Journal articles on the topic 'Soil texture type'
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1
Poniman, Poniman. "REMEDIASI RESIDU INSEKTISIDA KLORPIRIFOS PADA PERTANAMAN CABAI MERAH (Capsicum annum L.) DI TANAH TEKSTUR RINGAN DAN TEKSTUR BERAT." Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah 19, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36762/jurnaljateng.v19i1.842.
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Chlorpyrifos is widely used by farmers as a contact poison to control leaf and fruit pests in red chilies. Chlorpyrifos is very toxic to the environment and to living things, although it is easily degraded and has a short half-life. Remediation materials in the form of activated charcoal, biochar, and microbial consortium are effective remediation technologies to reduce insecticide residues. Each compound has different characteristics based on the type and texture of the soil. Research with the aim of determining the ability of remediation agents in reducing chlorpyrifos insecticide residues was carried out in the screen house of the Agricultural Environment Research Institute between May-November 2017. The results showed that the effectiveness of reducing chlorpyrifos residue in the soil was different according to its texture. Application of 2 l / ha of consortium microbes was effective in lowered chlorpyrifos residue in lightweight-texture soils, while biochar-coated urea was effective in reducing chlorpyrifos residues in weight-textured soils. Urea coated with activated charcoal showed relatively stable red chilli yields in the two types of soil textures.
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Fukuda, Monrawee, Dohan M. Soma, Shinya Iwasaki, Satoshi Nakamura, Takashi Kanda, Korodjouma Ouattara, and Fujio Nagumo. "Site-specific responses of lowland rice to acidulated and calcined phosphate rock fertilizers in the Center-West region of Burkina Faso." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): e0250240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250240.
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Soil phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major constraint of crop production in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, P is rarely replenished as fertilizer supplies are limited in rural areas and because of the socio-economic situation of farmers. There is however, an abundance of local phosphate rock resource in the country. The development of local inorganic P fertilizers to improve crop production and replace the nutrients removed after harvesting, as well as to promote to sustainable agriculture, is desired. This study evaluated the efficiency of low-grade Burkina Faso phosphate rock (BPR)-based P fertilizers, produced by acidulation and calcination-the major fertilizer processing methods, on lowland rice production and the soil factors influencing their effectiveness. The results showed that the acidulated P fertilizers were as effective as conventional commercial P fertilizers on various soil types, textures, and fertility. Calcined P fertilizers were consistently effective on fine-textured soils with high basic fertility. It was found that fine soil texture and basic fertility of the initial soils were important factors in agronomic efficiency of BPR-based fertilizers and the resilience of rice production to climatic variability. It is recommended that soil type, with respect to soil texture, soil properties, inherent fertility, and water availability, should be considered when using BPR-based fertilizers for rice cultivation.
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Laffan, M. D., and T. J. Kingston. "Earthworms in some Tasmanian forest soils in relation to bioturbation and soil texture profile." Soil Research 35, no. 6 (1997): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96076.
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Soil properties and earthworm population density were examined for 5 forest soils derived from Silurian-Devonian sandstones (Mathinna Beds) in north-eastern Tasmania. The soils occur along gradients of altitude, rainfall, and forest type; they include 2 with texture-contrast and 3 with gradational soil profile types. The density and biomass of the most abundant earthworm species Megascolex montisarthuri, and of all earthworm species combined, were found to be greater in gradational than in texture-contrast soils. A greater proportion of the earthworms in gradational soils than in texture-contrast soils was found to occur at soil depths exceeding 10 cm. The contrast was most pronounced between the 2 texture-contrast soils and the single gradational soil that occur under dry eucalypt forest. This paper explores the hypothesis that bioturbation of surface and subsurface layers by earthworms is an important mixing process that in gradational soils outweighs the counter tendency for soil particles to sort and thus form texture-contrast profiles.
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Riffkin, Penny A., Paul E. Quigley, Gavin A. Kearney, Fiona J. Cameron, Robert R. Gault, Mark B. Peoples, and Janice E. Thies. "Factors associated with biological nitrogen fixation in dairy pastures in south-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 2 (1999): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98035.
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A survey of 71 sites was conducted in the dairying districts of south-western Victoria in October 1994 to determine factors associated with nitrogen (N) fixation in white clover based pastures. Twenty-eight factors (environmental, microbiological, management, soil, and pasture) were considered in relation to 2 indicators of N fixation by white clover, %Ndfa (percentage of total plant N derived from the atmosphere, as determined by the 15N natural abundance method) and kg of N fixed per tonne herbage dry matter (legume and non-legume). On light-textured soils (sandy loams), soil potassium, rhizobia numbers, total soil N, and density of the nematode Pratylenchus sp. accounted for 72% of variation in %Ndfa. On medium-textured soils (clay loams), crude protein of perennial ryegrass and plant-available phosphorus in the soil accounted for 30% of variation in %Ndfa. The amount of N fixed was influenced by different factors, again depending on soil texture. Soil chemical properties accounted for 31% variation on the medium-textured soils with nematode density, pasture quality, and soil chemical properties accounting for 77% of variation on light-textured soils. Amounts of N fixed per tonne herbage dry matter produced averaged 8.2 kg on the light-textured soils and 7.3 kg on the medium-textured soils. Average %Ndfa values were 67% and 60% on light- and medium-textured soils, respectively. Effects of soil texture on N fixation were attributed to the different cation exchange and water-holding capacities of the soils and highlight the importance of considering soil type in N fixation studies.
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Lodygin, Evgeny Dmitrievich, Vasily Aleksandrovich Beznosikov, and Evgeny Vasil'evich Abakumov. "Hydrocarbons content in soils of the northernmost taiga ecosystem of Komi Republic (North-East of Russia)." Czech Polar Reports 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2017-2-24.
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The background concentrations of hydrocarbons (HCs) were estimated for soils of the northernmost and northern taiga ecosystem of the Komi Republic. It was shown that accumulation and distribution of hydrocarbons in soil cover is regulated by following pedological factors: texture class, parent material and landform type and the type of soil forming process. In all studied soils of accumulative positions showed more pronounces accumulation of hydrocarbons than the soils of well-drained eluvial positions. Interprofile differentiation of hydrocarbons content is more expressed in clay-textured soils than sandy ones.
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Li, Jinlin, Lanhui Zhang, Chansheng He, and Chen Zhao. "A Comparison of Markov Chain Random Field and Ordinary Kriging Methods for Calculating Soil Texture in a Mountainous Watershed, Northwest China." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082819.
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Accurate mapping the spatial distribution of different soil textures is important for eco-hydrological studies and water resource management. However, it is quite a challenge to map the soil texture in data scarce, hard to access mountainous watersheds. This paper compares a nonlinear method, the Markov chain random field (MCRF) with a classical linear method, ordinary kriging (OK) for calculating the soil texture at different search radiuses in the upstream region of the Heihe River Watershed. Results show that soil texture values that were calculated by the OK method tends to predict soil texture values within a certain range (sand (12.098~40.317), silt (47.847~71.231), and clay (12.781~19.420)) because of the smoothing effect, thus leading to greater accuracy in predicting the major soil texture type (silt loam). Nonetheless, the MCRF method considers the interclass relationships between sampling points, leading to greater accuracy in predicting minor types (loam and sandy loam). Meanwhile, the OK method performed best for all the types at the radius of 65 km influenced by the densities of all the sampling points, while the best performance of the MCRF method differs with radiuses as the largest densities varying for different soil types. For loam and sandy loam, the OK method ignored them, thus the MCRF method is more suitable in mountainous areas with high soil heterogeneity.
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Ogundola, Adijat F., Callistus Bvenura, and Anthony J. Afolayan. "Effect of soil type on chemical composition and antioxidant properties of Solanum nigrum (L.) shoot oil extracts." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 20, no. 4 (January 24, 2022): 839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v20i4.26.
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Purpose: To investigate the effect of different soil textures on chemical composition and antioxidant properties of essential oils from Solanum nigrum.
Methods: Four soils of differing texture were formulated from soil under fallow to cultivate S. nigrum in a glasshouse. Essential Oil was extracted from fresh shoots by solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant properties were assayed (DPPH) and ABTS
Results: GC-MS profiling revealed variations in the quality index (QI), number of chemical constituents and antioxidant results of S. nigrum oil. Geraniol and citronellol were the two principal components. The highest activity of the antioxidant was found in plants cultivated on clay loam soil. Fifty percent (50%) Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) ranged from 1.196 to 1.594 μg/mL and 0.067 to 3.59 μg /mL in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively.
Conclusions: This research work indicates that soil texture influences the oil quality, quantity and chemical composition of oil extracted from S. nigrum shoots. Essential oil extracts from S. nigrum grown on clay loam soils recorded the highest antioxidant properties.
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Xia, Youlong, Michael B. Ek, Yihua Wu, Trent Ford, and Steven M. Quiring. "Comparison of NLDAS-2 Simulated and NASMD Observed Daily Soil Moisture. Part II: Impact of Soil Texture Classification and Vegetation Type Mismatches." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 1981–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0097.1.
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Abstract In this second part of a two-part paper, the impacts of soil texture and vegetation type misclassification and their combined effect on soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and total runoff simulation are investigated using the Noah model. The results show that these impacts are significant for most regions and soil layers, although they vary depending on soil texture classification, vegetation type, and season. The use of site-observed soil texture classification and vegetation type in the model does not necessarily improve anomaly correlations and reduce mean absolute error for soil moisture simulations. Instead, results are mixed when examining all regions and soil layers. This is attributed to the compensation effects (e.g., effect of ill-calibrated model parameters), as Noah has been more or less calibrated with model-specified soil texture classification and vegetation type. The site-based analysis shows that Noah can reasonably simulate the variation of daily evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and total runoff when soil texture classification (vegetation type) is corrected from loam (forest) to clay (grasslands) or vice versa. This suggests that the performance of Noah can be further improved by tuning model parameters when site-observed soil texture and vegetation type are used.
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BLACK, J. M. W., and D. S. CHANASYK. "THE WIND ERODIBILITY OF SOME ALBERTA SOILS AFTER SEEDING: AGGREGATION IN RELATION TO FIELD PARAMETERS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 835–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-084.
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Average percentages of soil material > 0.84 mm diameter estimated from wind erodibility groups (WEG) are commonly employed in the appraisal of the wind erodibility of soils. Soil samples taken after seeding from four areas of Alberta were sieved on a Modified Rapid Rotary Sieve. Agreement between the sieving data and estimates of material > 0.84 mm made using the WEG was poor (r = 0.33). Samples from soil textural groups generally had twice as much material > 0.84 mm than predicted by the WEG. Using 350 soil samples the relationship between soil aggregates > 0.84 mm and (1) field estimated soil properties, and (2) soil management was investigated by multiple regression analysis. Aggregation was strongly dependent on soil texture (r = 0.67) with coarser-textured soils having fewer aggregates > 0.84 mm and thereby being more erodible. Increasing quantities of soil carbonates (up to 10%) increased soil erodibility. Preseeding tillage decreased erodibility. Conversely, postseeding packing operations increased erodibility except when a rodweeder was used. Type of seeding implement, rotations, and type of crop seeded (oilseeds versus grains) had no statistically significant effect on aggregation. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) for the final model was 0.61. Results were corroborated by previous experimental findings and confirmed that the WEG are not accurate for Canadian Prairie soils. The study demonstrated that although soil texture and carbonate content played an important role, tillage had a considerable effect on soil erodibility. Key words: Wind erosion, soil erodibility, WEG, aggregation, soil management
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White, PF. "Soil and plant factors relating to the poor growth of Lupinus species on fine-textured, alkaline soils - a review." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 5 (1990): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900871.
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Soil type is an important factor affecting the growth of lupins. Successful lupin cultivation is generally restricted to deep, acid to neutral, coarse-textured soils. Very little is known about the factors affecting the performance of lupins on other soil types. This review attempts to define the major factors controlling the growth of lupins of fine-textured, alkaline soils, with a view to providing a focus for future research. Wild populations of the genus, as a whole, occupy soils of a wide pH and textural range (pH 4-8.5, texture ranging from coarse sands to fine clays), although the majority of populations are found on light soils of sandy loam or loamy sand texture with pH values between 5.5 and 7. Species within the genus have distinct preferences for soils of a narrower range than the genus as a whole. Commercially cultivated species appear to be adapted to a narrower range of soil types than the wild species. Iron nutrition, seedling emergence, and rooting pattern and phenology are the major factors influencing the performance of lupins on fine-textured, alkaline soils. Lupins appear to possess some mechanisms thought to enhance the availability of Fe, nevertheless they suffer severely from Fe deficiency. Conditions prevailing on fine-textured, alkaline soils (poor drainage and aeration, CaCO3) are frequently conducive to Fe deficiency. The epigeal pattern of emergence of lupins is unsuitable to fine-textured soils, particularly if crust formation occurs. The rooting pattern and phenology of lupins is better suited to deep sandy soils than shallow, fine-textured soils, and this exacerbates late-season water stress. A better understanding of these factors may allow breeding and management strategies to be developed which will extend lupin cultivation to a wider range of soils.
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Agung Riswandi and Uun Febriyani. "POLA PENYEBARAN KEPITING BIOLA (Uca sp.) DI KAWASAN MANGROVE CURAHSAWO PROBOLINGGO, JAWA TIMUR." Clarias : Jurnal Perikanan Air Tawar 3, no. 1 (July 14, 2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56869/clarias.v3i1.345.
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One type of crab that has habitat in intertidal areas is the Violin Crab (Uca sp.)l, especially around the mangrove forest area. This research was conducted in the mangrove area of Curahsawo, East Java in April 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure of the Violin Crab community in the mangrove area of Curahsawo Probolinggo. Parameters measured were soil pH, soil organic matter and soil texture. There are 3 sampling points, namely station 1 in the mangrove area, station 2 in the pond area, and station 3 in the estuary area. The results of environmental quality measurements at the research location were that the highest soil pH was around 8.03, while the highest soil organic matter was 3.106%, and the soil types were dusty clay and sandy loam. Uca rosea, Uca lactea, Uca vocans, Uca perplexa, Uca dussumieri, Uca demani are 6 types of violin crabs found in the Curahsawo mangrove ecosystem. , Uca demani and grouped for Uca rosea and Uca perplexa. The results of the distribution of violin crabs on the type of soil texture were very visible in the scattered Uca perplexa crabs because at all soil sampling points the highest number was 16 ind/m2 in both types of soil textures.
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Bonomelli, Claudia, Pilar M. Gil, and Bruce Schaffer. "Effect of Soil Type on Calcium Absorption and Partitioning in Young Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Trees." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120837.
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A two-year study was conducted to determine how soil texture affects calcium (Ca) absorption and partitioning in potted ‘Hass’ avocado trees. Trees were planted in 200 L pots in one of four soil types: clay (C), clay loam (CL), sandy loam (SL) or sand (S). Prior to planting, Ca content in each soil was in the normal range of availability, although the Ca concentration was highest in C soil. After two years of tree development, dry weights of shoots and roots were significantly higher in the SL and S soils than in C soil. Trees in the C soil had higher wood dry weight than trees in SL or S soils. The Ca contents (absolute quantities, not concentrations) in the roots, shoots and whole tree were significantly lower in the C soil than in the SL or S soils. The K/Ca ratio of trees in the C soil (K/Ca = 1.5) was significantly higher than that in the other soil types. Stem water potential was significantly lower for trees in the C soil compared to the other soils. These results indicate that Ca absorption and partitioning in young avocado trees varies with soil texture, probably associated with soil effects on root growth and/or plant water status.
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Gajewski, Piotr, Zbigniew Kaczmarek, Wojciech Owczarzak, Andrzej Mocek, and Bartłomiej Glina. "Selected physical and water properties of soils located in the vicinity of proposed opencast lignite mine “Drzewce” (middle Poland)." Soil Science Annual 66, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssa-2015-0022.
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Abstract The paper presents physical and water properties of six soils located in the areas directly adjacent to “Drzewce” lignite open cast mine (KWB Konin). The conducted works included preparation of pits of various soil types in points characteristic to large and representative soil allotments. The selected soil types represented mineral and organic soils. Samples of disturbed and undisturbed structure were taken from various genetic horizons for laboratory analysis. Such properties as content of total carbon, texture, specific density, bulk density, total and drainage porosity, moisture, saturated hydraulic conductivity, the potential of water bonding, total and readily available water, and total retention were determined in the samples from the horizons of 0–100 cm. The investigated soils showed mostly sandy texture with few local loam insertions. Texture and the content of organic matter were the most important parameters which influenced all analyzed properties. Morphology and the properties of the examined soils as well as deep level of soil – ground water were decisive factors when categorizing them as a precipitation-water type. Such soils will not undergo degradation caused by the dehydrating depression cone of open cast mine.
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Fleming, Kim L., William L. Powers, Alice J. Jones, and Glenn A. Helmers. "Alternative production systems' effects on the K-factor of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 12, no. 2 (June 1997): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007244.
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AbstractThe soil erodibility factor (K) of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation is currently considered a constant for all soils in the same type, regardless of production practice. To examine the effect of alternative production systems on the K-factor we compared pairs of alternatively and conventionally farmed fields on a Judson silt loam (Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Cumulic Hapludolls), a Yutan silty clay loam (Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Mollic Hapludalf), and a Wann fine sandy loam (Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Haplustolls). Soil cores were taken from the surface 10 cm and analyzed for organic matter, permeability, structure, and texture. These data were used to estimate K-factors from a nomograph. All soils in the study had a fine granular structure. Organic matter content and permeability were significantly higher for the alternatively managed field at every location, except for no difference in permeability on the Judson soil. However, the K-factor was significantly lower for the alternative system on the Judson soil. Of all the parameters, texture has the greatest influence in determining K-factors within the nomograph, with soils higher in silt being more erodible than soils higher in sand or clay. Thus, the influences of alternative production systems affected the Judson soil to a greater degree than other textures because of its higher inherent susceptibility to erosion. This study shows that alternative production systems affect the K-factor of some soil types and can reduce soil erodibility, and therefore should be considered when developing conservation plans.
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Ghirardello, Giovani Apolari, Lucas da Silva Araújo, Gustavo Soares da Silva, André Felipe Moreira Silva, Luiz Henrique Franco de Campos, and Ricardo Victoria Filho. "Efficacy of the herbicides indaziflam and clomazone on problematic weeds of family poaceae to sugarcane crop." Bioscience Journal 38 (August 26, 2022): e38070. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v38n0a2022-56358.
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It is believed that indaziflam gives a longer period of weed control compared to clomazone, irrespective of the type or texture of the soil. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate pre-emergent control in five problematic weed species of family Poaceae to sugarcane, using the herbicides indaziflam and clomazone in two soils of different textures. Two experiments were carried out, one in a soil of a sandy-loam texture and the other in a clayey soil. For both experiments, a randomised block design of split plots was chosen, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the herbicides indaziflam (75 and 100 g ai ha-1), clomazone (1080 g ai ha-1) and a control with no herbicide. In the subplots, the treatments were Digitaria horizontalis, Panicum maximum, Rottboellia cochinchinensis, Urochloa decumbens and Urochloa plantaginea. Both herbicides were more effective in the clayey soil, but with indaziflam (100 g ai ha-1), more than 90% control of the weeds remained after 240 days after application (DAA), whereas for clomazone, control remained only up to 90 DAA. The herbicide clomazone did not satisfactorily control the weeds in the sandy-loam soil. The herbicide indaziflam did not control U. decumbens in the sandy-loam soil. D. horizontalis and R. cochinchinensis were the most sensitive species to the herbicide indaziflam, irrespective of soil texture.
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Campbell, K. A., and C. DB Hawkins. "Paper birch and lodgepole pine root reinforcement in coarse-, medium-, and fine-textured soils." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-076.
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The increased soil cohesion or reinforcement provided by roots varies among plant species and soil types. This study compared the contribution of paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) roots to soil shear resistance in two controlled environment experiments. Roots of paper birch and lodgepole pine trees contributed to a significant increase in soil shear resistance, regardless of soil type. At a shear depth of 0.20 to 0.44 m, paper birch contributed greater reinforcement than lodgepole pine. Both birch and pine provided the most root reinforcement in coarse-textured soil and the least reinforcement in medium-textured silt soil. Soil texture, porosity, and shear strength may have affected root branching of the two species, which in turn may have affected root reinforcement. At less than 1 year of age, paper birch trees planted as plugs can substantially increase soil shear strength compared with lodgepole pine in all soil types.
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Sun, Guanfang, Yan Zhu, Zhaoliang Gao, Jinzhong Yang, Zhongyi Qu, Wei Mao, and Jingwei Wu. "Spatiotemporal Patterns and Key Driving Factors of Soil Salinity in Dry and Wet Years in an Arid Agricultural Area with Shallow Groundwater Table." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081243.
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Soil salinization is a major eco-environmental problem in irrigated agro-ecosystems. Understanding regional soil salinity spatial patterns and seasonal dynamics and their driving factors under changing environments is beneficial to managing soil salinity to maintain agricultural production in arid agricultural areas. To better investigate this topic, soil salinity was measured, ranging from topsoil to the depth of 1.8 m in an irrigation district with 68 sampling sites before and after the crop growing seasons of the dry year of 2017 and wet year of 2018. Soil texture, groundwater table depth, groundwater salinity, and crop type were monitored. The results indicated that an increase in soil salinity in the root zone (0–0.6 m) was accompanied by a decrease in soil salinity in the deep soil (0.6–1.8 m) through the crop growing season due to water movement from the deep layer to shallow layer, whereas the opposite trend was observed during the fallow seasons. During the dry year, the area with soil desalted was measured to be 19.89%, 14.42%, and 2.78% lower at depths of 0–0.6 m, 0.6–1.2 m, and 1.2–1.8 m than that during the wet year. The groundwater table depth in the crop growing season had the least impact on the change in root zone soil salinity (p > 0.05). Interactions between crop types and groundwater table depth had a significant effect on the change of soil salinity in the root zone during the growing season of the dry year, but were insignificant during the wet year. Crop types, groundwater table depth, and climate conditions determined the contribution of shallow groundwater to crop water consumption and, to a greater extent, soil salinity. Regression tree analysis showed that groundwater salinity and soil texture had a greater influence on soil salinity than groundwater table depth and land elevation. The effect of groundwater on soil salinity is strongly related to soil texture, and the salinity of fine-textured soil was 36–54% greater than that of coarse-textured soil due to large capillary action. Therefore, we suggest strengthening groundwater management in areas with fine-textured soil to relieve soil salinization, particularly during dry years.
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Umin, Mariana, and Agustinus J.P. Anasaga. "KARAKTERISTIK SIFAT FISIK TANAH PADA LAHAN BUDIDAYA UBI KAYU (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) DI DESA WOLOGAI TENGAH." AGRICA 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v12i1.9.
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Characteristics of soil physical properties are the diversity of soil conditions based on structure, texture, soil color, and soil moisture content. Features of the physical properties of the soil influenced by several factors, including poor land management, which results in a decrease in fertility levels that includes physical, chemical, and biological soil characteristics.The method used in this study is the sample cluster method. Consists of a small group of units and then randomly selected as a representative of the population, all elements in the chosen cluster used as research samples. This study aims to determine the physical characteristics of soil texture, soil structure, soil color, and soil moisture content in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Wologai Tengah Village.The results showed that the texture of the soil in cassava soil dominated by clay texture. The structure of the angular lumpy ground, soil color 10 YR 2/1 Black, and 10 YR 2/2 Very Dark Brown and had a soil moisture content of 37.4%. This soil type is an ideal soil type or classified as fertile to cultivate cassava plants.
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Luino, Fabio, Jerome De Graff, Marcella Biddoccu, Francesco Faccini, Michele Freppaz, Anna Roccati, Fabrizio Ungaro, Michele D’Amico, and Laura Turconi. "The Role of Soil Type in Triggering Shallow Landslides in the Alps (Lombardy, Northern Italy)." Land 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081125.
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Shallow landslides due to the soil saturation induced by intense rainfall events are very common in northern Italy, particularly in the Alps and Prealps. They are usually triggered during heavy rainstorms, causing severe damage to property, and sometimes causing casualties. A historical study and analysis of shallow landslides and mud-debris flows triggered by rainfall events in Lombardy was carried out for the period of 1911–2010, over an area of 14,019 km2. In this study, intensity–duration rainfall thresholds have been defined using the frequentist approach, considering some pedological characteristics available in regional soil-related databases, such as the soil region, the textural class, and the dominant soil typological units (STU). The soil-based empirical rainfall thresholds obtained considering the soil regions of the study area were significantly different, with a lower threshold for landslide occurrence in the soil region M1 (Alps), where soils developed over siliceous parent material, with respect to the whole study area and the soil region M2 (Prealps), where soils developed over calcareous bedrocks. Furthermore, by considering textural classes, the curves were differentiated, with coarse-textured soils found more likely to triggerlandslides than fine soils. Finally, considering both texture and main soil groups, given the same rainfall duration, the rainfall amount and intensity needed to initiate a landslide increased in the following order: “coarse-skeletal” Cambisols < Umbrisols < Podzols < “fine” Cambisols. The results of this study highlighted the relevant role of pedological conditioning factors in differentiating the activation of rainfall-induced shallow landslides in a definite region. The information on soils can be used to define more precise rainfall–pedological thresholds than empirical thresholds based solely on meteorological conditions, even when they are locally defined. This knowledge is crucial for forecasting and preventing geo-hydrological processes and in developing better warning strategies to mitigate risks and to reduce socio-economic damage.
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Suleman, Muhammad, Muhammad Ashraf, Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza, Muhammad Amjad Bashir, Shafeeq Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aon, Saba Ali, et al. "Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils." Land 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081313.
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Non-nutritive metals, especially cadmium (Cd), are present in P fertilizers; the long-term application of these P fertilizers leads to Cd build-up in the soil. The current study aims to evaluate the impacts of P sources and rates on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and the bioavailability of Cd. Twelve treatments including rock phosphate 4 g kg−1 (RP1); 8 g kg−1 (RP2); 12 g kg−1 (RP3)); single super phosphate 333 mg kg−1 (SSP1); 444 mg kg−1 (SSP2); 555 mg kg−1 (SSP3); di-ammonium phosphate 130 mg kg−1 (DAP1); 174 mg kg−1 (DAP2); 218 mg kg−1 (DAP3); mono-ammonium phosphate 115 mg kg−1 (MAP1); 154 mg kg−1 (MAP2); 193 mg kg−1 (MAP3) in two soil textures (sandy and clayey) were assessed. Results revealed that all P sources significantly influenced the plant growth and yield characteristics of maize (p ≤ 0.05). In both soil textures, P in soil and plant, plant growth and yield characteristics were maximized by MAP and DAP. Cadmium build-up in soil and uptake was also significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by P sources, levels, and soil texture. It was observed that Cd build-up in soil and uptake by plants boosted with increasing P levels. Maximum Cd concentration in plant root and shoot was found with SSP3, and its concentration in soil increased with MAP3, whereas the concentration was higher in sandy texture. The study concludes that type of P fertilizer should be determined based on texture and human consumption of the crop to avoid Cd toxicity.
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Bashir, Rashid, and Eric Pastora Chevez. "Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Water and Salt Movement in the Vadose Zone at Salt-Impacted Sites." Water 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121833.
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Oilfield-produced brine is a major source of salt contamination in soil and groundwater. Salt transport in the upper soil layers is controlled by the atmospheric interactions via infiltration of meteoritic water. In lower layers, it is controlled by fluctuations in the groundwater table, which are also linked to atmospheric interactions via groundwater recharge. Therefore, climate is an important factor in the movement of contaminants in the unsaturated zone. A one-dimensional variably saturated flow and transport model with soil atmospheric boundary conditions was used to estimate the effect of climate type and soil texture on soil water and salt dynamics in variably saturated soils. Numerical simulations were run with Hydrus-1D, using daily climate data. Simulations were run for nine-year climate datasets for different ecoclimatic locations in Alberta, Canada. Results indicated that coarse-grained materials are good evaporation barriers, resulting in water gain conditions at the ground surface, irrespective of the climate type. However, the quantity of water gain and associated advective fluxes are a function of climate. Results also indicated that flow and transport in fine-textured soils is more dependent on the climate type. For fine-grained soils in arid climatic conditions, net water loss at the ground surface and upward migration of salt can be expected. For wetter climates, the upward migration of salt is less probable.
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Lynn, Tin Mar, Ei Phyu Kyaw, San San Yu, Khine Zar Lin, Hla Mon, Mostafa Zhran, Nwe Nwe Aung, Sabai Thant, and Nan Nan Oo. "Investigation on the variations of soil properties of different agricultural soils in central Myanmar." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 11, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2022.11101.
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Soil properties are varied under human disturbance and understanding how the soil properties change is vital to know the potential of soils and their sensitivity to different soil managements. The aim of this study was to analyze the variation in soil physicochemical characters as influenced by different soil managements (orchards, crop rotation, and intensive use of fertilizer), in central dry zone in Myanmar. Eight soil properties such as soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen, available phosphate (Olsen P), extractable potassium (extractable K), cultivable bacterial counts were analyzed for top soil samples collected from twenty-one agricultural sites which planted for seven different crops. The results showed that studied soil properties except from soil texture were significantly different among studied soils (P<0.05), Olsen P were significantly higher in orchard soils (most intact), than other soil. (OM), (EC), and extractable K were significantly higher in onion soils (intensive use of fertilizer), Clay percent is significantly and positively correlated with most of the soil properties except from Olsen P. These results imply that soil properties are varied based on soil type and land use; therefore, agricultural management is important to maintain and enhance soil physicochemical properties and sustain ecosystem.
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Monreal, C. M., and D. W. Bergstrom. "Soil enzymatic factors expressing the influence of land use, tillage system and texture on soil biochemical quality." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-088.
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We identified complexes of soil nutrient mineralising enzymes expressing the influence of land use, tillage system and texture on soil biochemical quality in production systems involving corn, soybean, wheat and oat. The activities of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, L-glutaminase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and arylsulphatase were measured in 760 soil samples taken from the A horizon of uncultivated land and cultivated Gleysols and Luvisols cropped with conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) systems between 1994 and 1996.Discriminant analysis showed that an enzymatic decomposition factor captured 96% of the total dispersion in soil enzyme activity responding to type of land use and tillage system. The soil enzymes β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and L-glutaminase contributed most to this factor and were sensitive indicators for assessing the health of microbial mineralisation processes of the C and N cycles. Two biochemical factors expressed the influence of texture on soil enzyme activity. The first, a soil organic C and N decomposition factor captured 68% of the dispersion in enzyme activities was influenced mostly by β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase. The second factor, which captured 32% of the dispersion in enzyme activity, was influenced mostly by arylsulphatase and denotes the effects of texture on a pool generally considered to be extracellular in nature. Cluster analysis helped define seven levels of soil enzyme activity ranging from very low (mostly in soils cropped with CT) to very high [mostly in uncultivated (UC) land and soils cropped with RT]. The identification of key enzymatic factors and the definition of seven levels of enzyme activity serve as a basis for developing quantitative systems monitoring the impact of crop production systems on soil enzymes having specific ecological functions in agricultural land. Key words: Soil enzymes, tillage, land use, texture, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, glutaminase
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Czyż, E. A., and A. R. Dexter. "Influence of soil type on the wilting of plants." International Agrophysics 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intag-2013-0008.
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Abstract It has been shown that the water remaining in soil when plants wilt due to soil limitations and the residual water content as observed when soils are de-watered in pressure cell apparatus are essentially the same. Both are produced by immiscible displacement of water by air, and this leads to the water remaining in soil not being in thermodynamic equilibrium. Water removal by immiscible displacement ceases when hydraulic cut-off is reached. The point of hydraulic cut-off may be calculated by fitting waterretention data to equations for both the non-equilibrium case and the equilibrium case, and then solving these simultaneously. This has been done forwater retention data for 52 soil horizons in Poland. These results are used to obtain a pedotransfer function for the permanent wilting point due to soil limitations and the results are presented for the different soil texture classes. The pore water suction when wilting occurs is estimated to be 1.0 MPa. The methods and findings in this paper are used to explain a range of published results on plant wilting.
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Gharechelou, Saeid, Ryutaro Tateishi, and Brian A. Johnson. "Mineral Soil Texture–Land Cover Dependency on Microwave Dielectric Models in an Arid Environment." Land 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9020039.
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In this study, we measured and characterized the relative dielectric constant of mineral soils over the 0.3–3.0 frequency range, and compared our measurements with values of three dielectric constant simulation models (the Wang, Dobson, and Mironov models). The interrelationship between land cover and soil texture with respect to the dielectric constant was also investigated. Topsoil samples (0–10 cm) were collected from homogenous areas based on a land unit map of the study site, located in the Gamsar Plain in northern Iran. The field soil samples were then analyzed in the laboratory using a dielectric probe toolkit to measure the soil dielectric constant. In addition, we analyzed the behaviors of the dielectric constant of the soil samples under a variety of moisture content and soil fraction conditions (after oven-drying the field samples), with the goal of better understanding how these factors affect microwave remote sensing backscattering characteristics. Our laboratory dielectric constant measurements of the real part (ε′) of the frequency dependence between the factors showed the best agreement with the results obtained by the Mironov, Dobson, and Wang models, respectively, but our laboratory measurements of the imaginary part (ε″) did not respond well and showed a higher value in low frequency because of salinity impacts. All data were analyzed by integrating them with other geophysical data in GIS, such as land cover and soil textures. The result of the dielectric constant properties analysis showed that land cover influences the moisture condition, even within the same soil texture type.
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Mouazen, A. M., R. Karoui, J. De Baerdemaeker, and H. Ramon. "Classification of Soil Texture Classes by Using Soil Visual near Infrared Spectroscopy and Factorial Discriminant Analysis Techniques." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 13, no. 4 (August 2005): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.541.
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Texture is one of the main properties affecting the accuracy of visible (vis) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy during on-the-go measurement of soil properties. Classification of soil spectra into predefined texture classes is expected to increase the accuracy of measurement of other soil properties using separate groups of calibration models, each developed for one texture class. A mobile, fibre-type, vis-NIR spectrophotometer (Zeiss Corona 1.7 vis-NIR fibre), with a light reflectance measurement range of 306.5–1710.9 nm was used to measure the light reflectance from fresh soil samples collected from many fields in Belgium and northern France. A total of 365 soil samples were classified into four different texture classes, namely, coarse sandy, fine sandy, loamy and clayey soils. The factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) was applied on the first five principal components obtained from the principal component analysis performed on the vis-NIR spectra in order to classify soils into the four assigned groups. Correct classification (CC) of 85.7% and 81.8% was observed for the calibration and validation data sets, respectively. However, validation of the vis-NIR-FDA technique on the validation set showed poor discrimination between the coarse sandy and fine sandy soil groups, with a great deal of overlapping. Therefore, the soil groups were reduced to three groups by combining the coarse sandy and fine sandy soil groups into one group and FDA was applied again. A better classification was obtained with CC of 89.9 and 85.1% for the calibration and validation data sets, respectively. However, the CC for the sand group in the validation set was rather small (46.7%), which was attributed to the small sample number and poor correlation between sand fraction and vis-NIR spectroscopy. It was concluded that vis-NIR-FDA is an efficient technique to classify soil into three main groups of sandy (light soils), loamy (medium soils) and clayey (heavy soils). Additional samples from the sandy and clayey groups should be included to improve the accuracy of the vis-NIR-FDA classification models to be used for an on-the-go vis-NIR measurement system of soil properties.
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MANAROINSONG, ENGELBERT, and A. A. LOLONG. "Identifikasi Cendawan Mikoriza arbuskular (CMA) pada Beberapa Tekstur." Buletin Palma 16, no. 2 (September 9, 2016): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v16n2.2015.203-210.
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<p><span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRAK </span></p><p>Tanaman kelapa sawit ditanam hampir pada semua jenis tanah seperti gambut, liat berlempung dan lempung berpasir dengan proporsi kandungan tiap tekstur tanah berbeda-beda dilapangan. Cendawan mikoriza arbuskular (CMA) merupakan mikroorganisme tanah yang berperan sebagai mikroba perombak, membantu tanaman dalam penyerapan unsur hara dari tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis dan populasi spora mikoriza pada beberapa tekstur tanah dipertanaman kelapa sawit. Penelitian dilakukan pada 3 (tiga) lokasi perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Sampit, Kalimantan Tengah, yaitu di lahan PT. Sapta Karya Damai (SKD), PT. Agro Bukit dan areal pertanaman kelapa dan kelapa sawit milik petani di Samuda besar. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Juni 2015. Pengambilan contoh tanah dilakukan secara Purposive Sampling. Analisis contoh tanah dilakukan di Laboratorium Pengujian Balittro - Bogor. Parameter yang diamati, yaitu pH, kelembaban tanah, jenis dan jumlah populasi spora mikoriza. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa mikoriza yang ditemukan adalah dari jenis Glomus dengan populasi bervariasi menurut jenis tanah, yaitu berkisar antara 175,3 - 283 buah per 100 mg tanah. Populasi tertinggi, yaitu 283 spora per 100 mg tanah ditemukan pada jenis tanah gambut di perkebunan kelapa sawit PT. Agro Bukit yang belum berproduksi (umur <5 tahun). Populasi terendah, yaitu 175,3 spora per 100 mg tanah ditemukan pada tektur tanah liat berlempung di lokasi perkebunan kelapa sawit PT. Agro Bukit yang telah berproduksi normal (umur <br /> >10 tahun).</p><p>Kata kunci : Cendawan, mikoriza, tekstur, tanah, kelapa sawit.</p><p> </p><p><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Identification of The Fungie Micorhyza Asbuscular on Saveral Soil Textures <br />at Oilpalm Plantation, Central Kalimantan </span></strong></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">ABSTRACT </span></p><p>Oil palm trees planted in virtually all types of soil such as peat, clay and sandy clay with argillaceous proportion of the content of each soil texture is different in the field. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungie (FAM) is a soil microorganisms that act as microbial crusher, helps plants to absorb nutrients from the soil. This study aims to identify the types and populations of mycorrhizal spores in soil texture on oilpalm plantation. The study was conducted at three (3) locations oil palm plantations in the district of Sampit, Central Kalimantan, namely in te area of PT. Sapta Karya Damai (SKD), PT. Agro Bukit and coconut plantations and oil palm farmers in Samuda Besar. The experiment was conducted in March and June 2015. Soil sampling is purposive sampling. Analysis of soil samples carried out in the Laboratory Testing Balittro - Bogor. The parameters observed were pH, soil moisture, type and number of mycorrhizal spores population. The results showed that mycorrhizae are found are of the type Glomus with a population varies according to the type of soil ranged between 175.3 to 283 pieces per 100 mg of soil. The highest population, namely 283 spores per 100 mg of soil found in the peat soil types in PT. Agro Bukit oil palm plantations wihich is not yet in production (<5 years). Lowest population is 175.3 per 100 mg of spores found in soil texture argillaceous clay in PT. Agro Bukit oil palm plantations who have production (>10 years).</p>Keywords : Fungi, michorrizal,textur, soil, oil palm.
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Wu, Ying, Jinwang Bao, Zhiyan Liu, Yansong Bao, and George P. Petropoulos. "Investigation of the Sensitivity of Microwave Land Surface Emissivity to Soil Texture in MLEM." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 3045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133045.
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This study analyzes the spectral characteristics of desert surface emissivity according to soil classification and the influence of mineral materials and soil texture information using simulation results from the microwave land emissivity model (MLEM). It also aims at exploring the feasibility of reducing the simulation error in MLEM by refining the soil classification characteristic parameters (such as soil composition content, distribution of particle size, etc.). The surface emissivity of the Taklimakan Desert is derived, to our knowledge for the first time, from FY-3B/MWRI (FengYun-3B Microwave Radiation Imager), and then the spectral characteristics of the study area for different soil types are further analyzed according to soil classification. In addition, emissivity spectra of the four most widely mineral materials in the desert area are reproduced using an MLEM under different conditions. Results showed that microwave land emissivity is highly correlated with the soil type and changes are markedly affected by the soil water content, soil texture, mineral composition, and soil particle size. For the desert soil, the emissivity of horizontal/vertical polarization is affected by the frequency in those soils dominated by large-size particles. However, for those dominated by smaller particles, the surface emissivity is almost constant or appears to be somehow dependent on the frequency. Moreover, the season effect on emissivity characteristics is clear, especially for soils composed of small-size particles. The emissivity of horizontal polarization shows stronger seasonal variation than that of vertical polarization. The study findings also showed that refining soil texture information (soil component content, distribution of particle size) improves the simulation accuracy in desert areas. For example, for the soil dominated by clay and clay loam, the simulation error is reduced from 6–9% to less than 6%. The latter is evident, especially for soil types containing a large number of small particles, such as clay and clay loam, for which the simulation error is reduced. All in all, our study contributes to a better understanding of the influencing factors of soil texture and stratification of the near-surface soil, helping to improve microwave land surface emissivity prediction by the studied here model. As MLEM consists of an important part of the global meteorological data assimilation and weather forecast system, results can also help towards increasing the use of satellite data in desert areas and in improving the accuracy of numerical weather forecast models.
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Bengough, A. Glyn, Roy Neilson, Bryan Griffiths, and David Trudgill. "The extent to which nematode communities are affected by soil factors-a pot experiment." Nematology 4, no. 8 (2002): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854102321122566.
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AbstractFour similar, agricultural soils with distinct nematode communities were used to determine the extent to which soil and inoculum factors affected nematode community structure. The soils all had a sandy loam texture from the same geographical area and had been in pasture or arable rotation for the last 10 years. Treatments were established in pots containing a middle layer of frozen defaunated soil, sandwiched between an inoculum that was either fresh soil from the same site ('self') or a mixture of soils to give a more diverse inoculum ('mixed'). Principal component analysis indicated that a single soil type given different inocula developed different community structures (i.e., the community under 'self' differed from that under 'mixed') suggesting an inoculum effect. It was also true that different soil types under a single inoculum soil also developed different community structures (i.e., community under 'mixed' differed with soil type), suggesting a soil effect. It is likely that the nematode community structure is influenced by a combination of antecedent land use, soil factors, species introductions and inter-species competition, which should be considered in any interpretation of nematode communities as a biotic indicator.
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Barbosa, Julierme Zimmer, Giovana Clarice Poggere, Maristela Dalpisol, Beatriz Monte Serrat, Simone Bittencourt, and Antonio Carlos Vargas Motta. "Alkalinized sewage sludge application improves fertility of acid soils." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, no. 5 (September 2017): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017415006717.
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ABSTRACT Although it is known that alkalinized sewage sludge raises the pH of acid soils, there is limited knowledge regarding its effects on other soil fertility indicators, such as P and K availability and soil organic C content. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate how the application of alkalinized sewage sludge affects the fertility of acid soil. Twenty sewage treatment plants were selected throughout Paraná State (Brazil), and samples of alkalinized sewage sludge and samples of the most representative agricultural soil of the region were collected (covering soils with medium, clayey or very clayey texture). Each soil was incubated for 60 days with doses of sewage sludge (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 Mg ha-1) from its region and equivalent doses of limestone. The alkalinized sewage sludge was superior to limestone in the correction of soil acidity (pH, Al3+, and H + Al3+) and P and Ca2+ availability. The sludge also increased Mg2+ availability in all soils, K+ in seven soils and organic C in three soils. The very clayey soils (higher buffering capacity) supported higher sludge doses than did clayey and medium texture soils. The alkalinized sewage sludge application in acid soils proved to be an interesting alternative to recycling this type of waste, because it improved soil fertility and could reduce costs associated with soil management and crop fertilization.
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Dargar, Shashi K., and Viranjay M. Srivastava. "Moisture content investigation in the soil samples using microwave dielectric constant measurement method." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp704-710.
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The microwaves of typical frequency ranges of 3 GHz to 30 GHz have been in use for remote sensing applications which are progressing rapidly. The microwaves can sense existing moisture in any material that absorbs moisture such as soil or vegetation. In case of soils which may be comprised of variable mix proportionate of solids, liquids or gases and distinct textures subjected to the associated size and the arrangements of soil particles. Hence, the moisture absorption by a specific type of soil used to be different. The inherent physical and electrical properties such as color, texture, grains, dielectric constant, conductivity or permeability, etc. differentiate various soils. In this work, authors present soil moisture measurement by simple estimation of emissivity i.e. the ratio of energy radiated by an object to absorbing the body of same physical temperature. A strategic method of measuring dielectric constant using a microwave signal is used in this research work. The measurement of the dielectric constant of the soils collected from the specific regions and analysis of results has been reported. The proposed method is less complex and can further be used for the identification of soil moisture and agricultural applications.
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Hahn, C., and R. Gloaguen. "Estimation of soil types by non linear analysis of remote sensing data." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 15, no. 1 (February 15, 2008): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-15-115-2008.
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Abstract. The knowledge of soil type and soil texture is crucial for environmental monitoring purpose and risk assessment. Unfortunately, their mapping using classical techniques is time consuming and costly. We present here a way to estimate soil types based on limited field observations and remote sensing data. Due to the fact that the relation between the soil types and the considered attributes that were extracted from remote sensing data is expected to be non-linear, we apply Support Vector Machines (SVM) for soil type classification. Special attention is drawn to different training site distributions and the kind of input variables. We show that SVM based on carefully selected input variables proved to be an appropriate method for soil type estimation.
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Sladonja, Barbara, Marin Krapac, Dean Ban, Zoran Užila, Slavica Dudaš, and Dušica Dorčić. "Effect of soil type on pyrethrum seed germination." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0063.
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Abstract Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.) is an autochthonous insecticidal plant from Dalmatia (Croatia). It is commercially grown worldwide with a particularly fast expansion in Africa and Australia (Tasmania) and used as a natural insecticide. The study was conducted in Istria, Croatia, in a greenhouse, to determine the effect of soil type on the germination of pyrethrum seeds. The effect of different soil types on the germination of pyrethrum was found to be highly significant. The highest percentage of germination was found on white clay loam (soil type 2), and the lowest on red clay Terra Rossa (soil types 1 and 6). Seed germination was greatly influenced by soil texture, foremost silt percentage, and soil pH. The present study suggests that pyrethrum seed germination is best on slightly alkaline clayey loams with moderate nutrients. Positive correlation was confirmed among germination percentage and silt content and soil pH.
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Alhaj Hamoud, Yousef, Zhenchang Wang, Xiangping Guo, Hiba Shaghaleh, Mohamed Sheteiwy, Sheng Chen, Rangjian Qiu, and Mohammed Elbashier. "Effect of Irrigation Regimes and Soil Texture on the Potassium Utilization Efficiency of Rice." Agronomy 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020100.
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Understanding the effects of irrigation regime and soil texture on potassium-use efficiency (KUE) of rice (Oryza sativa. L) is essential for improving rice productivity. In this regard, experiments were conducted from July to October in 2016 and 2017 by using a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with four replications. The rice plants were grown in three soils, with clay contents of 40%, 50%, and 60%, which were marked as S (40%), S (50%), and S (60%), respectively. For each soil type, irrigation regimes, namely, R (F, S100%), R (F, S90%), and R (F, S70%), were established by setting the lower limit of irrigation to 100%, 90%, and 70% of saturated soil water content, respectively, and the upper limit of irrigation with 30 mm of flooding water above the soil surface for all irrigation regimes. Results showed that the responses of the roots and shoots and the potassium accumulation (KA) and KUE of rice were significantly affected by the water regime and soil texture. In the same irrigation regime, increasing the soil clay content improved the K utilization of rice. Under the same soil type, R (F, S100%) was the optimal water management practice for growing rice. The R (F, S100%) S (60%) treatment presented the highest KUE, which was 56.4% in 2016 and 68.1% in 2017. The R (F, S70%) S (40%) treatment showed the lowest KUE, which was 13.8% in 2016 and 14.9% in 2017. These results enrich knowledge regarding the relationship among soil, water, and rice, and provide valuable insights on the effect of irrigation regime and soil texture on the KA and KUE of rice.
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Zhao, Long, Kun Yang, Jie He, Hui Zheng, and Donghai Zheng. "Potential of Mapping Global Soil Texture Type From SMAP Soil Moisture Product: A Pilot Study." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 60 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3119667.
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Zhao, Long, Kun Yang, Jie He, Hui Zheng, and Donghai Zheng. "Potential of Mapping Global Soil Texture Type From SMAP Soil Moisture Product: A Pilot Study." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 60 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3119667.
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Kush, John S., Douglas G. Pitt, Phillip J. Craul, and William D. Boyer. "Quantifying Forest Soil Physical Variables Potentially Important for Site Growth Analyses." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.1.5.
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Abstract Accurate mean plot values of forest soil factors are required for use as independent variables in site-growth analyses. Adequate accuracy is often difficult to attain because soils are inherently widely variable. Estimates of the variability of appropriate soil factors influencing growth can be used to determine the sampling intensity required to secure accurate mean plot values. A study was conducted to determine the plot means and variation of bulk density, texture, and gross moisture weights within plots associated with the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forest type in south Alabama. Included in the study were three different soil series (Troup, Norfolk, and Esto), at each of three topographic positions (lower, mid, and upper slope). Soil texture was the most variable among the properties studied and gross moisture weights the least variable. Results provide a means of estimating forest soil sampling intensity for use in site growth analyses. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):5–11.
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Riswandi, Agung, Endang Yuli H, and Mulyanto Mulyanto. "Study of Fiddler Crab (Uca sp.)Community in Mangrove Ecosystem of Mangrove Areas Curahsawo Probolinggo, East Java." Samakia : Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/jsapi.v10i1.234.
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Fiddler crab (Uca sp.)one of the crabs that inhabit the intertidal area, especially around the mangrove forest research was conducted in the mangrove areas Curahsawo, district of Gending, Probolinggo, East Java in April 2017. The aim of this study is to determine the structure community violin crabs in the mangrove areas Curahsawo Probolinggo. The measured parameters namely pH, soil organic matter and soil texture. Sampling point there are three stations, namely station 1 is mangrove area, station 2 is in the pond area, the station 3 is the estuary area. Results of measurement of environmental quality at the location of research is soil pH among 7.09 to 8.03, soil organic matter among 1.027% to 3.106%, and the type of soil is sandy clay and dusty clay. fiddler crabs are found in mangrove ecosystem Curahsawo there are 6 types of Uca rosea, Uca lactea, vocans Uca, Uca perplexa, dussumieri Uca, Uca demani. The highest density of crabs is Uca perplexa as much as 16 ind/m2, the lowest type of Uca demani 4 ind/m2. Value diversity fiddler crabs in mangrove ecosystem Sawo relatively standart is 1,56. The value of existing dominance is 0,96. Index violin crab distribution patterns in the Mangrove Ecosystem Munitions Sawo is uniform for Uca lactea, Uca vocans, Uca dussumieri , Uca demani and clumped to Uca rosea and Uca perplexa. The result of the spread of fiddler crab to the type of soil texture is very visible on the Uca perplexa since spread across all points of soil sampling with the number 6 ind/m2 to 16 ind/m2 in the texture of clay and sandy loam.
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Kmoch, Alexander, Arno Kanal, Alar Astover, Ain Kull, Holger Virro, Aveliina Helm, Meelis Pärtel, Ivika Ostonen, and Evelyn Uuemaa. "EstSoil-EH: a high-resolution eco-hydrological modelling parameters dataset for Estonia." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-83-2021.
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Abstract. To understand, model, and predict landscape evolution, ecosystem services, and hydrological processes, the availability of detailed observation-based soil data is extremely valuable. For the EstSoil-EH dataset, we synthesized more than 20 eco-hydrological variables on soil, topography, and land use for Estonia (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3473289, Kmoch et al., 2019a) as numerical and categorical values from the original Soil Map of Estonia, the Estonian 5 m lidar DEM, Estonian Topographic Database, and EU-SoilHydroGrids layers. The Soil Map of Estonia maps more than 750 000 soil units throughout Estonia at a scale of 1:10 000 and forms the basis for EstSoil-EH. It is the most detailed and information-rich dataset for soils in Estonia, with 75 % of mapped units smaller than 4.0 ha, based on Soviet-era field mapping. For each soil unit, it describes the soil type (i.e. soil reference group), soil texture, and layer information with a composite text code, which comprises not only the actual texture class, but also classifiers for rock content, peat soils, distinct compositional layers, and their depths. To use these as eco-hydrological process properties in modelling applications we translated the text codes into numbers. The derived parameters include soil layering, soil texture (clay, silt, and sand contents), coarse fragments, and rock content of the soil layers within the soil profiles. In addition, we aggregated and predicted physical variables related to water and carbon cycles (bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon content, available water capacity). The methodology and dataset developed will be an important resource for the Baltic region, but possibly also for all other regions where detailed field-based soil mapping data are available. Countries like Lithuania and Latvia have similar historical soil records from the Soviet era that could be turned into value-added datasets such as the one we developed for Estonia.
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Dhawale, Nandkishor M., Viacheslav I. Adamchuk, Shiv O. Prasher, Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel, and Ashraf A. Ismail. "Evaluation of Two Portable Hyperspectral-Sensor-Based Instruments to Predict Key Soil Properties in Canadian Soils." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 26, 2022): 2556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072556.
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In contrast with classic bench-top hyperspectral (multispectral)-sensor-based instruments (spectrophotometers), the portable ones are rugged, relatively inexpensive, and simple to use; therefore, they are suitable for field implementation to more closely examine various soil properties on the spot. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two portable spectrophotometers to predict key soil properties such as texture and soil organic carbon (SOC) in 282 soil samples collected from proportional fields in four Canadian provinces. Of the two instruments, one was the first of its kind (prototype) and was a mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrophotometer operating between ~5500 and ~11,000 nm. The other instrument was a readily available dual-type spectrophotometer having a spectral range in both visible (vis) and near-infrared (NIR) regions with wavelengths ranging between ~400 and ~2220 nm. A large number of soil samples (n = 282) were used to represent a wide variety of soil textures, from clay loam to sandy soils, with a considerable range of SOC. These samples were subjected to routine laboratory soil analysis before both spectrophotometers were used to collect diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) measurements. After data collection, the mid-IR and vis-NIR spectra were randomly divided into calibration (70%) and validation (30%) sets. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used with leave one out cross-validation techniques to derive the spectral calibrations to predict SOC, sand, and clay content. The performances of the calibration models were reevaluated on the validation set. It was found that sand content can be predicted more accurately using the portable mid-IR spectrophotometer and clay content is better predicted using the readily available dual-type vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The coefficients of determination (R2) and root mean squared error (RMSE) were determined to be most favorable for clay (0.82 and 78 g kg−1) and sand (0.82 and 103 g kg−1), respectively. The ability to predict SOC content precisely was not particularly good for the dataset of soils used in this study with an R2 and RMSE of 0.54 and 4.1 g kg−1. The tested method demonstrated that both portable mid-IR and vis-NIR spectrophotometers were comparable in predicting soil texture on a large soil dataset collected from agricultural fields in four Canadian provinces.
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Maucieri, Carmelo, and Maurizio Borin. "CO2 Emissions and Maize Biomass Production Using Digestate Liquid Fraction in Two Soil Texture Types." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 4 (2017): 1325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12159.
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Abstract. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil texture and primary tillage type on soil CO2 emission and maize biomass production after digestate liquid fraction (DLF) spreading. The study was conducted in 2014 in two open fields at Terrasa Padovana (farm 1) and Bovolenta (farm 2) in the Veneto Region of Italy. Soil CO2 emission after digestate spreading was evaluated by comparing the effect of soil texture (sandy loam vs. clay loam) at farm 1 and the effect of long-term primary tillage management (>10 years) (ripping vs. plowing) in clay loam soil at farm 2. Unamended soil was considered the control at both farms. DLF was supplied before maize ( L.) sowing at a dose equal to 170 kg total nitrogen ha-1 using a splash-plate technique. DLF spreading determined a CO2 emission peak 1 h after spreading at both farms, with median emission values of 8.93 and 4.35 g m-2 h-1, respectively, from the sandy loam and clay loam soils at farm 1. At farm 2, primary tillage type did not exert a significant effect on CO2 emission peak, with a median value of 5.85 g m-2 h-1. About three days after DLF distribution, soil CO2 fluxes were less than 1 g m-2 h-1. The first soil harrowing and the first rainfall event after spreading determined significantly higher CO2 emissions from amended plots than from unamended plots for a few hours. At farm 1, soil CO2 emission during the maize growing season was significantly higher in the amended plots (+1.7 times) than in the unamended plots, which showed a median emission value of 0.29 g m-2 h-1; soil texture and tillage exerted no significant influence. Maize yield at dough stage was not significantly influenced by DLF at farm 1, with 22.7 ±1.6 Mg ha-1 and 18.7 ±2.8 Mg ha-1 in the clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. At farm 2, the distribution of DLF increased maize biomass production by +17% with respect to the unamended treatment that produced 18.0 ±2.4 Mg ha-1. Although the results reported in this article concern data from only one year, and further long-term experiments are needed to confirm our findings, they indicate that CO2 emissions after digestate distribution are lower in a clay loam soil than in a sandy loam soil and are not affected by primary tillage type. Keywords: Clay loam soil, Digestate splash-plate spreading, Plowing, Ripping, Sandy loam soil.
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Ahmad, Asmita, Muchtar Salam Solle, and Christianto Lopulisa. "Soil Development from Volcanic Ash Based on Different Pyroclastic Composition." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 24, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2019.v24i3.135-140.
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Potential volcano in several provinces in Indonesia played a significant role in the formation and quality of soil development. Soils that developed from the volcanic ashes often thought to contribute greatly to improve soil fertility, without regard to the nature and composition of the volcanic ash produced. Volcanic ash generated from the results in volcanic activity has a different composition, there are basaltic, andesitic and granitic, thereby affecting the process of formation and characteristics of the soil. The Objective of this study is to determine the soil development from different types of pyroclastic generated from Lokon volcano in North Sulawesi. The coordinates of research was in 1o 21' 18.0" N and 124o 49' 20.2"E. this research used ARL Quant X (EDXRF Analyzer) for X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Shimadzu XRD-7000 for X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), geology map (scale 1:250,000), topographic map (scale 1:50,000), XRD software, GIS 10.3 software. Soil analysis for texture, pH, C-Organic, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). There are two types of pyroclastic as the source of soil development from volcanic ash, there are; 1) basaltic pyroclastic with 43.26% Si02 that are resulted from the first magmatic eruption and 2) andesitic pyroclastic with 5.09% Si02 that are resulted from the late magmatic eruption. Basaltic pyroclastic contains Fe 37.63%, Al 11.35%, Ca 13.17% and Mg 5.69%, while andesitic pyroclastic contains Fe 38.35%, Al 6.87%, and Ca 8.61%. Rainfall ranges from 2000-3500 mm/yr helped the soil formation and influenced the character of the soil, such as sandy loam of soil texture, 3.08% of soil C-organic content, 23.24 cmol+/kg of CEC and 148.93 cmol+/kg of clay CEC. Clay minerals content of the soil is vermiculite, kaolinite and, halloysite. Cation supply from basaltic pyroclastic influenced the formation of vermiculite mineral, whereas andesitic pyroclastic more influences the formation of the kaolinite mineral. Formation of soil texture with a predominance of the sand fraction is more influenced by the type of andesitic pyroclastic that more resistant to weathering processes.Keywords: Soil; volcanic ash; pyroclastic; vermiculite; kaolinite
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Ward, Andrew L. "Does soil texture influence the distribution of the greyback canegrub, Dermolepida albohirtum (Waterhouse) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in the Burdekin River sugarcane growing area?" Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 9 (2003): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03050.
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A series of experiments was undertaken to examine the effect of soil type on the spatial distribution of greyback canegrub in sugarcane in the Burdekin region of Queensland. These experiments examined spatial distribution at a district level as well as within individual fields, using both field and laboratory experiments. The studies concluded that soil type affected canegrub distribution both within fields and within the Burdekin district. However, the mechanisms affecting the distribution at each level were very different. At a regional or district level the preference of greyback canegrub for sandy delta-type soils over soil with higher clay content was hypothesised to be the result of preferential oviposition and improved larval survival in sandy soils over soils with a high clay content. At the field level, cane height was thought to be the primary reason for the patchy distribution of damage, with taller areas being damaged in preference to shorter areas. As all cane is planted or harvested at the same time in each field, differences in cane height between damaged and undamaged areas were thought to be the result of differences in soil type.
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Schindler, U., and L. Müller. "Data of hydraulic properties of North East and Central German soils." Earth System Science Data Discussions 3, no. 1 (May 11, 2010): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-3-131-2010.
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Abstract. The paper presents a data base of soil hydrological properties of North East and Central German soils. Included are measured data of the soil water retention curve and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function. Information to geo reference, soil type and horizon are given. Additional soil physical data like particle size distribution, dry bulk density, organic matter content and other variables are presented and its measurement is methodically described. The data base includes original measurement results of 278 organic and of 497 mineral soil samples from 103 sites. The mineral soils cover a wide range of texture classes and dry bulk densities. The organic soils and samples vary in dependence on the degree of decomposition and mineralization, the dry bulk density and the total porosity.
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Zhao, Qinghe, Shengyan Ding, Qian Liu, Shuoqian Wang, Yaru Jing, and Mengwen Lu. "Vegetation influences soil properties along riparian zones of the Beijiang River in Southern China." PeerJ 8 (August 13, 2020): e9699. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9699.
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Riparian soils and vegetation are important factors influencing the biodiversity and biogeochemical processes of river ecosystems. Riparian soils and vegetation form the foundation for multiple ecosystem services provided by river ecosystems. However, it remains poorly understood how riparian soils and vegetation interact with one another to maintain these services. In this study, we sampled four common types of riparian vegetation associated with the Beijiang River in South China. These included forestland, bamboo forest, mixed forest, and grassland ecosystems. Specifically, we analyzed the spatial distribution of riparian soils and their response to environmental factors (i.e., coverage and height of trees, shrubs and grass, distance to river, and altitude). Our results indicate that soil properties in riparian zones were affected significantly by vegetation type. In particular, clay content, soil organic carbon, and nitrate nitrogen content were significantly correlated with vegetation type. In contrast, changes in soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus content were not associated with vegetation type. Moreover, soil physical and chemical properties interacted with one an other, as well as with vegetation characteristics. This was indicated by the significant correlation observed between soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and soil texture, with structural characteristics of the four vegetation types. We also found that height and cover of trees and shrubs were significantly correlated with soil chemical properties. However, the effects of topographic variables such as altitude and distance to river were not significant. Results from this study can thus provide a basis for the ecological restoration and land management of degraded iparian zones.
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Wight, Jason P., Amanda J. Ashworth, and Fred L. Allen. "Organic substrate, clay type, texture, and water influence on NIR carbon measurements." Geoderma 261 (January 2016): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.021.
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Ingraffia, Rosolino, Gaetano Amato, Vincenzo Bagarello, Francesco G. Carollo, Dario Giambalvo, Massimo Iovino, Anika Lehmann, Matthias C. Rillig, and Alfonso S. Frenda. "Polyester microplastic fibers affect soil physical properties and erosion as a function of soil type." SOIL 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-421-2022.
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Abstract. Microplastics are recognized as a factor of global change contaminating many environmental compartments. Agricultural soils are very likely to receive microplastic contamination and are of particular concern due to their role in food production. Microplastic fibers have already been shown to be able to affect soil properties, but their effect on different soil types is poorly understood. Moreover, limited information is available on how the presence of this pollutant can affect soil water erosion processes, which are extremely important issues in many environments. In the light of this, we performed two experiments (carried out on a microscale) to investigate how the presence of polyester microplastic fibers affects soil physical and hydrological parameters and processes such as aggregate formation and soil erosion in three different agricultural soil types (a Vertisol, an Entisol, and an Alfisol). Our data show that the effects of polyester microplastic fibers on soil physical parameters and erosion are strongly dependent on soil type. We found that microplastic fiber contamination can affect soil bulk density, capacitive indicators of soil physical quality, and decrease the formation of new aggregates (labile in the incubation period applied in our experiments) but did not affect their stability in water. However, we found that polyester microplastic fibers reduced soil loss and sediment concentration, especially in the most erodible soils. In this paper, we provide some hypotheses, but certainly future data are still needed to confirm or disprove our hypotheses. Overall, our results highlight the importance of broadly exploring soil properties, such as texture, mineralogy, organic carbon content, etc., to better understand how the various soil types respond to microplastic fiber contamination.
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Kormos, P. R., D. Marks, C. J. Williams, H. P. Marshall, P. Aishlin, D. G. Chandler, and J. P. McNamara. "Soil, snow, weather, and sub-surface storage data from a mountain catchment in the rain–snow transition zone." Earth System Science Data Discussions 6, no. 2 (December 3, 2013): 811–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-6-811-2013.
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Abstract. A comprehensive hydroclimatic data set is presented for the 2011 water year to improve understanding of hydrologic processes in the rain-snow transition zone. This type of dataset is extremely rare in scientific literature because of the quality and quantity of soil depth, soil texture, soil moisture, and soil temperature data. Standard meteorological and snow cover data for the entire 2011 water year are included, which include several rain-on-snow events. Surface soil textures and soil depths from 57 points are presented as well as soil texture profiles from 14 points. Meteorological data include continuous hourly shielded, unshielded, and wind corrected precipitation, wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, and incoming solar and thermal radiation data. Sub-surface data included are hourly soil moisture data from multiple depths from 7 soil profiles within the catchment, and soil temperatures from multiple depths from 2 soil profiles. Hydrologic response data include hourly stream discharge from the catchment outlet weir, continuous snow depths from one location, intermittent snow depths from 5 locations, and snow depth and density data from ten weekly snow surveys. Though it represents only a single water year, the presentation of both above and below ground hydrologic condition makes it one of the most detailed and complete hydro-climatic datasets from the climatically sensitive rain-snow transition zone for a wide range of modeling and descriptive studies. Data are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.819837.
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Méndez, Judith Prieto, Francisco Prieto García, Nallely Trejo González, Yolanda Marmolejo Santillán, and Otilio Arturo Acevedo Sandoval. "Zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility for the recovery of a saline soil with organic amendments." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 42, no. 4 (August 2018): 420–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542018424004318.
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ABSTRACT The accumulation of salts in the soil profile produces conditions that affect the growth of crops. The effects of these conditions on crops and the intensity of these effects depend on the quantity and type of salts that predominate and are also influenced by soil characteristics and climate, among other aspects. The salinization of agricultural soils is a serious problem facing agriculture today. The use of organic amendments has increased in recent years, acting on the texture of the soil, correcting compaction or granularity problems, and influencing chemical and/or biological reactions. The objectives of this work were to analyze the use of compost and vermicompost using different analysis techniques to determine the influence of conditions on the remediation of a saline soil. In saturation extracts of soil, compost, and vermicompost, a Zeta potential value 2.34-2.44 times more negative (more-stable colloids) than that in the soil colloids was observed in the amendments. The values of electrophoretic mobility were more negative in the organic amendments compared with the soil. This is the first time that these parameters have been reported for these purposes and for a saline soil. In this study, the soil has low organic matter content (1.65%), so these amendments are expected to improve soil quality and texture, achieving the recovery of saline soils.
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Connolly, R. D., D. M. Freebairn, and B. J. Bridge. "Change in infiltration characteristics associated with cultivation history of soils in south-eastern Queensland." Soil Research 35, no. 6 (1997): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97032.
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Change in soil infiltration characteristics with cultivation can result in reduced soil water storage, increased runoff and erosion, and reduced crop production. We measured changes in infiltration characteristics associated with years of cultivation for 5 soil groups in south-eastern Queensland. Soils were grouped according to soil type and texture into Sodosols, light and heavy Vertosols, Red Ferrosols, and Red Chromosols/Kandosols. Soil infiltration characteristics were determined from measurements of permeability and water-holding properties of the cultivated layer (0–0·1 m deep) and the layer immediately below the plough layer (0·1–0·2 m deep). A rainfall simulator was used to measure the hydraulic conductivity of surface seals and infiltration of bare, tilled soil in the field. Hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix and macropores and water-holding properties of the 0·1–0·2 m layer were measured with disc permeameters and pressure plate apparatus. Hydraulic conductivity of surface seals decreased exponentially in all soil groups with period of cultivation; half of the decline occurred within 2–6 years of first cultivation. Hydraulic conductivity, macroporosity, and moisture characteristic of the 0·1–0·2 m layer were similarly affected by longer periods of cultivation in all but light-textured soils. Cultivation of light-textured, hardsetting soils (18% clay) did not adversely affect hydraulic conductivity or macroporosity of the 0·1–0·2 m layer and the loosening effect of tillage was somewhat beneficial for the water-holding properties of this layer. The low hydraulic conductivities of the surface or 0·1–0·2 m layer after long periods of cultivation reduced infiltration of rainfall in the field.