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Academic literature on the topic 'Soil stratigraphy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Soil stratigraphy"

1

Walker, PH. "Contributions to the understanding of soil and landscape relationships." Soil Research 27, no. 4 (1989): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890589.

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A new approach to pedology was developed in Australia in the 1950's. It was based on geomorphic and stratigraphic principles and recognized the cyclic or episodic nature of soil and landscape development. The research reviewed here represents a contribution to that approach and further developments of it in fluvial erosional and depositional landscapes of south-eastern Australia and in glaciated landscapes of midwestern U.S.A. This research features detailed studies of hillslope layers and their relationship to alluvial valley fills; soil chronosequences on flights of alluvial terraces; the stratigraphy of coastal flood plains and the development of acid sulfate soils; dust accession in soils and the resulting problems of interpreting pedogenesis; the erosional-depositional origin of soils in enclosed drainage basins on glacial deposits of Iowa, U.S.A.; the development of a raintower-tilting flume facility and its use in elucidating the processes of soil erosion by flowing water.

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Paepe, R., I. Mariolakos, E. Van Overloop, S. Nassopoulou, J. Hus, M. Hatziotou, T. Markopoulos, E. Manutsoglu, G. Livaditis, and V. Sabot. "QUATERNARY SOIL-GEOLOGICAL STRATIGRAPHY IN GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16833.

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Peloponnesus and Crete are probably offering the best possible standard sections for Eastern Mediterranean Pleistocene Series. Complete Pleistocene Standard Lithostratigraphic Sections from Sparta (Peloponnesus) and Kandanos (Crete) reveal continuous Pleistocene Land Sequences composed of cyclic palaeosol levels interfering with clastic fluvial, eolian (loess) and gravel deposits comparable with analogues found elswhere over the earth. Most suitable for correlation are: a) the standard Idfess area of Northern Europe, Russia and China, and b) the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa and Asia. The standard Greek Pleistocene Lithostratigraphic Sequence independently recorded at both sites (and partially from sites in other regions of Greece) reveal a number of 103 palaeosols of both interglacial and interstadial stages, indicating the extreme warm to relative warm phases of the Pleistocene ice age. This number suits surprisingly well to the 103 levels of the equally warm odd numbered oxygen isotopie stages (OIS) of the Pleistocene deep sea record which equally encompass the warm phases of the Pleistocene. Special attention is given to the Upper Pleistocene of Koroni (Southern Peloponnesus) as a case study for the Last Interglacial - Last Glacial Cycle, i.e. the middle term cycle extending in time from 127 Ka (thousand years) till 10 Ka or beginning of the Holocene. It stands as a model for the recurrent 100 Ka cycles of the long term overall Pleistocene record. Finally, in addition to the Pleistocene, the twenty wet - dry cycles of the Holocene are reviewed.

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Wang, Jun Peng, Ye Du, and Dong Tian. "Identifying Soil Stratigraphy in Shanghai from Piezocone Soundings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.857.

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This article presents a case history of piezocone penetration test (CPTU) of soft deposit in Shanghai. In Shanghai, stratigraphy for soft deposit is mainly obtained by the laboratory test with borehole samples. The stratigraphy identified by CPTU was developed and improved in recent decades. The analysis is carried out with the field data at test site of Yan’an Road Tunnel in Shanghai. The stratigraphy chart proposed by Robertson (1990) is employed to identify soil layer. The results show that the Robertson charts (1990) is suitable to identify the stratigraphy of the soft deposit in Shanghai. However, there are some discrepancies of the results from Robertson charts (1990) and the norm method. Discussion on the reasons of these discrepancies is conducted.

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Cao, Zi-Jun, Shuo Zheng, Dian-Qing Li, and Kok-Kwang Phoon. "Bayesian identification of soil stratigraphy based on soil behaviour type index." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 4 (April 2019): 570–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0714.

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The cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely used to determine the soil stratigraphy (including the number N and thicknesses HN of soil layers) during geotechnical site investigation because it is rapid, repeatable, and economical. For this purpose, several deterministic and probabilistic approaches have been developed in the literature, but these approaches generally only give the “best” estimates (e.g., the most probable values) of N and HN based on CPT data according to prescribed soil stratification criteria, providing no information on the identification uncertainty (degrees-of-belief) in these “best” estimates. This paper develops a Bayesian framework for probabilistic soil stratification based on the profile of soil behaviour type index Ic calculated from CPT data. The proposed Bayesian framework not only provides the most probable values of N and HN, but also quantifies their associated identification uncertainty based on the Ic profile and prior knowledge. Equations are derived for the proposed approach, and they are illustrated and validated using real and simulated Ic profiles. Results show that the proposed approach properly identifies the most probable soil stratigraphy based on the Ic profile and prior knowledge, and rationally quantifies the uncertainty in identified soil stratigraphy with consideration of inherent spatial variability of Ic.

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Wang, Jun Peng, Yong Nan Wu, and Yao Liu. "Comparison and Analysis of Identification of Soil Stratigraphy in Shanghai between CPTU Test and Laboratory Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.732.

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This article presents a comparison and analysis between piezocone penetration test (CPTU) and laboratory test in identifying soil stratigraphy of Shanghai. In China, stratigraphy for soft deposit is mainly obtained from plasticity index and grain size distribution of borehole samples in the laboratory (refer to code method). Identification of soil stratigraphy with CPTU was developed and improved in recent decades. The analysis is carried out with the field data at test site of Yan’an Road Tunnel in Shanghai. The stratigraphy charts proposed by Robertson in 1990 (refer to Robertson charts (1990)) are used to identify soil strata. The results are comparison with that from the code method. The results show that Robertson charts (1990) can be suitable to identify the stratigraphy of soft deposit of Shanghai. Moreover, the discussion on discrepancies between them is also conducted.

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6

Engstrom, D. R., and B. C. S. Hansen. "Postglacial vegetational change and soil development in southeastern Labrador as inferred from pollen and chemical stratigraphy." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 543–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-070.

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Palynological and geochemical analyses of Holocene lake sediments are used to evaluate long-term interactions between vegetation and soils from four sites in southeastern Labrador, Canada. Changes in soil composition are inferred from the stratigraphy of humic materials and the elemental composition of authigenic and allogenic fractions of the sediment. Early Holocene lake muds deposited under tundra vegetation are predominantly inorganic and contain high concentrations of allogenic elastics derived from the erosion of barren soils. Concentrations of humic materials and redox–pH-sensitive elements (Fe, Mn, P, Al) of authigenic origin increase markedly with the subsequent invasion of spruce and fir (8000–7000 years BP). These changes represent decreased erosion of clastic minerals and increased mobilization of organometallic complexes from waterlogged soils produced through humus accumulation under coniferous vegetation. This transition of inorganic tundra inceptisols to humic-rich boreal spodosols contributed to the competitive replacement of Picea glauca and Abies balsamea by the more edaphically tolerant P. mariana between 6500 and 6000 years BP. A subsequent decline in sedimentary humic content and increase in allogenic components may signal a regional climatic cooling after 4000 years BP. Geochemical analyses of lake sediments reveal no stratigraphic changes in allogenic mineral composition that might indicate progressive soil weathering.

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7

Hryciw, Roman D., and Scott A. Raschke. "Development of Computer Vision Technique for in Situ Soil Characterization." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1526, no. 1 (January 1996): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152600111.

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Construction and rehabilitation of highways, tunnels, and bridges require detailed information about subsurface stratigraphy. This study presents development of a new method for characterizing subsurface soil in situ using computer vision. Hardware and software systems are integrated to obtain the grain-size distribution (GSD) of subsurface soils continuously with depth and to identify small-scale subsurface anomalies. Research is being conducted in three phases. The first phase consists of measuring the GSD of detached cohesionless soil specimens in the laboratory from digital images obtained with a computer vision system (CVS). The second phase uses the CVS to develop image processing and analysis techniques to classify soil assemblies in the laboratory and identify subsurface anomalies by simulating the manner in which images will be acquired in situ. A texture analysis approach has been developed that can detect changes in stratigraphy. The technique has been successful in identifying different types of dry, uniformly graded soils. Finally, a subsurface vision probe is being designed and constructed that will capture video images at three different levels of magnification continuously with depth.

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VALENTINE, K. W. G., C. TARNOCAI, C. R. DE KIMPE, R. H. KING, J. F. DORMAAR, W. J. VREEKEN, and S. A. HARRIS. "SOME ASPECTS OF QUATERNARY SOILS IN CANADA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 67, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 221–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss87-021.

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This review describes some aspects of Canadian soils that are relevant to the Quaternary. It includes a description of the Quaternary Period in Canada, including a chronology of the major events that influenced soil formation, and the implication of the Quaternary to Canadian soils. The contribution of relict and buried paleosols to Quaternary stratigraphy and the reconstruction of paleoenvironments is then discussed, including some of the inherent problems. Pedologic evidence of environmental change in the southern Rocky Mountains, including tephrostratigraphy, is followed by a description, with numerous radiocarbon dates, of Holocene peat deposits. The review concludes with a discussion of weathering and saprolites in eastern Canada. Key words: Quaternary, Holocene, paleosols, stratigraphy, paleoenvironments, peat

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Karlstrom, Eric T. "Stratigraphy and genesis of five superposed paleosols in pre-Wisconsinan drift on Mokowan Butte, southwestern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 2235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-211.

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Five paleosols in five superposed diamicts (probably tills) on Mokowan Butte permit subdivision of pre-Wisconsinan drift and a description of Quaternary and probably late Tertiary soil-forming environments. The surface soil and upper two buried paleosols (soils 5, 4, and 3, respectively) have strongly developed, 1–5 m thick, leached, reddish, clay-rich (20–48% clay), argillic horizons overlying indurated petrocalcic, calcic, or leached B horizons. The lower two buried paleosols (soils 2 and 1) are strongly developed and have 40–150 cm thick, clay-rich (18–49% clay) argillic horizons over calcic, petrocalcic, or leached B horizons. Based on their resemblance to Paleudalfs, Paleustalfs, or Palexerults, soils 5, 4, and 3 probably formed under interglacial climates that were moister and at least 6 °C warmer than the present. Properties of soil 2 (Petrocalcic Paleustalf) and soil 1 (Typic Croboralf) imply soil formation under warm, semi-arid climates and a modern type of climate, respectively. Estimates of soil age based on degree of soil formation, paleomagnetic data, and regional correlation with dated glacial chronologies suggest soils 5 and 4 are in middle and early Pleistocene tills (= early Illinoian or Kansan and Nebraskan?), respectively, and soils 3, 2, and 1 are in late Pliocene till or diamict.

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Han, Wei-Chung, Yi-Wei Lu, and Sheng-Chung Lo. "Seismic prediction of soil distribution for the Chang-Bin offshore wind farm in the Taiwan Strait." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): T727—T737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2020-0020.1.

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Direct soil measurements are limited to borehole locations and are therefore sparse in the oceans. To effectively characterize the soil distributions for the Chang-Bin offshore wind farm, which is an area with the greatest wind energy potential in the Taiwan Strait, we have developed a workflow to predict the soil distribution in the subsurface based on integrated analysis of seismic data and borehole data. First, we characterize the key seismic units and their seismic response in order to understand the regional stratigraphy. Then, we correlate the soil types to each stratigraphic unit as the constraint for the input and quality control to train a neural network based on seismic multiattribute analysis. Finally, we develop a neural network that is suitable for soil prediction in the Chang-Bin offshore wind farm. Five seismic units identified from the seismic profiles reveal that the regional stratigraphy has been greatly affected by sea-level change and the sediment transportation process. Confirmed by independent in situ borehole data, the neural network is considered reliable up to 60 m below the seafloor, whereas decreased signal-to-noise ratios at greater depths lead to poorer prediction accuracy. Compared to previous studies that mainly are based on high-quality 3D seismic and well logging data, our method can predict the soil distribution by analyzing 2D seismic profiles and simplified soil layers alone. The prediction results reveal detailed lithologic variations that are tested by in situ borehole measurements. Therefore, we are confident that this approach could effectively obtain the soil distribution prediction and thus reduce the costs in offshore engineering applications.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil stratigraphy"

1

Vanbuskirk, Stephanie. "Alluvial stratigraphy and soil formation at Cox Ranch Pueblo, New Mexico." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2004/s%5Fvanbuskirk%5F120904.pdf.

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Metcalfe, Elisabet Joan. "Late-glacial through Holocene Stratigraphy and Lake-level Record of Rangely Lake, Western Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MetcalfeEJ2007.pdf.

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Robinson, Stuart Alan. "Carbon-cycling, palaeo-atmospheres and isotope stratigraphy of marginal and non-marine Mesozoic sediments." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269481.

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Jansson, Anna. "Stratigraphy, Landscape Evolution, and Past Environments at the Billy Big Spring Site, Montana." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10643050.

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This thesis reconstructs the landscape evolution of the Billy Big Spring site (24GL304, Glacier County, north-central Montana) from the last glacial maximum to present through the analysis of sediment and soil samples collected from a transect of auger tests that bisected the site and surrounding landforms. Interpretations were drawn from stratigraphy, pedologic data, sedimentologic analysis and radiocarbon dating. The site landscape came into being in the late-Pleistocene, after Wisconsin-age glaciers retreated. Glacial retreat left a meltdown depression on the land that filled with water to form a pond, which persisted through the early-Holocene. The onset of the mid-Holocene (Altithermal) occurred before ~8,415 cal. yrs. BP, when increasingly arid conditions caused the water level to drop. The first radiocarbon dated human occupation of this site occurred during the Altithermal, ~7,030 cal. yrs. BP, after the eruption of Mount Mazama (~7,633 cal. yrs. BP). Arid conditions continued until ~7,000 cal. yrs. BP, when pond water re-expanded across the basin, marking the transition to the cooler late-Holocene. Sometime before 2,100 cal. yrs. BP, dry conditions returned, and the extent of the pond water decreased again. Since this time, overland alluvial processes have deposited sediments in the basin. Many hypotheses on how the Altithermal impacted the people of the Northwestern Plains have been proposed since the 1950s, but little agreement has been reached. This is due to the fact that there was great variation in how the Altithermal expressed itself throughout the Northwestern Plains. The human reactions to this phenomena cannot be explained simplistically for the region as a whole. This study shows that the Billy Big Spring site experienced drying during the Altithermal, but despite this, people continued to occupy this site. This evidence adds to the argument that the Altithermal climate of the Northwestern Plains did not have severe enough impacts to impose much hardship on its occupants.

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Chu, Lap-man Raymond. "Material identification and subsurface stratigraphy of Penny's Bay reclamation site : by the method of subsurface exploration : piezocone penetration test and drilling /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576660.

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Davis, Karen Melissa. "Using Apparent Electrical Conductivity (ECa) via Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) to Characterize Soils and the Stratigraphy for Wetland Restoration." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04302007-204731/.

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Wetland restoration can be difficult due to the time consuming efforts it requires to evaluate the soils and vegetation within the area being considered. The objective of this study was to determine whether apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) measured via electromagnetic induction (EMI) (a non-contact method) could be used to identify soil particle size distribution, map units, and selected chemical properties at a Carolina bay wetland restoration site, Juniper Bay. Surveys of ECa were performed at Juniper Bay in December 2000, June 2001, October 2005, and December 2005 using the EM38, GEM-2, and GEM-300 in the horizontal and vertical dipole positions. Cores were dug to depths of 6.1 and 15.2 m based on an equilateral triangle grid and adequate representative sampling of soil map units. Pits were dug to 1- and 1.5-m depths. Core and pit samples were analyzed for particle size distribution and soil chemical properties. Surficial samples were collected from 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm depths; chemical properties were evaluated on these samples. Correlations of ECa with soil particle size distribution and chemical properties were determined. Linear models were derived relating soil clay content and ECa. Soil ECa was compared with soil organic C and water table depth to determine if either property could be detected using EMI. Also, ECa from different survey dates were compared to determine whether there were short-term (within a day) and long-term (months to years) temporal changes in ECa. The ECa from the initial overall December 2000 survey was strongly correlated with soil core clay content at depths from 0.61 to 1.22 m and 2.74 to 3.96 m. The reason for this is unknown. Initial overall December 2000 ECa was also strongly correlated with pit clay content. No other soil core or pit particle size analysis properties had strong significant and consistent correlations with ECa for the December 2000 survey or for any of the other surveys. Few chemical properties were correlated with ECa; however, ECa was weakly correlated with pit organic C. Results showed that ECa could not be used to delineate soil map unit, but the map unit ECa means were different. However, ECa could not detect water table depth at Juniper Bay. Soil ECa was found to be temporally variable, and ECa surveyors should be conscious of potentially varying conditions from survey to survey. Along with ground-truthing, ECa modeling could be used to estimate clay content at certain depths and locations within Juniper Bay. This could aid wetland restoration by identifying locations of aquitards, which might have been penetrated by drainage ditches. Filling the ditches in the correct places could allow restoration to progress faster and more efficiently.

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7

Arey, Jordan Vincent. "Stratigraphy and Soils of Fluvial Terraces on the Catawba River, NC and SC| Landscape Evolution of the Southeastern US." Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10814283.

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Few studies provide data that can document the long-term landscape evolution of the Piedmont of the southeastern United States. Here we present the results of field mapping and a soil chronosequence for fluvial terraces along a ~46 km reach of the Catawba River, NC and SC. Five terrace units (Qt1–5) have been mapped along the reach, and in certain regions a sixth surface (Qt0) was mapped. Observations of bedrock surfaces on Qt3–Qt0 confirmed that these units are strath terraces. Longitudinal profiles of terrace units constructed from mapping data revealed static channel convexities in Qt5–Qt1 in the lower reach of the study area at Landsford Canal State Park, and a lack of an obvious influence on terraces profiles within the Gold and Silver Hill shear zones in the middle reach. Age dating of terraces in this study included deriving ages based on surface height above the channel (Mills, 2000) and IRSL samples obtained from Qt3 exposures. Ages, reported in ka, are as follows: Qt0—4591 ± 404 ka, Qt1—1852 ± 365 ka, Qt2—1181 ± 194 ka, Qt3 (average of two IRSL ages)—142 ± 32 ka, Qt4—50 ± 8 ka, and Qt5—5 ± 2 ka. Up to 3 soil pits were dug on each terrace unit Qt5—Qt2, and soils described as per Birkeland (1999). Chronofunction trends of soil morphological properties include soil colors in the most developed B horizons reddening and clay films increasing in amount and prominence with surface age. Soil samples were analyzed for particle size, pedogenic iron (AAS), bulk density and major elements (XRF). Some of these analyses show expected trends with respect increasing surface age for terraces of the Catawba River, such as increases in clay content (%) and decreases in iron activity ratios in most weathered B horizons with increasing surface age. Overall the history Catawba River is one of five distinct periods of lateral planation of the valley, possibly driven by transitions to interglacial periods, punctuated by periods of incision, whose cause is currently unknown. The soil chronosequence, ages, and data derived from mapping, however, provide a strong foundation that can be used in further studies of the long-term landscape evolution of the SE Piedmont of the SE United States.

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Chu, Lap-man Raymond, and 朱立民. "Material identification and subsurface stratigraphy of Penny's Bay reclamation site: by the method of subsurfaceexploration : piezocone penetration test and drilling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576660.

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Mayer, James H. "Late Quaternary Landscape Evolution, Environmental Change, and Paleoindian Geoarchaeology in Middle Park, Colorado." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193994.

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Stratigraphic records in Middle Park in north-central Colorado provide evidence for the late Quaternary geomorphic and environmental history of a non-glaciated Southern Rocky Mountain basin. Episodes of geomorphic instability apparent in the stratigraphic record coincide with changes in paleoenvironmental records from above 2750 m in north-central Colorado, suggesting that the western Middle Park landscape was sensitive to environmental changes affecting the region over the last ~14,000 years. Tributaries were incised prior to 14.0 ka, but deposits older than 12.0 ka are rare. Upland erosion and incision followed by rapid aggradation in alluvial settings between 12.0 and 11.0 ka coincide with evidence for regional temperatures at or above present, and is interpreted to signal the onset of Holocene summer-wet precipitation. A widespread soil-stratigraphic marker represents a long period of landscape stability between <11.0 and 6.0 ka in upland and alluvial settings. Pedologic evidence from upland settings indicates the expansion of grass and forest cover to lower elevations that today are characterized by sagebrush steppe, probably during a period of increased summer precipitation relative to present. During the late Holocene, episodes of aggradation in alluvial valleys at 6.0-1.0 ka and 0.6-0.2 ka and soil formation in uplands at 5.0-3.5 ka and 2.5-1.0 ka overlap with evidence for cooling at higher elevations. Incision of valley floors documented at 1.0-0.6 ka and during the last few centuries and episodes of erosion in uplands at 3.5-2.5 ka, after 1.0 ka, and within the last few centuries, are roughly synchronous with evidence for warming. Upland and alluvial stratigraphic records are interpreted to indicate that during cool intervals summer precipitation was diminished, resulting in relative hillslope stability and gradual valley bottom aggradation, while pulses in summer precipitation accompanying warmer episodes caused basin-wide geomorphic instability. The recent increasing frequency of geomorphic instability appears to correspond with an increase in sagebrush steppe at the expense of forest and grass cover, interpreted to represent progressive drying during the late Holocene. It stands to reason that future warming, if accompanied by similar patterns in precipitation, will result in continued erosion on a landscape already at a threshold of geomorphic instability.

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Almond, Peter C. "Soils and geomorphology of a lowland rimu forest managed for sustainable timber production." Lincoln University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1782.

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Saltwater Forest is a Dacrydium cupressinum-dominated lowland forest covering 9000 ha in south Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Four thousand hectares is managed for sustainable production of indigenous timber. The aim of this study was to provide an integrated analysis of soils, soil-landform relationships, and soil-vegetation relationships at broad and detailed scales. The broad scale understandings provide a framework in which existing or future studies can be placed and the detailed studies elucidate sources of soil and forest variability. Glacial landforms dominate. They include late Pleistocene lateral, terminal and ablation moraines, and outwash aggradation and degradation terraces. Deposits and landforms from six glacial advances have been recognised ranging from latest Last (Otira) Glaciation to Penultimate (Waimea) Glaciation. The absolute ages of landforms were established by analysis of the thickness and soil stratigraphy of loess coverbeds, augmented with radiocarbon dating and phytolith and pollen analysis. In the prevailing high rainfall of Westland soil formation is rapid. The rate of loess accretion in Saltwater Forest (ca. 30 mm ka⁻¹) has been low enough that soil formation and loess accretion took place contemporaneously. Soils formed in this manner are known as upbuilding soils. The significant difference between upbuilding pedogenesis and pedogenesis in a topdown sense into an existing sediment body is that each subsoil increment of an upbuilding soil has experienced processes of all horizons above. In Saltwater Forest subsoils of upbuilding soils are strongly altered because they have experienced the extremely acid environment of the soil surface at some earlier time. Some soil chronosequence studies in Westland have included upbuilding soils formed in loess as the older members of the sequence. Rates and types of processes inferred from these soils should be reviewed because upbuilding is a different pedogenic pathway to topdown pedogenesis. Landform age and morphology were used as a primary stratification for a study of the soil pattern and nature of soil variability in the 4000 ha production area of Saltwater Forest. The age of landforms (> 14 ka) and rapid soil formation mean that soils are uniformly strongly weathered and leached. Soils include Humic Organic Soils, Perch-gley Podzols, Acid Gley Soils, Allophanic Brown Soils, and Orthic or Pan Podzols. The major influence on the nature of soils is site hydrology which is determined by macroscale features of landforms (slope, relief, drainage density), mesoscale effects related to position on landforms, and microscale influences determined by microtopography and individual tree effects. Much of the soil variability arises at microscales so that it is not possible to map areas of uniform soils at practical map scales. The distribution of soil variability across spatial scales, in relation to the intensity of forest management, dictates that it is most appropriate to map soil complexes with boundaries coinciding with landforms. Disturbance of canopy trees is an important agent in forest dynamics. The frequency of forest disturbance in the production area of Saltwater Forest varies in a systematic way among landforms in accord with changes in abundance of different soils. The frequency of forest turnover is highest on landforms with the greatest abundance of extremely poorly-drained Organic Soils. As the abundance of better-drained soils increases the frequency of forest turnover declines. Changes in turnover frequency are reflected in the mean size and density of canopy trees (Dacrydium cupressinum) among landforms. Terrace and ablation moraine landforms with the greatest abundance of extremely poorly-drained soils have on average the smallest trees growing most densely. The steep lateral moraines, characterised by well drained soils, have fewer, larger trees. The changes manifested at the landform scale are an integration of processes operating over much shorter range as a result of short-range soil variability. The systematic changes in forest structure and turnover frequency among landforms and soils have important implications for sustainable forest management.

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Books on the topic "Soil stratigraphy"

1

Breemen, N. van. Soil formation. 2nd ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2002.

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2

Colman, Steven M. Physical, soil, and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of the Upper Cenozoic sediments in Fisher Valley, southeastern Utah. [Washington D.C.]: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Mathewson, C. C. Stratigraphy of Gulf Coast lignite mine spoil - influences on post-mine hydrogeology and soil profile development. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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4

Busacca, Alan J. Late Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Feather and Yuba Rivers area, California: With a section on soil development in mixed alluvium at Honcut Creek. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Kemp, R. A. Soil micromorphology and the Quaternary. [London]: [Birkbeck College], 1985.

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6

Soils and geomorphology. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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G, Ryskov I͡A. Razvitie pochv i prirodnoĭ sredy stepeĭ i͡uzhnogo Urala v golot͡sene: Opyt rekonstrukt͡sii s ispolʹzovaniem metodov geokhimii stabilʹnykh izotopov. Pushchino: ONTI PNT͡S RAN, 1997.

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Plekhanova, L. N. Ėvoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii︠a︡ pochv rechnykh dolin stepnogo Zauralʹi︠a︡ vo vtoroĭ polovine golot︠s︡ena. Moskva: Nauka, 2007.

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Birkeland, Peter W. Holocene alpine soils in gneissic cirque deposits, Colorado Front Range. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Periglaziale Deckschichten und Böden im Bayerischen Wald und seinen Randgebieten: Als geogene Grundlagen landschaftsökologischer Forschung im Bereich naturnaher Waldstandorte. Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soil stratigraphy"

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Holliday, Vance T., Rolfe D. Mandel, and Timothy Beach. "Soil Stratigraphy." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 841–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4409-0_177.

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Yusof, Amalina, Muhamad Mubiin Abdul Manas, Zulkarnaini Mat Amin, and Nurhazimah Husna Shokri. "Three-Dimensional Stratigraphy View from Ground Penetrating Radar Attributes for Soil Characterization." In GCEC 2017, 1127–38. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8016-6_79.

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Daimaru, Hiromu, and Shigeto Ikeda. "Climatic Change and Snowpatches, Revealed by Soil Stratigraphy Around the Nivation Hollows." In Climate Change and Plants in East Asia, 139–47. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66899-2_10.

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Richardson, J. L., and R. B. Daniels. "Stratigraphic and Hydraulic Influences on Soil Color Development." In Soil Color, 109–25. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub31.c7.

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Garrison, Ervan. "Sediments, Soils, and Stratigraphy in Archaeological Geology." In Natural Science in Archaeology, 55–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30232-4_3.

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Clauer, Norbert, and Sam Chaudhuri. "Revisited Isotopic Dating Methods of Sedimentary Minerals for Stratigraphic Purpose." In Soils and Sediments, 303–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60525-3_14.

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McKnight, C. L. "The stratigraphy and engineering geological characteristics of collapsible residual soils on the Southern Mozambique coastal plain." In Geotechnics for Developing Africa, 633–46. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003211174-87.

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Holliday, Vance T. "Soil Stratigraphy." In Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195149654.003.0008.

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Soils have been employed in archaeological stratigraphy since at least the 1930s, including topical discussions of the significance of soils in stratified deposits (e.g., Leighton, 1936, 1937; Bryan and Albritton, 1943). This apparently was for several reasons. The unique physical and chemical properties that distinguish soils from sediments make soils quite useful for stratigraphic subdivision and correlation. In particular, pedologic features, most notably soil horizons, are often the most visually prominent features in stratified deposits. Furthermore, much of the early archaeological pedology was done by individuals trained in Quaternary geology (e.g., Leighton, 1937; Bryan, 1941a; Bryan and Albritton, 1943; Movius, 1944, pp. 49–62), in which soils have been recognized as stratigraphically important since the late 19th century (Bowen, 1978, pp. 10–56; Finkl, 1980; Tandarich, 1998a). The recognition of soils and the differentiation of soils from sediments in archaeological contexts is one of the most fundamentally significant aspects of geoarchaeological stratigraphy. This initial step in stratigraphic interpretation is crucial to most of the applications of pedology and soil geomorphology discussed in subsequent chapters. Because soils indicate periods of stability or hiatuses in deposition, the identification of soils or the lack thereof in a stratigraphic sequence provides information on the number of depositional episodes and intervals of stability. The identification of specific soil horizons also provides clues to the degree and duration of soil development, the nature of the soil-forming environment, and the kinds of soil-forming processes that may affect the archaeological record. Further, tracing of soils from exposure to exposure is a key aspect of correlating strata and interpreting the evolution of archaeological landscapes. This chapter presents a discussion of some principals of soil stratigraphy, and the following chapter focuses on the archaeological significance of soils as stratigraphic units. This chapter begins with a discussion of basic stratigraphy, which is one of the fundamental components of field-based geoscience. That section is followed by a closer look at soil stratigraphy, including a summary of both formal and informal soil stratigraphic nomenclature as well as a discussion of the unique characteristics of soils when used as stratigraphic markers and their archaeological implications.

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Holliday, Vance T. "Soil Stratigraphy in Geoarchaeological Contexts." In Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195149654.003.0009.

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The various kinds and states of soils, surface and buried, discussed in the previous chapter can be found in an almost infinite variety of combinations, and most can also be found in archaeological contexts. Furthermore, most soil stratigraphic relationships and conditions of soil burial can form a continuum through time or space or both, depending on local and regional variations in rates and depth of burial (i.e., rates and thickness of sedimentation). The most common and most extensive depositional environments with buried soils that illustrate these relationships are alluvial and eolian. These are the settings for much research on buried soils and soil stratigraphy. Alluvial settings likewise have been the loci of considerable archaeological and geoarchaeological research. Tephra—airfall deposits from volcanic eruptions—also commonly contain buried soils because of the episodic nature of eruptions. Though not as extensive as alluvial or other kinds of eolian deposits, tephra stratigraphy is locally important. Archaeological sites are also common in tephra layers from a variety of settings and regions. This chapter illustrates geoarchaeologically significant soil stratigraphic relationships in a variety of alluvial and eolian settings and at various spatial and temporal scales. Alluvial systems probably have been the site of more geoarchaeological research than any other type of depositional environment because they have always attracted occupants who left archaeological sites. A significant amount of archaeological research has also focused on riverine settings owing to “rescue” or “salvage” archaeology. In the United States, for example, this work included the federally funded River Basin Surveys of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, followed by CRM studies beginning in the 1970s and continuing into the 21st century. The importance of alluvial stratigraphy in interpreting the archaeological record of alluvial settings has been recognized throughout most of this work (e.g., Mandel, 2000). Furthermore, the significance of soils in alluvial stratigraphic records has long been recognized; for example, soils were an important component of Haynes’s (1968) classic geoarchaeological model of an “alluvial chronology” for the central and western United States. Alluvial soil stratigraphy per se is more poorly known, however, being underrepresented in the traditional pedology or even traditional soil stratigraphic literature.

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"soil stratigraphy." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1270. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_195402.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soil stratigraphy"

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Ghalib, Ali M., Roman D. Hryciw, and Endra Susila. "Soil Stratigraphy Delineation by VisCPT." In Geo-Denver 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40505(285)5.

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Zheng, Shuo, Zi-Jun Cao, Dian-Qing Li, and Kok-Kwang Phoon. "Qualification of Uncertainty in Soil Stratigraphy based on Cone Penetration Tests." In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Reliability Engineering and Risk Management. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2726-7_ctc304s1grr04.

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Nu´n˜ez Farfa´n, Jaime, Eduardo Galva´n Garci´a, Diego Cruz Roque, and Wilbert Koh Cambranis. "Integrating 20 Years of Geotechnical Investigation Using Geostatistics: Building a 3D Model of Soil Stratigraphy, Campeche Bay, Gulf of Mexico." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92643.

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20 years of geotechnical investigation in the Campeche Sound were integrated using geostatistics to build a 3D model of the soil stratigraphy of a 800 km2 area. This model was developed analyzing the data structure and its space variability to conform the analytical model which later on was implemented into a Geographical Information System (GIS) in order to have not only rapid and a friendly access to the model but also to the original geotechnical and geophysical field reports and the location of infrastructure and geohazards in the area. A major part of the work was done by combining the experience and knowledge of the technology used to explore the soils and its evolution in 20 years with the scientific rigor of the geostatistics techniques in order to correlate the soil strata. In this article we present the methodology used to develop the model as well as the results obtained by its implementaion in a GIS.

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Shen, Shui-Long, Jun-Peng Wang, and Lei Ma. "Identification of Soil Stratigraphy of Soft Deposit in Shanghai from CPTU Test." In GeoShanghai International Conference 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41106(379)49.

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Seaman, Zachariah, Harvey Henson, Alexandra Apgar, and Francesca Burkett. "GROUND PENETRATING RADAR IMAGING OF SOIL STRATIGRAPHY AND PATTERNS FROM BURROWING CRAYFISH." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-319593.

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Wang, Lijun, and Junpeng Wang. "Comparison of Identification of Soil Stratigraphy between Two Code Methods of CPTU Test and Laboratory Test in Shanghai." In 2016 International Conference on Civil, Transportation and Environment. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccte-16.2016.34.

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Letourmy, Yohan, and Steven G. Driese. "CLIMATIC VS TECTONIC CONTROL ON SOIL DRAINAGE FLUCTUATIONS: USING ALLUVIAL STRATIGRAPHY CONCEPTS AT JOGGINS FOSSIL CLIFFS, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285562.

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Rowley, Cassidy, and Ander Sundell. "METEORITE OR METEOR-WRONG: USING SOIL STRATIGRAPHY TO PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR A NEW HOLOCENE-AGED IMPACT CRATER, WASHINGTON COUNTY, IDAHO." In Joint 70th Annual Rocky Mountain GSA Section / 114th Annual Cordilleran GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018rm-314297.

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Dolbunova, E., J. Meadows, A. Mazurkevich, A. Tsybrij, and T. Tsybrij. "РАДИОУГЛЕРОДНАЯ ХРОНОЛОГИЯ П. РАКУШЕЧНЫЙ ЯР." In Радиоуглерод в археологии и палеоэкологии: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 80-летию старшего научного сотрудника ИИМК РАН, кандидата химических наук Ганны Ивановны Зайцевой. Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-91867-213-6-24-25.

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Rakushechny Yar site is a floodplain multi-layer archaeological site encompassing strata dated to Early Neolithic – Bronze Age. It is characterized by complex stratigraphy, presence of different deposits, buried soils and cultural layers. Fluvial deposits interlay different settlement strata, which provide an opportunity to elaborate precise chronological scheme and study the successive changes in hydrological regime, climate and vegetation changes along with human occupation phases. A new series of samples, from cultural layers of new excavated areas dated to an interval spanning no more than a few decades, centered around 5600 cal. BC.

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Hajic, Edwin R., and Andrew V. Martin. "AN INTEGRATED AND ARCHAEOLOGICALLY SCALED SOIL GEOMORPHIC AND SOIL STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN ALLUVIAL ENVIRONMENTS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-324798.

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Reports on the topic "Soil stratigraphy"

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Physical, soil, and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of the upper Cenozoic sediments in Fisher Valley, southeastern Utah. US Geological Survey, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b1686.

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Late Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Feather and Yuba rivers area, California, with a section on soil development in mixed alluvium at Honcut Creek. US Geological Survey, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b1590g.

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