 1993 and 1994, respectively. Urea-N was band applied to 20 and 10 undisturbed lysimeters at 2.0 and 5.93 atom percent (at %) ??N in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Average resident times of N03- -N in the lysimeters was 11.7 months. Lysimeter and tile drainage indicate the presence of preferential pathways. Residence times of N03- -N depend on frequency and intensity of precipitation events. Another objective was to determine what portion of the total N in the crop was from applied urea-N and what portion was from the native soil-N. Nitrogen plots received ??N enrichments of 4.25 and 5.93 at % ??N in 1993 and 1994, respectively. At the end of the 1993 and 1994 growing season, 41.5% and 35.7% of the labeled fertilizer N remained in the soil profile, while the total recovery of applied ??N in the soil-plant system was 86.2% and 75.4%, respectively. Low recoveries of applied N may have been the result of soil or aboveground plant biomass volatilization, or denitrification or preferential flow processes. Further research needs to be conducted with strict accountability of gaseous loss and the mechanism(s) responsible.U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
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Heidari, Sharif Abad Hossein. "Variation in the sensitivity of nodulation and nitrogen fixation to nitrate in annual "Medicago" species." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh465.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 153-179. Annual species of Medicago, or medics, are important pasture legumes in the neutral to alkaline soils of southern Australia but their nodulation and nitrogen fixation processes are retarded by soil nitrate. This study ascertains whether an observed tolerance to nitrate among medic species can be substantiated, and attempts to understand the underlying factors responsible.
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Serem, Vincent Kipyego Arap. "Effects of tillage and corn residues on nitrate-nitrogen and water movement through soil." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29130.
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Laboratory soil columns, 0.3 m diameter $ times$ 0.7 m long, and two computer simulation models, LEACHM-N and NTRM, were used to investigate nitrate-nitrogen ($ rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N) leaching in a sandy loam soil. The following treatments were studied: no-till (NT), reduced tillage (RT), and conventional tillage (CT) practices, with residue (R) and without residue (NR). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a rate of 180 kg/ha in granular form (experiment I), and in solution form a year later (experiment II). In both experiments, water was applied 5 times over 3 to 4 weeks duration, with each application lasting for 30 minutes. Each column received an average of 24 mm water in experiment I and 32 mm in experiment II. Soil moisture contents were measured and water for $ rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N concentration determination sampled at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m depths, following each water application.In each experiment I, higher nitrate-nitrogen concentrations ($ lbrack rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N)), occurred at the 0.1 and 0.2 m soil layers in RT and CT treatments initially, but less leached to lower layers, while more $ rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N leached to lower depths (below 0.4 m) in the NT treatment. In experiment II, more $ rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N leached below 0.4 m in RT and CT than in NT treatments. Conventional tillage exhibited the lowest drainage rates. Tillage and residue effects were significant only at early stages (4 hours or before) at some depths of experiment I ($P<0.05$). Maximum $ lbrack rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N) occurred at 0.4 m depth in all treatments.
LEACHM-N estimated more $ rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N leaching below 0.4 m in RT and CT treatments than in NT treatment. The model performed poorly only immediately after fertilizer application, showing up to 50% deviation from observed data. Although LEACHM-N overpredicted $ lbrack rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N) in the 0.2 m soil layers in all treatments, estimations remained within standard deviations of observed data. NTRM performed well below 0.4 m depths, but often underpredicted $ rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N leaching at shallower depths.
From both the laboratory experiments and mathematical simulations it was concluded that when fertilizer is applied in granular form, no till practice is undesirable because deeper $ rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N leaching (below 0.4 m) occurs. Reduced tillage may be the preferred choice in such a situation. When fertilizer is applied in solution, reduced and conventional tillage practices are undesirable because deeper $ rm NO sb{3 sp{-}}$-N leaching occurred. No till practice may be a better choice in such a case.
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Ouyang, Duosheng. "New fertilizer combinations for improved nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency and reduced environmental damage in corn production." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0004/NQ30353.pdf.
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Kothawala, Dolly N. "Controls on the soil solution partitioning of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the mineral horizons of forested soils." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115565.
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Note:The soil-solution partitioning of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) withinmineral soil horizons is primarily controlled by processes of adsorption and desorption. These abiotic processes largely occur within a short equilibration time of seconds to minutes, which generally occur faster than microbial processes. To characterise the adsorption of DOC to mineral soils, I used the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which holds several advantages to the commonly used linear initial mass (IM) isotherm. One advantage to using the Langmuir isotherm is anestimation of the maximum DOC adsorption capacity (Qmax). The Qmax estimates the number of remaining DOC binding sites available on the mineral soil particle surfaces. I modified the traditional Langmuir isotherm in order to estimate the DOC desorption potential of native soil organic matter (SOC).[...]
Le partitionnement entre les solutions de sols du carbone organiquedissous (COD) dans les horizons des sols minéraux est essentiellement contrôle par les processus d'adsorption et de désorption. Ces processus abiotiques se déroulent normalement dans un bref temps d'équilibration variant de quelques secondes a quelques minutes, ce qui est en général plus rapide que les processus microbiens. Pour caractériser Fadsorption de COD aux sols minéraux, nous avons utilise l'isotherme d'adsorption de Langmuir. Cette isotherme présente plusieurs avantages par rapport a Fisotherme de masses initiales (IM) linéaires couramment utilisée, en particulier F estimation de la capacité d'adsorption maximale du COD (Qmax). Le Qmax estime le nombre de sites de liaison de COD restants a la surface du sol minéral. Nous avons aussi modifie Fisotherme de Langmuir traditionnelle afin d'évaluer le potentiel de désorption de COD de la matière organique du sol indigène (MOS).[...]
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Kothawala, Dolly N. 1972. "Controls on the soil solution partitioning of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the mineral horizons of forested soils." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115858.
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The soil-solution partitioning of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within mineral soil horizons is primarily controlled by processes of adsorption and desorption. These abiotic processes largely occur within a short equilibration time of seconds to minutes, which generally occur faster than microbial processes. To characterise the adsorption of DOC to mineral soils, I used the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which holds several advantages to the commonly used linear initial mass (IM) isotherm. One advantage to using the Langmuir isotherm is an estimation of the maximum DOC adsorption capacity (Qmax). The Qmax estimates the number of remaining DOC binding sites available on the mineral soil particle surfaces. I modified the traditional Langmuir isotherm in order to estimate the DOC desorption potential of native soil organic matter (SOC).Sorption characteristics were derived for a broad range of52 mineral soils collected from 17 soil profiles spanning across Canada from British Columbia to Quebec. Mineral horizons with the greatest Qmax included the Fe-enriched B horizons of acidic Podzols and Volcanic soils, followed by B horizons not enriched in Fe, followed by A and C horizons. Podzol B horizons were distinct from all other horizons due to significantly higher desorption potential. Soil properties predicting the adsorption characteristics of DOC also predicted the adsorption characteristics of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Adsorption of DOC and DON was tightly coupled (R 2 = 0.86), however the ratio of DOC:DON in the final equilibrium solution lowered for 48 out of 52 minerals horizons. These results suggest that DON may be slightly more mobile than DOC.
A short-term (32 day) incubation was perform to establish the fate of indigenous soil C, relative to newly adsorbed soil C to four mineral soils with different adsorption characteristics. Soil columns were leached periodically and sampled for DOC and CO2 production. Two Fe-enriched mineral horizons with high adsorption capacity released low amounts of old SOC, yet released almost all of the newly adsorbed SOC. In contrast, two B horizons without Fe-enrichment released greater amounts of old SOC, and retained a greater fraction of the newly adsorbed SOC than the Fe-enriched horizons. These results identify a contrast between the fate of indigenous and newly adsorbed SOC on mineral soils with differing Qmax.
The final component of this study examined changes to the molecular structure of DOC after equilibration with mineral soils. Multiple techniques were used to assess changes in the molecular composition of DOC, including the analysis of aromatic content by specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and fluorescence spectroscopy, analysis of molecular weight distribution (MWD) with high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and functional group analysis with Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The solution phase DOC generally showed a reduced aromatic content, along with the removal of organic compounds with carboxyl groups. The MWD of DOC was reduced after equilibration to mineral soils, and the reduction in average molecular weight was related to the Qmax of mineral soils.
The various components of this thesis have contributed to the overall understanding of controls on the adsorption of DOC and DON species to mineral soils of the Canadian temperate and boreal forest.
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Blantern, Paul Jonathan. "Factors affecting nitrogen transformations in grazed grassland soils with specific reference to the effects of artificial land drainage and N-fertilization." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280663.
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Mallory, Ellen B. "Crop/Livestock Integration Effects on Soil Quality, Crop Production, and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MalloryEB2007.pdf.
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Isse, Abdullahi. "Capacity of cover crops to capture excess fertilizer and maintain soil efficiency." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0021/MQ37132.pdf.
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Maqubela, Mfundo Phakama. "Bioconditioning and nitrogen fertility effects of selected cyanobacteria strains on two degraded soils in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/558.
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Some cyanobacteria strains have biofertilization and bioconditioning effects in soils. The objective of this study was to identify cyanobacteria with potential to improve the N fertility and structural stability of degraded soils and evaluate their effectiveness in soils of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Isolation and characterization of the indigenous cyanobacteria strains with desirable properties was first to be undertaken because their effects are known to differ from strain to strain. Cyanobacteria strains 3g, 3v, and 7e were identified from 97 strains isolated from selected soils. Nostoc strains 3g and 3v had greater ability to produce exocellular polysaccharides (EPS) but low potential to fix atmospheric N2 (4.7 and 1.3 nmol C2H4 μg chl-1 h-1, respectively). On the other hand, strain 7e had the highest capability to fix atmospheric N2 (16.1 nmol C2H4 μg chl-1 h-1) but had the least ability to produce EPS. Evaluation of the strains was done in glasshouse studies starting with Nostoc strain 9v isolated from a Tanzanian soil, followed by the indigenous strains isolated from soils in Hertzog and Qunu, South Africa. Inoculation was done by uniformly applying cyanobacteria on the surface of potted soils at a rate of 6 g m-2. First harvest and soil sampling took place after six weeks, and the top 25 mm of the soil was mixed, replanted, and sampled again after a further six weeks (second harvest). Inoculation with Nostoc strain 9v increased soil N by 40 percent and 17 percent in Guquka and Hertzog soils, respectively, and consequently increased maize dry matter yields by 40 and 49 percent. Soil C increased by 27 percent and 8 percent in Guquka and Hertzog soils, respectively, and this increase was significantly associated with that of soil N (R2 = 0.838). Higher contents of soil C, soil N and mineral N, however, were found in non-cropped soils. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed coatings of EPS on soil particles and fragments of non-cropped inoculated soils, with iii other particles enmeshed in networks of filaments, in contrast to cropped and/or non-inoculated soils. The proportion of very stable aggregates was increased by inoculation but cropping with maize reduced the aggregate stability. Inoculating Hertzog soil with indigenous strains 3g and 7e increased the nitrate N in the first cropping by 49 percent and 69 percent respectively, in cropped soils. In the second cropping increases in mineral N were 41 percent and 43 percent in 3g and 7e inoculated soils, respectively. Maize dry matter yields were higher on inoculated soils both in the first and second harvest in response to the improved N status of the soil. Increases in aggregate MWD in cropped soil as determined by fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting were 85 percent, 33 percent, 33 percent, respectively, for 3g inoculation, 64 percent, 41 percent, and 41 percent, respectively, for 7e inoculation and 60 percent, 24 percent, 50 percent for inoculation with 9v. In non-cropped soil, increases in MWD as determined by fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting were 11 percent, 0 percent, 7 percent, respectively for 3g inoculation, 21 percent, 11 percent, and 7 percent, respectively for 7e inoculation, and 25 percent, 36 percent, and 19 percent for strain 9v inoculation. Scanning electron microscopy observations, which were confirmed by chemical results, revealed that inoculated soils had high EPS and filaments that encouraged soil aggregation and improved aggregate stability. Results of this study show that cyanobacteria strains isolated and selected for their ability to fix atmospheric N2 and produce EPS improved the fertility status and aggregate stability of degraded soils from South Africa.
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Abdullatif, Farid Abbas. "Interaction of Dwell, a nitrification inhibitor, with nitrogen source, soil properties and plant growth." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184420.
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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of Dwell, a nitrification inhibitor, on the efficiency of two fertilizers applied to three Arizona soils, Anthony sandy loam, Laveen loam, and Vinton loamy sand. Tomato plants Lycopersicum esculentum cultivar Row Pak were used as an index plant. These plants were grown in soil columns of 10 cm internal diameter and 50 cm in length, containing 4,500 g of soil. Two fertilizers, urea and ammonium sulfate (AS), were applied at two rates: 112 and 224 kg N/ha. The nitrification inhibitor Dwell was applied also at two rates: 0 and 1.27 kg/ha⁻¹ of active ingredient. The active ingredient in the chemical is 5- ethoxy -3- (trichloromethyl)-1, 2,4- thiadizole. Both fertilizers and Dwell were added to the soils using two methods: (1) uniform mixtures, in which the fertilizer and Dwell were mixed with the top 500 cm³ soil volume in the columns, and (2) banded fertilizers and Dwell, in which a soil paste, made by mixing 10 ml of 0.02% Dwell solution with the volume of 50 cm³ soil, was added to the required amount of the fertilizer to soil column about 7cm below the soil surface. This factorial designed experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block with three replications of each treatment. Plants were allowed to grow for 67 days after transplanting to the soil columns. At the end of the experiment, samples from two depths (0 to 18 cm and 18 5o 40 cm) were analyzed for NH₄, NO₃, and organic N. Dry matter yield and N content of plants were also determined. Results showed that Dwell was effective in improving N efficiency, as determined by yield and N content of plants, with all three soils and with both fertilizers. Higher yields were obtained when AS was used in all soils. Higher response to Dwell, but lower yields, were observed in urea treatments as compared to AS treatments. Dwell resulted in yield increase of 139 and 60% with urea in Vinton and Laveen soils, respectively, while with AS, the increases were 74 and 11%. The lowest response to Dwell occurred with the Anthony soil. Generally, higher yield was obtained when AS was thoroughly mixed and when urea was banded. Yield and N content in plants grown in these soils were in the following order: Laveen > Anthony > Vinton. Dwell was effective with both N rates, particularly with the high N rate of urea. Incubation studies showed that Dwell was effective in retarding nitrification for about 10 days. Accordingly, Dwell seems to have had no residual effect on soil nitrogen.
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Dockeray, Craig. "Drainage and nitrogen dynamics in an agricultural field." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ44159.pdf.
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Atmodjo, Slamet. "Effect of different nitrogen sources, fertilizar rates, and application times on corn (Zea mays L.) yields and residual soil nitrate." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69575.
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Nitrogen fertilizer use suffers from low efficiencies and increased residual NO$ sb3$ in the soil. The purpose of this study was to compare N fertilizer efficiency by a comparison of three N sources, three rates of N fertilization, and three application times of N fertilizer. Grain corn yields increased with increases in N rates, and split applications of N were superior to preplant incorporated (PPI) fertilizer. Grain N uptake was associated to grain yield and N uptake. Stover yields increased with increased N and varied with application times of N, but the effects were not as pronounced as with grain yields. Soil NO$ sb3$ generally increased with increases of added N but not with split application of N compared to PPI N. Soil NO$ sb3$ in the spring in control plots was related to grain yield response to added N but not to stover yield response.
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Brown, Susann Melissa. "Nitrogen mineralization in boreal forest stands of northwestern Quebec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0022/MQ29664.pdf.
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Nuruzzaman, Mohammad. "Phosphorus benefits of white lupin, field pea and faba bean to wheat production in Western Australian soils." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0094.
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[Truncated abstract] Soils of Western Australian cropping regions are very low in phosphorous. White lupin, chickpea, and faba bean are being increasingly used in rotations with wheat on these soils. Yield of wheat after a legume crop is frequently higher than its yield after wheat. It has been reported that in addition to nitrogen, legumes can also contribute to improve the availability of phosphorous for the subsequent crops. This PhD research project aimed at optimising the economic returns of wheat-legume rotations through more efficient use of P fertiliser in the legume phase as well as enhanced availability of soil P in the subsequent wheat phase
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Zhou, Xiaomin 1962. "Agronomic and physiological aspects of nitrogen and water management for monocrop corn and corn competing with a ryegrass intercrop." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34491.
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Concern about NO$ sb3 sp-$-N leaching and groundwater pollution from monoculture corn (Zea mays L.) has prompted investigation of alternative production systems which reduce N leaching. Both intercrop systems and water table controls alone have been shown to increase nitrogen (N) uptake and reduce soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N accumulation in cropping systems. There is a need to maintain crop productivity while reducing the potential for soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N leaching into groundwater. However, there has been no information available regarding agronomic and physiological aspects of N and water management for monocrop corn and corn competing with annual Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) in an intercrop system. A study was conducted in southwestern Quebec during 1993 and 1994. Nitrogen and dry matter components in the plant-soil system were determined. Intercropped corn grain yield did not differ from monocropped corn under high N fertility. At harvest, the corn-annual ryegrass intercrop system increased total aboveground N uptake by 77.2 and 50.7 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ when compared with the corn monocrop system in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The intercrop system reduced the amount of NO$ sb3 sp-$-N in the top 1 m of soil by 47% (92.3 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$) at harvest in 1993. Water table controls had little effect on corn yield, N use efficiency and soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N accumulation over the two years of this study. Both plant establishment and weather conditions affected the ability of annual ryegrass to aid in the uptake of soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. The reproductive development of water stressed plants after silking was limited more by overall plant changes due to water stress than assimilate supply. The delivery of C (sucrose) and N ($ sp{15}$N urea) into corn plants via stem-injection showed that externally supplied C changed both the source strength (photosynthetic inhibition) and sink strength (decreased total grain production), while distribution of $ sp{15}$N was affected by p
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Liang, Baochang. "A study of corn production and nitrogen cycling in the soil-plant system." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39426.
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Increased N fertilizer efficiency in crop production is essential for agronomic, economic, and environmental improvement. In order to increase efficiency, a basic knowledge of fertilizer-soil-crop relationships and components is required. Nitrogen components in the soil-corn system were determined on two soils (Chicot sandy clay loam, Grey Brown Luvisol; Ste. Rosalie clay, Humic Gleysol). Fall soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels increased linearly with increasing N rates above the 170 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ N rate. Changes in soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N over winter were a function of both fall soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels and winter precipitation. Denitrification rates during the non-growing season ranged from 7 to 24 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$, mainly dependent on N fertilizer rates the previous growing season on the Ste. Rosalie soil. Denitrification losses were a small portion of NO$ sb3 sp-$ disappearance over the non-growing season. Almost all fertilizer N at 170 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$ was recovered as crop N, clay fixed NH$ sb4 sp+$ and organic immobilized N at the end of the growing season, where at 400 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ N fall mineral N and unaccounted for N were a major component of the N fractions. High rates (400 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$) compared to normal rates (170 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$) resulted in some increase in yield, greater microbial activity and greater soil organic N, and a significant loss of fertilizer N by denitrification or leaching.
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Sartor, Laércio Ricardo. "Eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio por plantas de papuã submetidas a diferentes intensidades de pastejo e níveis de nitrogênio." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2009. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/255.
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CAPESA adubação nitrogenada é freqüentemente observada como um eficiente fator nutricional fornecido a planta visando melhorar a produção de espécies forrageiras, necessitando ser entendido o comportamento do nitrogênio (N) no sistema. O experimento foi conduzido na área do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) na estação experimental de Pato Branco, com objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica do N no sistema solo-planta em pastagem de Brachiaria plantaginea. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com duas repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas foram alocados os períodos e nas sub-parcelas a combinação das três doses de N e duas intensidades de pastejo (Massa Alta e Massa Baixa), perfazendo seis tratamentos em esquema fatorial. As doses de N foram compostas de 0, 200 e 400 kg.ha-1 de N e as intensidades de pastejo preconizadas em massa baixa (MB), com 1.500 kg de MS.ha-1, e massa alta (MA) com 3.000 kg de MS.ha-1 em pastejo com lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. Utilizaram-se caprinos, meio sangue Bôer, com cinco meses de idade e peso médio de 21 Kg de peso vivo (PV), para definir as massas de forragem (MF) preconizadas. Avaliou-se a produção acumulada e total de biomassa aérea de papuã nos períodos experimentais, os índices nutricionais de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, também a curva de diluição, eficiência e recuperação do nitrogênio e o comportamento do nitrogênio no solo. A produção de forragem de B. plantaginea foi maior na dose intermediaria de N (200 kg de N.ha-1), atingindo uma produção de 19.834 kg de MS.ha-1, 31% a mais que no tratamento que não recebeu adubação nitrogenada. Os teores de N encontrados nas plantas que receberam adubação nitrogenada apresentaram valores superiores aos preconizados como críticos, resultando em conteúdos adequados deste elemento na planta, e, ao contrário, as plantas cultivadas sem adubação nitrogenadas apresentaram teores inferiores ao crítico, apontando desta forma que a curva de diluição de N é uma ferramenta adequada para diagnose de nutrição nitrogenada em pastagens. A máxima produtividade foi limitada pela falta de fósforo indicada pelo baixo índice de fósforo obtido conforme os teores do elemento na pastagem e a absorção de K aumentou com a adubação nitrogenada apresentando índices satisfatórios do elemento. A dose de 200 kg de N.ha-1 demonstrou-se a mais eficiente com taxas de recuperação de N superiores em 63% em relação a dose de 400 kg de N.ha-1. Não foi observada lixiviação das formas de nitrogênio inorgânicas estudas (nitrato e amônio) no perfil do solo e observou-se maior quantidade de nitrato e N-Mineral na menor massa de forragem após completada a quantidade de N proposta.
Nitrogen fertilization is usually noticed as an efficient nutritional factor offered to the plant with the aim to improve its production, being necessary to understand the nitrogen behave (N) in the system. The experiment was carried out at the Agronomist institute of Paraná (IAPAR), experimental unit of Pato Branco with the aim to evaluate the dynamic of N in the soil-plant system of a Brachiaria plantaginea. The experiment was laid out as random block design with two replications. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot model. At the plots were allocated the periods and at the sub-plots the combination of three levels of nitrogen and two grazing intensities (High mass and Low Mass), making six treatments in a factorial scheme. The levels of nitrogen used were composed of 0, 200 and 400 kg of N.ha-1 and the grazing intensities characterized by the low forage mass (LM) with 1.500 kg of DM.ha-1 and high forage mass (HM) with 3000 kg of DM.ha-1 in a continuous stocking rate. Were used goats half blood Boer with five months old and average life weight of 21 kg of live weight (LW) at the beginning of the experiment with the aim to adjust the forage mass (FM) wanted. Was evaluated the accumulate and total forage production of the papuã aerial biomass at the experimental periods, the nutritional indices of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and also the dilution curve, efficiency of N recovery and behave of nitrogen in the soil. The Brachiaria plantaginea forage production was higher at the nitrogen intermediate level (200 kg of N.ha-1), reaching an production of 19.834 kg of DM.ha-1, 31% more then treatment without nitrogen. The N levels found in the plants that received nitrogen fertilization showed higher values than the ones recognized as deficient, resulting in adequate contents of this element in the plant and, in the other hand, the plants cultivated without nitrogen showed levels below the one recognized as sufficient, showing with that the dilution curve of N is an adequate tool to diagnose the forage nitrogen nutrition. The highest production was limited by the lack of phosphorous showed by the phosphorous indices obtained according to the pasture element levels and the absorption of K increased with the nitrogen application, showing satisfactory level of the element. The 200 level of N.ha-1 showed to be the most efficient with recovery N levels 63% higher than the 400 kg.N.ha-1. There was no inorganic (NO3 - e NH4 +) N leaching found in the soil profile and was noticed higher quantities of NO3 - and mineral-N at the lower forage mass after finishing the total N applied.
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Bagheri, Kazemabad Abdolreza. "Boron tolerance in grain legumes with particular reference to the genetics of boron tolerance in peas." Title page, summary and contents only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb144.pdf.
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Al-Traboulsi, Manal. "Response of plant roots and pastureland soils to increasing CO2 concentration." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21500.
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In an attempt to investigate the cause of change in the competitive ability between monocots and dicots in a pastureland in Farnham, Quebec under CO2 enrichment, I chose to study the response of Plantago major (dicot) and Poa pratensis (monocot) grown in ambient and elevated CO2 chambers, hypothesizing that a large increase in root biomass of dicots would be observed under elevated CO 2. A transient stimulation of root biomass of Plantago major was found during the first month of CO2 exposure but disappeared later.The second objective of this study was to examine the effect of 5 years of CO2 enrichment both on root biomass and on total C and N content of roots and soil in the pasture. The largest belowground growth was recorded for Taraxacum officinale. Plantago major responded by achieving the highest aboveground growth.
N content of CO2 enriched roots was reduced. This change in the elemental composition of root tissues might negatively affect the process of decomposition and therefore, the nutrient availability to soil microbes and plants. The observed reduction of NO3 in CO2 enriched soil maybe due to greater N immobilization caused by the expected increase in microbial populations.
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Duncan, Carla S. "Carbon and nitrogen dynamics on a forest site receiving continual papermill sludge applications : a soil column study /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10102009-020250/.
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Crawford, Michael Cameron. "Quantification of the belowground inputs of organic carbon by the annual pasture legume barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.)." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc8988.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 164-193. This study aims to quantify the belowground input of organic carbon by barrel medic using techniques that account for root death and decomposition as well as root secretion and exudation. It also investigates the effect of defoliation on carbon allocation within the plant so as to determine the potential for optimising carbon input to the soil through grazing management.
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Delin, Sofia. "Site-specific nitrogen fertilization demand in relation to plant available soil nitrogen and water : potential for prediction based on soil characteristics /." Skara : Department of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200506.pdf.
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Turgeon, Julie. "Production and Biodegradation of Dissolved Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous from Canadian Forest Floors." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=105310.
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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is operationally defined as soluble/colloidal material passing through a 0.45~m filter paper. The importance of DOM in soils relies on its role in soil formation and weathering processes, plant and microbial assimilation and soil and water acidification. However, the scientific community studying DOM still disagrees on whether fresh or humified material is the major source of DOM within the forest floor.[...]La matière organique dissoute (DOM) est composée de particules dissoutes et colloïdales passant au travers un filtre de 0.45 Ilm. L'importance de DOM dans les sols est liée à son rôle dans la pédogenèse, les processus d'altération des minéraux, l'assimilation par les plantes et microbes, ainsi que l'acidification des plans d'eau et des sols.[...]
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Turgeon, Julie. "Production and biodegradation of dissolved carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from Canadian forest floors." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115710.
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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is operationally defined as soluble/colloidal material passing through a 0.45mum filter paper. The importance of DOM in soils relies on its role in soil formation and weathering processes, plant and microbial assimilation and soil and water acidification. However, the scientific community studying DOM still disagrees on whether fresh or humified material is the major source of DOM within the forest floor. One of the factors that could influence the overall importance of DOM production by organic horizons is its potential for biodegradability. In addition, the interaction occurring between the nutrients (i.e. nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)) and carbon (C) substrate is believed to be of major importance.To acquire more knowledge on the production and biodegradation of dissolved C, N and P during decomposition of organic matter (OM), I performed laboratory incubations to evaluate rates of production and transformation, the influence of the degree of OM decomposition and stand type on these rates, and the stoichiometric relationships of the different quotients during the incubations. First, I performed a 30-day incubation of coniferous and deciduous OM from 10 Canadian forest floors representing various degrees of OM decomposition and subsequently measured the amount of: dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), nitrate (NO3-N), ammonium (NH4-N), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), total dissolved phosphorus (TOP) and carbon dioxide (CO2-C). I performed water extractions with the same set of samples to evaluate the biodegradability of DOC and DON and the transformations of TDN, NO3-N and NH4-N.
Fresh material produces more DOM than humified material; material in the midpoint of decomposition (F horizon) produced the largest amount of DIN. Coniferous and deciduous samples did not display different rates of DOM production, most likely because of the overshadowing effect of OM degree of decomposition. I found strong links between the organic matter and dissolved phase C and N content and C:N quotient. The biodegradation, measured as DOC disappearance and mineralization of CO2-C, showed a discrepancy, reflecting the importance of increasing microbial biomass at the beginning of the incubation in response to priming effect. The sharp decrease of TDN and DON observed in the first few days of the incubation, in addition to increasing amount of dissolved inorganic N as waste products during decomposition of DON, supports this hypothesis. A better understanding of the dynamics of dissolved C, N and P in soil is essential to further understand their role in global elemental cycles, including climate change, forest management and pollution.
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Chantachume, Yodsaporn. "Genetic studies on the tolerance of wheat to high concentrations of boron." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc459.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 213-245. Genetic control of tolerance to boron was investigated between a moderately tolerant variety, Halberd, a tolerant line G61450 and the moderately sensitive varieties Schomburgk and Condor.
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George, Suman Jacob. "Effects of land-use change on phosphorus forms in South-West Australian soils." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0078.
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[Truncated abstract] Eleven sites, each with the trio of land uses: Eucalyptus globulus plantation, pasture and natural vegetation, representing from the Mediterranean climate, high rainfall region (<550 mm annually) of south-western Australia were investigated to assess medium-term changes in the P-supplying capacity of soils in eucalypt plantations growing on agricultural land. The natural vegetation soils were a benchmark for comparing soil P change since land clearing and development for agriculture. The experimental framework provided an ideal basis for studying changes in P forms since land clearing and fertilization for agriculture and the ensuing conversion to plantations (on an average 9 years ago). Conventional soil P indices measure plant available P that is more relevant to short duration annual crops and pastures. To predict medium-term P availability, P forms were determined using Hedley et al.’s (1982) fractionation scheme and fractions were grouped using the Guo and Youst (1998) criteria into readily, moderately and sparingly available P. The P species were also determined by 31P NMR spectroscopy of 0.5M NaOH-0.1M EDTA extracts. Hedley et al.’s (1982) inorganic P extracted by anion exchange resin and by NaHCO3 are widely considered to be approximations to the actual plant available P. The availability to plants of other P fractions is less certain and this is examined in an experiment to compare the plant availability of various P fractions in soils from fertilized and unfertilized land uses following exhaustive cropping in the glasshouse. The soil texture for the sites studied included coarse sand, loamy sand, clayey sand, and sandy loam. Surface soils (0-10 cm) have pH(CaCl2) in the acidic range (mean 4.4) and there is no significant difference due to differences in land use (P<0.05). The soils are of low EC (1:5 H2O) - 6 mS m-1. There is an almost 5-fold variation in organic C among sites (from 1.4% to 8%) but organic C values did not show any significant effect (P<0.05) of changes in land use. To evaluate the degree of similarity of soils within each triplet set at a site principal component analysis was carried out on those soil chemical⁄mineralogical characteristics that were least likely to be affected by changes in land use practices. This analysis showed good matching of the triplet of sub-sites on the whole, especially for the duo of pasture and plantation land uses. This degree of matching of the trio of land uses was considered while interpreting the effects of land use on the forms and behaviour of soil P, and variations due to various extents of mismatch were mostly addressed using statistical techniques including regression analysis to interpret sub-site difference
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Huang, Chunyuan. "Mechanisms of Mn efficiency in barley." 1996, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh8739.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 131-153. This thesis investigates the mechanisms of manganese (Mn) efficiency (genetic tolerance to Mn-deficient soils) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at both physiological and molecular levels.
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Eriksen-Hamel, Nikita S. "The contribution of earthworm communities to nitrogen cycling in agroecosystems of Québec /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102976.
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Earthworms have an important role in the decomposition of organic matter, mineralization of nutrients and physical mixing of soils. Despite a large number of laboratory and greenhouse-level studies investigating how earthworms modify soil properties and promote soil fertility, we lack reliable methods to scale-up and quantify earthworm contributions to nutrient cycling at the agroecosystem level. The objective of this thesis is to determine the influence of earthworm communities on nitrogen (N) transformations in soils and to quantify their contribution to nitrogen flux through soils for soybean and maize cropping systems of Quebec. Laboratory growth rates were used to predict how earthworm growth responded to seasonal fluctuations in soil temperature and moisture. The relationships between earthworm populations, soil-N pools and annual crop production were evaluated in a field experiment. When favourable conditions occurred in 2004 (temperatures <20°C, and rainfall at least once a week), a positive relationship was found between earthworm numbers and the plant available-N, including soil mineral-N, microbial biomass-N and total-N removed in soybean grain. In 2005, soil conditions were unfavourable (temperatures > 20°C and little or no rainfall) to earthworm survival and growth, and no relationship was found between earthworm populations, soil N pools and corn production. These data permitted me to make assumptions about earthworm activity and life histories under field conditions, which were used to estimate N flux through earthworm communities with two models. The models were tested for their sensitivity to varying parameter values within the range reported in the scientific literature. During a crop growing period with favourable climate conditions, a large earthworm population (100 g fresh weight biomass m-2 or greater) is predicted to cycle as much as 120 kg N ha-1. Model predictions were very sensitive to input parameters and did not correspond to the partial N budget calculated at the site. Accurate predictions of N mineralization by earthworms require more species- and site-specific parameter values. Further investigation using stable 15N isotopes as tracers would help us to follow the N transformations and evaluate the N flux mediated by earthworms at the field scale.
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Yusran, Fadly Hairannoor. "Soil organic matter decomposition : effects of organic matter addition on phosphorus dynamics in lateritic soils." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0120.
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[Truncated abstract] Relationships between the persistence of organic matter added to soil, the dynamics of soil organic carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) were examined in four experiments on lateritic soils of Western Australia. The main objective was to quantify the release of P following organic matter application in soils which have high P adsorbing capacity. Another objective was to confirm that due to its recalcitrant materials, the effect of peat lasted longer in soil than other sources of organic matter in terms of increasing plant-available P fractions. Three experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions for various lengths of time, with nine- to twelve-month incubations to investigate these hypotheses. As expected, organic matter with lower C:N ratios than peat (lucerne hay) decomposed more rapidly compared with peat, and the most active mineralisation took place within the first three months of incubation. Soil organic-C (extracted by 0.5 M K2SO4) had a significant positive correlation with P extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO pH 8.53. For a higher application rate (120 ton ha-1), peat was better than wheat straw and lucerne hay in increasing extractable bicarbonate-P concentrations in soil, especially at incubation times up to 12 months. Throughout the experiment, peat was associated with a steady increase in all parameters measured. In contrast to peat, nutrient release from lucerne hay and wheat straw was rapid and diminished over time. There was a tendency for organic-C (either in the form of total extractable organic-C or microbial biomass-C) to steadily increase in soil with added peat throughout the experiment. Unlike wheat straw and lucerne hay, extractable organic-C from peat remained in soil and there was less C loss in the form of respiration. Therefore, peat persisted and sequestered C to the soil system for a longer time than the other source of organic matter. Freshly added organic matter was expected to have a greater influence on P transformation from adsorbed forms in lateritic soils than existing soil organic matter. By removing the existing soil organic matter, the effect of freshly applied organic matter can be determine separately from that of the existing soil organic matter for a similar organic-C content. In order to do this, some soil samples were combusted up to 450° C to eliminate inherent soil organic matter. The release of P was greater when organic-C from fresh organic matter was applied to combusted soils than in uncombusted soils that contained the existing soil organic matter. The exception only applied for parameters related to soil micro-organisms such as biomass-C and phosphatase. For such parameters, new soil organic matter did not create conditions favourable for organisms to increase in activity despite the abundance of organic matter available. More non-extractable-P was formed in combusted soils compared to bicarbonate-P and it contributed to more than 50% of total-P. As for the first experiment, peat also showed a constant effect in increasing bicarbonate extractable-P in the soil
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Burgess, Magdalena S. E. "Crop residue decomposition and nitrogen dynamics in corn under three tillage systems." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36879.
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Decomposition and N dynamics of grain-corn residues were investigated in a field study in southwestern Quebec, with particular reference to the roles of different plant parts (stems, leaves etc.) in determining overall residue mass loss and N content. A litterbag study was conducted, with surface and buried placements in plots under three tillage systems (no-till, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage, established five years before litterbag placement). Residue mass loss and N content were monitored over a two-year period. Separate data were obtained for leaves, stems, husks, and cobs. Net values for all residues combined were calculated taking into account initial proportions of each plant part at harvest. Overall estimates were made based on residue depth-distribution typical of each tillage system. A spreadsheet-based model of surface residue mass loss was developed, incorporating litterbag mass and other surface-residue data, in order to determine how well litterbag results predicted surface residue mass loss in the field, and to test alternative assumptions regarding residue decomposition and/or burial. Buried residues lost mass more quickly than surface residues, as expected. Thus residue breakdown would be fastest in a conventional system, slowest under no-till, and intermediate with reduced tillage. Substantial decreases in mass and residue N content occurred between fall placement and first sampling in spring, despite low temperatures for much of this period. Mass loss in the first period was substantial for stems as we as husks and leaves. Cobs decomposed most slowly throughout. Nitrogen dynamics, including effects of depth on residue N content, differed greatly by residue type. All the lower-N residues (cobs, husks, stems) immobilized N at some point. However, during the two-year study, N immobilization by one or more residue types was always counterbalanced or exceeded by N release by other residue, at least for the sampling intervals included. Pa
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Miransari, Mahabadi Mohammad Reza. "Development of a nitrogen soil test for fertilizer requirements for corn and wheat production in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23415.
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One must consider the effects of both soil N and fertilizer N, if rates of N-fertilizer application are to be optimized and NO$ sb3 sp-$ leaching into groundwater be controlled. Objectives were (1) to determine soil $ rm NO sb3 sp-$-N and NH$ sb4 sp+$-N, soil total N, and N fertilizer levels and corn and wheat yields; and, (2) to determine soil sampling times and depths for N analyses that correlated with yields and fertilizer N response. Soil samples taken at seeding and postseeding were analyzed for NH$ sb4 sp+$-N and NO$ sb3 sp-$-N, and for total N in 29 wheat sites and 44 corn sites fertilized with four rates of N. N-Trak (quick test) and laboratory methods were employed to measure soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. A significant correlation was found between N-Trak and laboratory methods (R$ sp2$ = 0.61$ sp{**}$ for corn and 0.89$ sp{**}$ for wheat). Compared to the laboratory method, N-Trak overestimated soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. Soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels increased upon drying. In some cases soils showed an increase in soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N from seeding to postseeding. Wheat yields and wheat grain N uptake were better correlated with soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N at seeding than at postseeding. For corn, yields and grain uptake showed a higher correlation with soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N at postseeding. Corn regression models predicted 180 to 240 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ of N fertilizer to obtain optimum economic yields and 0 to 40 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ N for wheat. Soil total N was not correlated with corn yields as highly as soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. Soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N can be used as an indicator of fertilizer N requirements for corn and wheat in Quebec.
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McLaughlin, Michael John. "Phosphorus cycling in soil under wheat-pasture rotations /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm1615.pdf.
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Acharya, Umesh. "Can We Increase Crop Yield Adopting Tile Drainage in Fargo Clay Soil?" Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28849.
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Subsurface drainage has recently become common for agriculturally productive soils and key to maintain and improve crop production in poorly drained, frigid clay soils. The first study was conducted for four years (2014-17) at Casselton, ND to determine best combination of drainage, tillage and crop rotation for higher corn yield. Our finding suggested corn yield was highest with no drainage, CS and CH combination in years with drought conditions. The second study was conducted for three years (2015-17) to evaluate subsurface drainage spacing (9, 12, and 15m) and depth (0.9 and 1.2m) combination on corn, soybean and sugarbeet yields and residual soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) contents. Results indicated that 9 m drain spacing produced highest corn and soybean yield when average across three years in contrast with drain depth that has no effect on corn and soybean yield except for sugarbeet where the 1.2m depth yielded higher than the 0.9m depth.North Dakota Corn Council
North Dakota Soybean Council
North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute