Relevant bibliographies by topics / Soil-water balance

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  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Soil-water balance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Soil-water balance"

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Ragab, R., F. Beese, and W. Ehlers. "A Soil Water Balance and Dry Matter Production Model: I. Soil Water Balance of Oat." Agronomy Journal 82, no. 1 (January 1990): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200010033x.

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Sackschewsky, M. R., C. J. Kemp, S. O. Link, and W. J. Waugh. "Soil Water Balance Changes in Engineered Soil Surfaces." Journal of Environmental Quality 24, no. 2 (March 1995): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400020019x.

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Cresswell, HP, DE Smiles, and J. Williams. "Soil structure, soil hydraulic properties and the soil water balance." Soil Research 30, no. 3 (1992): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920265.

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We review the influence of soil structural change on the fundamental soil hydraulic properties (unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and the soil moisture characteristic) and utilize deterministic modelling to assess subsequent effects on the soil water balance. Soil structure is reflected in the 0 to -100 kPa matric potential section of the soil moisture characteristic with marked changes often occurring in light to medium textured soils' (sands, sandy-loam, loams and clay-loams). The effect of long-term tillage on soil structure may decrease hydraulic conductivity within this matric potential range. The 'SWIM' (Soil Water Infiltration and Movement) simulation model was used to illustrate the effects of long-term conventional tillage and direct drilling systems on the water balance. The effects of plough pans, surface crusts and decreasing surface detention were also investigated. Significant structural deterioration, as evidenced by substantially reduced hydraulic conductivity, is necessary before significant runoff is generated in the low intensity rainfall regime of the Southern Tablelands (6 min rainfall intensity <45 mm h-1). A 10 mm thick plough pan (at a depth of 100 mm) in the A-horizon of a long-term conventionally tilled soil required a saturated hydraulic conductivity (K,) of less than 2.5 mm h-1 before runoff exceeded 10% of incident rainfall in this rainfall regime. Similarly, a crust K, of less than 2.5 mm h-1 was necessary before runoff exceeded 10% of incident rainfall (provided that surface detention was 2 or more). As the crust K, approached the rainfall rate, small decreases in Ks resulted in large increases in runoff. An increase in surface detention of 1 to 3 mm resulted in a large reduction in runoff where crust K, was less than 2-5 mm h-1. Deterministic simulation models incorporating well established physical laws are effective tools in the study of soil structural effects on the field water regime. Their application, however, is constrained by insufficient knowledge of the fundamental hydraulic properties of Australian soils and how they are changing in response to our land management.
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Martínez-Ferri, E., J. L. Muriel-Fernández, and J. A. Rodríguez Díaz. "Soil Water Balance Modelling Using SWAP." Outlook on Agriculture 42, no. 2 (June 2013): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/oa.2013.0125.

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McCoy, A. J., G. Parkin, C. Wagner-Riddle, J. Warland, J. Lauzon, P. von Bertoldi, D. Fallow, and S. Jayasundara. "Using automated soil water content measurements to estimate soil water budgets." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-031.

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The distribution of precipitation into the components of a soil water budget has a profound impact on crop growth, groundwater recharge, soil erosion, and groundwater and surface water contamination levels. The main objectives of this study were to develop a new method of measuring soil water balances and to demonstrate the use of the method in examining differences between partitioning of water in conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) management systems. Hourly precipitation, evapotranspiration, and changes in soil water storage data were collected automatically over a 3-yr period at a field site near Elora, Ontario. Runoff and interception were calculated as the difference between measured increases in soil water storage and total rainfall during each significant rain event when the soil was not frozen. Drainage was then calculated, as it was the only component of the soil water balance not measured. The amount of soil water stored in the NT system was greater than the CT system during the latter part of the study as the NT system aged. The amount of drainage calculated for a 3 -yr period was greater for CT than the NT treatment, a result that is contrary to many previous studies. The measured amount of runoff plus interception was greater in the NT versus CT treatment. Since NT is generally accepted as a means of reducing runoff, this result could be due to the enhanced amount of interception by the crop residue left on the surface of the NT treatment. Key words: Soil water balance, water content reflectometer, drainage, runoff, tillage, time series
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Šťastná, M., and E. Stenitzer. "SIMWASER model as a tool for the assessment of soil water balance." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 8 (November 19, 2011): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3609-pse.

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The objectives of our study were to apply, test and to present the ability of the deterministic simulation model SIMWASER computing soil-water balance components. Two case studies for the assessment of percolation losses from irrigated carrots to deep groundwater at Obersiebenbrunn in the Marchfeld (Austria) and ground water recharge and capillary rise from shallow groundwater in grass lysimeters at Berlin-Dahlem (Germany) are presented to demonstrate the performance of the model by a comparison between measured and simulated results from the field experiments. At Obersiebenbrunn, simulated percolation and evapotranspiration were 183 and 629 mm, while the respective measured values amounted to 198 and 635 mm. In Berlin-Dahlem simulated capillary rise and evapotranspiration were &ndash;122 and 458 mm, whereas the measurement showed &ndash;155 and 454 mm. These results showed the SIMWASER method as a good applicable tool to demonstrate and study plant &ndash; soil &ndash; water relationships as well as influence of land use, especially on ground water recharge.
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Kolars, Kelsey, Xinhua Jia, Dean D. Steele, and Thomas F. Scherer. "A Soil Water Balance Model for Subsurface Water Management." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 4 (2019): 633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13038.

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Abstract. Most cropland in the upper Midwest will experience periods of excess water and drought conditions during a growing season. When the objective is to produce high yields, effective use of a subsurface water management system can help provide optimal soil moisture conditions for growth. A subsurface water management system includes draining excess water from the soil profile through subsurface drainage (SSD), managing the water table through controlled drainage (CD), or adding water to the drainage system during dry conditions (Subirrigation – SI). Subsurface water management can become difficult when determining the time and amount needed for SSD and SI, and (or) the optimal water table (WT) depth when using CD due to water movement in both the upward and downward directions. In this study, a 21 ha field with CD, a 17-ha field with CD + SI, and a 16 ha control field (surface drained only) over clay loam and silty clay loam soils were used to evaluate subsurface water management scheduling for corn (2013) and soybean (2014). The Checkbook Irrigation Scheduling method (Lundstrom and Stegman, 1988) was modified to include an algorithm to estimate the daily water balance contribution due to upward flux (UF) from a shallow water table. For the 2013 growing season, the UF reduction of the daily soil moisture deficit (SMD) was minimal due to deeper WT over the growing season and there was little difference between the modified and original Checkbook methods. For the 2014 growing season, the SMD estimates from the Modified Checkbook method produced closer estimates to the in-field SMD compared to the original Checkbook method. Therefore, adding SSD and shallow WT contributions in the Checkbook method produces similar, if not more accurate, estimations of daily SMD that can be used for subsurface water management. Keywords: Checkbook irrigation scheduling method, Model development, Subirrigation, Subsurface drainage.
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Evett, Steven R., Robert C. Schwartz, Joaquin J. Casanova, and Lee K. Heng. "Soil water sensing for water balance, ET and WUE." Agricultural Water Management 104 (February 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.12.002.

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Hoekstra, Arjen Y. "Green-blue water accounting in a soil water balance." Advances in Water Resources 129 (July 2019): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.05.012.

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Cuenca, Richard H., David E. Stangel, and Shaun F. Kelly. "Soil water balance in a boreal forest." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 102, no. D24 (December 1, 1997): 29355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jd02312.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil-water balance"

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Qureshi, Suhail Ahmad. "Soil water balance of intercropped corn under water table management." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23289.

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A one year water table management field study was conducted on a Soulanges sandy loam soil in Soulanges county, Quebec. Two controlled water table levels, i.e. 0.5 m and 0.75 m from the soil surface, as well as free outlet conventional drainage treatments were established in monocropped corn (Zea mays L.) and corn intercropped with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) plots.
Cropping system showed no significant effects on evapotranspiration, and on soil moisture distribution. It was observed that the 0.5 m and 0.75 m controlled water tables (CWT) provided the same soil moisture trends in both cropping systems. The soil moisture was always higher in controlled water table plots compared to freely drained plots. The water use efficiency of 0.75 m CWT in both cropping systems was high compared to 0.5 m CWT.
The soil moisture contents at three depths were only 2% to 10% less in intercropped plots compared to monocropped plots. The soil moisture was 12 to 13% higher in CWT plots compared to freely drained plots for both cropping systems. The soil moisture in 0.5 m CWT and 0.75 m CWT plots was not significantly different. The average water table levels in monocropped plots were not significantly different from intercropped plots.
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Al-Ali, Mahmoud. "Soil water conservation and water balance model for micro-catchment water harvesting system." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10941.

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A simple water balance model was applied to a micro-catchment water harvesting system for a semi-arid area in the North-Eastern part of Jordan. Two Negarim micro-catchment water harvesting systems were built at Al-Khanasri research station. A Randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial combination was used with six treatments and three replicates. Each plot was divided into two parts; a runoff area, and a run-on area. Two different treatments were used for the catchment area, these were: compacted (T1) and Natural treatments (T2). Three treatments were used for the run-on area, these were: disturbed (S1), stones (S2), and crop residue mulch (S3). Soil water content was measured over a depth of 0-1 m during the seasons 96-97 in these micro-catchments. In this model; daily rainfall, runoff, and evaporation were used. Runoff was calculated by the curve number method; evaporation was calculated by the Penman equation, the Priestley and Taylor method and the Class A pan approach. The least squares method was used for optimizing model parameters. The performance of the model was assessed by different criteria, such as root mean square error, relative root mean square error, coefficient of determination and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency method. The performance of the micro-catchments system was also evaluated. Results showed that with limited but reliable hydrological data good agreement between predicted and observed values could be obtained. The ratio of water storage in a one meter soil depth to the rainfall falling on each catchment indicated that T1S2 and T1S3 have the highest values in size1 plots while T2S1 and T2S2 have the highest values in size 2 plots. Modelling results showed that for all the size 1 plots, the required ratio of the cultivated to catchment area, (C/CA), required to ensure sufficient harvested water, was less than the actual ratio used in the experimental design. For the size 2 plots this was only true for the T1 treatments. Consequently for the majority of plot sizes and treatments, the results showed that a smaller catchment area is capable of providing sufficient harvested water to meet crop growth requirements. The experimental ratio was based on a typical yearly design rainfall for the region having either a 50% or 67% probability of occurrence. Results also indicated that using stones and crop residue as mulch on the soil surface in the cultivated area was effective in decreasing the evaporation rate. S3 was more efficient than S2 as it stored more water due to the higher infiltration rate (12.4 cm/hr) when compared to S2 (4.1 cm/hr).
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Buchanan, Margaret MacNeill. "Soil Water Flow and Irrigated Soil Water Balance in Response to Powder River Basin Coalbed Methane Product Water." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/buchanan/BuchananM0505.pdf.

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A repacked soil columns experiment and a series of computer soil water balance simulations were conducted to examine potential impacts of coalbed methane (CBM) water from Montana's Powder River Basin (PRB) on soil water flow and water balance in PRB soils. CBM water is often high in sodium, which may separate soil clay particles, particularly after soil exposure to low-salinity rainfall or snowmelt, and when soils contain expansible smectite clay minerals. Aggregates in soils exposed to sodic water may swell and slake, and clays and other fine particles may disperse, clogging soil pores and slowing or preventing soil water flow. In the soil columns experiment, A and B horizon materials from sandy loam, silt loam, and clay loam soils were pre-treated with water having salinity and sodicity typical of PRB CBM water or of Powder River (PR) water currently used for irrigation in the basin. Tension infiltrometer measurements were used to determine infiltration flux, first using pre-treatment water, and subsequently deionized (DI) water, simulating rainwater. Measurements were compared by pre-treatment water, horizon, and soil type. Under pre-treatment water testing, the sandy loam and clay loam soils pre-treated with CBM water exhibited smaller infiltration flux values than when pre-treated with PR water. Only the sandy loam soil showed a greater decrease in infiltration flux with DI water on soils pre-treated with CBM relative to PR water pre-treated soils. There was no difference in infiltration flux decrease with DI water between A and B horizon soils, or between smectite and non-smectite soils. The soil water balance numerical simulations modeled potential effects of sodic irrigation waters on sandy loam, silt loam, clay loam and silty clay PRB soils under sprinkler or flood irrigation, during one growing season. Baseline soil water retention functions were constructed for the five soils, and adjusted via trends identified in the literature to create five additional functions for each soil, simulating exposure to five increasingly sodic irrigation waters. Simulation results showed greater impact of sodic irrigation under flood than sprinkler irrigation. The fine sandy loam and silty clay loam soils exhibited the fewest changes in water balance partitioning, while the silt loam and silty clay soils showed the greatest changes, especially in increased runoff and reduced transpiration.
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Oliveira, Paulo Tarso Sanches de. "Water balance and soil erosion in the Brazilian Cerrado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16012015-170452/.

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Deforestation of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) region has caused major changes in hydrological processes. These changes in water balance and soil erosion are still poorly understood, but are important for making land management decisions in this region. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the magnitudes of hydrological processes and soil erosion changes on local, regional and continental scales, and the consequences that are generated. The main objective of the study presented in this doctoral thesis was to better understand the mechanism of hydrological processes and soil erosion in the Cerrado. To achieve that, I worked with different scales (hillslope, watershed and continental) and using data from experimental field, laboratory, and remote sensing. The literature review reveals that the annual rainfall erosivity in Brazil ranges from 1672 to 22,452 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. The smallest values are found in the northeastern region, and the largest in the north and the southeastern region. I found that the canopy interception may range from 4 to 20% of gross precipitation and stemflow around 1% of gross precipitation in the cerrado. The average runoff coefficient was less than 1% in the plots under cerrado and that the deforestation has the potential to increase up to 20 fold the runoff coefficient value. The results indicate that the Curve Number method was not suitable to estimate runoff under undisturbed Cerrado, bare soil (hydrologic soil group A), pasture, and millet. Therefore, in these cases the curve number is inappropriate and the runoff is more aptly modeled by the equation Q = CP, where C is the runoff coefficient. The water balance from the remote sensing data across the Brazilian Cerrado indicates that the main source of uncertainty in the estimated runoff arises from errors in the TRMM precipitation data. The water storage change computed as a residual of the water budget equation using remote sensing data (TRMM and MOD16) and measured discharge data shows a significant correlation with terrestrial water storage change obtained from the GRACE data. The results show that the GRACE data may provide a satisfactory representation of water storage change for large areas in the Cerrado. The average annual soil loss in the plots under bare soil and cerrado were 15.25 t ha-1 yr-1 and 0.17 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively. The Universal Soil Loss Equation cover and management factor (C-factor) for the plots under native cerrado vegetation was 0.013. The results showed that the surface runoff, soil erosion and C-factor for the undisturbed Cerrado changes between seasons. The greatest C-factor values were found in the summer and fall. The results found in this doctoral thesis provide benchmark values of the water balance components and soil erosion in the Brazilian Cerrado that will be useful to evaluate past and future land cover and land use changes for this region. In addition, I conclude that the remote sensing data are useful to evaluate the water balance components over Cerrado regions, identify dry periods, and assess changes in water balance due to land cover and land use change.
O desmatamento nas regiões de Cerrado tem causado intensas mudanças nos processos hidrológicos. Essas mudanças no balanço hídrico e erosão do solo são ainda pouco entendidas, apesar de fundamentais na tomada de decisão de uso e manejo do solo nesta região. Portanto, torna-se necessário compreender a magnitude das mudanças nos processos hidrológicos e de erosão do solo, em escalas locais, regionais e continentais, e as consequências dessas mudanças. O principal objetivo do estudo apresentado nesta tese de doutorado foi de melhor entender os mecanismos dos processos hidrológicos e de erosão do solo no Cerrado Brasileiro. Para tanto, utilizou-se diferentes escalas de trabalho (vertentes, bacias hidrográficas e continental) e usando dados experimentais in situ, de laboratório e a partir de sensoriamento remoto. O estudo de revisão de literatura indica que a erosividade da chuva no Brasil varia de 1672 to 22,452 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. Os menores valores encontram-se na região nordeste e os maiores nas regiões norte e sudeste do Brasil. Verificou-se que os valores de interceptação da chuva variam de 4 a 20% e o escoamento pelo tronco aproximadamente 1% da precipital total no cerrado. O coeficiente de escoamento superficial foi menor que 1% nas parcelas de cerrado e o desmatamento tem o potencial de aumentar em até 20 vezes esse valor. Os resultados indicam que o método Curve Number não foi adequado para estimar o escoamento superficial nas áreas de cerrado, solo exposto (grupo hidrológico do solo A), pastagem e milheto. Portanto, nesses casos o uso do CN é inadequado e o escoamento superficial é melhor estimado a partir da equação Q = CP, onde C é o coeficiente de escoamento superficial. O balanço hídrico a partir de dados de sensoriamento remoto para todo o Cerrado Brasileiro indica que a principal fonte de incerteza na estimativa do escoamento superficial ocorre nos dados de precipitação do TRMM. A variação de água na superfície terrestre calculada como o residual da equação do balanço hídrico usando dados de sensoriamento remoto (TRMM e MOD16) e valores observados de vazão mostram uma correlação significativa com os valores de variação de água na superfície terrestre provenientes dos dados do GRACE. Os dados do GRACE podem representar satisfatoriamente a variação de água na superfície terrestre para extensas regiões do Cerrado. A média anual de perda de solo nas parcelas de solo exposto e cerrado foram de 15.25 t ha-1 yr-1 and 0.17 t ha-1 yr-1, respectivamente. O fator uso e manejo do solo (fator C) da Universal Soil Loss Equation para o cerrado foi de 0.013. Os resultados mostraram que o escoamento superficial, erosão do solo e o fator C na área de cerrado variam de acordo com as estações. Os maiores valores do fator C foram encontrados no verão e outono. Os resultados encontrados nesta tese de doutorado fornecem valores de referência sobre os componentes do balanço hídrico e erosão do solo no Cerrado, que podem ser úteis para avaliar o uso e cobertura do solo atual e futuro. Além disso, conclui-se que os dados de sensoriamento remoto apresentam resultados satisfatórios para avaliar os componentes do balanço hídrico no Cerrado, identificar os períodos de seca e avaliar as alterações no balanço hídrico devido à mudanças de uso e cobertura do solo.
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Haigh, R. A. "Water balance and water quality studies in an underdrained clay soil catchment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371543.

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Mhlauli, Ntuthuzelo Columbus. "Growth analysis and soil water balance of selected vegetable crops." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26200.

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Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document
Dissertation (M Inst Agrar (Horticulture Science))--University of Pretoria, 2000.
Plant Production and Soil Science
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Chen, Liping. "Soil Characteristics Estimation and Its Application in Water Balance Dynamics." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9789/.

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This thesis is a contribution to the work of the Texas Environmental Observatory (TEO), which provides environmental information from the Greenbelt Corridor (GBC) of the Elm Fork of the Trinity River. The motivation of this research is to analyze the short-term water dynamic of soil in response to the substantial rainfall events that occurred in North Texas in 2007. Data collected during that year by a TEO soil and weather station located at the GBC includes precipitation, and soil moisture levels at various depths. In addition to these field measurements there is soil texture data obtained from lab experiments. By comparing existing water dynamic models, water balance equations were selected for the study as they reflect the water movement of the soil without complicated interrelation between parameters. Estimations of water flow between soil layers, infiltration rate, runoff, evapotranspiration, water potential, hydraulic conductivity, and field capacity are all obtained by direct and indirect methods. The response of the soil at field scale to rainfall event is interpreted in form of flow and change of soil moisture at each layer. Additionally, the analysis demonstrates that the accuracy of soil characteristic measurement is the main factor that effect physical description. Suggestions for model improvement are proposed. With the implementation of similar measurements over a watershed area, this study would help the understanding of basin-scale rainfall-runoff modeling.
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Chen, Liping Acevedo Miguel Felipe. "Soil characteristics estimation and its application in water balance dynamics." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9789.

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Mbarushimana, Kagabo Desire. "Modelling the soil water balance of potatoes for improved irrigation management." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07192007-134318.

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Moreira, LuÃs ClÃnio JÃrio. "Estimating irrigated watermelon evapotranspiration using sebal, soil-water balance and eddy correlations." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5217.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
In applications of the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) algorithm parameters for physical processes adjusted for other regions of the planet are commonly used. Therefore, there is a need for validation of the estimates made with the algorithm compared with other conventional methods of estimating evapotranspiration. Thus, this study main goal was to evaluate the satellite-based algorithm to estimate evapotranspiration of irrigated watermelon using as comparative methods: soil water balance and eddy correlation. The studied area was a plot of 1 ha located in the irrigated district of the low Acaraà River. Foliar coverage was obtained from digital images taken from a camera. Sensors were installed from the soil surface to a height of 1.5 m for monitoring the temperature in the air. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function of the soil was obtained using the instantaneous profile method. The water balance in the soil was done on days 17, 18 and 19 December, 2008, in the 0 to 30 cm depth using soil moisture capacitive sensors. To evaluate the components of net radiation and evapotranspiration using the method of eddy correlation, a micrometeorological tower was installed in the center of the studied area, where latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H) and evapotranspiration were determined. With climate data from a meteorological station nearby and using the FAOÂs methodology, net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flow (G) were determined. The SEBAL algorithm was applied in two Landsat5 satellite images acquired in 17/12/2008 and 02/01/2009 for estimating the net radiation and daily evapotranspiration. The measured temperature at the soil surface and in the air at 10 cm high was over 40  C near noon time. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function found was of the form K (θ) = 0.089 e28, 53θ and K (θ) = 0.0469 e48, 773θ, respectively for 0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm. The evapotranspiration obtained from soil water balance with capacitive sensors in the study period was 9.37; 12.18 and 11.27 mm day-1, respectively in 17; 18 and December 19, 2008. For the radiation balance it was found that the latent heat flux was underestimated by using the method of eddy correlation with maximum values of the order of 150 W m-2. The sensible heat flux was always larger than the LE during the day, with maximum values near 300 W m-2. The energy balance done but accounting H + LE and Rn â G produced a residual error of around 60%. The daily average values of ETc (eddy correlations) for part of the experimental period were in the range of 0.91 to 1.18 mm day-1, with an average of 0.96 mm day-1. The satellite image that was applied to SEBAL algorithm presented many clouds, affecting the estimation of the components of radiation balance and evapotranspiration. In the area of watermelon, SEBAL estimates of evapotranspiration for dates 17/12/2008 and 02/01/2009 were 6.5 and 4.0 mm day-1, respectively. For validation, the ETo obtained by Penman-Montheith method at the time of satellite overpass was 0.53 mm h-1, while Etc obtained with SEBAL, eddy correlation and soil-water balance was 0.78; 0.11 and 0.55 mm h-1, respectively.
Nas aplicaÃÃes feitas com o SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land), estÃo sendo utilizadas parametrizaÃÃes de processos fÃsicos ajustados para outras regiÃes do planeta. Portanto, existe uma necessidade de validaÃÃo das estimativas feitas com o algoritmo comparando com outros mÃtodos usuais de estimativa de evapotranspiraÃÃo. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o algoritmo SEBAL na estimativa da evapotranspiraÃÃo da melancia irrigada usando como mÃtodos comparativos o balanÃo hÃdrico no solo e mÃtodo das correlaÃÃes turbulentas (eddy correlation). A Ãrea estudada foi um lote de 1 ha localizado no PerÃmetro Irrigado Baixo AcaraÃ. A cobertura Foliar foi obtida a partir de fotografias digitais. Foram instalados sensores a partir da superfÃcie do solo atà a altura de 1,5 m para monitoramento da temperatura no ar. Para fazer o balanÃo hÃdrico no solo foi encontrada a funÃÃo da condutividade hidrÃulica nÃo saturada atravÃs da metodologia do perfil instantÃneo. O balanÃo hÃdrico no solo foi feito nos dias 17, 18 e 19/12/2008 na camada de 0 a 30 cm usando sensores capacitivos de umidade. Para avaliar os componentes do balanÃo de radiaÃÃo e a evapotranspiraÃÃo atravÃs do mÃtodo das correlaÃÃes turbulentas foi instalada uma torre micrometeorolÃgica no centro da Ãrea, onde o fluxo de calor latente (LE), o fluxo de calor sensÃvel (H) e a evapotranspiraÃÃo foram determinados. Com dados climÃticos de uma estaÃÃo meteorologia prÃximo a Ãrea e usando a metodologia da FAO foi estimado a radiaÃÃo lÃquida (Rn) e o fluxo de calor no solo (G). O algoritmo SEBAL foi usado nas imagens do TM-Landsat 5 dos dias 17/12/2008 e 02/01/2009 para estimar o balanÃo de radiaÃÃo e a evapotranspiraÃÃo diÃria. A temperatura na superfÃcie e a 10 cm de altura prÃximos ao meio dia foi superior a 40ÂC. A funÃÃo da condutividade hidrÃulica no solo nÃo saturado para camada de 0 â 15 e 15 â 30 cm foi: K(θ) = 0,089e28,53θ e K(θ) = 0,0469e48,773θ, respectivamente. A evapotranspiraÃÃo obtida atravÃs do balanÃo hÃdrico com sensores capacitivos nos dias analisados foi 9,37; 12,18 e 11,27 mm dia-1, respectivamente em 17; 18 e 19 de dezembro de 2008. No balanÃo de energia observou-se que o fluxo de calor latente foi subestimado usando o mÃtodo das correlaÃÃes turbulentas apresentando valores mÃximos no dia nunca superiores a 150 W m-2. O fluxo de calor sensÃvel esteve sempre maior que o LE durante o dia, apresentando valores mÃximos prÃximos a 300 W m-2. O erro de fechamento da equaÃÃo do balanÃo de energia obtido atravÃs do equacionamento entre H + LE e Rn â G foi de cerca de 60%. Os valores mÃdios diÃrios da ETc (correlaÃÃes turbulentas) para parte do perÃodo experimental estiveram na faixa de 0,91 a 1,18 mm dia-1, com mÃdia de 0,96 mm dia-1. As imagens de satÃlites em que foi usado o algoritmo SEBAL apresentaram nuvens comprometendo a estimativa dos componentes do balanÃo de radiaÃÃo e a evapotranspiraÃÃo. Na Ãrea da melancia, a evapotranspiraÃÃo diÃria usando o SEBAL nos dias 17/12/2008 e 02/01/2009 foi 6,5 e 4,0 mm dia-1, respectivamente. Na anÃlise comparativa, a ETo na hora da passagem do satÃlite foi de 0,53 mm h-1, enquanto a ETc foi de 0,78; 0,11 e 0,55 mm h-1 estimada com o SEBAL, mÃtodos das correlaÃÃes turbulentas e balanÃo hÃdrico, espectivamente.
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Books on the topic "Soil-water balance"

1

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics. and International Workshop on Soil Water Balance inthe Sudano-Sahelian Zone (1991 : Niamey, Niger), eds. Soil water balance in the Sudano-Sahelian zone: Summary proceedings of an International Workshop on soil water ... 18-23 Feb 1991 Niamey, Niger. Patancheru: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics,India, 1992.

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Westenbroek, Stephen M. SWB--a modified Thornthwaite-Mather Soil-Water-Balance code for estimating groundwater recharge. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Ground Resources Program, 2010.

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Dumouchelle, D. H. Evaluation of ground-water/surface-water relations, Chapman Creek, west-central Ohio, by means of multiple methods. Columbus, OH: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Dumouchelle, D. H. Evaluation of ground-water/surface-water relations, Chapman Creek, west-central Ohio, by means of multiple methods. Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Bidlake, W. R. Simulation of the soil water balance of an undeveloped prairie in west-central Florida. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Boer, M. Assessment of dryland degradation: Linking theory and practice through site water balance modelling. Utrecht: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Faculteit Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht, 1999.

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Small, Eric E. The influence of soil moisture on the surface energy balance in semiarid environments. Las Cruces, N.M: New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute, New Mexico State University, 2001.

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Zimmermann, Lothar. Der Bodenwasserhaushalt an einem Hochlagenstandort im Südschwarzwald. Freiburg im Breisgau: Institut für Bodenkunde und Waldernährungslehre der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i.Br., 1995.

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Kirsten, Verburg, and CSIRO (Australia). Division of Soils., eds. Methodology in soil water and solute balance modelling: An evaluation of the APSIM-SoilWat and SWIMv2 models : report of an APSRU/CSIRO Division of Soils workshop held in Brisbane, Australia, 16-18 May 1995. [Australia]: CSIRO Australia, Division of Soils, 1996.

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Rex, John F. Hydrologic effects of mountain pine beetle infestation and salvage-harvesting operations. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soil-water balance"

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Galle, Sylvie, Joost Brouwer, and Jean-Pierre Delhoume. "Soil Water Balance." In Ecological Studies, 77–104. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0207-0_5.

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Martin, D. L., J. R. Gilley, and R. W. Skaggs. "Soil Water Balance and Management." In Managing Nitrogen for Groundwater Quality and Farm Profitability, 199–235. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/1991.managingnitrogen.c10.

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Ritchie, J. T. "Soil water balance and plant water stress." In Understanding Options for Agricultural Production, 41–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3624-4_3.

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Novák, Viliam, and Hana Hlaváčiková. "Water and Energy Balance in the Field and Soil-Water Regimen." In Applied Soil Hydrology, 243–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01806-1_15.

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Narayan Sethi, Laxmi, and Sudhindra Nath Panda. "Soil Water Balance Simulation of Rice using HYDRUS-2D and Mass Balance Model." In Modeling Methods and Practices in Soil and Water Engineering, 41–70. Oakville, ON ; Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, [2016] |: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19987-4.

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Papajorgji, Petraq J., and Panos M. Pardalos. "Soil Water-Balance and Irrigation-Scheduling Models: A Case Study." In Springer Optimization and Its Applications, 239–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7463-1_13.

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Čadro, Sabrija, Monika Marković, Selman Edi Kaloper, Marija Ravlić, and Jasminka Žurovec. "Soil Water Balance Response to Climate Change in Posavina Region." In 30th Scientific-Experts Conference of Agriculture and Food Industry, 11–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40049-1_2.

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Ritchie, J. T. "A User-Orientated Model of the Soil Water Balance in Wheat." In Wheat Growth and Modelling, 293–305. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3665-3_27.

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Singh, Balwant, Shefali Mishra, Deepak Singh Bisht, and Rohit Joshi. "Growing Rice with Less Water: Improving Productivity by Decreasing Water Demand." In Rice Improvement, 147–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_5.

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AbstractRice is a staple food for more than half of the global population. With the increasing population, the yield of rice must correspondingly increase to fulfill the requirement. Rice is cultivated worldwide in four different types of ecosystems, which are limited by the availability of irrigation water. However, water-limiting conditions negatively affect rice production; therefore, to enhance productivity under changing climatic conditions, improved cultivation practices and drought-tolerant cultivars/varieties are required. There are two basic approaches to cultivation: (1) plant based and (2) soil and irrigation based, which can be targeted for improving rice production. Crop plants primarily follow three mechanisms: drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Based on these mechanisms, different strategies are followed, which include cultivar selection based on yield stability under drought. Similarly, soil- and irrigation-based strategies consist of decreasing non-beneficial water depletions and water outflows, aerobic rice development, alternate wetting and drying, saturated soil culture, system of rice intensification, and sprinkler irrigation. Further strategies involve developing drought-tolerant cultivars through marker-assisted selection/pyramiding, genomic selection, QTL mapping, and other breeding and cultivation practices such as early planting to follow escape strategies and decreasing stand density to minimize competition with weeds. Similarly, the identification of drought-responsive genes and their manipulation will provide a technological solution to overcome drought stress. However, it was the Green Revolution that increased crop production. To maintain the balance, there is a need for another revolution to cope with the increasing demand.
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Bhattarai, Surya P., David J. Midmore, and Ninghu Su. "Sustainable Irrigation to Balance Supply of Soil Water, Oxygen, Nutrients and Agro-Chemicals." In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 253–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9513-8_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soil-water balance"

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Hess, Amanda, Taylor DelVecchio, Andrea Welker, and Bridget M. Wadzuk. "Water Balance of Soil Mixes for Rain Gardens." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479889.006.

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Akbar, Ruzbeh, Daniel Short Gianotti, Kaighin A. McColl, Erfan Haghighi, Guido D. Salvucci, and Dara Entekhabi. "First-Order Water Balance Studies Using Smap Soil Moisture." In IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2018.8518093.

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Seung Jong Bae, Ha Woo Chung, and Jin Yong Choi. "Agricultural Drought Analysis Using Soil Water Balance Model and GIS." In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.11223.

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M. Reza Savabi, D. Shinde, K. Konomi, P. Nkedi-Kizza, and K. Jayachandran. "Effect of soil amendments (composts) on water balance and water quality- Model Simulations." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13802.

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"Seasonal soil moisture forecasting using the AWRA landscape water balance model." In 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2017.l19.vogel.

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"Assimilating satellite soil moisture retrievals to improve operational water balance modelling." In 23rd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2019). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2019.h6.tian.

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Georgieva-Milanova, Veska Anastasova. "A WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR CALCULATION OF SOIL WATER CONTENT IN A WINTER WHEAT FIELD." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b31/s12.002.

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Chen Haorui, Huang Jiesheng, Wu Jingwei, Yang Jinzhong, and Ding Xingyan. "Comparisons of a numerical model and a water balance model to quantify soil water balance in root zone of winter wheat." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Education Technology and Computer (ICETC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetc.2010.5529203.

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Villani, Giulia, Paolo Castaldi, Attilio Toscano, Camilla Stanghellini, Tullio Salmon Cinotti, Rodrigo Filev Maia, Fausto Tomei, Markus Taumberger, Paola Zanetti, and Stefano Panizzi. "Soil Water Balance Model CRITERIA-ID in SWAMP Project: Proof of Concept." In 2018 23rd Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/fruct.2018.8588079.

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"Simulated performance of evapotranspiration-based irrigation controllers using soil water balance models." In 2015 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20152181829.

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Reports on the topic "Soil-water balance"

1

Gee, G. W., M. L. Rockhold, and J. L. Downs. Status of FY 1988 soil-water balance studies on the Hanford site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6378096.

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Rockhold, Mark L., Danielle L. Saunders, Christopher E. Strickland, Scott R. Waichler, and Ray E. Clayton. Soil Water Balance and Recharge Monitoring at the Hanford Site - FY09 Status Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/992383.

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Fayer, Michael J., Danielle L. Saunders, Ricky S. Herrington, and Diana Felmy. Soil Water Balance and Recharge Monitoring at the Hanford Site ? FY 2010 Status Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1054490.

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Dasberg, Shmuel, Jan W. Hopmans, Larry J. Schwankl, and Dani Or. Drip Irrigation Management by TDR Monitoring of Soil Water and Solute Distribution. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568095.bard.

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Drip irrigation has the potential of high water use efficiency, but actual water measurement is difficult because of the limited wetted volume. Two long-term experiments in orchards in Israel and in California and several field crop studies supported by this project have demonstrated the feasibility of precise monitoring of soil water distribution for drip irrigation in spite of the limited soil wetting. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) enables in situ measurement of soil water content of well defined small volumes. Several approaches were tried in monitoring the soil water balance in the field during drip irrigation. These also facilitated the estimation of water uptake: 1. The use of multilevel moisture probe TDR system. This approach proved to be of limited value because of the extremely small diameter of measurement. 2. The placement of 20 cm long TDR probes at predetermined distances from the drippers in citrus orchards. 3. Heavy instrumentation with neutron scattering access tubes and tensiometers of a single drip irrigated almond tree. 4. High resolution spatial and temporal measurements (0.1m x 0.1m grid) of water content by TDR in corn irrigated by surface and subsurface drip. The latter approach was accompanied by parametric modelling of water uptake intensity patterns by corn roots and superimposed with analytical solutions for water flow from point and line sources. All this lead to general and physically based suggestions for the placement of soil water sensors for scheduling drip irrigation.
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Fuchs, Marcel, Jerry Hatfield, Amos Hadas, and Rami Keren. Reducing Evaporation from Cultivated Soils by Mulching with Crop Residues and Stabilized Soil Aggregates. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568086.bard.

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Field and laboratory studies of insulating properties of mulches show that the changes they produce on the heat balance and the evaporation depend not only on the intrinsic characteristics of the material but also on the structure of air flow in boundary layer. Field measurements of the radiation balance of corn residue showed a decrease of reflectivity from 0.2 to 0.17 from fall to spring. The aerodynamic properties of the atmospheric surface layer were turbulent, with typical roughness length of 12 to 24 mm. Evaporation from corn residue covered soils in climate chambers simulating the diurnal course of temperature in the field were up to 60% less than bare soil. Wind tunnel studies showed that turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer added a convective component to the transport of water vapor and heat through the mulches. The decreasing the porosity of the mulch diminished this effect. Factors increasing the resistance to vapor flow lowering the effect of wind. The behavior of wheat straw and stabilized soil aggregates mulches were similar, but the resistance to water of soil aggregate layer with diameter less than 2 mm were very large, close to the values expected from molecular diffusion.
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Bradford, Joe, Itzhak Shainberg, and Lloyd Norton. Effect of Soil Properties and Water Quality on Concentrated Flow Erosion (Rills, Ephermal Gullies and Pipes). United States Department of Agriculture, November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613040.bard.

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Concentrated flow erosion in rills, pipes, ephermal gullies, and gullies is a major contributor of downstream sedimentation. When rill or gullies form in a landscape, a 3- to 5-fold increase in soil loss commonly occurs. The balance between the erosive power of the flow and the erosion resistance of the bed material determines the rate of concentrated flow erosion. The resistance of the bed material to detachment depends primarily on the magnitude of the interparticle forces or cohesion holding the particles and aggregates together. The effect of soil properties on bed material resistance and concentrated flow erosion was evaluated both in the laboratory and field. Both rill erodibility and critical hydraulic shear were greater when measured in 9.0 m long rills under field conditions compared with laboratory mini-flumes. A greater hydraulic shear was required to initiate erosion in the field compared to the mini-flume because of the greater aggregate and clod size and stability. Once erosion was initiated, however, the rate of erosion as a function of hydraulic shear was greater under field conditions because of the greater potential for slaking upon wetting and the greater soil surface area exposed to hydraulic shear. Erosion tests under controlled laboratory conditions with the mini-flume allowed individual soil variables to be studied. Attempts to relate rill erosion to a group soil properties had limited success. When individual soil properties were isolated and studied separately or grouped separately, some trends were identified. For example, the effect of organic carbon on rill erodibility was high in kaolinitic soils, low in smectitic soils, and intermediate in the soils dominated by illite. Slow prewetting and aging increased the cohesion forces between soil particles and decreased rill erodibility. Quick prewetting increased aggregate slaking and increased erodibility. The magnitude of the effect of aging depended upon soil type. The effect of clay mineralogy was evaluated on sand/clay mixtures with montmorillonite (M), Illite (I), and kaolinite (K) clays. Montmorillonite/sand mixtures were much less erodible than either illite or kaolonite sand mixtures. Na-I and Na-K sand mixtures were more erodible than Ca-I and Ca-K due to increased strength from ionic bonding and suppression of repulsive charges by Ca. Na-M was less erodiblethan Ca-M due to increased surface resulting from the accessibility of internal surfaces due to Na saturation. Erodibility decreased when salt concentration was high enough to cause flocculation. This occurred between 0.001 mole L-1 and 0.01 mole L-1. Measuring rill erodibility in mini-flumes enables the measurement of cohesive forces between particles and enhances our ability to learn more about cohesive forces resisting soil detachment under concentrated water flow.
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Schlossnagle, Trevor H., Janae Wallace,, and Nathan Payne. Analysis of Septic-Tank Density for Four Communities in Iron County, Utah - Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah. Utah Geological Survey, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-284.

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Iron County is a semi-rural area in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. Although much of the development is on community sewer systems, many subdivisions use septic tank soil-absorption systems for wastewater disposal. Many of these septic-tank systems overlie the basin-fill deposits that compose the principal aquifer for the area. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for waterresource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the water quality of four areas in Iron County (Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah) with emphasis on nutrients, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby recommend appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. We collected 57 groundwater samples and three surface water samples across the four study areas to establish baseline nitrate concentrations. The baseline nitrate concentrations for Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 1.51 mg/L, 1.42 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively. We employed a mass-balance approach to determine septic-tank densities using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations for each region. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. To provide recommended septic-system densities, we used a mass-balance approach in which the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests compiled from drinking water source protection documents to derive hydraulic conductivity from reported transmissivities. Potentiometric surface maps from existing publications and datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most appropriate recommended maximum septic-tank densities in Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 23 acres per system, 7 acres per system, 5 acres per system, and 11 acres per system, respectively. These recommendations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Public valley-wide sewer systems may be a better alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.
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Mosquna, Assaf, and Sean Cutler. Systematic analyses of the roles of Solanum Lycopersicum ABA receptors in environmental stress and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604266.bard.

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Drought and other abiotic stresses have major negative effects on agricultural productivity. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many responses to environmental stresses and can be used to improve crop performance under stress. ABA levels rise in response to diverse abiotic stresses to coordinate physiological and metabolic responses that help plants survive stressful environments. In all land plants, ABA receptors are responsible for initiating a signaling cascade that leads to stomata closure, growth arrest and large-scale changes in transcript levels required for stress tolerance. We wanted to test the meaning of root derived ABA signaling in drying soil on water balance. To this end we generated transgenic tomato lines in which ABA signaling is initiated by a synthetic agonist- mandipropamid. Initial study using a Series of grafting experiments indicate that that root ABA signaling has no effect on the immediate regulation of stomata aperture. Once concluded, these experiments will enable us to systematically dissect the physiological role of root-shoot interaction in maintaining the water balance in plants and provide new tools for targeted improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
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Thoma, David. Landscape phenology, vegetation condition, and relations with climate at Capitol Reef National Park, 2000–2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2297289.

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Quantitatively linking satellite observations of vegetation condition and climate data over time provides insight to climate influences on primary production, phenology (timing of growth), and sensitivity of vegetation to weather and longer-term patterns of weather referred to as climate. This in turn provides a basis for understanding potential climate impacts to vegetation—and the potential to anticipate cascading ecological effects, such as impacts to forage, habitat, fire potential, and erosion, as climate changes in the future. This report provides baseline information about vegetation production and condition over time at Capitol Reef National Park (NP), as derived from satellite remote sensing. Its objective is to demonstrate methods of analysis, share findings, and document historic climate exposure and sensitivity of vegetation to weather and climate as a driver of vegetation change. This report represents a quantitative foundation of vegetation–climate relationships on an annual timestep. The methods can be modified to finer temporal resolution and other spatial scales if further analyses are needed to inform park planning and management. The knowledge provided in this report can inform vulnerability assessments for Climate Smart Conservation planning by park managers. Patterns of pivot points and responses can serve as a guide to anticipate what, where, when, and why vegetation change may occur. For this analysis, vegetation alliance groups were derived from vegetation-map polygons (Von Loh et al. 2007) by lumping vegetation types expected to respond similarly to climate. Relationships between vegetation production and phenology were evaluated for each alliance map unit larger than a satellite pixel (~300 × 300 m). We used a water-balance model to characterize the climate experienced by plants. Water balance translates temperature and precipitation into more biophysically relevant climate metrics, such as soil moisture and drought stress, that are often more strongly correlated with vegetation condition than temperature or precipitation are. By accounting for the interactions between temperature, precipitation, and site characteristics, water balance helps make regional climate assessments relevant to local scales. The results provide a foundation for interpreting weather and climate as a driver of changes in primary production over a 20-year period at the polygon and alliance-group scale. Additionally, they demonstrate how vegetation type and site characteristics, such as soil properties, slope, and aspect, interact with climate at local scales to determine trends in vegetation condition. This report quantitatively defines critical water needs of vegetation and identifies which alliance types, in which locations, may be most susceptible to climate-change impacts in the future. Finally, this report explains how findings can be used in the Climate Smart Conservation framework, with scenario planning, to help manage park resources through transitions imposed by climate change.
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10

Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.

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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation
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