Relevant bibliographies by topics / Soil stabilization

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Soil stabilization'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Soil stabilization"

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Ayesha, Binta Ali, Rashid Maliha, Rahman Zahin, Talukder Tamjid, and Ahmed Joy Imran. "A Comparative Study on Soil Stabilization Techniques." Journal of Advances in Geotechnical Engineering 6, no. 2 (June 28, 2023): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8088722.

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<em>The purpose of this study was to discuss about different types of current soil stabilization strategies and to compare different types of modern stabilization techniques and ground improvements. The modification of soils in order to improve their physical characteristics is known as soil stabilization. A stable soil is one that exhibits a marked and sustained resistance to deformation under repeated or continuous load application, whether dry or wet. It is said to be stabilized when a less resilient soil is treated to increase its strength and resistance to changes in volume and moisture content. Soil stabilization can improve the bearing capacity of soils to sustain pavements and foundations by increasing the shear strength of the soil and/or controlling the shrink-swell characteristics of the soil. To manage engineering characteristics of a soil, such as moisture content, soils that provide the structural basis for roadways, construction pads, and parking lots are often chemically treated. The fundamental target of this paper was to audit the physical and substance properties of soil in various sorts of stabilization techniques. Stabilization and its impact on soil show the response instrument with added substances, impact on its solidarity, improve and keep up with soil dampness content as well as give an idea for development frameworks. Soil adjustment can be cultivated by a few strategies. In this paper, geotechnical properties of soil, the methods of soil stabilizations, and basically comparisons between various sorts of soil adjustments were shown. Each adjustment is acceptable and have some great and some awful viewpoints and one adjustment has been differentiated from another stabilization. They have been brought up from the near investigation of soil adjustments in this study. As for example, lime stabilization can be said suitable for clayey soils, preloading is a better approach for improving the ground than blasting, both dynamic compaction and vibroflotation are well-known ground improvement techniques but dynamic compaction is far more suitable than vibroflotation because it is effective for a wide range of soil types, whereas vibroflotation is only suitable for granular and non-cohesive soils.</em>
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Onyeka, F. C. "Structural Analysis of Stabilization and Consolidation Settlement of Selected Laterite Soil using Cement Lime and Butimen." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 4, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3604647.

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The problem confronting roads in Nigeria is increasing immensely. It is ranging from folding or deflection of road surface and cracking due to improper investigation, soil stabilization and consolidation. Soil stabilization is of great importance because it is used to improve on site materials to create a solid and strong sub base and base coarses. Unsatisfactory soil and solids structures which do not have the desired quality as an engineering material need stabilization so as to improve its engineering material for better construction. This work is aimed at determining structural analysis of stabilization and consolidation settlement of soil structure interaction. This is done to ascertain the effect of soil stabilization of selected laterite using cement, lime and bitumen. Liquid limit test, compaction test, Plastic limit test and California Bearing Ratio CBR test were conducted using comparing Mechanical, Chemical, Cement and Bio Enzymatic stabilization method. It was observed that Cement stabilization is the best option as it could effectively implemented in this work. Ohaofia soil that is treated with 10 ordinary Portland cement can be recommended to be used as Base coarse for road construction. This is because its mixture satisfies both the strength and durability requirement that were set by different agencies for the Base coarse materials. While for Isikwuato soil was treated with 8 bitumen is recommended for Road Sub base surface as it gave the highest CBR value. It is observed that Lime is not a good stabilizer for road construction, but the CBR value achieved met up required standard for Road and Bridges. Based on the various results obtained, it is recommended that utilization of the locally available soil should be given due consideration for upcoming road construction within the study area and Cement stabilization is more suitable for road construction. Onyeka, F. C &quot;Structural Analysis of Stabilization and Consolidation Settlement of Selected Laterite Soil using Cement Lime and Butimen&quot; Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29415.pdf
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Onyelowe, Kennedy C., Michael E. Onyia, Duc Bui Van, Haci Baykara, and Hyginus U. Ugwu. "Pozzolanic Reaction in Clayey Soils for Stabilization Purposes: A Classical Overview of Sustainable Transport Geotechnics." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (March 25, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632171.

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Problematic soil stabilization processes involve the application of binders to improve the engineering properties of the soil. This is done to change the undesirable properties of these soils to meet basic design standards. However, very little attention has been given to the reactive phase of soil stabilization. This phase is the most important in every stabilization protocol because it embodies the reactions that lead to the bonding of the dispersed particles of clayey soil. Hence, this reactive phase is reviewed. When clayey soils which make up the greatest fraction of expansive soil come in contact with moisture, they experience volume changes due to adsorbed moisture that forms films of double diffused layer on the particles. When this happens, the clayey particles disperse and float, increasing the pore spaces or voids that exist in the soil mass. Stabilizations of these soils are conducted to close the gaps between the dispersed clayey soil particles. This is achieved by mixing additives that will release calcium, aluminum, silicon, etc., in the presence of adsorbed moisture, and a hydration reaction occurs. This is followed by the displacement reaction based on the metallic order in the electrochemical series. This causes a calcination reaction, a process whereby calcium displaces the hydrogen ions of the dipole adsorbed moisture and displaces the sodium ion responsible for the swelling potential of clayey soils. These whole processes lead to a pozzolanic reaction, which finally forms calcium alumina-silica hydrate. This formation is responsible for soil stabilization.
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Purnama Putra, Paksitya, Diah Ayu Paramiswari, Abdullah Ilham, and M. Farid Ma’ruf. "Expansive soil improvement of Glagahagung village, Purwoharjo sub-district, Banyuwangi district, which is chemically stabilized." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819503009.

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Expansive soil can be easily found at Purwoharjo, a sub-district of Banyuwangi. Swelling and shrinkage behavior of the soil is usually referred to by the local community as a “moving soil” phenomenon. It causes cracks on a number of buildings which is a major issue in that area. Various methods of expansive soil stabilization are available. This work intends to lay comparisons on stabilizations using wood charcoal powder and salt. The stabilizing materials are mixed with the soils under different proportion. Volume weight, index properties, and dry density are parameters to be investigated during the stabilization process. The results show that salt stabilized expansive soil is better than wood charcoal powder. 15% proportion of salt to soils weight increases the density by about 20%. Meanwhile, the stabilized soil is as a result of change to low plasticity silt (ML) from previously high plasticity soil (CH) of the original one.
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Chougale, Prof V. C. "Utilization of Waste Material in Road Sub Grade for Stabilization of Soil." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53573.

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Abstract: Soil stabilization is a quite common process for nearly all the building projects. Broadly, all kinds of soil stabilization may be classified into two groups, i.e. mechanical stabilization and chemical stabilization. In mechanical stabilization, the grading of a soil is modified by mixing it with other sorts of soils of various grades. By doing so, a compacted soil mass may be achieved. On the opposite hand, chemical stabilization is related to the modification of soil properties by the addition of chemically active materials. In soil stabilization, it's important to grasp the material properties involved within the mixture and also the outcome after mixing.
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Babatunde, Quadri Olakunle, and Yong-Hoon Byun. "Soil Stabilization Using Zein Biopolymer." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032075.

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The characterization and analysis of the cementation properties of novel biopolymer binders in soils are essential for their potential application in geotechnical engineering. This study investigates the cementation effect of a novel zein biopolymer binder on sandy soils. Soil specimens are mixed with various contents of zein biopolymer ranging from 0 to 5%. The mechanical and microscopic characteristics of the treated specimens are evaluated using unconfined compression tests and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, after curing for 3, 7, and 28 days. The results show a consistent increase in compressive strength and elastic modulus of treated soils with increasing curing periods and biopolymer contents. A small amount (1%) of zein biopolymer increases soil strength and elasticity regardless of gradation. Additionally, the bonding force between the soil–zein biopolymer increases linearly with soil uniformity. Therefore, the application of zein biopolymer can be potentially used as a binder for fine- and coarse-grained soils in geotechnical engineering considering its stabilization and sustainability properties.
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Meghana, V., and Y. Raja Veerendra. "Performance evaluation of expansive clay subgrade stabilized with synthetic rubber." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 982, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/982/1/012053.

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Abstract In our everyday lives, transport plays an important part. An important necessity for the building of pavements is the existence of a decent subgrade. Soil stabilization is the process of improving the physical qualities of the soil in order to enhance its strength, durability etc. Soil stabilization gives an option to enhancing its strength and capacity to carry load. The many ways utilized to stabilize the soil Subgrade. However, the carbon footprint for most of the chemical stabilizations is enormous, which made researchers to find some sustainable alternatives. Present study focuses on the applicability of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), a synthetic rubber, which is an easily accessible adhesive that may be used to improve the characteristics of soil. Soils combined with chemical stabilizer (SBR) in varied percentages have been tested for Standard Proctor Test, and California Bearing Ratio Test. As a consequence of the stabilization, the OMC was lowered and MDD of the soil increased. The results were satisfactory till the addition of 12% chemical, which means that SBR can be used as a stabilizer for improving the properties of expansive clay subgrade
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Mekonnen, Eshetu, Ameha Kebede, Tekle Tafesse, and Mesfin Tafesse. "Application of Microbial Bioenzymes in Soil Stabilization." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (July 30, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1725482.

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Soil stabilization is a mechanical or chemical alteration of one or more soil properties to create an improved soil material possessing the desired engineering properties. The aim of this article was to review bioenzyme-based soil stabilization techniques with an emphasis on bioenzymes production, mechanism of soil stabilization and future challenges, and opportunities of the sector. Soils are stabilized to increase strength and durability or to prevent erosion and dust generation. Cost-effective soil stabilization technology has been a fundamental part of any construction and is very important for economic growth in any country. In some cases, construction has been challenged due to the high cost of soil stabilization processes. Besides, methods of stabilizations using common stabilizing agents are getting costly. Currently, there is a growing interest to identify new and green technology to improve construction techniques and to expand the road network. Therefore, the search for new materials and improved techniques to process the local materials has received an increased focus. For developing countries, bioenzymes are now creating an opportunity to improve soil stability with tremendous effectiveness in the overall process of soil stabilization. In the world, bioenzymes have been used in different projects for several years and are generally proprietary products, often of patented formulation that needs intensive field tests. Currently, the use and production of bioenzymes is becoming the most promising key for the advancement of a country by saving time, energy, and finance. It also reduces environmental pollution due to carbon emission by the conventional stabilizers. Thus, a better understanding of this emerging technology is of utmost importance to exploit any improvement it can offer to soil stability. With little research and practice, it is possible to produce soil stabilizing bioenzymes using local raw materials. Due to this, production of low cost, easily and widely applicable, and environmentally friendly enzymatic formulations from locally available raw materials should be the interest of research and academic institutes of any country.
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Farkhanda, Fayaz, and Shoeb Alam Mohd. "An Experimental Study on Shear Strength of Soil Sub Grade using Cement as Stabilizing Agent." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 3 (April 23, 2018): 1719–24. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11513.

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Soil stabilization is the process of altering some soil properties by different methods, mechanical or chemical in order to produce an improved soil material which has all the desired engineering properties. Soils are generally stabilized to increase their strength and durability or to prevent erosion and dust formation in soils. The main aim is the creation of a soil material or system that will hold under the design use conditions and for the designed life of the engineering project. The properties of soil vary a great deal at different places or in certain cases even at one place the success of soil stabilization depends on soil testing. Various methods are employed to stabilize soil and the method should be verified in the lab with the soil material before applying it on the field.The prime objective of soil stabilization is to improve the California Bearing Ratio of in situ soils by 4 to 6 times. The other prime objective of soil stabilization is to improve on site materials to create a solid and strong sub base and base courses. In certain regions of the world, typically developing countries and now more frequently in developed countries, soil stabilization stabilization is to improve on site materials to create a solid and strong sub base and base courses. In certain regions of the world, typically developing countries and now more frequently in developed countries, soil stabilization is being used to construct the entire road. In the past, soil stabilization was done by utilizing the binding properties of clay soils, cement based products such as soil cement utilizing the rammed earth technique compaction and lime. Traditionally and widely accepted types of soil stabilization techniques use products such as bitumen emulsions which can be used as a binding agents for producing a road base. However, bitumen is not environmentally friendly and becomes brittle when it dries out. Portland cement has been used as an alternative to soil stabilization. However, this can often be expensive and is not a very good green alternative. The prime objective of Soil Stabilization is to improve the California Bearing Ratio of in situ soils by 4 to 6 times. The other prime objective of soil stabilization is to improve on site materials to create a solid and strong sub base and base courses. In certain regions of the world, typically developing countries and now more frequently in developed countries, soil stabilization is being used to construct the entire road. Originally, soil stabilization was done by utilizing the binding properties of clay soils, cement based products such as soil cement, and or utilizing the rammed earth technique soil compaction and lime. Some of the renewable technologies are enzymes, surfactants, biopolymers, synthetic polymers, co polymer based products, cross linking styrene acrylic polymers, tree resins, ionic stabilizers, fiber reinforcement, calcium chloride, calcite, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and more. Some of these new stabilizing techniques create hydrophobic surfaces and mass that prevent road failure from water penetration or heavy frosts by inhibiting the ingress of water into the treated layer. Farkhanda Fayaz | Mohd Shoeb Alam &quot;An Experimental Study on Shear Strength of Soil Sub Grade using Cement as Stabilizing Agent&quot; Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11513.pdf
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Rakh, Avinash. "A Brief Review on Soil Stabilization Techniques." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (May 22, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem34435.

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Soil stabilization techniques play a crucial role in enhancing the engineering properties of soils, ensuring their suitability for various construction applications. This review paper synthesizes the findings from multiple studies on soil stabilization methods and their effectiveness in improving soil characteristics. A comprehensive comparison of different stabilization techniques, including traditional methods like cement and lime stabilization, as well as modern approaches utilizing materials such as fly ash, coal bottom ash, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), is presented. The review examines the impact of these techniques on soil strength, moisture content, and swelling behavior. Additionally, innovative approaches such as microbial-induced carbonate precipitation and chemical grouting with polymers are explored for their potential in soil stabilization. The paper also discusses the environmental implications and economic feasibility of various stabilization methods. Through a thorough analysis of the literature, this review aims to provide insights into the selection and application of soil stabilization techniques based on specific soil conditions and project requirements. Keywords— Soil stabilization, ground improvement, engineering properties, traditional methods, modern techniques, environmental impact, economic feasibility.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil stabilization"

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Paulse, Arnelia N. (Arnelia Natalie). "Soil stabilization by microbial activity." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53593.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Microorganisms play an important role in the stability and maintenance of the ecosystem and in the condition of the soil. However, in their natural environment, microorganisms often experience changing and hostile conditions. They therefore need to be able to adapt physiologically and modify their micro-environment. Biofilm formation is one mechanism to establish favorable micro-environments. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that are typically associated with biofilm formation may also have an impact on soil structure. The aim of this project was to evaluate the potential of microbial manipulation on EPS production and the possible impact thereof on soil structure in order to improve water retention. Specific objectives of this study included the screening of natural environments for EPS-producers, developing techniques to observe EPS production and accumulation in the pores between soil particles, measuring the effect of EPS production on soil water hydraulic gradient, as well as determining the fate and impact of EPS-producers when introduced to naturally-occurring soil microbial communities. Several environmental samples have been screened for EPS-producing microorganisms. Soil columns were then inoculated with these EPS-producers and the passage of 20 mlaliquots water through the columns measured at 3 or 4-day intervals. Microbes isolated from soil, through their EPS production capability proved to retain water more effectively than was the case for water-borne EPS-forming microbes. This phenomenon was further studied using flow cells, filled with soil and inoculated with the EPS-producers isolated from either soil or water. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the soil microbes produced EPS that clogged pores between sand particles more effectively. This clogging resulted in lowering the soil water hydraulic gradient. To evaluate the effect of EPS-producers on existing soil microbial communities, cell counts, Biolog™whole-community carbon utilization studies and T-RFLP (terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism) analyses were performed. Shifts in the soil microbial community could not be readily seen by observing microbial numbers and T-RFLP-analysis, but was noticeable in carbon utilization patterns.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mikroorganismes speel 'n belangrike rol in die stabiliteit en instandhouding van die ekosisteem en in die kondisie van die grond. In hul natuurlike omgewing ervaar mikroorganismes dikwels veranderlike en ongunstige toestande. Mikroorganismes het dus nodig om hulself fisiologies aan te pas en verander hul mikro-omgewing daarvolgens. Biofilm-vorming is een meganisme om gunstige mikro-omgewings te skep. Die ekstrasellulêre polimeriese produkte (EPP) wat tydens biofilm-vorming gevorm word, mag ook 'n impak hê op die grondstruktuur. Die doel van hierdie projek was om die potensiaal van mikrobiese manipulasie op EPP-vorming te evalueer asook die moontlike impak daarvan op grondstruktuur wat sodoende waterretensie kon bevorder. Die spesifieke doelwitte van hierdie studie het ingesluit die isolasie van EPPproduseerders vanuit natuurlike omgewings, die ontwikkeling van verskeie tegnieke waarvolgens EPP-produksie en die akkumulasie daarvan in die porieë tussen gronddeeltjies bestudeer kon word, die effek van EPP-produksie op hidrouliese gradiënt van grondwater en om die lot en impak wat EPP-produseerders op natuurlike grondmikrobiese populasies te bepaal. Verskeie grond- en watermonsters was getoets vir die voorkoms van EPP-produserende mikroorganismes. Grondkolomme is geïnokuleer met EPP-produseerders en die vloei van 20 ml-volumes water deur die kolomme is gemeet met 3 of 4-dag intervalle. Grond-geïsoleerde mikrobes het beter waterretensie tot gevolg gehad as water- geïsoleerde mikrobes. Hierdie verskynsel was verder bestudeer deur die gebruik van vloeiselle, gevul met grond of sand en geïnokuleer met EPP-produseerders geïsoleer vanuit grond of water. Fluoressensie mikroskopie het aangetoon dat grondmikrobes EPP produseer wat die porieë tussen gronddeeltjies meer effektief verstop. Dié verstopping het gelei tot die verlaging van die grondwater se hidrouliese gradiënt wat bepaal is deur die gebruik van die konstante-vlak bepalingsmetode. Om die effek van EPP-produseerders op bestaande mikrobiese populasies te bepaal, is seltellings, Biolog™ heel-gemeenskap koolstofverbruik studies en T-RFLP (terminale-restriksie fragment-lengte polimorfisme) analises uitgevoer. Veranderinge in die mikrobiese populasie kon nie geredelik bloot deur die bepaling van mikrobiese getalle en T-RFLP-analise waargeneem word nie, maar wel met die koolstofverbruikspatrone.
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Rafalko, Susan Dennise. "Rapid Soil Stabilization of Soft Clay Soils for Contingency Airfields." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35985.

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Since World War II, the military has sought methods for rapid stabilization of weak soils for support of its missions worldwide. Over the past 60 years, cement and lime have consistently been found to be among the most effective stabilizers for road and airfield applications, although recent developments show promise using nontraditional stabilizers. The purpose of this research is to determine the most effective stabilizers and dosage rates of stabilizers to increase the strength of soft clay soils (initial CBR = 2) within 72 hours for contingency airfields to support C-17 and C-130 aircraft traffic. Pavement design charts for various aircraft loading conditions were generated using the Pavement-Transportation Computer Assisted Structural Engineering Program, which was developed by the Engineering Research and Development Center to determine ranges of required strength and thickness for an underlying subbase layer and a top base layer, such as stabilized soil, crushed-aggregate, or aluminum matting. From laboratory studies, the required design strengths for many loading conditions were achieved by treating clay with 2%-4% pelletized quicklime for the underlying subbase layer, and treating clay with 2%-4% pelletized quicklime, 1% RSC15 fibers, and 11% Type III cement for the top base layer. While the base layer requires a minimum thickness of six inches, the required subbase layer thickness is often quite large and may be difficult to construct. However, newly developed construction equipment currently used for subgrade stabilization on civilian projects should be able to stabilize the soil down to these large required depths and make construction possible.<br>Master of Science
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Luginbuhl, Katharine. "Soil stabilization properties of flexible intruders." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74450.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 18).<br>In many locations, soil is held in place by the roots of plants. When these plants are removed or die, the soil loses its cohesive strength and erodes away. We seek to create artificial soil stabilizers that use the same physical principles as the plant roots. To investigate how flexible materials can stabilize soil, we use photoelastic particles to analyze the forces within a system when a flexible intruder is introduced to the system. We report on the increase in system forces as an effect of the flexible intruder and compare it to experiments with plant roots. Since soil is a granular material, using this method to increase the forces within patches of soil may help prevent erosion or landslides.<br>by Katharine Luginbuhl.<br>S.B.
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Sengupta, Amitdyuti. "Solidification and Stabilization of Contaminated Soil." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/538.

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In-situ remediation by Solidification and Stabilization (S/S) has shown huge promise in dealing with the clean up of soils contaminated with pollutants listed as Hazardous Substances under Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The site discussed in this paper was contaminated with Naphthalene, heavy metals and other VOCs. In order to find an effective remediation solution it was decided to explore the feasibility of using S/S. Research conducted included exploring Portland cement in combination with organo-clay (bentonite). Admixtures were chosen based on their advantages such as availability, previous experiences, costs and quality assurances. S/S has been found to be an effective method of remediation according to the various past and present Superfund projects. The study plan for this thesis involved bulk analysis and leachability tests to determine the initial and final level of contaminants in the soil and their potential leachability from the soil. The treated soil also underwent weight loss and air emissions (TO-3) tests.
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Rahmat, Mohamad Nidzam. "Soil stabilization utilising wastepaper sludge ash." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2004. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/soil-stabilization-utilising-wastepaper-sludge-ash(ab24673a-34b7-4f04-a347-3b75a18dc8cf).html.

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Increase in environmental awareness over the past decades has resulted in increasing attention to industrial pollution and waste management control. The use of waste is becoming increasingly important in construction. Such materials including Wastepaper Sludge Ash (WSA), can be used to modify certain engineering properties of soils for specific uses to conserve non-renewable natural resources. hi lime-stabilization of sulfate-bearing clay soils, there has been increasing concern over the damage caused by the expansion which is produced when sulfate-bearing soils are encountered. The main objective of this research was to investigate the potential of utilizing WSA, an industrial by-product, as a soil stabilizer with or without blending it with quicklime (CaO), Portland Cement (PC) or with Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS). The engineering behaviour (plasticity characteristics, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), linear expansion and California Bearing Ratio (CBR)) of the sulfate-bearing Lower Oxford Clay (LOG) soil and of a non sulfate-bearing soil-industrial Kaolinite (control)-were investigated. Compacted cylinders of LOG and Kaolinite stabilized with quicklime ((CaO) at typical 2wt.%, 4wt.% and 6wt.%) and with various stabilizers incorporating WSA (WSA-Lime, WSA-PC and WSA-GGBS, at 10wt.%, 15wt.% and 20wt.%) were made under controlled laboratory conditions. The cylinders were made under either mellowed (compacted 3 days after mixing) or unmellowed (compacted immediately after mixing) conditions and then moist cured for 7, 28, 90, 180 and 365 days prior to UCS tests. CBR tests were also carried out, but only on selected stabilized LOG samples, at the lowest and highest stabilizer contents. Linear expansion of stabilized cylinders during moist curing and during subsequent soaking was monitored for at least 100 days. The results obtained showed that the blended stabilizers incorporating WSA reduced the plasticity index (PI), reduced the maximum dry density (MDD) and increased the optimum moisture content (OMC) of both LOG and Kaolinite. The UCS values of stabilized systems incorporating WSA for both LOG and Kaolinite were higher than those systems stabilized with the traditional CaO. When WSA was blended with lime, PC or GGBS, the results indicated that in the LOG stabilized system, the strength development of unmellowed samples was generally better than for the mellowed samples. This is in contrast with the Kaolinite stabilized system where it is the mellowed samples that recorded higher strength than the unmellowed samples. The CBR values of the unmellowed samples were also higher than those for the mellowed samples. The linear expansion of unmellowed stabilized LOG system was significantly reduced. This is again quite the opposite in the Kaolinite system, where mellowed samples showed reduced expansion relative to the unmellowed ones. Sulfate and thermogravimetric analysis results suggest that the presence of sulfate in a soil plays a major role in the mellowing process. In conclusion, the findings in this research suggest that whether or not to mellow depends primarily on the stabilizer used. Other variables include the target material and site conditions, besides possibly other factors. There are technological, economic as well as environmental advantages of utilizing WSA and similar industrial by-products, in the stabilization of sulfate bearing and other clay soils, as an alternative to the traditional stabilizers of lime and/or Portland Cement.
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Li, Xu. "Dual-porosity structure and bimodal hydraulic property functions for unsaturated coarse granular soils /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202009%20LI.

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Chambers, Robert. "Decompaction of a degraded clay soil." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68162.

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An experiment was set up at Alfred College, in Eastern Ontario, to investigate methods of correcting the negative effects of deep compaction of fine textured soils.<br>The site was divided into two fields of four treatments with three replicates of each. Treatment 1 was control, treatment 2 subsoiled, treatment 3 compacted and treatment 4 compacted then subsoiled. In year 1 barley was sown in both fields, underseeded with alfalfa in Field 1. The following year alfalfa was grown in Field 1 and corn using minimum tillage in field 2.<br>Measurements included cone penetration resistance, dry bulk density, and crop yields.<br>It was found that compaction had a significant effect on lowering yields. However, due to the experiment methodology in the measuring of cone penetration resistance and dry bulk density plus a blocking effect in the corn field, the results were inconclusive statistically as to whether the subsoiling in combination with minimum tillage and alfalfa had an effect of decompacting the soil profile.
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Kumpiene, Jurate. "Assessment of trace element stabilization in soil." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2005/38.

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Vaičikauskaitė, Alfreda. "Arsenic stabilization in step-wise amended soil." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110601_105705-29642.

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This master thesis was performed in order to investigate arsenic stabilization in step-wise amended soil. Object of the work - soil which taken from the former wood impregnation industrial site in Forsmo, Sweden. It is contaminated with chromate-zinc-arsenate (CZA). Method of the work - three different amendments were used: zerovalent iron (Fe), fly-ash (FA) and peat (P). The test was performed in three weeks. During the first week, four mixtures (with each single additive and with all together) and blank soil was observed. During the second and third weeks test was performed step-wise adding amendments to soil+Fe mixture. Moisture was kept constant all the time. After each week extractions were made and later investigated by doing electrical conductivity, redox potential and pH tests. For elemental composition ICP-OES analysis was performed. The results of the work - the best result to stabilize arsenic were achieved by adding single iron. Stabilisation using iron, fly-ashes and peat elevated As leaching compared to non-amended soil. Step-wise amendment did not have a significant difference from single amelioration neither to arsenic, nor to other heavy metals investigated.<br>Darbo tikslas - įvertinti pakopinės stabilizacijos poveikį arseno bei kitų sunkiųjų metalų (SM) judrumui užterštame dirvožemyje. Darbo objektas - chromuotu cinko arsenatu užterštas dirvožemis, paimtas iš buvusios medienos apdirbimo aikštelės Forsmo vietovėje, Švedijoje. Darbo metodika - tyrimui buvo naudoti trejopi priedai: geležis (0), lakieji pelenai ir durpės. Tyrimas atliktas per tris savaites. Pirmosios savaitės metu buvo stebimi keturi dirvožemio ir jo priedų mišiniai bei kontrolinis dirvožemio mėginys. Vėliau dirvožemio ir geležies mišinys buvo pakopiniu būdu papildomas lakiaisiais pelenaisi ir durpėmis. Iš visų mišinių padarytos ištraukos ir jose matuojamas elektrinis laidumas, oksidacijos-redukcijos potencialas, pH; atlikta elementinė analizė. Darbo rezultatai - efektyviausiai arseną stabilizuoja geležis. Stabilizacija, naudojant lakiuosius pelenus ir durpes, padidino arseno išsiplovimą iš dirvožemio, lyginant su kontroliniu dirvožemio mėginiu. Pakopinė stabilizacija nebuvo efektyvesnė už vienkartinę stabilizaciją nei arseno, nei kitų tirtų sunkiųjų metalų atžvilgiu.
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Mu, Tianhong. "Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Fibers." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1301.

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In this study, coal combustion by-products mainly fly ash, commercial fibers and a natural fiber i.e., human hair were applied to stabilize the kaolinite clay and local Carbondale soil i.e., silty clay. During recent decades, the demand for infrastructures such as highways, buildings, bridges have greatly increased, especially in the areas where population was growing rapidly. All of these infrastructures need a stable foundation and in many cases the original land couldn't sustain the load from the infrastructures. In such situation, soil stabilization becomes an essential step before the foundation is laid. There are several ways to stabilize soil, viz., mechanical stabilization, chemical stabilization, stabilization by inclusion and confinement etc. It has been reported by several researchers that fly ash and fibers can significantly improve the strength of soil. Fly ash and natural fiber i.e., human hair are both waste materials, and commercial fibers are low-cost compared to other soil stabilizers. In this study, class C fly ash was used to stabilize commercially available clay i.e., Kaolinite; while both human hair and commercially available fibers (e.g., glass fiber and plastic fiber) were used to stabilize Kaolinite and Carbondale local soil. Based on this research, it could be concluded that the class C fly ash can improve the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) value of Kaolinite clay significantly; fibers also could increase the UCS value of both Kaolinite and Carbondale local soil. While, the tensile strength of Kaolinite and Carbondale local soil sometimes increases or decreases depending on the percentages of fiber content used into Kaolinite and Carbondale local soil. The current research on soil stabilization by fly ash and those fibers may provide a new possibility for soil stabilization.
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Books on the topic "Soil stabilization"

1

National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., ed. Soil stabilization, 1991. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1991.

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American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM standards on soil stabilization with admixtures. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1992.

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American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM standards on soil stabilization with admixtures. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1990.

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Rosnovskiĭ, I. N. Ustoĭchivostʹ pochvy: Tekhnogenno-mekhanicheskie aspekty. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1993.

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Tadashi, Mise, ed. Soil improvement. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1992.

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Gabriele, Knödler, and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Informationszentrum Raum und Bau., eds. Soil stabilization with hydraulic binders. Stuttgart: IRB Verlag, 1989.

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H, Karol R. Chemical grouting and soil stabilization. 3rd ed. New York: M. Dekker, 2003.

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Perera, H. C. Stabilization of soil with cement. London: North East London Polytechnic, 1985.

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M, Koerner Robert, ed. Soft soil stabilization using geosynthetics. Barking: Elsevier AppliedScience, 1987.

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1933-, Koerner Robert M., ed. Soft soil stabilization using geosynthetics. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soil stabilization"

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O’Donnell, B., A. Swarup, A. Sidiq, D. Robert, and S. Setunge. "Guidelines for Enzymatic Soil Stabilization." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 373–98. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_40.

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AbstractThere are numerous manuals to guide practitioners in utilizing traditional additives in the construction of road, rail and dam construction but they fall short of specific guidance for non-standard additive-based ecofriendly and cost-effective soil stabilization. Increased attention has recently been on the use of non-standard additives for stabilizing weak soils due to environmental and cost concerns associated with traditional additives. We summarize the specific guidelines of using environmental-friendly enzymes to treat weak soils. We elaborate on the requirements and specifications for the Eko-Soil multi-enzyme product that is manufactured from water and proteins extracted from fermented exudes of plants. Specific tests (laboratory and field) and conditions required for soil stabilization using Eko-Soil enzyme are elaborated using the experience of past construction projects. The guide also elaborates enhancing the efficiency of enzymatic soil stabilization by correctly incorporating the required mixing proportions and pre-requisite condition tests. Professionals and practitioners will benefit from using novel eco-friendly sustainable stabilization techniques in the treatment of weak soils covering many applications including roads, foundations, water containment areas, landfills, working platforms and slope erosion control.
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Ahmad Sofri, Liyana, Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Thanongsak Imjai, and I. Nyoman Arya Thanaya. "Geopolymer Soil Stabilization." In Geopolymers, 119–35. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003390190-10.

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Winterkorn, Hans F., and Sibel Pamukcu. "Soil Stabilization and Grouting." In Foundation Engineering Handbook, 317–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3928-5_9.

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Lal, Dharmesh, M. Jeevan Kumar, K. Naresh Kumar, K. Sindhu, and Ashok Kumar. "Soil Stabilization Using Bagasse Ash." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 21–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3662-5_3.

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Berdi, Inas, Salah Messast, Riad Benzaid, and Imane Idoui. "Soil Stabilization Using Local Waste." In Research Developments in Geotechnics, Geo-Informatics and Remote Sensing, 49–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72896-0_11.

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Bishop, Paul L. "Solidification/Stabilization of Contaminated Soils-An Overview." In Contaminated Soil ’90, 1265–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3270-1_295.

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Calmano, W., U. Förstner, M. Kersten, and D. Krause. "Behaviour of Dredged Mud after Stabilization with Different Additives." In Contaminated Soil, 737–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5181-5_83.

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Terzano, Roberto, and Matteo Spagnuolo. "Heavy Metal Stabilization by Promoting Zeolite Synthesis in Soil." In Soil Biology, 423–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21408-0_22.

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Khan, M. S., M. Sahadat Hossain, M. A. Khan, and Mohammad Faysal. "Performance of Recycled Plastic Pin (RPP) for Slope Stabilization." In Soil Testing, Soil Stability and Ground Improvement, 136–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61902-6_12.

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Soundararajan, R. "Theory and Practice of Inorganic/Organic Stabilization/Solidification Process." In Contaminated Soil ’90, 1305–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3270-1_304.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soil stabilization"

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Khan, Hamad, Muhammad Jawad-ul-Haq, Abdullah Khan Jadoon, and Haq Nawaz Khan. "Optimizing Granular Soil Properties with Marble Dust: A Case Study from Peshawar City." In 14th International Civil Engineering Conference, 241–48. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ozq4uc.

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A The marble processing industry in the Peshawar region generates a significant amount of waste during the cutting and processing stages, with approximately 20 to 25% of the total processed stone ending up as waste. This waste is often disposed of in open land, causing severe environmental problems. To address these issues, this study investigates the use of waste marble dust for soil stabilization as an economical and sustainable solution, particularly in regions where granular material for backfilling is scarce. Granular soil (sand) samples were mixed with varying percentages of waste marble dust (3.5%, 7%, 14%, 21%, and 28% by dry weight of soil). A series of geotechnical tests, including specific gravity, sieve analysis, modified Proctor compaction tests, and large direct shear tests, were conducted on both natural and marble dust-stabilized soils. The modified Proctor tests identified an optimum moisture content and maximum dry density at a 14% marble dust mixture. Subsequent large direct shear tests on this optimum mixture revealed enhanced shear strength parameters, including improved cohesion and angle of internal friction. The results demonstrated that incorporating marble dust into granular soil significantly improved its geotechnical properties. At the optimum 14% marble dust content, the soil exhibited increased compactness and enhanced shear strength, making it a viable alternative to traditional backfill materials. This study not only offers a cost-effective approach to soil stabilization but also provides a sustainable solution for managing marble waste, contributing to environmental preservation especially for Peshawar city and the development of local construction projects.
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Andromalos, Kenneth B., Yasser A. Hegazy, and Brian H. Jasperse. "Stabilization of Soft Soils by Soil Mixing." In Soft Ground Technology Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40552(301)16.

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"Experimental Study on Soil Stabilization Using Fibres." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-25.

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Abstract. For pavement constructions such as runway and highway construction, fine-grained soils are not suitable because of their undesirable properties such as grading of particle size, low bearing capacity, and more plasticity, and its ability to swell. To improve these soil properties various soil stabilization methods are needed. The stabilization is done by adding various stabilizing materials with the fine-grained soil. Fibres are one of the materials used in soil stabilization. This experimental study has been carried over to improve the bearing capacity of soft soil (from Sholinganallur, Chennai) by using Natural and Artificial fibres. During this study, the soil samples which has been stabilized with various fibres was prepared i.e., soil with Natural fibres (jute fibre) and soil with artificial fibres. In this experimental study, index properties and engineering properties of soft soil or unreinforced samples and stabilized soil samples with fibres are determined. Samples are subjected to various soil tests which have been used to determine the engineering properties of soil. The soil tests such as the standard proctor compaction test, unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, and Unconfined Compression (UCC) test had been done to determine the characteristics of the samples. To determine the properties of the reinforced materials, the fibres also have undergone various geosynthetic laboratory tests. The results of the study show that the bearing capacity of Shollinganallur fine-grained soil can be improved subsequently and water absorption by soil has been reduced significantly by using fibres.
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"Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil with Groundnut Shell Ash." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-6.

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Abstract. The analysis of GSA for the stabilization of soil samples is the subject of this research paper. In recent years, soil stabilization techniques have been effective in improving the shear strength parameters of poor soils. GSA is a naturally occurring substance that causes human health and environmental issues. Physical properties of soil were calculated, including Atterberg's limits, compaction characteristics, and strength characteristics of virgin soil samples. GSA was applied to the soil in various percentages (2 to 10 percent). The soil sample's intensity increased up to 6% before decreasing. It is clear that 6% of GSA to the soil is an optimum percentage and it leads to an increase in shear strength and bearing capacity in expansive soil.
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Al Shorman, B. "Comprehensive review of soil stabilization agents." In Advanced Topics in Mechanics of Materials, Structures and Construction. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902592-12.

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Abstract. Soil stabilization is a technique that is used in most construction projects to enhance the geotechnical and engineering properties of soil. There is a wide range of research studies related to soil stabilization techniques and agents, these studies discussed the effects of the different types of soil stabilization on soil, the most suitable agent type regarding soil classification, and the challenges that were founded during the application of these processes. Stabilization agents include traditional and non-traditional additives with their different categories were reviewed and discussed in this paper by presenting the results of the recent studies concerned with various types of soil stabilization agents in different laboratories and project tests with highlights on the enhancement of soil properties. In addition to increasing the compressive and shear strength parameters, Maximum Dry Density (MDD), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the soil, the soil stabilization agents play a great role in decreasing the soil plasticity index, swelling, compressibility, porosity, permeability, and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC).
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RAKH, Avinash A. "Soil stabilization by using brick waste powder." In Civil and Environmental Engineering for Resilient, Smart and Sustainable Solutions, 577–86. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903414-63.

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Abstract. Structures built on black cotton soil face significant deformation risks due to the soil's high shrink-swell potential. Predominantly found in India, black cotton soil poses serious challenges to construction because of its inherent instability. With rapid urbanization, enhancing the load-bearing capacity of such soils is critical to ensuring the durability of infrastructure, particularly in pavements. The Indian construction industry produces approximately 150 million tons of waste annually, creating significant disposal issues. Among this waste is brick powder, a by-product of construction debris that holds promise for stabilizing black cotton soil. This study investigates the optimal proportion of brick powder to blend with black cotton soil to improve its suitability for pavement subgrades. Various tests were conducted on soil samples mixed with 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% brick powder, including Sieve Analysis, Atterberg Limits, Specific Gravity, Free Swell Index, Modified Proctor, Unconfined Compressive Strength, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. The findings reveal that a 10% brick powder mixture significantly enhances the strength of black cotton soil, leading to reduced construction costs compared to lower proportions. Based on the CBR test results, a 10% brick powder mix is recommended as an economical and effective solution for stabilizing black cotton soil, particularly in pavement construction.
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Ladislau, Larisa. "EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZATION - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS." In 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2017/32/s13.033.

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Bowers, Benjamin F., John L. Daniels, Shaogang Lei, and Nicholas J. DeBlasis. "Additives for Soil-Cement Stabilization." In First International Symposium on Pavement and Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Infrastructure. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412817.007.

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Ignjatović, Dragan, Snežana Ignjatović, Vanja Đurđevac, Lidija Đurđevac-Ignjatović, and Dušan Tašić. "Subsoil stabilization with lime." In Proceedings - 55th International October Conference on Mining and Metallurgy, Kladovo, 15-17 October 2024, 187–90. Mining and Metallurgy Institute, Bor, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/ioc24187i.

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Soil stabilization represents process for improvements physical-mechanical and deformation feature of soil, adding binders. There are two basic kinds of stabilization: mechanical and chemical. Chemical stabilization of soil refers on addition binders to basic material of soil. The most common materials in chemical stabilization soil are lime and cement. In this work will to be shown the results stabilization soil with lime, for access roads on territory of the city of Bor.
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SP, Gopika, Anju P. Babu, Amrutha MA, and Gowri S. "SOIL STABILIZATION USING TAMARIND KERNEL POWDER." In Second International Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet, 96–104. AIJR Publisher, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.179.11.

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This study look into the stabilization of weak clayey soil using Tamarind Kernel Powder (TKP), which is an agro-waste material. Clayey soil, with its poor geotechnical properties, generally requires stabilization for improved strength and durability. By the addition of TKP at varying percentages (1%, 3%, and 5%) was analyzed through Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and compaction tests. Results show a materially increase in soil strength with the addition of TKP, indicating its potential as an eco-friendly, cost-effective stabilizer. This method offers a sustainable approach to soil stabilization, enhancing soil properties for construction applications.
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Reports on the topic "Soil stabilization"

1

Cherne, C. A., B. M. Thomson, and R. Conway. Stabilization and solidification of chromium-contaminated soil. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/555255.

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David J. Hassett and Loreal V. Heebink. ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION FOR UTILIZATION OF ASH IN SOIL STABILIZATION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/824927.

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Brown, T. H., M. A. Brown, S. S. Sorini, and G. Huntington. The use of coal fly ash for soil stabilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10124960.

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Blew, R. D., M. R. Jackson, and A. D. Forman. Soil Stabilization and Revegetation at the INEEL Recommendations for Improvement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809679.

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URS GREINER INC SACRAMENTO CA. Soil Washing and Solidification/Stabilization Work Implementation Plan - Draft Final. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada382995.

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Firestone, Mary. Plant stimulation of soil microbial community succession: how sequential expression mediates soil carbon stabilization and turnover. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177136.

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Al-Chaar, Ghassan, Peter Stynoski, Kaushik Sankar, Marion Banko, Waltraud Kriven, and Imad Al-Qadi. Development and testing of geopolymers for soil stabilization on military installations. Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (U.S.), May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/22553.

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Bell, Haley, Lulu Edwards, and John Rushing. Expeditionary ground rehabilitation for military-vehicle traffic. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48670.

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The research objective for this study is to identify and evaluate techniques for soil stabilization to support military-vehicle ground maneuver in contested environments. Various types of stabilizers mixed with silty sand are evaluated in the laboratory for their compressive strength at various soil moisture contents and in the field for their rutting performance. Field data are analyzed for the ability to withstand trafficking from a military ground vehicle by evaluating the rut depth and measured instrumentation data. The field testing shows that the rapid soil stabilization materials and techniques can produce repairs that withstand required traffic without traditional pavement surface materials.
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Turner, J. P. Soil stabilization using oil shale solid wastes: Laboratory evaluation of engineering properties. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6218707.

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Cusack, Daniela, Benjamin Turner, S. Wright, and Lee Dietterich. Consequences of Altered Root Nutrient Uptake for Soil Carbon Stabilization (Final Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1763927.

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