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Adekiya, Aruna Olasekan, Christopher Muyiwa Aboyeji, Oluwagbenga Dunsin, Ojo Vincent Adebiyi, and Oreoluwa Titilope Oyinlola. "Effect of Urea Fertilizer and Maize Cob Ash on Soil Chemical Properties, Growth, Yield, and Mineral Composition of Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) MOENCH." Journal of Horticultural Research 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2018-0008.
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Abstract Field experiments were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria, in the cropping seasons of 2015 and 2016. The soil at the site of the experiment is an Alfisol classified as an Oxichaplustalf or a Luvisol. The trial consisted of sole and combined applications of urea fertilizer (U) applied at 0, 60, and 120 kg·ha−1 and maize cob ash (M) applied at 0, 3, and 6 t·ha−1. The results showed that U and M alone or in combinations increased the soil chemical properties, growth, yield, and mineral composition of okra compared with the control. M alone at 3 t·ha−1 produced optimum soil chemical properties, yield, and mineral composition of okra fruit. U alone at 60 kg·ha−1 produced optimum yield of okra, while growth and mineral composition were increased when urea fertilizer was applied at 120 kg·ha−1. The treatment with U applied at 60 kg·ha−1 in combination with M applied at 3 t·ha−1 (U60M3) produced the highest values of okra yield, while U applied at 120 kg·ha−1 in combination with M applied at 3 t·ha−1 (U120M3) has the highest growth and highest N, K, Ca, Cu, and Fe contents of okra fruit. Compared with the control and using the mean of the two years, U60M3 increased okra fruit yield by 93.3%. Therefore, for viable production of okra in low nutrient soil of the Nigeria derived savanna or similar soils elsewhere, 60 kg·ha−1 U + 3 t·ha−1 M (U60M3) is recommended. However, for improved mineral quality of okra, 120 kg·ha−1 U + 3 t·ha−1 M (U120M3) is recommended.
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Elewa, Hossam, Martina Zelenakova, and Ahmed Nosair. "Integration of the Analytical Hierarchy Process and GIS Spatial Distribution Model to Determine the Possibility of Runoff Water Harvesting in Dry Regions: Wadi Watir in Sinai as a Case Study." Water 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060804.
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Runoff water harvesting (RWH) is considered as an important tool for overcoming water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. The present work focuses on identifying potential RWH sites in the Wadi Watir watershed in the south-eastern part of the Sinai Peninsula. This was carried out by means of significant integration of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), distributed spatial model, geographical information system (GIS), watershed modeling system (WMS), and remote sensing techniques (RS). This integration of modern research tools has its own bearing on the accurate identification of optimum RWH sites, which could be relied upon in developmental planning for arid environments. Eight effective RWH parameters were chosen to apply a multi-parametric decision spatial model (MPDSM), namely the overland flow distance, volume of annual flood, drainage density, maximum flow distance, infiltration number, watershed slope, watershed area and watershed length. These parameters were used within ArcGIS 10.1© as thematic layers to build a distributed hydrological spatial model. The weights and ranks of each model parameter were assigned according to their magnitude of contribution in the RWH potentiality mapping using a pairwise correlation matrix verified by calculating the consistency ratio (CR), which governs the reliability of the model application. The CR value was found to be less than 0.1 (0.069), indicating acceptable consistency and validity for use. The resulting MPDSM map classified the watershed into five categories of RWH potential, ranging from very low to very high. The high and very high classes, which are the most suitable for RWH structures, make up approximately 33.24% of the total watershed area. Accordingly, four retention dams and seven ground cisterns (tanks) were proposed in these areas to collect and store the runoff water, whereby these proposed RWH structures were chosen according to the soil type and current land-use pattern. The resulting MPDSM map was validated using a topographic wetness index (TWI) map, created for the watershed. This integrative and applied approach is an important technique which can be applied in similar arid environments elsewhere.
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WALTON, JOHN K., and DAVID TIDSWELL. "‘Classified at random by veritable illiterates’: the taking of the Spanish census of 1920 in Guipúzcoa province." Continuity and Change 20, no. 2 (August 2005): 287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416005005503.
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This article offers an approach through administrative and cultural history to the problems associated with gathering and processing data for the Spanish national census of 1920, and by implication for earlier Spanish censuses. It focuses on the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, making use of correspondence between the central statistical office in Madrid, the provincial jefe de estadística and the localities, and of reports on three problematic towns within the province. The issues that emerge regarding ‘undercounting’, the definition of administrative boundaries and the classification of demographic characteristics are set in the wider context of census-taking practices and problems elsewhere in Spain and in other cultures.
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Asseng, S., I. R. P. Fillery, F. X. Dunin, B. A. Keating, and H. Meinke. "Potential deep drainage under wheat crops in a Mediterranean climate. I. Temporal and spatial variability." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 1 (2001): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99186.
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High rates of deep drainage (water loss below the root-zone) in Western Australia are contributing to groundwater recharge and secondary salinity. However, quantifying potential drainage through measurements is hampered by the high degree of complexity of these systems as a result of diverse soil types, a range of crops, different rainfall regions, and in particular the inherent season-to-season variability. Simulation models can provide the appropriate means to extrapolate across time and space. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was used to analyse deep drainage under wheat crops in the Mediterranean climate of the central Western Australian wheatbelt. In addition to rigorous model testing elsewhere, comparisons between simulated and observed soil water loss, evapotranspiration, and deep drainage for different soil types and seasons confirmed the reasonable performance of the APSIM model. The APSIM model was run with historical weather records (70–90 years) across 2 transects from the coast (high rainfall zone) to the eastern edge of the wheatbelt (low rainfall zone). Soils were classified as 5 major types: deep sand, deep loamy sand, acid loamy sand, shallow duplex (waterlogging), and clay soil (non-waterlogging). Simulations were carried out on these soil types with historical weather records, assuming current crop management and cultivars. Soil water profiles were reset each year to the lower limit of plant-available water, assuming maximum water use in the previous crop. Results stressed the high degree of seasonal variability of deep drainage ranging from 0 to 386 mm at Moora in the high rainfall region (461 mm/year average rainfall), from 0 to 296 mm at Wongan Hills in the medium rainfall region (386 mm/year average rainfall), and from 0 to 234 mm at Merredin in the low rainfall region (310 mm/year average rainfall). The largest amounts of drainage occurred in soils with lowest extractable water-holding capacities. Estimates of annual drainage varied with soil type and location. For example, average (s.d.) annual drainage at Moora, Wongan Hills, and Merredin was 134 (73), 90 (61), and 36 (43) mm on a sand, and 57 (64), 26 (43), and 4 (18) mm on a clay soil, respectively. These values are an order of magnitude higher than drainage reported elsewhere under native vegetation. When not resetting the soil each year, carry-over of water left behind in the soil reduced the water storage capacity in the subsequent year, increasing long-term average deep drainage, depending on soil type and rainfall region. The analyses revealed the extent of the excess water problem that currently threatens the sustainability of the wheat-based farming systems in Western Australia.
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Varsadiya, Milan, Tim Urich, Gustaf Hugelius, and Jiří Bárta. "Fungi in Permafrost-Affected Soils of the Canadian Arctic: Horizon- and Site-Specific Keystone Taxa Revealed by Co-Occurrence Network." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091943.
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Permafrost-affected soil stores a significant amount of organic carbon. Identifying the biological constraints of soil organic matter transformation, e.g., the interaction of major soil microbial soil organic matter decomposers, is crucial for predicting carbon vulnerability in permafrost-affected soil. Fungi are important players in the decomposition of soil organic matter and often interact in various mutualistic relationships during this process. We investigated four different soil horizon types (including specific horizons of cryoturbated soil organic matter (cryoOM)) across different types of permafrost-affected soil in the Western Canadian Arctic, determined the composition of fungal communities by sequencing (Illumina MPS) the fungal internal transcribed spacer region, assigned fungal lifestyles, and by determining the co-occurrence of fungal network properties, identified the topological role of keystone fungal taxa. Compositional analysis revealed a significantly higher relative proportion of the litter saprotroph Lachnum and root-associated saprotroph Phialocephala in the topsoil and the ectomycorrhizal close-contact exploring Russula in cryoOM, whereas Sites 1 and 2 had a significantly higher mean proportion of plant pathogens and lichenized trophic modes. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed the lowest modularity and average path length, and highest clustering coefficient in cryoOM, which suggested a lower network resistance to environmental perturbation. Zi-Pi plot analysis suggested that some keystone taxa changed their role from generalist to specialist, depending on the specific horizon concerned, Cladophialophora in topsoil, saprotrophic Mortierella in cryoOM, and Penicillium in subsoil were classified as generalists for the respective horizons but specialists elsewhere. The litter saprotrophic taxon Cadophora finlandica played a role as a generalist in Site 1 and specialist in the rest of the sites. Overall, these results suggested that fungal communities within cryoOM were more susceptible to environmental change and some taxa may shift their role, which may lead to changes in carbon storage in permafrost-affected soil.
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1, Bakhtawer, Bushra Naz, Sanam Narejo, Naseer U. Din, and Waqar Ahmed. "Soil Classification & Prediction of Crop Status with Supervised Learning Algorithm: Random Forest." Vol 4 Issue 4 4, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 1011–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040403.
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Crop Management System (CMS) as developed in an Ionic framework with a Real-Time Firebase database for loop backing and decision support. The main two features were; Soil classification where the soil classified based on temperature, humidity, and soil properties such as soil moisture, soil nutrients, and soil PH level using Random Forest Algorithm. By Bootstrap method using Random Forest, samples from the dataset were selected & then classification trees was generated. The other feature was crop precision where the condition of the crop was and examined using temperature, humidity, soil moisture, soil PH levels, and soil nutrients (N, P, K). IoT device was used to fetch data from the field and then compare with already stored ideal values, suitable for optimal yield, in CMS database then process using the application to suggest the crop for cultivation and to optimize the usage of water and fertilizers. Currently, we classify the soil using Random Forest Algorithm & suggest the suitable crop for the classified type of soil & also measure the soil moisture and soil nutrients of agricultural field Acre based on the reading results we are suggesting the crop to is cultivated and pre-requisite which would be needed in future. The proposed method gives an accuracy of 96.5% as compared to existing methods of Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines
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Krnáčová, Zdena, Juraj Hreško, and Miriam Vlachovičová. "An evaluation of soil retention potential as an important factor of water balance in the landscape." Moravian Geographical Reports 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0016.
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AbstractThe ability of soil to retain water in its profile is one of the most important soil functions. It is expressed as the water storage capacity or retention capacity of the soil, and it is primarily affected by the physical properties of the soil. Given the fact that the direct measurement of hydrological data for the soil is very difficult in terms of capacity, statistically expressed pedotransfer functions (PTF) are currently used for the indirect estimation of hydrolimits. The data most commonly used for the PTF are easy-to-measure and usually readily available soil data on particle size, bulk density, organic carbon and morphometric parameters of the environment (e.g. slope of the relief, etc.). The listed pedotransfer functions are deficient for the complex evaluation of soil cover; given disagreements about the attributes, they cannot be directly used for the vector database of classified soil-ecological units in the Slovak Republic. Therefore, we have created a model of an algorithm from selected parameters compatible with the vector database of classified soil-ecological units, which also allows for the spatial distribution of the cumulative coefficient of water retention capacity (CWRC) for the soils of the SR. The results of this evaluation are presented using case studies of the areas of Levoča and Hriňová.
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Bouma, J., P. Droogers, M. P. W. Sonneveld, C. J. Ritsema, J. E. Hunink, W. W. Immerzeel, and S. Kauffman. "Hydropedological insights when considering catchment classification." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 2145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-2145-2011.
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Abstract. Soil classification systems are analysed in relation to the functioning and characterisation of catchments. Soil classifications are useful to create systematic order in the overwhelming quantity of different soils in the world and to extrapolate data available for a given soil type to soils elsewhere with identical classifications. However, such classifications are based on permanent characteristics as formed by the soil forming factors over often very long periods of time and this does not necessarily match with characteristics and parameters needed for functional soil characterization focusing, for example, on catchment hydrology. Hydropedology has made contributions towards functional characterization of soils as is illustrated for recent hydrological catchment studies. However, much still needs to be learned about the physical behaviour of anisotropic, heterogeneous field soils with varying soil structures during the year and the suggestion is made to first focus on improving simulation of catchment hydrology, incorporating hydropedological expertise, before embarking on a classification effort which involves major input of time and involves the risk of distraction. In doing so, we advise to also define other characteristics for catchment performance than the traditionally measured discharge rates.
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Kendrick, Katherine J., and Leslie D. McFadden. "Comparison and Contrast of Processes of Soil Formation in the San Timoteo Badlands with Chronosequences in California." Quaternary Research 46, no. 2 (September 1996): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0055.
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The degree of soil development associated with geomorphic surfaces in the San Timoteo Badlands area (STB), California allows correlation of the surfaces. Soil development indices, based on field descriptions and laboratory analysis, provide a basis for comparison of these soils to each other and to dated soil chronosequences at Cajon Pass, Merced, and Anza, California. The soils in this study record a complex tectonic and climatic history, include preserved surfaces intermediate in soil development to those at Cajon Pass, and do not preserve a record of the major late Pleistocene to early Holocene aggradational event observed elsewhere in the region. Pedogenesis is similar to that of regional soils in southern California. With time, the profiles develop progressively thicker argillic horizons, and they increase in redness, clay, and secondary iron oxide content, and amount and thickness of clay films. With increasing soil age the ratio of dithionite-extractable Fe to total Fe increases, while the ratios of Fe2+to Fe3+and of oxalate- to dithionite-extractable Fe decrease. These trends are more subdued in the STB than elsewhere in the region, perhaps because the slightly higher temperature and lower precipitation of the STB may slow the rate of transformation of ferrihydrite to hematite. We use weighted means of soil development indices and rubification index values to compare the soils of this study to those at Cajon Pass, Merced, and Anza. Wide-range age estimates using the maximum limits of these values result in 27,500–305,000 yr for surface Q1, 43,000–570,000 yr for surface Q2, and 300,000–700,000 yr for surfaces Q3 and Q4. Weighing most heavily the nearest dated chronosequences, Anza and Cajon Pass, yields best estimates of age. This method constrains the time of formation of the Q1 surface to between 27,500 and 67,000 yr and the Q2 surface to 43,000–67,000 yr, and does not change the age estimates of the older surfaces.
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Wang, C., R. R. Stea, G. J. Ross, and D. Holmstrom. "Age estimation of the Shulie Lake and Eatonville tills in Nova Scotia by pedogenic development." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-013.
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The Shulie Lake Till (in which the Shulie soil developed) and Eatonville Till (in which the Westbrook soil developed) are commonly found at the surface of western Cumberland Country. The Shulie Lake Till is occasionally found overlying the Eatonville Till near the boundary of the two tills. The Shulie Lake Till is of late Wisconsinan age, but the age of the Eatonville Till is not known. Several pedons of the Shulie and Westbrook soils were observed and analyzed to determine the degree of their pedogenic development in order to estimate the relative ages of the two tills in which these soils had developed.The thickness of the solum and the amount of amorphous Fe and Al were found to be greater in the Westbrook soil than in the Shulie soil. This evidence indicates that the Eatonville Till is older than the Shulie Lake Till. However, the age difference between the tills is probably small because, after discounting differences in inherited kaolinite, the differences in composition and weathering of the clay minerals in the two soils are minor and common in Podzolic soils of late Wisconsinan age elsewhere in the Maritime Provinces. The combined pedogenic evidence indicates that the Shulie Lake and Eatonville tills are most probably of late Wisconsinan age.
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Makarieva, Olga, Nataliia Nesterova, Lyudmila Lebedeva, and Sergey Sushansky. "Water balance and hydrology research in a mountainous permafrost watershed in upland streams of the Kolyma River, Russia: a database from the Kolyma Water-Balance Station, 1948–1997." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 2 (April 4, 2018): 689–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-689-2018.
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Abstract. In 2018, 70 years have passed since the beginning of observations at the Kolyma Water-Balance Station (KWBS), a unique scientific research hydrological and permafrost catchment. The volume and duration (50 continuous years) of hydrometeorological standard and experimental data, characterizing the natural conditions and processes occurring in mountainous permafrost conditions, significantly exceed any counterparts elsewhere in the world. The data are representative of mountainous territory of the North-East of Russia. In 1997, the station was terminated, thereby leaving Russia without operating research watersheds in the permafrost zone. This paper describes the dataset containing the series of daily runoff from 10 watersheds with an area from 0.27 to 21.3 km2, precipitation, meteorological observations, evaporation from soil and snow, snow surveys, soil thaw and freeze depths, and soil temperature for the period 1948–1997. It also highlights the main historical stages of the station's existence, its work and scientific significance, and outlines the prospects for its future, where the Kolyma Water-Balance Station could be restored to the status of a scientific research watershed and become a valuable international centre for hydrological research in permafrost. The data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.881731.
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Boone, F. R., H. M. G. van der Werf, B. Kroesbergen, B. A. ten Hag, and A. Boers. "The effect of compaction of the arable layer in sandy soils on the growth of maize for silage. 1. Critical matric water potentials in relation to soil aeration and mechanical impedance." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v34i2.16801.
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A new approach in defining the range of soil structure for optimal maize production is proposed. The effect of different degrees of compaction of ploughed sandy soils on soil aeration and mechanical impedance and on root and shoot growth of maize was tested in 5 model field experiments in the eastern Netherlands. In this first paper the effects on soil aeration and penetration resistance are described. The narrower the range of matric water potentials which allow unimpeded root growth, the greater the potential risks for plant growth and the greater the need for a controlled supply of water. Soil structures which substantially impede root growth even at the most favourable water potential are classified as dangerous. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Rivera, Paola A., Akash Gupta, and Ninani Kombo. "Treatment of non-infectious retinal vasculitis." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 15 (January 2023): 251584142311527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25158414231152761.
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Retinal vasculitis (RV) refers to an entity in which the retinal vasculature is inflamed, frequently with indications of inflammation elsewhere in the eye. Non-infectious RV can be idiopathic or associated with systemic disease, ocular conditions, and malignancy. It can also be classified based on the vessel affected: artery, vein, or both. Due to the lack of strong evidence-based treatment trials and algorithms for RV, physicians must often rely on their experience, which creates great variability in treating this entity. This article provides an overview of various treatment modalities used in the management of non-infectious RV, with a focus on immunomodulatory therapies. We outline a potential stepwise approach of starting with steroids to control the acute inflammation and subsequently changing to immunomodulatory therapy (IMT) for long-term treatment.
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& et al., Hamad. "ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY TO DESERTIFICATION WITH MEDALUS MODEL IN GIS IN MAYMONA PROJECT- SOUTH OF IRAQ." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 4 (August 22, 2021): 1058–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i4.1417.
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The objective of this study was to identify the locations sensitivity to land desertification based on the Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS) approach by the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the south of Maysan governorate at Iraq for mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification. Three indicators, which included climate, vegetation, and soil, were employed to estimate the ESAI and then to classify the land in critical, fragile potentially, and non-influenced sensitive areas. The results of the soil quality index (SQI) indicated that 25% of the studied area was classified as moderate quality and 21% was low quality while 54% was very low quality. Vegetation qualities were classified into moderate and low quality 19% and 81%, respectively, and climate quality was classified as moderate.
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Masaki, Motofumi, and Akira Koizumi. "Demographic characteristics and their genetic implications in a small island." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 2 (April 1988): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017454.
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SummaryThe family registration records from a village population in a small island of Japan are used to assess the effect of demographic differentiation within a population on genetic measures. When the couples studied are classified by birth cohorts and origins, wives of the couples where one spouse came from elsewhere were older at marriage and had a shorter duration of marriage or registration than wives where both spouses were natives of the village. The mean number of offspring is statistically smaller in the former except for the latest cohort, due mainly to out-migration during the reproductive ages which also resulted in low rates of marriage among the offspring within the village. This leads to a small effective population size and an increased likelihood of genetic drift in the overall population.
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Jiang, X., W. X. Lu, H. Q. Zhao, Q. C. Yang, and Z. P. Yang. "Potential ecological risk assessment and prediction of soil heavy-metal pollution around coal gangue dump." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 6 (June 27, 2014): 1599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1599-2014.
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Abstract. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential ecological risk and trend of soil heavy-metal pollution around a coal gangue dump in Jilin Province (Northeast China). The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn were monitored by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The potential ecological risk index method developed by Hakanson (1980) was employed to assess the potential risk of heavy-metal pollution. The potential ecological risk in the order of ER(Cd) > ER(Pb) > ER(Cu) > ER(Cr) > ER(Zn) have been obtained, which showed that Cd was the most important factor leading to risk. Based on the Cd pollution history, the cumulative acceleration and cumulative rate of Cd were estimated, then the fixed number of years exceeding the standard prediction model was established, which was used to predict the pollution trend of Cd under the accelerated accumulation mode and the uniform mode. Pearson correlation analysis and correspondence analysis are employed to identify the sources of heavy metals and the relationship between sampling points and variables. These findings provided some useful insights for making appropriate management strategies to prevent or decrease heavy-metal pollution around a coal gangue dump in the Yangcaogou coal mine and other similar areas elsewhere.
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Barbosa, Fernando da S., Rubens D. Coelho, Rafael Maschio, Carlos J. G. de S. Lima, and Everaldo M. da Silva. "Drought resistance of sugar-cane crop for different levels of water availability in the soil." Engenharia Agrícola 34, no. 2 (April 2014): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000200002.
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Soil water availability is the main cause of reduced productivity, and the early development period most sensitive to water deficit. This study aimed to evaluate the drought resistance of the varieties of sugar-cane RB867515 and SP81-3250 during the early development using different levels of water deficit on four soil depths. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Biosystems at Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP) in a greenhouse in soil classified as Oxisol, sandy loam texture (Series "Sertãozinho"). Once exhausted the level of available water in the soil, the dry strength of the studied strains are relatively low. Water balance with values less than -13 mm cause a significant decrease in the final population of plants, regardless of the variety, and values below -35 mm, leads to the death of all plants.
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Souza, Lucas Nobre de, Iolanda Maria Soares Reis, Eloi Gasparin, Marcelo Laranjeira Pimentel, Deyvielen Maria Ramos Alves, Rodrigo Batista Pinto, Ulisses Sidnei da Conceição Silva, and Augusto Cesar Galvão Sampaio. "Spatial Variability of the Organic Matter in the Soil in Cassava Cultivation Under Differentiated Management." Journal of Agricultural Science 14, no. 12 (November 15, 2022): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v14n12p157.
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The management of soil organic matter (SOM) is fundamental in agriculture for soil conservation and crop yields. However, in addition the soil being dynamics, it is heterogeneous, therefore, understanding the spatial variability of SOM is essential. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of SOM in a cassava cultivation under different management, seeking to classify its spatial dependence by geostatistics. A filed experiment was conducted out on soil classified as oxisol with four different management systems: irrigation (micro sprinkler, drip and no irrigation), spacing (1.0 × 0.8 m, 1.0 × 1.0 m and 1.0 × 1.5 m), weed control (manual control and no control) and acidity correction (limestone and withouth limestone), totaling 36 experimental plots. To determine the SOM, the wet oxidation method was used, and the semivariograms were generated by the GS+® software. The effect of the different management systems on the spatial variability of the SOM was evaluated at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m. The theoretical semivariogram model that best fitted the study was the Gaussian model, with a well-defined level, also expressing the condition of data stationarity. The spatial dependence was classified as strong and, through the thematic map generated from the kriging, it was possible to observe the variability in the SOM content for different management zones. The use of geostatistics techniques provided important information for understanding the spatial distribution of soil organic matter.
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Peled, E., E. Dutra, P. Viterbo, and A. Angert. "Technical Note: Comparing and ranking soil-moisture indices performance over Europe, through remote-sensing of vegetation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 5, 2009): 6247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-6247-2009.
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Abstract. Climate change induces long-term changes in soil-moisture. These changes can have important effects on the terrestrial biosphere, which can feedback into the climate system. In the past years there have been many attempts to produce and improve global soil-moisture datasets, however, comparing and validating these various datasets is not an easy task. Here, interannual variations in indices of soil moisture are compared to interannual changes in vegetation, as captured by NDVI. By comparing the correlations of the different indices with NDVI we evaluated which soil moisture index provides the most reliable soil moisture representation. We showed that NDVI can be used as an external validation dataset to soil moisture indices, in areas that are classified as warm temperate climate with hot or warm dry summers. Using the best performing index, NSM (Normalizes Soil Moisture), and the ICA (Independent Component Analysis) technique, we analyzed the response of vegetation to temperature and soil-moisture stresses over Europe.
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Dalal, R. C., W. M. Strong, J. E. Cooper, and A. J. King. "No-tillage and nitrogen application affects the decomposition of 15N-labelled wheat straw and the levels of mineral nitrogen and organic carbon in a Vertisol." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 7 (2007): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06118.
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No-tillage (NT) practice, where straw is retained on the soil surface, is increasingly being used in cereal cropping systems in Australia and elsewhere. Compared to conventional tillage (CT), where straw is mixed with the ploughed soil, NT practice may reduce straw decomposition, increase nitrogen immobilisation and increase organic carbon in the soil. This study examined 15N-labelled wheat straw (stubble) decomposition in four treatments (NT v. CT, with N rates of 0 and 75 kg/ha.year) and assessed the tillage and fertiliser N effects on mineral N and organic C and N levels over a 10-year period in a field experiment. NT practice decreased the rate of straw decomposition while fertiliser N application increased it. However, there was no tillage practice × N interaction. The mean residence time of the straw N in soil was more than twice as long under the NT (1.2 years) as compared to the CT practice (0.5 years). In comparison, differences in mean residence time due to N fertiliser treatment were small. However, tillage had generally very little effect on either the amounts of mineral N at sowing or soil organic C (and N) over the study period. While application of N fertiliser increased mineral N, it had very little effect on organic C over a 10-year period. Relatively rapid decomposition of straw and short mean residence time of straw N in a Vertisol is likely to have very little long-term effect on N immobilisation and organic C level in an annual cereal cropping system in a subtropical, semiarid environment. Thus, changing the tillage practice from CT to NT may not necessitate additional N requirement unless use is made of additional stored water in the soil or mineral N loss due to increased leaching is compensated for in N supply to crops.
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Pushkareva, Ekaterina, and Josef Elster. "Biodiversity and ecological classification of cryptogamic soil crusts in the vicinity of Petunia Bay, Svalbard." Czech Polar Reports 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2013-1-3.
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The objective of this study was to describe various types of Arctic soil crust that were collected in the vicinity of Petunia Bay, Svalbard in the 2012 summer season. The photosynthetically active area of different soil crust samples was estimated by a chlorophyll fluorescence imaging camera. Biodiversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae from the collected soil crusts was analyzed using a stereomicroscopy and light microscopy. In most cases, cryptogamic crusts were dominated by cyanobacteria such as Gloeocapsa sp., Nostoc sp., Microcoleus sp., Scytonema sp., and Chroococcus sp. The dominant green microalgae were Coccomyxa sp., Hormotila sp., and Trebouxia sp. which commonly occurred in a lichenised soil crust. Soil crusts that were located in conditions with high water content were dominated by Nostoc sp. Cryptogamic soil crusts from the studied area can be divided into three different types and classified: (1) black-brown soil crusts (with low diversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae), (2) brown soil crusts (with high diversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae) and (3) grey-brown soil crusts (with low diversity of cyanobacteria and algae). The occurrence of similar soil crust types were compared at different altitudes. Altitude does not affect the biodiversity of cyanobacteria and microalgae. However, cyanobacteria and microalgae abundance increases with altitude.
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Wildermuth, GB. "Geographic distribution of common root rot and Bipolaris sorokiniana in Queensland wheat soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 5 (1986): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860601.
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A survey to determine the geographic distribution of common root rot in Queensland wheatgrowing areas was conducted in 1978, 1979 and 1980. In 1980, soil populations of Bipolaris sorokiniana were determined from the areas where common rot was assessed. Common root rot was found in all areas and was most severe in the South-western Downs, Western Downs and Northern Darling Downs and least severe in the Central Highlands. Incidence of common root rot over all areas changed from 77% in 1978, to 65% in 1979, and to 56% in 1980. This was mostly due to a reduction from 91 to 44% on the Darling Downs. The lower incidence in 1979 and 1980 was thought to be associated with lower rainfall in those years and in some areas with an increase in rotation to crops other than winter cereals. Severity of common root rot was significantly lower only in 1979. In general, the severity of common root rot in Queensland was higher than that recorded in Canada and lower than that recorded in Brazil. Soil populations of B. sorokiniana varied from 0 to 320 propagules per gram of soil with an overall mean of 58. They were highest in the Western and Southwestern Downs, and lowest in the Central Highlands. In general, the size of the populations were less than those recorded elsewhere.
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McKenzie, DC, and HB So. "Effect of gypsum on vertisols of the Gwydir Valley, New South Wales. 2. Ease of tillage." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890063.
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An experiment was carried out to deter- mine the effect of applied gypsum on the ease of tillage in 3 vertisols of the Gwydir Valley, New South Wales. The soils were classified as 'poor' and 'good' on the basis of past dryland wheat yields and structural of their surface aggregates.Where gypsum had been applied 22 months earlier at a rate of 7.5 t ha-1, tractor fuel consumption per centimetre of soil tilled was reduced by as much as 37% (0.85 v. 0.54 L ha-1 cm-1). The effect was most marked on the more sodic clays. The reduction in fuel consumption due to gypsum was associated with instability creased soil water content (0.127 v. 0.224 kg kg-1) and lower soil strength (330 v. 140 kPa).
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BARRIOS, MARIANA DOS REIS, JOSÉ MARQUES JUNIOR, SAMMY SIDNEY ROCHA MATIAS, ALAN RODRIGO PANOSSO, DIEGO SILVA SIQUEIRA, and NEWTON SCALA JUNIOR. "MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AS INDICATOR OF SOIL QUALITY IN SUGARCANE FIELDS." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n203rc.
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ABSTRACT Sugarcane management practices (unburned cane - UC and burned cane - BC) interfere with dynamics of soil magnetic properties. This study focused on determining the potential of magnetic susceptibility as soil quality indicator in areas under sugarcane cultivation. The experiment area is on the limit between basalt from São Bento Group, Serra Geral Formation, and sandstone from Bauru Group - Adamantina Formation. Twenty soil samples were collected from two management areas (burned and unburned sugarcane prior to harvest) at a depth range of 0.0-0.2 m. Local soil was classified as eutroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), with highly clayey texture. Chemical and physical properties, CO2 emissions and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in air-dried fine earth (MSADFE), total sand fraction (MSTS) and clay fraction (MSCF). The magnetic signature from MS was effective in identifying changes of physical, chemical and mineralogical traits in Latosols under burned and unburned sugarcane crop. The information provided here can guide further studies on the genesis of minerals with magnetic expression in environments and exposed to fire burning.
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Oliveira, Marcela Pacola, Cassiano Garcia Roque, Gabriel Luis Piati, Rita de Cassia Felix Alvarez, Marco Antonio Camilo de Carvalho, Cid Naudi Silva Campos, and Paulo Eduardo Teodoro. "Cover crops, lime and gypsum influence on soil physical attributes." Bioscience Journal 37 (January 19, 2021): e37010. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-48248.
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Cover crops promote nutrient cycling, and lime and gypsum can alter the soil physical attributes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lime and gypsum rates applied to a no-tillage system with addition of residues of three cover crops on the soil physical attributes. This experiment was carried out in chapadão do sul-ms. The treatments were comprised of three cover crops (Urochloa ruziziensis, fallow, and Pennisetum glaucum), with gypsum (0, 2.3 and 4.6 Mg ha-1) and lime applied at a dose of 0, 2, 4, 6 Mg ha-1).The attributes evaluated were: soil density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and penetration resistance. The soil of the experiment was classified an Oxisol. Cover crops and lime and gypsum improved macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity at all depths, 0-0.2 m. Millet presented lower values for penetration resistance with the lime application and without gypsum application. No residual effect on soil density was detected for lime and gypsum application or cover crops in the 0.1-0.2 m layer. Brazilian Cerrado producers will have a well-defined management system to follow aiming at improving the soil physical attributes.
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Jones, Alice J., Rattan Lal, and David R. Huggins. "Soil erosion and productivity research: A regional approach." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 12, no. 4 (December 1997): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007554.
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AbstractSoil erosion is occurring at an alarming rate and threatens soil productivity and crop growth. A regional research committee was formed in the North Central region of the US in 1983 to develop a better understanding of soil erosion and productivity relationships on a broad geographic scale. This paper presents the history, project development and implementation and results of the committee, and a perspective on soil erosion-productivity research approaches. The original project included multistate field experiments on soils selected f or their local extent or agricultural importance. Erosion was classified as slight, moderate, or severe. Cropping practices were continuous corn or small grains, with cultural practices appropriate f or the area. The crop yields on moderately and severely eroded soils were consistently lower than on comparable slightly eroded soils. Precipitation and soil available water holding capacity were the factors most often identified as affecting yields. Other specific limitations were soil- or location-dependent. The most frequent soil limitations were depth of the mollic epipedon/topsoil, organic matter and clay content. Evolving objectives of the committee and state-based research emphases have provided additional information germane to soil erosion-productivity research. More than 40 papers have been published on soil properties, crop growth, management, and modeling as a result of this effort. The regional approach has fostered research on complex interactions among management and environmental factors and led to an increased understanding of functional relationships between soil erosion and productivity.
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McElwee, Pamela. "The role of soils in learning and inspiration, physical and psychological experiences, and in supporting identities." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1834 (August 4, 2021): 20200184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0184.
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This paper reviews the literature on soil and nature's contributions to people (NCP) around learning and inspiration, physical and psychological experiences, and supporting identities, revealing a range of relationships to imagining, understanding and experiencing soil. Often labelled elsewhere as ‘cultural ecosystem services’, these NCP provide a range of benefits that are mostly non-material, non-consumptive and intangible. The review finds that NCP framings help to highlight how soils have contributed to inspiring learning and creative works, like art; to mental and physical health benefits, such as through recreation and gardening; and to cultural identities and practices, including religious practices and efforts for social justice. Overall, soils have played a large role in human creative endeavours, are the root of significant relationships to the environment and can be conceptualized through key metaphors, ideas and theory as a bridge linking culture and nature together. Yet despite the wide-ranging contributions of soils to these NCP, the literature remains uneven and much more remains to be understood, including how relational values of care and stewardship with soils can be fostered and how attention to the co-produced ‘biosocial’ nature of soil can help improve practices for soil health. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People’.
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PALÁCIO FILHO, ALBEDSON MIRANDA, ANDRÉ MACIEL NETTO, MARCUS METRI CORRÊA, FERNANDO CARTAXO ROLIM NETO, LÍVIA PREVIATELLO DA SILVA, and SANDERSON HUDSON DA SILVA MALTA. "HYDRODYNAMIC AND HYDRODISPERSIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF A FLUVIC CAMBISOL IN THE NORTHEAST REGION OF BRAZIL1." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 1 (March 2020): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n118rc.
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ABSTRACT The determination of the hydraulic and hydrodispersive properties of soil is necessary for the understanding of water dynamics and soil solute transport, and they are used as input data in several models. Determinations of soil hydraulic and hydrodispersive parameters are usually obtained by separate methodologies. Axisymmetric infiltration tests using a single ring infiltrometer with a conservative tracer (KBr) in the field (Beerkan-Solute) lead to the determination of the most realistic hydraulic and hydrodispersive properties of the study area. The objective of this work was the hydrodynamic and hydrodispersive characterization of an irrigated soil, classified as Fluvic Cambisol, from the lowland areas of the northeastern semi-arid region, located in the backwoods of the state of Pernambuco, in the municipality of Serra Talhada-PE. The hydrodispersive parameters were determined with the CXTFIT 2.0 program, using the CDE and MIM models. The studied soil presented hydrodynamic characteristics with high values of sorptivity (S) that were associated with high values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), indicating that the soil has good permeability and resistance to surface crumbling caused by rain drops or soil management. It was observed the predominance of the convective process, being the CDE model the one that presented the best performance in the transport of the KBr tracer under field conditions, indicating the absence of two water regions mobile and immobile in the studied soil.
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MUJIYO, MUJIYO, WIDHI LARASATI, HERY WIDIJANTO, and AKTAVIA HERAWATI. "Pengaruh Kemiringan Lereng terhadap Kerusakan Tanah di Giritontro, Wonogiri." Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science 11, no. 2 (November 17, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ajoas.2021.v11.i02.p02.
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The Effect of Slope Gradient of land on the Soil Damage in Giritontro, Wonogiri. Soil degradation is one of the problems in agriculture that affects the level of quality and carrying capacity of the soil for certain land uses. This study aims to analyse the status of soil degradation, the effect of slope, the determinant factor, and recommendation for land management.It was conducted in Giritontro District, Wonogiri Regencywith survey methods by field verification, taking soil samples and laboratoryanalysis based on Regulation of The Government of Indonesia Number 150 of 2000. Analysis unit is land map unit (LMU) which obtained from an overlay of mapssoil types, slope, rainfall, and land use. There were 12 LMU, and repeated 3 site samplings in each it. The result shows that the status of soil degradation was classified as slightly degraded (R.I) in all area research of 5.016.37 ha. The slope has a very significant effect on soil degradation. Slope 26-40% has significant highest score of soil degradration. Determinant factors were soil bulk density and porosity, therefore giving organic matter and optimizing tillage were recommended to improve land quality.
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N. Usmana, Makhai, Jude S. Karma, Angyu M. Dantani, and Victor D. Joro. "CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS ALONG RIVER DONGA, DONGA, TARABA STATE, NIGERIA." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 07, no. 04 (2022): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5758.
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This study was carried out to ascertain the characterization and classification of soils along river Donga in Donga local government area of Taraba State. Three profile pits were dug on the flat terrain for the physio-chemical properties of the soils. The pits were described and samples were collected for routine laboratory analysis for the selected physio-chemicals properties. Data collected were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) The result of the laboratory analysis of the physical and chemical properties indicated that particle size distribution of sand particle dominated other fraction of fine earth materials. This can be attributed to the parent materials that gave rise to the soils.The pH (H2O) was slightly acidic in reaction in all the pedons studied (6.44, 5.82 and 5.67). The organic carbon content ranges from very low to low compared to the maximum level (5%) for tropical soils. Available phosphorus obtained exceeded the critical limits of 8.0 to >18mg/kg, which indicates that the available phosphorus were high. The exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K & Na) as indicated in the table 3 that Ca, Mg, K & Na were low in all the pedons studied. The results obtained from analyzed profile samples showed that percentage (%) base saturation values for all the pedons were high. The Correlation was done to determine non-significant and significant values among soil physio-chemical properties studied at 5% and 1% probability level. In addition, after the profile description and examination of the soil properties of the study area, the soils were classified using USDA soil taxonomy (2014). Pedons 1 and 2 are classified into the order of Alfisols and sub-group of Typical Haplustalf while pedon 3 is also classified into Alfisols but sub-group of Arenickandiustals (Hypereuticlixisels).
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BOSCO, LEOSANE CRISTINA, LUCIANE TEIXEIRA STANCK, ALEXANDRA GOEDE DE SOUZA, OTAVIO BAGIOTTO ROSSATO, LILIAN OSMARI UHLMANN, and NEREU AUGUSTO STRECK. "QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF FLORAL STEMS OF GLADIOLUS PLANTS GROWN UNDER MINIMUM TILLAGE SYSTEM IN SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL." Revista Caatinga 34, no. 2 (June 2021): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252021v34n208rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to characterize the commercial quantitative standards of floral stems of gladiolus plants grown under minimum tillage and conventional systems in two harvest seasons in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Experiments were conducted in locations with subtropical climate using soils classified as Typic Dystrudept (Cambissolo) and Typic Hapludox (Nitossolo). Gladiolus plants were grown in beds with intensive soil turning, and under minimum tillage system, in which soil turning was done only in the planting rows. Plants of the cultivars Red Beauty and White Goddess were evaluated in two harvest seasons, Mothers' Day, and Valentine's Day. A completely randomized experimental design with 12 replications was used; the treatments consisted of two harvest seasons and two soil management systems. The flower stem and inflorescence lengths, stem thickness, and number of florets were measured when the plants were at the harvest point to characterize their commercial quantitative standards. These data were used to distribute the stems into four classes (75, 90, 110 and non-marketable). The stem standard of gladiolus plants grown under minimum tillage system and the edaphoclimatic conditions of the state of Santa Catarina in the Mother's Day harvest met the flower market requirements, with most stems classified into the classes 90 and 110. Therefore, gladiolus plants can be grown under minimum tillage system without affecting the flower stem development. This work is the first step to promote the growth of flowers under a conservationist perspective, focused on a more sustainable agriculture.
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Dolling, PJ, WM Porter, and AD Robson. "Soil pH and aluminium and their spatial variation in Western Australian acidic soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 5 (1990): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900637.
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Thirty-eight sites on acid soils (pH<5.5, 1:5 in water) in the medium rainfall region of Western Australia were sampled to examine spatial variation in soil pH and 0.01 mol/L CaCl2-extractable aluminium. We also examined the relationship between (i) the A1 and A2 horizon soil pH, (ii) the A1 and A2 horizon extractable aluminium, (iii) surface and subsurface soil pH and (iv) surface soil and subsurface soil-extractable Al. Soil at each site generally had a light-textured layer overlying a clay layer at varying depths (30-70 cm) and was classified as either Dy 5.21 or Dy 5.41 (Northcote 1979). Over 80% of the sites had surface soil pH values 4.8 or lower and extractable aluminium concentrations 2 �g/g or higher. There was a very poor correlation (r2 = 0.21) between the A1 horizon soil aluminium extracted in 0.01 mol/L CaCl2 and the pH measured in 0.01 mol/L CaCl2 over 1 ha sites. The relationship was slightly improved in the A2 horizon (r2 = 0.49). The coefficients of variation of soil pH varied from 1.2 to 5.1%, while the coefficients of variation for CaCl2-extractable aluminium varied from 10 to 50%. At many of the sites, low pH values and high aluminium concentrations extended down to 35-45 cm. At the B horizon the pH values generally increased and the aluminium concentrations decreased. The surface soil pH and extractable aluminium were not good indicators (r2 = 0.09-0.60) of the subsurface soil pH and extractable aluminium.
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Ratke, Rafael Felippe, Alcinei Ribeiro Campos, Alberto Vasconcellos Inda, Ronny Sobreira Barbosa, Yuri Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva, Júlio César Azevedo Nóbrega, and João Batista Lopes da Silva. "Agricultural potential and soil use based on the pedogenetic properties of soils from the cerrado-caatinga transition." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 4 (May 13, 2020): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1119.
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The sustainable use of soil requires a broad knowledge of its genesis, morphology, properties, and distribution in the landscape. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the pedogenetic attributes of representative soils from the cerrado-caatinga transition of the Gurguéia river basin to indicate their agricultural potential and limitations for the implementation of agroforestry systems. National and international soil classification systems were used to define the soil classes. The limiting factors and agricultural potential were characterized following the evaluation system of the agricultural potential of Brazilian land. In general, profiles 1, 3, 5, and 6 had a low nutrient budget and a sandy to loam texture. Profiles 2, 4, and 7 showed high clay content and nutrient budget. The soil profiles were classified as Ustic Quartzipsamments, Udic Haplusterts, Xanthic Haplustox, Arenic Kanhaplustults, Typic Haplustox, and Aridic Dystrustept based on their pedogenetic characteristics. Udic Haplusterts and Arenic Kanhaplustults soils display restrictions regarding the planting of forests owing to oxygen and soil depth limitations. The other soil classes had adequate physical properties for the implementation of agricultural systems and pastures, including good drainage and medium texture; however, they had low natural fertility, and thus require technologies for soil acidity correction and fertilization. Ustic Quartzipsamments and Ustic soils require the implementation of conservation systems, such as agroforestry, to avoid degradation.
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Fernandes, Kathleen Lourenço, Adriana Aparecida Ribon, José Marques Junior, Angélica Santos Rabelo de Souza Bahia, and João Tavares Filho. "Characterization, classification and analysis of the main properties of the Southwestern Goias soil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 3 (June 22, 2016): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1135.
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Characterization of the soil and the grouping of its properties through main component analysis can assist in the classification and observation of the consequences of the conversion of native forest areas in pastures. Such data can aid in management practices. Considering the lack of studies in Cerrado soils of south-western Goias, developed metagranites of Jurubatuba suite, the objective was to classify and study the physical, chemical and mineralogical soil (under native forest and pasture) Southwest of Goias. Soil sampling and classification followed the Field Methods Manual and the Brazilian System of Soil Classification, respectively. The physical, chemical and mineralogical soil were studied, as well as main component analysis made for these attributes. The profile 1 under native forest was classified as “Cambissolo Háplico Tb eutrófico latossólico”. The profile 2 under degraded pasture was rated “Latossolo Amarelo eutrófico típico”. In addition, the profile 3 under rotated pasture was rated as “Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico chernossólico”. It was observed that the “Latossolos” have higher bulk density and soil penetration resistance, indicating greater soil compaction. They showed high amounts of iron oxides and minor amount of nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. The principal component analysis allowed the grouping of profiles into two groups. Group 1 brought together the properties related to “Latossolos”, and the second was related to “Cambissolo” properties. Thus, the principal components analysis aids the understanding of soil properties and the grouping of soils with similar characteristics, the level of order and management.
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Adedokun, Solomon I., Olukorede M. Osuolale, Akindele C. Apata, Walied A. H. Elsaigh, Bolanle D. Ikotun, and Johnson R. Oluremi. "Geotechnical Beneficiation of the Strength Indices of Lateritic Soil Using Steel Slag and Cement." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 59 (March 15, 2022): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-e13k1f.
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The impact of admixture of both Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and steel slag was examined on the geotechnical properties of the lateritic soil, by conducting basic geotechnical tests: Particle size analysis, Consistency limits, Compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) on both the natural and stabilized soil samples and results were subjected to statistical analysis using 2-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) at 5% level of significance. The natural soil was classified as s A-7-6 and MH under standard soil classification systems. Addition of steel slag lowered the liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI), while cement increased the LL and decreased PI of the lateritic soil, respectively. With increasing content of slag and cement, maximum dry density increased with the corresponding decrease in optimum moisture content. CBR and UCS of the stabilized soil increased substantially with increasing contents of slag and cement. Both steel slag and cement have statistically significant effects on the geotechnical properties of the lateritic soil. Hence, this soil can be stabilized with addition of 12% steel slag and 6% cement contents for its application as an improved subgrade material for light trafficked pavement. Keywords: Lateritic soil, steel slag, cement, stabilization, Index properties, strength indices.
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MAQTAN, ABRAR S., HISHAMUDDIN OMAR, MUSKHAZLI MUSTAFA, and NUR AIN IZZATI MOHD ZAINUDIN. "ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION OF SOIL INVERTEBRATES AND RELATIONSHIPS OF SOIL PROPERTIES FROM DIFFERENT AGRICULTURE FIELD IN UNIVERSITY CAMPUS AND PRIVATE FARM IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA." Malaysian Applied Biology 50, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v50i3.1990.
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The invertebrate species play different roles above and below ground in a soil ecosystem. They are also responsible for a complex interaction, which is manifested in soils as self-organized systems of different sizes and functions. These invertebrates are sensitive to any changes in land management activities and soil physio-chemical properties. Therefore, the current study aims to examine the ecosystem functions of soil invertebrates from different agriculture fields and establish the relationships of soil physio-chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from four different fields: three are from the main campus, namely Universiti Putra Malaysia (Center of Environmental and Forensic Studies (CEFS), papaya and organic farm), and one is from Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. The soil physical properties, such as moisture, temperature, particle size, bulk density, and soil porosity, were recorded. Soil chemical properties (EC, pH, total C&N, C/N ratio, organic matter, extractable P, Ca, Mg, K, and Na, CEC) were also determined. Pitfall traps and Berlese funnel were used as sampling methods. The invertebrates were stored in 70% ethanol and identified using soil invertebrate morphological classification, which was classified based on body size and biological functional groups. Macrofauna composition in the papaya farm was abundant from other sites at 80.44%, and ecosystem engineers comprised 39.56%. By contrast, mesofauna was abundant with 43.22% in organic farms, and litter transformers were abundant in CEFS at 54.05%. Meanwhile, microfauna was high in organic farms at 2.85%. Predatory populations were also high in Nilai farm at 49.29%. The CCA analysis showed that the physical and chemical properties of soil influence soil fauna density and diversity. The present finding concludes that the activities of ecosystem functions of soil invertebrates were considerably affected by agricultural and management activities
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Valkanou, Kanella, Efthimios Karymbalis, George Bathrellos, Hariklia Skilodimou, Konstantinos Tsanakas, Dimitris Papanastassiou, and Kalliopi Gaki-Papanastassiou. "Soil Loss Potential Assessment for Natural and Post-Fire Conditions in Evia Island, Greece." Geosciences 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12100367.
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A devastating forest fire in August 2021 burned about 517 km2 of the northern part of Evia Island, affecting vegetation, soil properties, sediment delivery and the hydrological response of the catchments. This study focuses on the estimation of the annual soil loss in the study area under natural (pre-fire) and post-fire conditions. The assessment of the soil loss potential was conducted with the application of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), which is an empirical equation and an efficient way to predict soil loss. The USLE factors include rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), the slope and slope length factor (LS), the cover management factor (C) and the erosion control practice factor (P). The USLE quantified the annual soil erosion (in t/ha/year) for both pre- and post-wildfire conditions, and the study area has been classified into various soil loss categories and soil erosion intensity types. The results showed that the annual soil loss before the forest fires ranged from 0 to 1747 t/ha, with a mean value of 253 t/ha, while after the fire the soil loss significantly increased (the highest annual soil loss was estimated at 3255 t/ha and the mean value was 543 t/ha). These values demonstrate a significant post-fire change in mean annual soil loss that corresponds to an increase of 114% compared to the pre-fire natural condition. The area that is undergoing high erosion rates after the extreme wildfire event increased by approximately 7%, while the area of moderate rates increased by 2%. The calculated maximum potential of soil erosion, before and after the 2021 extreme wildfire event, has been visualized on spatial distribution maps of the average annual soil loss for the study area. The present study underlines the significant post-fire increase in soil loss as part of the identification of the more vulnerable to erosion areas that demand higher priority regarding the protective/control measures.
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Wisser, D., S. Marchenko, J. Talbot, C. Treat, and S. Frolking. "Soil temperature response to 21st century global warming: the role of and some implications for peat carbon in thawing permafrost soils in North America." Earth System Dynamics 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2011): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-2-121-2011.
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Abstract. Northern peatlands contain a large terrestrial carbon pool that plays an important role in the Earth's carbon cycle. A considerable fraction of this carbon pool is currently in permafrost and is biogeochemically relatively inert; this will change with increasing soil temperatures as a result of climate warming in the 21st century. We use a geospatially explicit representation of peat areas and peat depth from a recently-compiled database and a geothermal model to estimate northern North America soil temperature responses to predicted changes in air temperature. We find that, despite a widespread decline in the areas classified as permafrost, soil temperatures in peatlands respond more slowly to increases in air temperature owing to the insulating properties of peat. We estimate that an additional 670 km3 of peat soils in North America, containing ~33 Pg C, could be seasonally thawed by the end of the century, representing ~20 % of the total peat volume in Alaska and Canada. Warming conditions result in a lengthening of the soil thaw period by ~40 days, averaged over the model domain. These changes have potentially important implications for the carbon balance of peat soils.
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Agapiou, Athos, Vasiliki Lysandrou, and Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis. "A European-Scale Investigation of Soil Erosion Threat to Subsurface Archaeological Remains." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040675.
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This communication emanates from the lack of a European-scale study for investigating the potential threats that subsurface archaeological remains face today due to soil loss by water. This research analyses the impact of soil loss on potential subsurface archaeological evidence by integrating open geospatial datasets deriving from two pertinent European studies. The first study’s dataset is related to soil erosion (soil loss provoked by water activity), which was reclassified into three groups alluding the level of threat on potential subsurface archaeological contexts, as follows: (1) areas presenting soil loss from 0 until 5 t/h per year, which are characterised as low threat areas; (2) areas presenting soil loss from 5 until 10 t/h per year, which are characterised as moderated threat; and (3) areas presenting soil loss beyond 10 t/h per year, which are considered as high-risk areas. The second study’s dataset refers to the capacity of soils to preserve specific archaeological materials, classified in four categories based on the properties of the archaeological material (bones, teeth, and shells (bones); organic materials (organics); metals (Cu, bronze, and Fe) (metals); and stratigraphic evidence (strati). Both datasets were imported into a Geographical Information System (GIS) for further synthesis and analysis, while the average threat of soil loss per year was evaluated in a country level (nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) level 0). The overall results show that approximately 10% of European soils that potentially preserve archaeological remains are in high threat due to soil loss, while similar patterns—on a European level—are found for areas characterised with moderate to high risk from the soil loss. This study is the first attempt to present a proxy map for subsurface cultural material under threat due to soil loss, covering the entire European continent.
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Nied, M., Y. Hundecha, and B. Merz. "Flood-initiating catchment conditions: a spatio-temporal analysis of large-scale soil moisture patterns in the Elbe river basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2012): 10053–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-10053-2012.
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Abstract. Floods are the result of a complex interaction between meteorological event characteristics and pre-event catchment conditions. While the large-scale meteorological conditions have been classified and successfully linked to floods, this is lacking for the large-scale pre-event catchment conditions. Therefore, we propose to classify soil moisture as a key variable of pre-event catchment conditions and to investigate the link between soil moisture patterns and flood occurrence in the Elbe river basin. Soil moisture is simulated using a semi-distributed conceptual rainfall-runoff model over the period 1951–2003. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis are applied successively to identify days of similar soil moisture patterns. The results show that PCA considerably reduced the dimensionality of the soil moisture data. The first principal component (PC) explains 75.71% of the soil moisture variability and represents the large-scale seasonal wetting and drying. The successive PCs express the spatial heterogeneous antecedent catchment conditions. By clustering the leading PCs, we detected large-scale soil moisture patterns which frequently occur before the onset of floods. In winter floods are initiated by overall high soil moisture content whereas in summer the flood initiating soil moisture patterns are diverse and less stable in time. The results underline the importance of large-scale pre-event catchment conditions in flood initiation.
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Rhee, Seongha, and Hyun Jung Koo. "Multifaceted gustation." Food and terminology 23, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 38–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.23.1.02rhe.
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Korean has a large number of taste terms and the paradigm is continuously expanding since the lexicalization operates systematically on a few robust principles. Based on the taste terms collected from lexicons, dictionaries, web-postings, and elsewhere, we classified the terms and analyzed the lexicalization patterns. In addition to the widely-known five classes of tastes, i.e., sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami, Korean has three more classes in the basic category, i.e., pungent, fishy and bland. A large number of tactile sensory words to describe the touch sensations in the mouth at the tasting event and expressions denoting characteristic food texture and mastication also join in creating a rich taste vocabulary. The Korean taste lexicalization system is equipped with the means to signal diverse aspects of gustatory sensation, i.e., intensity, depth, purity and duration. Among such means are vowel polarity, consonantal sound symbolism, reduplication and onomatopoeia. The systematicity of taste lexicalization contributes to the plasticity of the paradigm, making the Korean taste vocabulary one of the most productive and elaborate paradigms.
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Wall, BH, and RL McCown. "The influence of weather on the quality of tropical legume pasture during the dry season in northern Australia. IV. Geographic variation in risk of spoilage of standing hay." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 3 (1989): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890579.
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This paper assesses the geographic variation in northern Australia of the risk of deterioration to the point of 'spoilage', including both the beneficial and the deleterious effects of rain. The procedure is a modified water balance in which leaf shedding is driven by decline in soil water storage, and moulding is governed by the rate of evaporation following a rainfall of 2 mm or more.For 28 stations, from the West Kimberley to Central Queensland, an average of 40 dry seasons have been analysed for the periods when the legume would have been green, dry but unspoilt, and spoilt. A 'dry leaf' nutritional strategy is feasible where the dry seasons are reliably rainless. Even in regions with a high risk of rain, if green leaf is maintained for a considerable time in the dry season there is also a low risk of spoilage, and the use of non-deciduous legume species in these regions and elsewhere is discussed.
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Magnabosco, Maria Eduarda Berlatto, Vanessa Andaló, and Lucas Silva de Faria. "Compatibility between entomopathogenic nematodes and crop protection products used in maize seed treatment." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6 (August 29, 2019): 2487. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2487.
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Chemical insecticides are widely used to control soil pests but not always effective. Entomopathogenic nematodes (NEPs) are found in the soil and depend on host insects to complete their life cycle, and therefore have the potential to control soil pests. Thus, we aimed to investigate the possible joint use of these control methods by assessing the compatibility of two nematodes (Heterorhabditis amazonensis GL and Heterorhabditis amazonensis MC01) with five crop protection products used for maize seed treatment (Maxim®, Cruiser 350 FS®, Fortenza 600 FS®, Avicta 500 FS®, and Amulet®), as well as one neem-based product (NeenMax®). The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates, six treatments, and one control, in which only distilled water was added to nematode suspension. Each replicate consisted of a test tube containing 1 mL suspension with 2,000 infective juveniles (IJs) and 1 mL of diluted product, following the manufacturer's recommendation. The evaluated parameters were viability, infectivity on Tenebrio molitor larvae and IJs production after exposure to products. Both nematodes were compatible with NeenMax® and Fortenza 600 FS® since they did not differ from the control and were classified as innocuous. Cruiser 350 FS ® was also compatible with the nematodes since the effect value of the product was lower than 30%. Amulet® was classified as slightly noxious, reducing H. amazonensis MC01 and H. amazonensis GL infectivity by 17.5% and 28.5%, and production by 18.2% and 22.3%, respectively. Despite not having reduced viability, Avicta 500 FS® and Maxim® were considered harmful. This is because Avicta 500 FS® and Maxim® reduced productivity by 70.0% and 72.5% and production by 66.1% and 65.4% for H. amazonensis MC01, respectively. For H. amazonensis MC01, both Avicta 500 FS® and Maxim® reduced infectivity by 76.19%, and production by 63.7% and 62.3%, respectively.
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PEČAN, Urša, Vesna ZUPANC, and Marina PINTAR. "Metode za merjenje vsebnosti vode v tleh." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 117, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.2.1618.
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Water has a significant influence on fundamental biophysical processes in the soil. It is one of the limiting factors for plant growth, which is why monitoring the water content in the field is particularly important in agriculture. In this article we present the methods currently used to measure the soil water content. We have described their functional principles, advantages, disadvantages and possible applications. Due to their widespread use in agriculture, we have focused on dielectric sensors, which are classified as electromagnetic methods. We have investigated the influence of soil properties on measurements with dielectric sensors and described possible methods for soil-specific calibration. In agriculture and environmental sciences, measurements of soil water content are particularly important for irrigation management. Irrigation based on measurements enables us to optimize the use of water resources and reduce the negative impact on the environment. For the correct functioning of such sensors it is necessary to check the suitability of the factory calibration function. Special attention is required when installing the sensors, as the presence of air gaps causes errors in the measurements.
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Medeiros, Wiliana Júlia Ferreira de, Francisco Ítalo Fernandes de Oliveira, Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda, Carlos Henrique Carvalho de Sousa, Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante, Alexandre Reuber Almeida da Silva, and Jorge Freire Da Silva Ferreira. "Isolated and combined effects of soil salinity and waterlogging in seedlings of ‘Green Dwarf’ coconut." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 4 (August 2, 2018): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n4p1459.
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Soil salinization is a problem commonly found in semi-arid regions. In addition, the problem of salinity is aggravated in clayey soils when accompanied by cycles of waterlogging in the rainy season or when excess irrigation is applied. In this work we evaluated the isolated and combined effects of soil salinity and waterlogging on the responses of young plants of ‘Green Dwarf’ coconut. The experiment was conducted under controlled environment in a complete randomized block design, arranged in split plots with five replications. The plots comprised five waterlogging cycles (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4), each with a duration of four days, and applied at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days into the experimental period, with the sub-plots consisting of five levels of soil salinity (1.70, 11.07, 16.44, 22.14 and 25.20 dS m-1). Response of coconut seedlings to waterlogging was dependent on the level of soil salinity, with waterlogging significantly impairing biomass accumulation and leaf expansion at low soil salinity levels, but causing no additional harm at elevated salinity. Leaf gas exchange was reduced mainly due to soil salinity, and this response was related to stomatal and non-stomatal effects. Seedlings of ‘Green Dwarf’ coconut used in this study were classified as moderately-tolerant to salinity when grown in soils with an electrical conductivity up to 11.07 dS m-1, having the potential to be used in revegetation programs of salt-affected areas, provided that these areas are not exposed to frequent waterlogging cycles.
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Sacramento, José Augusto Amorim Silva do, Jorge Antonio Gonzada Santos, Oldair Vinhas Costa, Léo Jakson da Silva Moreira, Alide Mitsue Watanabe Cova, and Marcela Rebouças Bomfim. "Chemical, physical and mineralogical attributes of the soils of the Sertanejo pediplain in the sisal-growing areas of the semiarid Bahia." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p17.
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Information and available knowledge of the soils of the Sertanejo pediplain are relatively scarce and restricted to survey data. Researches about soil characterization and classification contributes to the knowledge of different soil orders within a region and allows information to be obtained systemically based on the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the genesis of the Sertanejo pediplain soils, through the characterization of the chemical and mineralogical properties and classification of the soils of the sisal-growing region. Five soil profiles located in Araci, Retirolândia, St. Dominic, and Valente, cities located in the sisal-growing areas of the Bahia semiarid region, were studied, described morphologically, and analyzed for chemical (pH H2O and KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H+ + Al3+, P, and TOC) and mineralogical attributes. Most evaluated soil classes were formed by lithological discontinuity of material. The main processes involved in the formation of such soil classes were: cumulization, accretion, and lessivage. The mineralogy of the clay fraction observed was complex and included a variety of minerals, with a predominance of kaolinite and bayerite. In addition, we also found goethite and illite in most of the studied profiles, both in the sediment, horizons P1 C2, and in the crystalline horizon P1 Cr, P2 Bi, P3 2Cr, and P5 Bi. The soils were classified up to the fourth category level, as Entisol Eutrophic Inceptisol (RRE), Alfisols Haplic typical Eutrophic (SXE), and Inceptisols Ta Eutrophic vertissólico (CXve).
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Wang, Chao, Zhengjia Zhang, Simonetta Paloscia, Hong Zhang, Fan Wu, and Qingbai Wu. "Permafrost Soil Moisture Monitoring Using Multi-Temporal TerraSAR-X Data in Beiluhe of Northern Tibet, China." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101577.
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Global change has significant impact on permafrost region in the Tibet Plateau. Soil moisture (SM) of permafrost is one of the most important factors influencing the energy flux, ecosystem, and hydrologic process. The objectives of this paper are to retrieve the permafrost SM using time-series SAR images, without the need of auxiliary survey data, and reveal its variation patterns. After analyzing the characteristics of time-series radar backscattering coefficients of different landcover types, a two-component SM retrieval model is proposed. For the alpine meadow area, a linear retrieving model is proposed using the TerraSAR-X time-series images based on the assumption that the lowest backscattering coefficient is measured when the soil moisture is at its wilting point and the highest backscattering coefficient represents the water-saturated soil state. For the alpine desert area, the surface roughness contribution is eliminated using the dual SAR images acquired in the winter season with different incidence angles when retrieving soil moisture from the radar signal. Before the model implementation, landcover types are classified based on their backscattering features. 22 TerraSAR-X images are used to derive the soil moisture in Beiluhe, Northern Tibet with different incidence angles. The results obtained from the proposed method have been validated using in-situ soil moisture measurements, thus obtaining RMSE and Bias of 0.062 cm3/cm3 and 4.7%, respectively. The retrieved time-series SM maps of the study area point out the spatial and temporal SM variation patterns of various landcover types.
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Biro Turk, Khalid G., and Abdullah S. Aljughaiman. "Land use/land cover assessment as related to soil and irrigation water salinity over an oasis in arid environment." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (July 6, 2020): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0103.
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AbstractThe land use and land cover (LULC) changes and the implications of soil and irrigation water salinity have adverse effects on crop production and the ecosystems of arid and semiarid regions. In this study, an attempt has been made to analyze and monitor the LULC changes using multitemporal Landsat data for years 1986, 1998, 2007, and 2016 in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. In addition, efforts were made to measure the spatial distribution of soil and irrigation water salinity along the oasis. The supervised maximum likelihood classification method was applied to classify the individual images independently. Moreover, soil samples were collected at surface soil depth from the selected LULC types, namely, date palm, croplands, and bare land. Also, groundwater samples were collected from bore wells located in agricultural farms. The spatial distribution of the soil salinity (Ece) and irrigation water salinity (ECiw) was classified based on the Food and Agriculture Organization guidelines. The results showed that significant changes in LULC patterns have occurred during 1986–2016 in the study area. The ECe was found higher in date palm compared with cropland and bare land. However, the spatial distribution of the ECiw over the oasis indicated that 94% of irrigation water ranged between moderate and severe salinity risk. The study concludes that salinity management practices need to be developed in the study area aiming to sustain crop yields, improve soil properties, and minimize the environmental impacts of LULC changes on the ecosystem of Al-Ahsa Oasis.
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Hasan Zaid, Hussein Ahmed, T. A. Jamaluddin, and Mohd Hariri Arifin. "Overview Of Slope Stability, Earthquakes, Flash Floods And Expansive Soil Hazards In The Republic Of Yemen." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 71 (May 31, 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm71202106.
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Yemen has harsh natural conditions that increase certain geological processes more than other regions, leading to a variety of geological hazards. Yemen’s typical topography is distinguished by coastal plains of the Red Sea and cliff foothillls, followed by mountains of the Arabian Shield. These types of geological hazards can be classified into slope stability, earthquakes, flash floods and expansive soils. The current literature review presents a description backed with examples of the certain geological hazards in Yemen. The obtained results indicate that further consideration and thought are highly required for semi-arid regions. National and foreign organizations have to collaborate together with other individuals to maintain the adjusted environmental system and reduce the potential geological hazards. Therefore, mitigation measures should be implemented to avoid and minimize these geological hazards.
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Jongmans, A. G., and R. Miedema. "Geogenesis and pedogenesis of well drained brown soils on the youngest Late Weichselian Meuse terrace in North Limburg, Netherlands." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v34i1.16819.
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The Meuse terraces of Late Weichselian and Holocene age can be subdivided into 4 levels. The youngest Late Weichselian terrace occurs partly along and close to the present-day Meuse. On recent soil maps the well drained brown soils, occupying the highest positions of this terrace level, have been indicated as Plaggepts. This implies the presence of a plaggen epipedon of more than 50 cm thick. Three characteristic soil profiles were studied macromorphologically and micromorphologically and samples were analysed for particle size distribution and selected chemical properties. It is concluded that the brown top-soils are due to periodic Holocene sedimentation followed by homogenization. The sandy loam and finer-textured Late Weichselian subsoils have a clear argillic horizon. These soils should be classified as Alfisols (Luvisols) rather than Plaggepts. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)