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1
Arroyo, Marcos. "Pulse tests in soil samples." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/25e7e542-94f3-49f3-ba6f-36df35f5e0e2.
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Gustavsson, Björn. "Heterogeneities in samples of contaminated soil /." Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1544/2007/52/.
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Gustavsson, Björn. "Heterogeneities in samples of contaminated soil." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25775.
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Many factors are important during sampling of contaminated soil. One of these is the sample sizes used. By estimation of the Heterogeneity Invariant (HI) it is possible to balance the sample size to one uncertainty contribution that is attached to sampling and sample handling. This is called the Fundamental error. Large overestimation of HI leads to larger samples and increased cost for sample handling. Large underestimation of HI leads to too small samples and to a larger uncertainty contribution, and possible skewed samples. Some methods to estimate HI is described and discussed from the perspective of contaminated soil sampling. Contaminated soil is a widely used concept, it is quite different challenges to sample if the contaminant is e.g. metallic particles, in-evaporated solutions or oils. None of the discussed methods is without any limitation. Field portable X-ray spectroscopy fluorescence is (XRF) is a popular instrument to analyse for metals in contaminated soils. It can provide quick and cheap analysis. The most prepared samples are dried, ground finely and put into Mylar thin film XRF sample cups. The sample volume is about 5-7 cm3, but the actually measured volume is only a fraction thereof. In the, likely, case of segregation in the sample volume this can lead to a biased measurement. Mechanisms for segregation in the XRF sample cup are discussed. Further suggestions are made to reduce the segregation. Despite precautions to reduce the effect of segregation it is difficult to eliminate it.Godkänd; 2007; 20071113 (ysko)
4
Payne, Rosara Faith. "Investigation of radiological contamination of soil samples from Idaho National Laboratory." Diss., Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2006/r%5Fpayne%5F053106.pdf.
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Barker, Anthony David Purslove. "The damage potential of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus bolivianus in the UK." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312235.
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6
Wang, Yuanyuan. "Analysis of soil samples from polluted mining areas." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/68856/.
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Al, Razzaz Salim. "Soil Analysis for samples from the hill-fort of Hedeby." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118399.
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Hedeby Hochburg, borgen i Hedeby, har fått förhållandevis lite uppmärksamhet, jämfört med själva samhället i Hedeby. Utgrävningen från 2012 har dock väckt ett intresse, med ett antal frågor som behöver besvaras. I denna uppsats analyseras jordprover som samlats under utgrävningen, för att se om de kan visa något om den kronologiska relationen mellan borgvallen och gravarna i borgen. Tre metoder användes, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), röntgendiffraktion (XRD) och röntgenfluorescens (XRF). Resultaten från XRF och XRD visar på en rumslig relation mellan minst en av vallens konstruktionsfaser och nedsänkningen i ett lager innanför vallen. Relationen med gravarna är inte tydlig än, och analysen gav inga kronologiska ledtrådar. Resultatet kan användas som hypotes för vidare prövning i framti
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Phillips, Tom. "Detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi from bulk water and soil samples." Thesis, Phillips, Tom (2008) Detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi from bulk water and soil samples. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/32595/.
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Chatreewongsin, Urai. "Metal Extraction From Soil Samples By Chelation in a Microwave System." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26982.
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This work involves the combination of chelation and microwave extraction as a technique for extracting adsorbed metals in soil. It has been termed in this work, Chelate Assisted Microwave Extraction (CAME). Unlike other extraction methods, CAME is able to differentiate between anthropological and geological trace metals.
The method has been applied to major sample matrices included three types of soils (Bertie Sandy Loam, Davidson Silty Clay, and Davidson Clayey Loam) as well as sea sand, alumina, and iron oxide. In order to investigate the effects of sorptive coatings on metal concentrations, a sample set was first treated with humic acids, which represented organic coated materials. Afterwards, copper (II) solutions were spiked to both untreated and treated matrices and the efficiencies of recoveries were studied. Metal determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (ICP-AES).
Initial studies of control (untreated soil) and long-term Cu amended (spiked) Bertie Sandy Loam (BSL) indicated that extraction efficiencies were method dependent. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was a primary chelating agent used for method comparisons. Extracting solutions having a pH range from 7.8 to 10.1 did not affect the EDTA-microwave method, but the increase in pH enhanced Cu removal by the EDTA-shaking extraction method which was a conventional chelation using a mechanical shaker. With the EDTA-microwave method, complete extraction was achieved in a short period of time (20 minutes). Compared to the EDTA-shaking method using two sandy soils, the EDTA-microwave method proved to be more efficient in extracting sorbed metals in soils (5.9 vs. 4.6 µg/g for the control BSL and 37.5 vs. 27.8 µg/g for the amended BSL.
FT-IR and C13 NMR were used to characterize extracted and commercially available humic acids. The latter was employed to prepare the humate coated materials. Iron oxide containing materials such as Davidson Silty Clay (DSC), Davidson Clayey Loam (DCL), and iron oxide (Fe2O3), showed extremely high adsorption capabilities for humic acids, while sea sand, Bertie Sandy Loam, and alumina (Al₂O₃) provided lower adsorption capabilities for humic acids. Two sets of uncoated and humate coated materials were used for Cu spiking procedures using 0.001 M Cu (II) at pH 5.3 for 24 hour-equilibration. Three original soils and alumina showed high adsorption capabilities for Cu (II). The presence of coated humate helped increase Cu adsorption capabilities of these soils, but diminished the ability of alumina to react with Cu (II) ions. For HA-uncoated matrices, iron oxide had a higher Cu adsorption capability than sea sand but less than real soils. Humate coating improved Cu adsorption capabilities of not only real soils but iron oxide and sea sand as well.
Lastly, the developed method named Chelate Assisted Microwave Extraction (CAME) was further examined and optimized. Several samples were investigated for extraction efficiencies. A two-step extraction, applying 120 W for 5 min followed by 60 W for 10 min, was efficient in removing sorbed metals from different matrices regardless of sorptive oxide and organic components. Concentrations of chelating agents slightly affected percent metal removal; however, there was no significant difference in results obtained using EDTA or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Recoveries of spiked metals (Cu and Cd) ranged from 96 to 107%. Using the untreated (control) Davidson Silty Clay and Bertie Sandy Loam, the comparison of other chelating solutions were made. Clearly, CAME was promising and proved to be a good alternative to classical shaking method for extracting adsorbed metals from soils.Ph. D.
10
Tristan-Montero, Emma Esther. "Human health risk assessment for contaminated land in historical mining areas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7343.
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Johansson, Pontus. "Returning to Vuollerim : Geoarchaeological study of Soil Samples from a Stone Age Settlement." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Miljöarkeologiska laboratoriet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-108824.
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The Stone Age settlement site outside the village of Vuollerim in northern Sweden was first discovered in the 1980s and has been an important part of the research regarding Mesolithic and Neolithic in Norrland. One of the houses on the site was named Norpan 2 and nearly fifteen hundred soil samples were collected and stored during the excavations between 1983 and 1987. This study has focused on analysing nearly one thousand of the collected soil samples using phosphate and magnetic susceptibility analysis to further study activity on site and social structure. Furthermore, due to the large quantity of samples, a short comparison of soil sampling density was made to perceive the effect sampling density has on the interpretation of soil mapping. The results of the study indicate that the site has a large deposit of Magnetite (Fe3O4) in the soil that gives unusual MS-readings from the collected samples. The results also show a bipolar separation of finds and geoarchaeological traces within the house. This distinctive separation has been argued as an indication of dividing the space between families, but this study indicate that this separation might be due to house being divided between different activities but the evidence is not conclusive enough without further studies. The study has also shown that while a high density soil mapping gives much greater details it is still possible to gain the necessary information with fewer samples. In conclusion, it is still too early to conclude the investigations at the Vuollerim site and with the added data from this study and new information there is still more to learn from the Vuollerim site.KeywordsPhosphate analysis, Magnetic susceptibility, Vuollerim, Norpan 2, Geoarchaeology, Soil mapping
12
Hovland, Kristin. "Multilocus Sequence Typing of close Neighbours to Bacillus anthracis isolated from Soil Samples." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bioteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24589.
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The Bacillus cereus group comprises of B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. weihenstephanensis and B. cytotoxicus. B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, whilst B. cereus and B. thuringiensis (B. anthracis close neighbours) are mostly associated as food and insect pathogens respectively. During the last years, strains of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis have been the cause of serious infections in both humans and animals, and both phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics associated with B. anthracis have been identified in some of these close neighbours. This has led to an increased interest for the different species and strains of B. anthracis close neighbours. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variation among strains of the Bacillus cereus group, with a particular focus on isolates closely related to B. anthracis.Soil samples collected in Etosha National Park, Namibia, near a carcass of a B. anthracis infected Zebra were used to isolate 169 B. cereus group members using a selective growth medium. Isolation was followed by DNA extraction and the DNA was used in real time qPCR using six B. anthracis specific markers. One of the PCR primer pairs amplified a VNTR (variable number of tandem repeat) region and 52 B. cereus group isolates were selected for MLST (multi locus sequence typing) due to having a VNTR region identical to B. anthracis. In addition, 8 isolates were selected for MLST due to the generation of PCR products when using B. anthracis plasmid markers.Phylogenetic analyses were performed using an 11 loci MLST scheme (adk, ccpA, ftsA, glpF, glpT, panC, pta, pycA, pyre, recF and sucC) on 125 B. cereus group members (46 isolates from this study, 67 from Helgason et al. (2004), 5 in-house isolates and 7 from MLST Oslo), which resulted in 96 STs (sequences types). 39 B. cereus group members analysed during this study clustered in clade I. The two isolates (FFIBCgr36 and FFIBCgr46) that clustered closest to B. anthracis revealed only 10 and 12 point mutations that differentiating them from B. anthracis.
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Silva, Francisca Gleiciane da. "Hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil and preferred flow in samples of land confined." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17152.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoUnderstanding the processes related to the movement of water in soil profile is relevant to the management of soil and water resources. Hydraulic conductivity is an important soil property that affects this movement, but its determination in laboratory conditions requires that samples are contained in cylinders which can cause the presence of preferential flow through the soil wall interface. So, the goal of this work was to test the effect of increasing perimeter and height of the sample on saturated hydraulic conductivity in confined soil samples of different textures. Soil samples were collected and the following physical analyzes were performed: particle density, particle-size, water dispersed clay, soil porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ko). Experimental data were analyzed in a randomized design for all variables, adopting a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement (four diameters x five heights of the cylinders), with six replications. The Shapiro- Wilk test was used to verify the normality of the data, F test for analysis of variance, and TukeyÂs test for comparison of means (p<0.05). Classical descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis techniques were also employed. It was conclude that: a) the results support the hypothesis that the increase of the perimeter causes an increase of the saturated hydraulic conductivity; b) for the same increase of preferential flow area, the effect on the saturated hydraulic conductivity was higher for clay soil; c) the hypothesis that increased water path causes a change in the Ko values was rejected; d) for both soil classes increased water path did not affect the values of the saturated hydraulicconductivity.
A compreensÃo dos processos relacionados ao movimento da Ãgua no perfil do solo à relevante para o manejo do solo e dos recursos hÃdricos. A condutividade hidrÃulica à um importante atributo do solo que interfere nesse movimento, sendo que sua determinaÃÃo na condiÃÃo de laboratÃrio requer que as amostras estejam confinadas em cilindros, o que pode causar a presenÃa de fluxo preferencial pela interface solo/parede do cilindro. Objetivou-se nesse trabalho testar o efeito do aumento do perÃmetro e da altura da amostra sobre a condutividade hidrÃulica do solo saturado em amostras confinadas de terra de diferentes texturas. Foram coletadas amostras de terra para realizaÃÃo das anÃlises fÃsicas, a saber: densidade de partÃculas, granulometria, argila dispersa em Ãgua, porosidade do solo e condutividade hidrÃulica do solo saturado (Ko). Os dados experimentais foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado para todas as variÃveis, adotandose o esquema fatorial 4 x 5 (quatro diÃmetros e cinco alturas dos cilindros), com seis repetiÃÃes. Foram aplicados os testes de Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a normalidade dos dados, o F para anÃlise de variÃncia e o de Tukey para a comparaÃÃo da mÃdias (todos a 5% de probabilidade). TambÃm foi empregada a estatÃstica descritiva clÃssica para algumas variÃveis e tÃcnicas multivariadas de anÃlises. Conclui-se que a) aceita-se a hipÃtese de que o aumento do perÃmetro da amostra provoca aumento nos valores de condutividade hidrÃulica do solo saturado; b) para o mesmo aumento de Ãrea de fluxo preferencial, o efeito sobre a condutividade hidrÃulica do solo saturado para o solo argiloso foi maior; c) a hipÃtese de que o aumento do percurso da Ãgua causa alteraÃÃo nos valores de Ko foi refutada; d) para ambas as classes de solos o aumento do percurso da Ãgua nÃo foi determinante nos valores obtidos para condutividade hidrÃulica do solo saturado.
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Teets, Paul D. "Analysis of macro-, micro-, and trace elements of soil samples from Sanborn field /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418071.
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He, Jizheng, and n/a. "Molecular Biological Studies of Soil Microbial Communities Under Different Management Practices in Forest Ecosystems of Queensland." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060309.095702.
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Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil quality and ecosystem health. Development of effective methods for studying the composition, diversity, and behavior of microorganisms in soil habitats is essential for a broader understanding of soil quality. Forest management strategies and practices are of vital significance for sustainable forest production. How the different forest management measures will influence soil microbial communities is a widespread concern of forest industry and scientific communities. Only a small proportion (~0.1%) of the bacteria from natural habitats can be cultured on laboratory growth media. Direct extraction of whole-community DNA from soil, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other analysis circumvents the problems of the culture-dependent methods and may shed light on a broader range of microbial communities in the soil. DNA-based molecular methods rely on high quality soil microbial DNA as template, and thus extraction of good quality DNA from soil samples has been a challenge because of the complex and heterogeneous nature of the soil matrix. The objectives of this research were to establish a set of DNA-based molecular methods and to apply them to investigate forest soil microbial composition and diversity. Soil samples were collected from different forest ecosystems, i.e., the natural forest (YNF) and the first rotation (~ 50 years) (Y1R) and the second rotation (~ 1 year) (Y2R) of hoop pine plantations at Yarraman, and from different forest residue management practices (the experiments had established 6.4 years before the samples were collected) at Gympie, two long-term experimental sites of the Queensland Department of Primary Industry-Forestry in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Some DNA-based molecular techniques, including DNA extraction and purification, PCR amplification, DNA screening, cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, were explored using Yarraman soil samples, which were high in organic matter, clay and iron oxide contents. A set of methods was assembled based on the recommendations of the method development experiments and applied to the investigations of the microbial composition and diversity of the Yarraman and Gympie soil samples. Four soil DNA extraction methods, including the Zhou method (Zhou et al., 1996), the Holben method (Holben, 1994), the UltraClean (Mo Bio) and FastDNA (Bio 101) soil DNA extraction kits, were explored. It was necessary to modify these methods for Yarraman soil. I designed and introduced a pre-lysis buffer washing step, to partially remove soil humic substances and promote soil dispersion. This modification greatly improved the quality of the extracted DNA, decreasing co-extracted humic substances by 31% and increasing DNA yield by 24%. The improved Holben method was recommended for fungal community studies, and the improved Zhou method for bacterial community studies. The extracted DNA was good in quality, with a consistent size of ~20 kb and a yield of 48-87 g g-1 soil, and could be successfully used for 16S (Zhou method) and 18S (Holben method) rDNA amplifications. For less difficult environmental samples, UltraClean kits could be a good option, because they are simple and fast and the extracted DNA are also of good quality. Screening of the DNA PCR products using TGGE, Heteroduplex-TGGE and SSCP was also explored. These methods were not so effective for the screening of the soil DNA PCR products, owing to the difficulty in interpretation of the results. Cloning was a necessary step to obtain a single sequence at species level in soil microbial community studies. The screening of the clone library by TGGE, Heteroduplex-TGGE and SSCP could only separate the clones into several major bands, although SSCP gave better separation. Sequencing of selected clones directly from the clone library obtained ultimate results of microbial taxonomic composition and diversity through well-established sequence analysis software packages and the databases. It was recommended that, in this project with the target of microbial community composition and diversity, soil DNA PCR products were directly cloned to construct clone libraries and a sample of clones were sequenced to achieve an estimate of the taxonomic composition of the soil. Fungal communities of the Yarraman soil samples under the natural forest (YNF) and the hoop pine plantations (YHP) were investigated using 18S rDNA based cloning and sequencing approaches. Twenty-eight clone sequences were obtained and analysed. Three fungal orders, i.e., Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were detected from the YNF and YHP samples. By contrast, culture-based analyses of fungi in the literature were mostly Ascomycetes. YNF appeared to have more Ascomycota but less Zygomycota than YHP, and within the Zygomycota order, YHP had more unidentified species than YNF. Bacterial communities of Yarraman soil samples of YNF, Y1R and Y2R were investigated using 16S rDNA-based cloning and sequencing approaches. 305 16S rDNA clone sequences were analysed and showed an overall bacterial community composition of Unclassified bacteria (34.4%), Proteobacteria (22.0%), Verrucomicrobia (15.7%), Acidobacteria (10.2%), Chloroflexi (6.9%), Gemmatimonadetes (5.6%), and Actinobacteria (5.2%). There was a significant difference among YNF, Y1R and Y2R in the taxonomic group composition. YNF had a greater proportion of Acidobacteria (18.0%), Verrucomicrobia (23.0%) and Chloroflexi (9.0%) than Y1R and Y2R (corresponding to 6.3%, 12.1% and 5.9%, respectively), while Y1R and Y2R had a higher percentage of the Unclassified group (38.5% for Y1R and 46.5% for Y2R) than YNF (18.0%). For the Proteobacteria group, YNF had more Alpha-subdivision but Y1R and Y2R had more Delta-subdivision. From YNF to Y1R to Y2R, the clone sequence variable site ratios, 5% and 10% OTU numbers and Shannon's diversity index H' values tended to decrease, indicating the soil bacterial diversity decreased from the natural forest to the first and the second rotation hoop pine plantations. The large amount of unclassified clone sequences could imply a novel group of bacteria in the soil, particularly in the hoop pine soil samples. Alternatively they may result from artefacts during the PCR process. Bacterial communities of the Gympie soil under different residue management practices, i.e., residue (litter plus logging residue) removed (G0R), residue retained (G1R), and residue doubled (G2R), were also investigated using the 16S rDNA-based cloning and sequencing approaches. Acidobacteria (37.6%) and Proteobacteria (35.6%, including Alpha-subdivision of 29.9% and Gamma-subdivision of 5.7%) were dominant components of the communities, followed by Actinobacteria (14.7%), Verrucomicrobia (7.3%) and Unclassified bacteria. There was no significant difference among G0R, G1R and G2R in the bacterial community compositions and diversity. These findings provided an in-depth vision of the soil microbial communities under different forest management practices. Their combination with other soil analysis results, such as physical and chemical properties, and forest production data, could provide an improved understanding of sustainable forest management strategies.
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He, Jizheng. "Molecular Biological Studies of Soil Microbial Communities Under Different Management Practices in Forest Ecosystems of Queensland." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367075.
Full textAbstract:
Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil quality and ecosystem health. Development of effective methods for studying the composition, diversity, and behavior of microorganisms in soil habitats is essential for a broader understanding of soil quality. Forest management strategies and practices are of vital significance for sustainable forest production. How the different forest management measures will influence soil microbial communities is a widespread concern of forest industry and scientific communities. Only a small proportion (~0.1%) of the bacteria from natural habitats can be cultured on laboratory growth media. Direct extraction of whole-community DNA from soil, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other analysis circumvents the problems of the culture-dependent methods and may shed light on a broader range of microbial communities in the soil. DNA-based molecular methods rely on high quality soil microbial DNA as template, and thus extraction of good quality DNA from soil samples has been a challenge because of the complex and heterogeneous nature of the soil matrix. The objectives of this research were to establish a set of DNA-based molecular methods and to apply them to investigate forest soil microbial composition and diversity. Soil samples were collected from different forest ecosystems, i.e., the natural forest (YNF) and the first rotation (~ 50 years) (Y1R) and the second rotation (~ 1 year) (Y2R) of hoop pine plantations at Yarraman, and from different forest residue management practices (the experiments had established 6.4 years before the samples were collected) at Gympie, two long-term experimental sites of the Queensland Department of Primary Industry-Forestry in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Some DNA-based molecular techniques, including DNA extraction and purification, PCR amplification, DNA screening, cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, were explored using Yarraman soil samples, which were high in organic matter, clay and iron oxide contents. A set of methods was assembled based on the recommendations of the method development experiments and applied to the investigations of the microbial composition and diversity of the Yarraman and Gympie soil samples. Four soil DNA extraction methods, including the Zhou method (Zhou et al., 1996), the Holben method (Holben, 1994), the UltraClean (Mo Bio) and FastDNA (Bio 101) soil DNA extraction kits, were explored. It was necessary to modify these methods for Yarraman soil. I designed and introduced a pre-lysis buffer washing step, to partially remove soil humic substances and promote soil dispersion. This modification greatly improved the quality of the extracted DNA, decreasing co-extracted humic substances by 31% and increasing DNA yield by 24%. The improved Holben method was recommended for fungal community studies, and the improved Zhou method for bacterial community studies. The extracted DNA was good in quality, with a consistent size of ~20 kb and a yield of 48-87 g g-1 soil, and could be successfully used for 16S (Zhou method) and 18S (Holben method) rDNA amplifications. For less difficult environmental samples, UltraClean kits could be a good option, because they are simple and fast and the extracted DNA are also of good quality. Screening of the DNA PCR products using TGGE, Heteroduplex-TGGE and SSCP was also explored. These methods were not so effective for the screening of the soil DNA PCR products, owing to the difficulty in interpretation of the results. Cloning was a necessary step to obtain a single sequence at species level in soil microbial community studies. The screening of the clone library by TGGE, Heteroduplex-TGGE and SSCP could only separate the clones into several major bands, although SSCP gave better separation. Sequencing of selected clones directly from the clone library obtained ultimate results of microbial taxonomic composition and diversity through well-established sequence analysis software packages and the databases. It was recommended that, in this project with the target of microbial community composition and diversity, soil DNA PCR products were directly cloned to construct clone libraries and a sample of clones were sequenced to achieve an estimate of the taxonomic composition of the soil. Fungal communities of the Yarraman soil samples under the natural forest (YNF) and the hoop pine plantations (YHP) were investigated using 18S rDNA based cloning and sequencing approaches. Twenty-eight clone sequences were obtained and analysed. Three fungal orders, i.e., Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were detected from the YNF and YHP samples. By contrast, culture-based analyses of fungi in the literature were mostly Ascomycetes. YNF appeared to have more Ascomycota but less Zygomycota than YHP, and within the Zygomycota order, YHP had more unidentified species than YNF. Bacterial communities of Yarraman soil samples of YNF, Y1R and Y2R were investigated using 16S rDNA-based cloning and sequencing approaches. 305 16S rDNA clone sequences were analysed and showed an overall bacterial community composition of Unclassified bacteria (34.4%), Proteobacteria (22.0%), Verrucomicrobia (15.7%), Acidobacteria (10.2%), Chloroflexi (6.9%), Gemmatimonadetes (5.6%), and Actinobacteria (5.2%). There was a significant difference among YNF, Y1R and Y2R in the taxonomic group composition. YNF had a greater proportion of Acidobacteria (18.0%), Verrucomicrobia (23.0%) and Chloroflexi (9.0%) than Y1R and Y2R (corresponding to 6.3%, 12.1% and 5.9%, respectively), while Y1R and Y2R had a higher percentage of the Unclassified group (38.5% for Y1R and 46.5% for Y2R) than YNF (18.0%). For the Proteobacteria group, YNF had more Alpha-subdivision but Y1R and Y2R had more Delta-subdivision. From YNF to Y1R to Y2R, the clone sequence variable site ratios, 5% and 10% OTU numbers and Shannon's diversity index H' values tended to decrease, indicating the soil bacterial diversity decreased from the natural forest to the first and the second rotation hoop pine plantations. The large amount of unclassified clone sequences could imply a novel group of bacteria in the soil, particularly in the hoop pine soil samples. Alternatively they may result from artefacts during the PCR process. Bacterial communities of the Gympie soil under different residue management practices, i.e., residue (litter plus logging residue) removed (G0R), residue retained (G1R), and residue doubled (G2R), were also investigated using the 16S rDNA-based cloning and sequencing approaches. Acidobacteria (37.6%) and Proteobacteria (35.6%, including Alpha-subdivision of 29.9% and Gamma-subdivision of 5.7%) were dominant components of the communities, followed by Actinobacteria (14.7%), Verrucomicrobia (7.3%) and Unclassified bacteria. There was no significant difference among G0R, G1R and G2R in the bacterial community compositions and diversity. These findings provided an in-depth vision of the soil microbial communities under different forest management practices. Their combination with other soil analysis results, such as physical and chemical properties, and forest production data, could provide an improved understanding of sustainable forest management strategies.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Joosse, Pamela Jane Shantz. "Assessing physical soil quality using mechanical indices from applying internal and external stresses to remoulded and structurally intact soil samples." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ35800.pdf.
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Do, Lan. "New tools for sample preparation and instrumental analysis of dioxins in environmental samples." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-70218.
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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), two groups of structurally related chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, are of high concern due to their global distribution and extreme toxicity. Since they occur at very low levels, their analysis is complex, challenging and hence there is a need for efficient, reliable and rapid alternative analytical methods. Developing such methods was the aim of the project this thesis is based upon. During the first years of the project the focus was on the first parts of the analytical chain (extraction and clean-up). A selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) procedure was developed, involving in-cell clean-up to remove bulk co-extracted matrix components from sample extracts. It was further streamlined by employing a modular pressurized liquid extraction (M-PLE) system, which simultaneously extracts, cleans up and isolates planar PCDD/Fs in a single step. Both methods were validated using a wide range of soil, sediment and sludge reference materials. Using dichloromethane/n-heptane (DCM/Hp; 1/1, v/v) as a solvent, results statistically equivalent to or higher than the reference values were obtained, while an alternative, less harmful non-chlorinated solvent mixture - diethyl ether/n-heptane (DEE/Hp; 1/2, v/v) – yielded data equivalent to those values. Later, the focus of the work shifted to the final instrumental analysis. Six gas chromatography (GC) phases were evaluated with respect to their chromatographic separation of not just the 17 most toxic congeners (2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs), but all 136 tetra- to octaCDD/Fs. Three novel ionic liquid columns performed much better than previously tested commercially available columns. Supelco SLB-IL61 offered the best overall performance, successfully resolving 106 out of the 136 compounds, and 16 out of the 17 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs. Another ionic liquid (SLB-IL111) column provided complementary separation. Together, the two columns separated 128 congeners. The work also included characterization of 22 GC columns’ selectivity and solute-stationary phase interactions. The selectivities were mapped using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of all 136 PCDD/F’s retention times on the columns, while the interactions were probed by analyzing both the retention times and the substances’ physicochemical properties.
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Langaas, Gjertrud Louise. "Measurements of radioactivity in plant and soil samples taken near a nuclear power plant." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296371.
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This project is a study of six soil and vegetation samples taken near the nuclear power plant at Ringhals, Sweden. The purpose was to detect any signs of radioactivity in the soil and vegetation originating from the plant, while simultaneously giving insight on the advantages and limitations of using equipment from the radioecology lab at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. The samples were examined by a high purity germanium detector, and the resulting spectra were analyzed in Matlab. Besides Cs-137 from the Chernobyl accident and from atomic bomb tests the study found no proof of radioactivity derived from nuclear power waste or emissions. The results from the analysis were compared with the automatic software Apex-Gamma. In general there was a good agreement between the two methods, with discrepancies never larger than a factor of two. An improvement of the accuracy can be obtained through longer measurement times, and analysis of each spectra separately before the subtraction of the background contribution.
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Langston, Joy. "An examination of selected trace elements in modern and ancient samples of Triticum spelta." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5509/.
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Analyses were made of concentrations of six elements (the micronutrients copper, iron, manganese and zinc, and the macronutrients calcium and magnesium) in samples of Triticum spetta and the soil they were grown on to investigate relationships between the two, and the possibility of sourcing material found in the archaeological record. Charred and fresh grains of geographically and geologically diverse locations were broken down in nitric acid using a microwave digestion technique. The resultant solutions were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Soil extractions using nitric acid and diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid allowed analyses of total and available elements. The results of soil / grain digests were investigated but no consistently significant relationships could be discerned. Growth experiments were performed by growing grain samples from various locations on one soil type to assess which factors were primarily important in elemental uptake. Calcium and magnesium uptake appears strongly influenced by the growing environment, but that of the micronutrients is additionally affected by genetic factors. In order to assess changes in elemental concentration due to burial, diagenetic experiments were carried out using grain from various locations and a series of differing burial periods. It was found that there was a trend for concentrations of the micronutrients and magnesium to decrease, whilst calcium concentrations increased substantially. On completion of work with modem grain, samples from the archaeological record were analysed. Elemental concentrations were found to be very different in ancient material and more significantly related to the burial environment. It appears possible to differentiate between leached, rural and waterlogged/urban sites.
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Doan, Thuoc Van, and Binh Thi Nguyen. "Polyhydroxyalkanoates production by a bacterium isolated from mangrove soil samples collected from Quang Ninh province." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-99511.
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A PHA producing bacterium (strain QN271) was selected from mangrove soil samples collected from Quang Ninh province by using the Nile red dying technique. PHA accumulation in the selected bacterium strain was confirmed by transmission electron microscope. With the exception of maltose or sucrose, the bacterium strain was found to be able to synthesize PHA from various carbon sources (glucose, xylose, fructose, glycerol, and glucose plus propionate). The strain accumulated poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from glucose, fructose, xylose, and glycerol whereas poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalarate) was produced when a combination of glucose and propionate was included in the culture medium. Fructose was found to be most suitable substrate for PHA synthesis by strain QN271. PHA content of 63.3% and CDW of 6 g/L were obtained after 32 hrs of cultivation in fructose mediumChủng vi khuẩn có khả năng sinh tổng hợp PHA đã được phân lập từ đất rừng ngập mặn tỉnh Quảng Ninh nhờ kỹ thuật nhuộm với Nile red. Ảnh quan sát dưới kính hiển vi điện tử dẫn truyền chứng tỏ rằng chủng vi khuẩn này có khả năng tích lũy lượng lớn PHA trong tế bào. Chủng vi khuẩn tuyển chọn có khả năng sinh tổng hợp PHA từ nhiều nguồn các bon khác nhau như glucose, xylose, fructose, glucerol, glucose và propionate nhưng không có khả năng tổng hợp PHA từ maltose hoặc saccharose. Chủng vi khuẩn tuyển chọn tổng hợp poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) từ các nguồn các-bon như glucose, xylose, fructose, hay glycerol, trong khi đó poly (3-hydroxybutyrateco- 3-hydroxyvalarate) sẽ được tổng hợp khi phối hợp sử dụng hai nguồn các-bon (glucose và propionate). Fructose là nguồn các-bon tốt nhất cho chủng QN271 sinh tổng hợp PHA, khi nuôi cấy trong môi trường có fructose chủng vi khuẩn này có thể tạo ra lượng sinh khối là 6 g/L trong đó có chứa 63.3% PHA sau 32 giờ
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Robinson, Lorraine. "The relationship between the sensible properties of mineral soil samples and those properties determined in the laboratory." Thesis, University of Salford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293789.
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Paraskova, Julia V. "Organic phosphorus speciation in environmental samples : Method development and applications." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kemi - BMC, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-228734.
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This thesis investigates the development of new methodology for the identification and quantification of organic phosphorus compounds in environmental samples. Phosphorus is a vital element for primary production and one of the factors contributing to eutrophication. Eutrophication of aquatic systems leads to algal blooms, changes in ecological balance and deteriorating water quality. Difficulties in studying organic phosphorus stem from the fact that organic phosphorus is present in the environment in a variety of forms and each form may have different degradation and turnover time, having very different effects on eutrophication. New methods for the quantification of phosphorus derived from three groups of organic phosphorus compounds were developed. For the determination of phosphorus derived from DNA and phospholipids selective extraction was combined with digestion and colorimetric determination of the extracted phosphate. For quantification of inositol phosphates high performance liquid chromatography was coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization. The methods were applied to studying the distribution of these compounds in a small catchment and in the case of DNA-P and phospholipid-P, the degradation of the fractions in lake sediments. The studies showed that phosphorus bound to DNA, phospholipids and inositol phosphates constitute a sizeable part of the total phosphorus in different environmental samples. The phospholipid-P fraction was the smallest one, accounting for, on average, only a few percent of the total phosphorus in the sample. Inositol phosphates were most prevalent in the soils, with inositol hexakisphosphate accounting for over 10% of the total phosphorus content. The highest content of DNA-P was found in sediments and it was shown that DNA-P degrades more rapidly than phospholipid-P and therefore plays a more critical role in internal loading.
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Moreno, Lilliana I. "The Effect of Sample and Sample Matrix on DNA Processing: Mechanisms for the Detection and Management of Inhibition in Forensic Samples." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1764.
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The presence of inhibitory substances in biological forensic samples has, and continues to affect the quality of the data generated following DNA typing processes. Although the chemistries used during the procedures have been enhanced to mitigate the effects of these deleterious compounds, some challenges remain. Inhibitors can be components of the samples, the substrate where samples were deposited or chemical(s) associated to the DNA purification step. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the extraction processes and their ability to handle the various types of inhibitory substances can help define the best analytical processing for any given sample. A series of experiments were conducted to establish the inhibition tolerance of quantification and amplification kits using common inhibitory substances in order to determine if current laboratory practices are optimal for identifying potential problems associated with inhibition. DART mass spectrometry was used to determine the amount of inhibitor carryover after sample purification, its correlation to the initial inhibitor input in the sample and the overall effect in the results. Finally, a novel alternative at gathering investigative leads from samples that would otherwise be ineffective for DNA typing due to the large amounts of inhibitory substances and/or environmental degradation was tested. This included generating data associated with microbial peak signatures to identify locations of clandestine human graves. Results demonstrate that the current methods for assessing inhibition are not necessarily accurate, as samples that appear inhibited in the quantification process can yield full DNA profiles, while those that do not indicate inhibition may suffer from lowered amplification efficiency or PCR artifacts. The extraction methods tested were able to remove >90% of the inhibitors from all samples with the exception of phenol, which was present in variable amounts whenever the organic extraction approach was utilized. Although the results attained suggested that most inhibitors produce minimal effect on downstream applications, analysts should practice caution when selecting the best extraction method for particular samples, as casework DNA samples are often present in small quantities and can contain an overwhelming amount of inhibitory substances.
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Cooper, Joanne. "Electrochemical method for the rapid in situ screening of heavy metals in soil and water samples." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443720.
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Idialu, Ofure Ruth. "Development of analytical techniques for detection and remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and water samples." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27526.
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Kastlander, Johan. "In situ measurements of radionuclide concentration in soil : An investigation into detector properties and methods." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-47398.
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In case of a release of radioactive nuclides into the environment it is necessary to have reliable methods to estimate the potential effect on people and the ecosystem. In this context the total activity deposited, the elemental composition and the depth distribution are of importance. An efficient in situ method to estimate the average contamination over larger areas using high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors has been developed. The method combines simulation of photon transport with measured detector properties. The total activity of 137Cs determined from gamma-ray spectra recorded in situ are compared to results from soil sampling. Another in situ method has been developed to determine the depth distribution of a radionuclide contamination, using an array of small detectors inserted into the ground, as an alternative to the standard procedure of soil sampling. The possibility to use cadmium telluride (CdTe) detectors as well as lanthanum bromide (LaBr3) detectors has been investigated. As a demonstration of the developed method the small-scale variation of the activity distributions in an area covering 350 m2 have been measured and is compared to results obtained by other methods.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted.
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Salloum, Myrna Joyce. "Sorption of organic compounds to soil and geologic samples that vary in mineral content and diagenic properties." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ46913.pdf.
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Barzagli, Lorenzo. "Inducing and assessing damage in stabilized soil samples towards the study of self-healing: an exploratory work." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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The work presented in this thesis aims to describe a preliminary work towards the study of soil self-healing: specifically, different types of damages are induced and then measured in soil-stabilized samples and test them using a recent technique called EMM-ARM (Elasticity Modulus Measurement through Ambient Response Method).
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Giannakoudi, Theodora. "Determination of organic phosphorus in soil samples by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Analytisk kemi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416675.
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Chemical substances that are either produced by nature or by humankind have a consequence on the environment when they are accumulated to a great extent. One of nature’s major problem is that of the eutrophication of surface waters, which is caused by inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds and, in particular, from a group known as Inositol Phosphates. There are six different forms of these inositols and are commonly found in soil and sediment samples. The conducted project was aimed to develop an analytical method that could efficiently analyze and separate all six with repeatable results. As such, soil samples were collected two times from two forest locations and two crop field locations. The first time the soil samples were left overnight to dry in a drying oven while on the second time, the samples left to dry at room temperature. When the samples were considered dry enough, they processed to reach grain size and extracted with a mixture of NaOH and Titriplex® III. The extracted soil samples, the standard solutions containing inositols, and the spiked extracted soil samples with inositol solution were all analyzed with an instrumental combination of a Capillary Electrophoresis instrument coupled manually to an Electrospray mass spectrometer, where the first was operated at reversed mode and the second at negative mode. To achieve the best feasible separation, several background electrolyte solutions were created along with a large number of sheath liquids regulated by an LC pump, two Capillary Electrophoresis methods, and twenty-five distinct MS methods, all tested through extensive screening to obtain the best possible combination of parameters. Out of the obtained results from the runs, four background electrolyte solutions, two MS methods, one sheath liquid controlled by one specific flow rate, and one Capillary Electrophoresis method exhibited promising potentials with a satisfying outcome. However, the intense pulsation of the spray cone observed for many of the runs, the manual protrusion of the Capillary Electrophoresis fused silica capillary, and some random errors, the repeatability of the method is called into question.
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Pokharel, Janak. "CYCLIC LOAD RESISTANCE AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SOIL FROM SOUTHERN ILLINOIS USING UNDISTURBED AND REMOLDED SAMPLES." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1545.
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The liquefaction resistance of undisturbed soil samples collected from a selected location in Carbondale, Southern Illinois was evaluated by conducting cyclic triaxial tests. Index property tests were carried out on the sample for identification and classification of the soil. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on undisturbed sample after saturation, undisturbed sample at natural water content and remolded samples prepared by compaction in the lab. The results were used to evaluate the effect of saturation and remolding on liquefaction resistance of the local soil. Effect of effective confining pressure on dynamic properties of soil (Young's Modulus and Damping ratio) was also studied. Forty five stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests were performed. Three different values of initial effective confining pressure (5 psi, 10 psi and 15 psi) were used and cyclic stress ratio was varied from 0.1 to 0.5 in order to apply different cyclic shear stresses. The results show that the cyclic load resistance of soil decreases as a result of remolding. Saturated undisturbed samples show increase in resistance to liquefaction with increase in initial confining pressure. Remolded samples were prepared by compaction in the lab keeping unit weight and water content equal to that of undisturbed samples. Remolded samples show increase in liquefaction resistance with increase in confining pressure. Undisturbed samples at natural water content show increase in resistance to develop axial strain with increase in confining pressure. Both the rate of excess pressure development and axial strain development increase significantly as a result of remolding. While investigating the effect of saturation of undisturbed samples on liquefaction resistance of soil, interesting observations were made. The excess pressure buildup rate was faster in case of saturated undisturbed samples compared to that in samples with natural water content. On the other hand, rate of strain development was significantly high in case of sample with natural water content compared to that in saturated sample. Also, results obtained from cyclic triaxial tests on saturated undisturbed samples were compared with results obtained from similar tests on Ottawa Sand (Lama 2014) sample. The comparison shows that the saturated undisturbed soil samples of the selected local soil have very high resistance to liquefaction both in terms of initial liquefaction and development of 2.5% and 5% axial strain. Modulus of Elasticity and damping ratio were studied as important dynamic properties of soil. Young's Modulus was observed to decrease significantly at higher strain levels for all three types of samples. Young's modulus increased with increase in effective confining pressure, the effect of confining pressure being large at low strain level and almost insignificant at higher strain level. Damping ratio was highest in undisturbed sample at natural water content and smallest in remolded sample and damping ratio for saturated undisturbed sample falls in between. The damping ratio did not show any definite correlation with strain and confining pressure at lower strain level. But, for strain higher than 1% double amplitude axial strain, damping ratio significantly decreases with increase in strain. Damping ratio increases with increase in confining pressure as observed at high strain for all samples.
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Traballi, Rogério Carlos [UNESP]. "Composição de amostra representativa de solo fertilizado com lodo de esgoto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101912.
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traballi_rc_dr_botfca.pdf: 1930714 bytes, checksum: b2df395d7fc8829f61c7ecf07dee05fc (MD5)O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar, através dos conhecimentos da estatística, o número mínimo de amostras de solo a ser coletado em uma área fertilizada com lodo de esgoto para que, depois de analisadas, representem, com elevada confiabilidade, a composição química do solo estudado. Para isso foram utilizadas parcelas de 486m² compostas por 9 linhas espaçadas de 3,0m. Em cada linha foram plantadas 9 mudas de espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica, espaçadas de 2,0m entre elas, totalizando 81 plantas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação de lodo de esgoto nas seguintes doses: 2,5; 5,0; 10,0; 15,0 e 20,0 t ha-1 e os números de amostras simples testados para compor uma amostra composta foram: 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25, sendo as mesmas coletadas entre 0 e 20 cm de profundidade. O delineamento experimental seguiu a metodologia de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo que as parcelas foram constituídas pelas doses de lodo de esgoto e as subparcelas pelo número de amostras. Para as variáveis: matéria orgânica, fósforo e cálcio, o número de amostras simples para formar uma amostra composta não foi influenciado pela dose de lodo de esgoto. Para a determinação das variáveis pH, H + Al+3 e M.O., foi observado que após aplicação de 20 t ha-1 há necessidade de se coletar, no mínimo, 5 amostras simples para formar uma amostra composta confiável, enquanto que para se determinar os teores de K, Ca e Mg com alta confiabilidade foram necessários números iguais ou superiores a 20 amostras simples para formar uma composta
The goal of this paper was to apply statistical techniques in determining the minimum number of soil samples to be collected in a fertilized area with sewage sludge which, after analyses, represent, with high confidence, the chemical composition of the analyzed soil. To this end parcels of 486 m2 were used, consisting of 9 lines set out in a 3 meter interval and in each line 9 Mata Atlântica plants, alternating with a mix of pioneering, secondary and climax plants were planted at a 2 meter interval, totaling 81 plants. These plants were fertilized with sewage sludge in the following doses: 2,5; 5,0; 10,0; 15,0 and 20,0 t ha-1. For every dose of sewage sludge, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 simple soil samples were collected, thus composing the samples that were sent out for laboratory analysis. The experimental design followed the random block method with four repetitions, in an outline of subdivided parcels, where the parcels were made of doses of sewage sludge and the sub parcels of number of samples collected. The measured values of Ca, Mg, P and K obtained from the analyzed soil were varying, confirming to the doses of sewage sludge applied, but the number of samples were not influenced by agricultural practice, leaving the spatial variability for each type of variable. Based upon obtained results it can be concluded that, in order to determine pH, H+ + Al+3 and M.O. of the variables, after applying 20 t ha-1, it is necessary to collect, at least, 5 simple samples as a base for a reliable composed sample. To determine the values of K, Ca and Mg, with high confidence, 20 or more simple samples were needed to make such a composed sample.
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Santawamaitre, Todsadol. "An evaluation of the level of naturally occuring radioactive materials in soil samples along the Chao Phraya river basin." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555934.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of natural radioactivity in river sediments and riverbank surface soils collected along the Chao Phraya River and its tributaries in Thailand. The activity concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials in the 238U and 232Th decay chains and from 40K were determined by means of a gamma-ray spectrometry system using a hyper-pure germanium (HPGe) detector in a low background configuration. The ranges of activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K were found to be 13.9 ± 0.4 ~ 76.8 ± 1.7, 12.9 ± 0.3 ~ 142.9 ± 2.8 and 178.4 ± 6.1 ~ 810.7 ± 26.7 Bq.kg-1, respectively. The results of this current study have been compared with the world mean values of 35, 30 and 400 Bq.kg-1, respectively, specified by the UNSCEAR (2000). The artificial radionuclide, 137Cs, was not observed in statistically significant amounts above the background level in the current study. Additionally, the -, distribution of the activity concentrations to various particle sizes of soil was . investigated in this current study. It can be assumed from the results that the grain size or the fraction of sand and clay content is one of the factors that affects the activity concentrations of 238U and 232Th in the soil samples, while only a weak correlation between the activity concentration of 40K and the particle size in soil samples was observed in this current study. Concerning radiological risk to human health, the absorbed gamma dose rate (D) in air at 1 metre above the ground surface was estimated to lie in the range 21.7±0.4 to 155.7±2.2 nGy.h-1; the outdoor annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) was evaluated to vary from 26.6±0.4 to 190.9±2.7 ~SV.il, with the arithmetic mean value of 79.06±33.23 ~Svf\ which is comparable to the worldwide effective dose of 70~Svfl. Also, the values of the Raeq and the Hex for all soil samples in the present work are lower than the accepted safety limit value of 370 Bq.ki1 and below the limit of unity, respectively. The results indicate that the radiation hazard from primordial radionuclides in all soil samples from the area studied in this current work is not significant.
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Borsato, Natíza Graziele Martins [UNESP]. "Identificação e quantificação de bismuto total em amostras de solo em regiões de falhas geológicas por análise eletroquímica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151841.
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No presente trabalho estudou-se, a concentração de bismuto total em áreas com falhas tectônicas e sua correlação com os níveis de radioisótopos de chumbo e de emissão de radônio-222. As determinações de bismuto total em diferentes solos foram realizadas por análise eletroquímica pela técnica de voltametria de redissolução anódica. Os valores de bismuto total aumentaram de acordo com o aumento da profundidade na extração do solo em estudo. Evidenciando a existência de bismuto decorrente da emanação de radônio-222 e sugerindo a existência de falhas geológicas nas áreas estudadas. Por análise estatística (ANOVA) verificou-se uma correlação da concentração de chumbo total e o nível de emissão de radônio-222 com a concentração de bismuto total. Essa correlação indica que a fonte de bismuto é proveniente da cadeia de decaimento radioativo do urânio-238 e tório-232.
In this work, the total concentration of bismuth areas with tectonic faults and their correlation and their correlation with the levels of lead radioisotopes and radon-222 emission. The determination of total bismuth in different soils were performed by electrochemical analysis using anodic redissolution voltammetry technique. The total bismuth values increased according to the depth increase in the extraction of the soil under study, evidencing the existence of bismuth due to the emanation of radon-222 and suggesting the existence of geological faults in the studied areas. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed a correlation between the total lead concentration and the emission level of radon-222 with the total bismuth concentration. This correlation indicates that the bismuth source is from the radioactive decay chain of uranium-238 and thorium-232.
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Thorsen, Marte Høye. "Mutagenicity and induction of CYP1A- enzymes from organic extracts of soil samples from nursery schools, evaluated by in vitro studies." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12763.
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Polluted soil can be a problem in urban areas, and can have a direct impact on human health upon exposure. The toxic potential of mixtures can be mediated by constituents and information about toxicity of mixtures is regarded as important, as it represents the real exposure situation. The main purpose of this project was to measure the mutagenic and CYP1A inducing potential in vitro from organic extracts of soil, sampled in nursery schools in Oslo. Selection of soil was mainly based on the content of ∑PAH16 and ∑PCB7, chemical groups known to include CYP1A inducing and/or genotoxic and mutagenic compounds. Generally were Soil 1 considered as a clean sample, Soil 2 to Soil 4 contained increasing level of PAHs and Soil 5 contained mainly elevated levels of PCBs. Assessing varying samples in relation to chemical content was valuable due to potential differences in biological responses. The soil samples were of top soil (0- 2 cm depth) and had been collected by NGU in connection to a geological survey of soil at playgrounds in nursery schools and schools in Norway. The soil was sampled in 2005- 2007, dried at 40 °C for one to two weeks, sieved in a 2 mm nylon sieve and stored in the dark at room temperature. Chemical analyses of both inorganic and organic compounds were performed before storage. In relation to this master project the organic pollutants in the selected soil samples were extracted by ultrasonic agitation in dichloromethane (DCM). Before experimental use the solvent was changed into dichloromethane (DMSO) by evaporating off the DCM using a water bath at 25 °C and a flow of nitrogen above. The dried extracts were redissolved in DMSO.The Ames Salmonella typhimurium assay was used for measuring mutagenicity. The presence of primary and secondary mutagens was assessed by conducting the assay both with and without addition of a metabolic S9- mix. Induction of different point mutations was revealed by utilising two bacterial strains, TA98 and TA100, detecting frameshift and base- pair substitutions, respectively. Induction of CYP1A enzymes was assessed in the rat H4IIE hepatoma cell line, and measured immunologically by Western blotting. The exposure concentrations used in the CYP1A assay were based on results of cell viability, assessed by utilising MTT- assay for finding the highest non- cytotoxic exposure concentrations. Concentration ranges of the extracts were tested in both assays. The mutagenic potential of extracts showed presence of secondary mutagenic compounds, and indicated absence or very low levels of primary mutagens. It was a general incidence of higher mutagenic activity with TA98 than TA100, reflecting highest induction of frameshift mutations. The inducing potential of extracts was in accordance with chemical analysis, showing a general increase in the potential of extract from Soil 1 to Soil 4, suggested to partly reflect differences in level of PAHs. The relative low potency of extract from Soil 5 was considered to be a reflection of a low content of PAHs and an expected dominance of PCBs, which have shown not to induce mutagens in the Ames assay.Induction of CYP1A in H4IIE was measured after exposure to extracts of Soil 3, Soil 4 and Soil 5. Results clearly indicated presence of CYP1A inducers in the extracts. A positive concentration- effect relationship was detected from exposure to extract of Soil 5. Extract of Soil 3 and Soil 4 did clearly induce CYP1A, but in a negative concentration dependent manner. These negative responses were suggested to indicate inhibition of CYP1A induction at the higher concentration, which may be linked to antagonism at the Ah- receptor. The biological endpoints measured in the current project reflected the integrated effect from extract exposure, potentially affected by additivity, synergism and/or antagonism. Differences in toxicity between in vitro and in vivo conditions, along with several biological and environmental parameters can affect the biological responses. The results obtained in the current project indicated presence of potential hazards in the soil, but no further conclusion could be drawn about the actual hazard from humans exposure to polluted soil.
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Elhelou, Othman. "Magnetic Susceptibility Mapping of Fly Ash in Soil Samples Near a Coal-Burning Power Plant in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1592981.
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Magnetic susceptibility is a property that can be used to effectively determine the compositional changes of mineral materials in soil. The objective of this study is to detect the presence of magnetic particles related to the migration of fly ash from a nearby coal-burning power plant over parts of Pointe Coupee Parish, LA. This is based on the idea that the fly ash that is released into the atmosphere during the coal burning process contains heavy metals and magnetic particles in the form of ferrospheres, which can be used to trace back to the source. Maps of the top and sub soil were generated to differentiate the magnetic susceptibility values of the heavy metals potentially attributed to the migration and settling of fly ash onto the surface from any pre-existing or naturally occurring heavy metals in the sub soil. A 60 km2 area in Pointe Coupee Parish was investigated in approximately 0.5 km2 subsets.
At each site, a minimum of 20 magnetic susceptibility measurements were obtained using a field probe along with discrete surface and subsurface samples collected for subsequent laboratory analysis. Samples of fly ash obtained directly from the source were also analyzed to verify the field and laboratory analysis. Contour maps representing the spatial distribution of the fly ash along with histograms of magnetic susceptibility values, reflective light microscope, and chemical analysis indicate a correlation between the proximity to the power plant and the predominant wind direction. Acquisition curves of the isothermal remanent magnetization demonstrate the presence of predominantly low coercivity minerals (magnetite) with a small amount of a high-coercivity phase. The microstructure of the magnetic fractions of the fly ash along with select top and sub soil samples were observed using a reflective light microscope for identifying and confirming the presence of ferrospheres associated with fly ash.
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Hobbs, Jeremy. "Traces of the Past : XRF analysis of soils samples from a medieval churchyard in Sigtuna, Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182689.
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Sigtuna is one of the first settlements in Sweden considered to be a proper town. Taking over Birka´s function as a central trading hub when it was founded in the late 10th century AD, Sigtuna was characterized by its early connection to Christianity, and many churches were built there. The foundations of one of these medieval stone churches and its churchyard lie beneath Sigtuna museum’s plot on the block S: t Gertrud 3. However, the full extent of this church and churchyard as well as its foundation date and function is not fully known. The over-arching purpose of this study is to achieve a better understanding of this church’s function. This will be done by geochemically analysing soil samples taken from the museum plot under which the churchyard is located. The first aim of this study is to establish the extent of the churchyard. During excavations carried out between 1990- 1991 in the neighbouring block Urmakaren, archaeologists discovered the remains of King Olof Skötkonung’s minting house along with various finds, notably two lead pieces with imprints of coin stamps. The second aim of this study is to see if traces of these metalworking activities can be detected on the museum plot. The third aim is to see how the church and churchyard related to the minting house on a spatial plane.
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Monaghan, Áine Marie. "Investigations on the serotypes and virulence profiles of non-O157 Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated from bovine farms and abattoirs." Thesis, Ulster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.695311.
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This study focuses on emerging E. coil serotypes and has developed methods for the isolation and identification of non-0157 STEC and EPEC. A basal medium for the isolation of these pathogens was developed as well as a serogroup specific PCR assay for the detection of the 02 serogroup. These culture and molecular based techniques have proven to be valuable in the detection, identification, and epidemiological investigation of these groups of emerging pathogens. These methods were applied to 1) a farm study, whereby samples (faecal and soil) and 2) an abattoir study, whereby samples (hide and carcass) were analysed for the presence of non-0157 STEC and EPEC. Isolates were subsequently characterised in terms of serotype/serogroup and virulence markers. The data generated by this work has illustrated the extent of non-0157 STEC and EPEC contamination in the farm and abattoir environments, thus providing scientific background upon which control strategies may be based.
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Traballi, Rogério Carlos 1966. "Composição de amostra representativa de solo fertilizado com lodo de esgoto /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101912.
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Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar, através dos conhecimentos da estatística, o número mínimo de amostras de solo a ser coletado em uma área fertilizada com lodo de esgoto para que, depois de analisadas, representem, com elevada confiabilidade, a composição química do solo estudado. Para isso foram utilizadas parcelas de 486m² compostas por 9 linhas espaçadas de 3,0m. Em cada linha foram plantadas 9 mudas de espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica, espaçadas de 2,0m entre elas, totalizando 81 plantas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação de lodo de esgoto nas seguintes doses: 2,5; 5,0; 10,0; 15,0 e 20,0 t ha-1 e os números de amostras simples testados para compor uma amostra composta foram: 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25, sendo as mesmas coletadas entre 0 e 20 cm de profundidade. O delineamento experimental seguiu a metodologia de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo que as parcelas foram constituídas pelas doses de lodo de esgoto e as subparcelas pelo número de amostras. Para as variáveis: matéria orgânica, fósforo e cálcio, o número de amostras simples para formar uma amostra composta não foi influenciado pela dose de lodo de esgoto. Para a determinação das variáveis pH, H + Al+3 e M.O., foi observado que após aplicação de 20 t ha-1 há necessidade de se coletar, no mínimo, 5 amostras simples para formar uma amostra composta confiável, enquanto que para se determinar os teores de K, Ca e Mg com alta confiabilidade foram necessários números iguais ou superiores a 20 amostras simples para formar uma compostaAbstract: The goal of this paper was to apply statistical techniques in determining the minimum number of soil samples to be collected in a fertilized area with sewage sludge which, after analyses, represent, with high confidence, the chemical composition of the analyzed soil. To this end parcels of 486 m2 were used, consisting of 9 lines set out in a 3 meter interval and in each line 9 Mata Atlântica plants, alternating with a mix of pioneering, secondary and climax plants were planted at a 2 meter interval, totaling 81 plants. These plants were fertilized with sewage sludge in the following doses: 2,5; 5,0; 10,0; 15,0 and 20,0 t ha-1. For every dose of sewage sludge, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 simple soil samples were collected, thus composing the samples that were sent out for laboratory analysis. The experimental design followed the random block method with four repetitions, in an outline of subdivided parcels, where the parcels were made of doses of sewage sludge and the sub parcels of number of samples collected. The measured values of Ca, Mg, P and K obtained from the analyzed soil were varying, confirming to the doses of sewage sludge applied, but the number of samples were not influenced by agricultural practice, leaving the spatial variability for each type of variable. Based upon obtained results it can be concluded that, in order to determine pH, H+ + Al+3 and M.O. of the variables, after applying 20 t ha-1, it is necessary to collect, at least, 5 simple samples as a base for a reliable composed sample. To determine the values of K, Ca and Mg, with high confidence, 20 or more simple samples were needed to make such a composed sample.
Orientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini
Coorientador: Juliano Corulli Corrêa
Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes
Banca: Carlos Cesar Breda
Banca: Ricardo Marques Barreiros
Doutor
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Naumann, Thomas E. "K-Ar Age Values of Bulk Soil Samples and Clay Fractions: Effects of Acid Extraction and Implications for the Origin of Micaceous Clay in Savannah River Site Soils, South Carolina, USA." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/27.
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Understanding how natural Cs, Rb, and K have been redistributed in Savannah River Site (SRS) soils during pedogenesis is important to understanding how radiocesium released to the soils will behave over the long term. In this effort, it is important to distinguish K that has participated in mineral-water reactions from that still residing in primary silicate structures, particularly in the clay fraction. The impact of different degrees of acid extraction on K and radiogenic Ar in bulk soil and in clay from five SRS soil samples has been determined. Strong treatment (50% HNO3, three hours, 100°C) releases K from primary minerals, as shown also by a concomitant release of radiogenic Ar, but a more moderate treatment (6% HNO3, three hours, 80°C) does not release K. K in the clay fraction is mostly nonexchangeable K in remnants of primary mica, and clay K-Ar age values near 300 Ma indicate the mica originated in the Appalachian mountain belt.
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Pietilä, H. (Heidi). "Development of analytical methods for ultra-trace determination of total mercury and methyl mercury in natural water and peat soil samples for environmental monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526206202.
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Abstract Mercury is a global pollutant that accumulates easily in forest soils, even in remote areas. Mercury accumulated in soils can be subsequently released into surface waters causing an increased eco-toxicological and human health risk. The most toxic form of mercury to humans and wildlife is methyl mercury (MeHg), which can be formed in the environment via methylation processes. In freshwaters, MeHg is readily accumulated in fish, which are the main source of human exposure to MeHg. The determination of both total mercury and MeHg concentrations in environmental samples, such as natural waters and soils, is important in environmental risk assessment. This study involved the development of analytical methods for the determination of ultra-trace total mercury and MeHg concentrations in humic-rich natural water and peat soil samples. Each developed method was carefully optimized and validated by using real natural water and peat soil samples, certified reference materials and/or reference methods. The cold vapor inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CV-ICP-MS) method developed during this study was found to be a reliable method for the determination of total ultra-trace mercury concentrations in natural freshwaters. Purge and trap gas chromatography, coupled to an ICP-MS, was used in mercury speciation analysis. Together with species-specific isotope dilution this technique proved to be a reliable method in MeHg determinations. Prior to instrumental determination, MeHg was successfully isolated from humic-rich water and peat soil samples using N2-assisted distillation. The analytical methods developed in this study were successfully applied to an investigation of the effects of forest harvesting practices on the mobilization of mercury in boreal forest catchmentsTiivistelmä Elohopeaa pääsee ilmakehään sekä luonnollisista lähteistä (mm. tulivuorenpurkaukset ja kiviaineksen rapautuminen), että ihmisen toiminnan kautta. Elohopean viipymäaika ilmakehässä on hyvin pitkä, minkä vuoksi se voi kulkeutua kauas päästölähteestä ennen päätymistään maaperään ja vesistöihin. Ympäristössä olevasta epäorgaanisesta elohopeasta voi muodostua erittäin myrkyllistä metyylielohopeaa, joka rikastuu helposti ravintoketjussa. Metyylielohopean muodostuminen on merkittävä osa elohopean biogeokemiallista kiertoa, minkä vuoksi metyylielohopean määrittäminen näytteen kokonaiselohopeapitoisuuden ohella antaa tärkeää tietoa elohopean käyttäytymisestä ympäristössä. Tutkimuksessa kehitettiin analyysimenetelmät, joilla määritettiin ultrapieniä kokonaiselohopea- ja metyylielohopeapitoisuuksia humuspitoisista luonnonvesistä ja turvemaanäytteistä. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt näytteet oli kerätty turvemaametsien valuma-alueilta Sotkamosta. Luonnonvesinäytteiden kokonaiselohopeapitoisuuksien määrityksessä käytettiin kylmähöyrymenetelmää (CV) yhdistettynä induktiiviplasma-massaspektrometriaan (ICP-MS). Vesi- ja turvenäytteiden metyylielohopeapitoisuuksien määrityksessä elohopeaspesiekset erotettiin kaasukromatografisesti (GC) ja määritettiin isotooppilaimennus-ICP-MS:lla. Ennen GC-ICP-MS -määritystä näytteet esikäsiteltiin typpiavusteisella tislausmenetelmällä ja esikonsentroitiin ’purge and trap’ -tekniikalla. CV-ICP-MS ja ’purge and trap’ GC-ICP-MS -menetelmät optimoitiin huolellisesti sekä laiteparametrien, että reagenssimäärien suhteen. Menetelmillä saatavien tulosten oikeellisuus varmistettiin vertailumateriaalien ja/tai vertailumenetelmien avulla. Kehitettyjä analyysimenetelmiä hyödynnettiin tutkimuksessa, jossa seurattiin metsähakkuiden mahdollisia vaikutuksia elohopean huuhtoutumiseen ja metyloitumiseen ojitetuilla turvemailla
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Luo, Qian. "GC/ion trap MS method development and applications for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental and biota samples." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/864.
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Yurdakul, Yorulmaz Sema. "Investigation Of Emissions And Combustion Kinetics Of Waste Wood Samples With Thermal And Spectral Methods." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607570/index.pdf.
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The mechanisms and kinetics of combustion of waste wood as well as the phases during combustion processes are important to eliminate these wastes without any possible damage to environment. In the present study, combustion mechanisms, activation energy and pre-exponential constants, and phases of combustion were investigated for untreated natural pine and treated Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF), plywood and particleboard samples that involve some chemicals and additives. Waste wood samples were heated in air at 10, 20 and 30oC/min heating rates in a Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) from room temperature to 900oC. Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG) curves for all samples were obtained. The gases formed during combustion reactions were directly fed to a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument coupled to TGA. Emission characteristics of the samples were determined in-situ by using the FTIR spectrums.
As a result of TG analysis, thermal decomposition of treated samples was observed at lower temperatures as compared to the untreated pine sample because of the catalyzing effects of the chemicals in the treated samples.
Therefore, there were less flammable products, lower weight losses in the main oxidation region, decrease in the max. weight loss temperatures and formation of more char for treated samples as compared to untreated pine sample. In other words, chemicals used during production of these samples lead to decrease in the combustibility of the treated samples.
Thermal kinetic constants for the samples were calculated by using Coats Redfern and Broido Methods. In order to find out the mechanisms responsible for the oxidation of the waste wood samples in different regions, six solid state mechanisms of Coats Redfern Method were tested.
As a result of FTIR analysis of the emitted gases from TG analysis, several chemical groups were detected from pine and treated samples. Combustion of all samples revealed some gases containing aromatics, C-H groups, CO2 and CO. However, there were some toxic and carcinogenic gases like formaldehyde, isocyanate group, ammonia, phenyl group and benzoylbromide among the emissions of treated samples which need utmost attention when recovering energy from treated waste woods.
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De, Wit Hermina Johanna. "Comparative analysis of existing pipelines for assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biodiversity in natural and commercial rooibos (aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (cyclopia intermedia) soil samples." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2915.
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Goran, Kitić. "Mikrotalasni senzori vlažnosti zemljišta zasnovani na komponentama sa distribuiranim parametrima." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=101479&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Senzori vlažnosti zemljišta su od ključnog značaja za sisteme za navodnjavanje kojima je moguće uvećati prinose u proseku za 79%. U okviru ove disertacije razvijena su dva senzorska rešenja za merenje vlažnosti zemljišta. Prvi senzor je namenjen određivanju vlažnosti uzoraka zemljišta u neporemećenom stanju. Rešenje je nastalo nadogradnjom standardne opreme za uzorkovanje zemljišta. Za pomenuti senzor konstruisana je kalibraciona kriva kojom je moguće odrediti vlažnost zemljišta sa relativnom greškom ne većom od 2.5%. Drugo senzorsko rešenje je fabrikovano u LTCC tehnologiji, malih je dimenzija i namenjeno je primeni na terenu. Glavna prednost ovog senzora je da na njega ne utiče provodnost zemljišta koja je usko povezana sa tipom zemljišta. Predloženi senzor je testiran na dva uzorka zemljišta različitog hemijskog sastava. Rezultati merenja su pokazali da tip zemljišta nema uticaj na odziv senzora. Ostvarena relativna greška u odnosu na pun merni opseg iznosi 5.36%.Soil moisture sensors are of great importance for the irrigation systems thatare able to increase the yiel on avarage of 79%. Within this thesis two sensorsolutions have been developed. The first sensor, which is intended forlaboratory use, has been designed by upgrading existing samplingequipment. The constructed calibration curve for this type of sensor that canbe used for soil mositure determination with relative error not larger than2.5% with respect to full scale output. The second sensor solution isdesigned to be used in the field. It is fabricated in LTCC technology and it ischaraterized by small overall dimensions. The main advantage of this sensoris that it is immune to the soil electrical conductivity which is closely related tothe soil type. Proposed sensor is tested on two soil sample of differentchemical composition and the results have shown that the type of soil doesnot influence the sensor response. The relative error with the respect of fullscale output was only 5.36 %.
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Schietecatte, Liesbet. "Of fish, pigs and cesspits : a comparative study of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses on animal bone and soil samples from five medieval sites in Belguim." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8585.
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Bibliography: leaves 141-184.In medieval archaeology, diet is often inferred from excavated faunal remains. Recently, researchers have started to apply stable isotope techniques to diet reconstruction. Most studies have focused on the analysis of human bone collagen. In this research, human skeletal remains were not available, so ¹³C/¹²C and ¹⁵N/¹⁴N analyses were made on animal bones and soil samples from a medieval fisherman's village, Walraversijde. In addition, samples were analysed from four other late medieval sites: Ostend, Bruges, Aalst and Namur. Bone collagen samples fiorn Walraversijde showed an ocean-derived saline influence on the isotopic values of especially sheep/goats. Dogs, often used in prehistoric research as dietary proxies for humans, are unsuitable at this site because of huge variability in δ¹⁵N values. Pigs showed the most positive δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of all the terrestrial animal species. It seems likely that the residues after fish processing were collected and fed to them in pens, thus indicating that a waste management system existed. Analysis of sequential samples of pig teeth showed that piglets were probably bought at inland markets and brought to the village for fattening. These resuits call for an extended survey of animal isotopic values. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analysis was also carried out on soil samples, including a number taken from excavated cesspits. This is the first time that a study of this kind has been undertaken. The results are very promising as there seems to be less routing of dietary components than in human bone collagen. The cesspits at Narnur, the site furthest from the coast, yielded the lowest δ¹⁵N values, indicating a low trophic level diet with little influence from fish. The highest trophic level diet was recorded in the cesspit at Aalst. At Walraversijde, the low representation of marine foods was very surprising, apparently contradicting the abundance of fish remains found at the site. Fish seems to have been more important for its commercial value than as an item of diet. Clearly, more research is needed into the economy of the village and its organization.
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Silva, Júnior Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da. "Atividade mutagênica em solos sob a influência de rejeitos de carvão." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13841.
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O solo é um compartimento ambiental altamente complexo e, em razão do crescimento populacional acelerado e da intensa atividade industrial e agrícola, tem sofrido com a contaminação de substâncias de origens diversas. Entre as principais atividades que contribuem para a perturbação da qualidade dos solos estão as atividades de geração de energia pela queima de combustíveis fósseis, como o carvão mineral. Dentre as substâncias presentes nos rejeitos do carvão queimado em usinas termelétricas estão compostos orgânicos e metais pesados que interagem com o material genético, produzindo mutações e acarretando prejuízos em nível de organismo (como as neoplasias), mas também em níveis maiores de organização biológica (como a perda de diversidade genética em populações). Estudos de avaliação do potencial mutagênico em amostras de solo são escassos, principalmente investigando a ação de mutágenos de origem inorgânica. Além disso, estudos de mutagênese em solos sob a influência de rejeitos de carvão têm sido pouco abordados na literatura. Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) testar um protocolo para avaliação de atividade mutagênica em extratos inorgânicos e orgânicos de solo; (ii) avaliar a presença e o perfil dos compostos mutagênicos em solos sob a influência de cinzas de carvão e (iii) investigar as rotas ambientais para dispersão dos compostos mutagênicos na área de estudo. Para atingir estes objetivos, processos de extração de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos de solo foram testados quanto a sua eficiência em extrair da amostra compostos potencialmente mutagênicos frente a linhagem de Salmonella typhimurium que detecta erro no quadro de leitura (TA98). Os protocolos mais eficientes foram utilizados para os testes com diferentes amostras de solo sob a influência de rejeitos de carvão utilizando diversas linhagens, na ausência e presença de ativação metabólica (fração S9 mix). Os resultados de mutagênese associados aos resultados da caracterização química de compostos orgânicos e metais indicaram que os contaminantes presentes nas cinzas de carvão podem se dispersar com facilidade para áreas adjacentes. Essa abordagem de estudo permitiu relacionar a presença de determinadas classes de compostos com diferentes danos no DNA e inferir distintas rotas ambientais de dispersão para esses compostos. A realização deste trabalho ressalta a importância de estudos em matrizes ambientais complexas, em especial solos contaminados, que buscam integrar os dados de mutagênese e utilizá-los sob uma perspectiva ecológica.Soil is a highly complex environmental compartment that has suffered contamination by substances from multiple sources mainly due to fast population growth and intense industrial and agricultural activity. Among the main activities that affect soil quality are power generation activities that use fossil fuels, such as mineral coal. Among the several compounds present in coal ashes that are employed in coal-fired power plants are substances that interact with the genetic material, causing mutations and/or damage at the individual level (like neoplasias) but also at higher levels of biological organization (like loss of genetic diversity in populations). There are few studies on the mutagenic potential of soil samples, especially those that investigate the action of mutagens from inorganic sources. Moreover, studies of mutagenesis in soils under the influence of coal-fired power plants have rarely been reported in literature. Thus, this work aimed at: (i) testing a protocol for the evaluation of mutagenic activity in inorganic and organic extracts from soil samples; (ii) evaluating the presence and the profile of mutagenic compounds in soils under the influence of coal ashes and (iii) investigating environmental routes of dispersion of mutagenic compounds in the study area. In order to achieve these aims, extraction processes for inorganic and organic compounds were tested concerning their efficiency to extract compounds potentially mutagenic to the specific Salmonella typhimurium strain that detects frameshift mutagens (TA98). The most efficient protocols were further utilized for the tests with different soil samples under the influence of coal-fired power plant using several strains, in absence and presence of metabolic activation (S9 mix fraction). Mutagenesis results associated with the chemical characterization of the organic compounds and metals indicated that contaminants present in coal ashes can be easily dispersed to adjacent areas. This approach allowed relating the presence of certain classes of compounds to specific damages in DNA and inferring distinct dispersion routes for these compounds. This work highlights the importance of studies concerning complex environmental matrices, specially contaminated soils, which seek the integration of mutagenesis data and their use from an ecological perspective.
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Bellin, Iramaia Corrêa [UNESP]. "Interações entre íons Hg(II) e substâncias húmicas extraídas de diferentes solos da Bacia do Médio Rio Negro, Amazônia." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105741.
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Neste trabalho caracterizaram-se amostras de solo e substâncias húmicas (SH) extraídas de diferentes solos da Bacia do Médio Rio Negro e também determinaram-se a capacidade de complexação de íons Hg(II) por SH e constantes de troca entre espécies metálicas originalmente complexadas às SH por íons Hg(II). As amostras de solos foram caracterizadas através do teor de matéria orgânica, análises elementar e granulométrica. Os resultados mostraram que os teores de matéria orgânica para as amostras de solo diminuíram com a profundidade. Com base nos resultados de análise granulométrica feita nas amostras de solos, caracterizou-se o aumento dos teores de argila em função da profundidade com a conseqüente diminuição dos teores de areia e silte. As substâncias húmicas extraídas de amostras de solos coletados na Bacia do Médio Rio Negro-AM foram caracterizados por análise elementar, ressonância paramagnética eletrônica e ressonância magnética nuclear. Os resultados mostraram que, em função da profundidade, os valores das razões atômicas C/N foram praticamente constantes ao contrário das razões C/O e C/H, as quais diminuíram. As concentrações de radicais livres do tipo semi-quinona das substâncias húmicas variaram de 0,08 a 5,38 x 1018 spins g-1 de carbono, indicando diferença entre os níveis de humificação das SH extraídas de solos amazônicos. As SH extraídas de solos de regiões alagáveis apresentaram maiores concentrações de spins em relação às SH extraídas de regiões não alagáveis, indicando influência da umidade no processo de humificação.
In this research were characterized humic substances (HS) and soil samples extracted from Rio Negro-AM Medium Basin and capacity of complexation (CC) of Hg(II) by HS and constants of exchange between metallic species originally complexed in the HS by Hg(II) had also been determined. The soil samples were characterized through organic material composition, elemental and granulometry analysis. The results showed decreasing of the organic material composition with the depth. According to the results taken, was characterized an increasing in the composition of clay with the depth, but in the other hand, a reduction in silt and sand composition. The humic substances extracted of soil samples from Rio Negro-AM Medium Basin were characterized by elemental analysis, electronic paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results had shown that, in function of the depth, the atomic ratio values C/N were constants, while the atomic ratio C/O and C/H decresed. The concentrations of free radicals of the humic substances were 0.08 to 5.38 x 1018 spins g-1 of carbon, indicating difference in the humification levels of HS extracted from Amazonian soils. The HS extracted in flooded regions showed bigger spins concentrations comparing to ones extracted in unflooded regions, showing that the humidity influences in the process of humification. The NMR of 13C dates showed the sequence of percentage of kind of carbon: aliphatic > ethers/hydroxyls > carboxyls/esthers/amides > aromatics > phenols @ carbonyls of aldehydes and ketones for HS samples extracted of the differences profiles of the Amazonian soils studied.
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Bellin, Iramaia Corrêa. "Interações entre íons Hg(II) e substâncias húmicas extraídas de diferentes solos da Bacia do Médio Rio Negro, Amazônia /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105741.
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Resumo: Neste trabalho caracterizaram-se amostras de solo e substâncias húmicas (SH) extraídas de diferentes solos da Bacia do Médio Rio Negro e também determinaram-se a capacidade de complexação de íons Hg(II) por SH e constantes de troca entre espécies metálicas originalmente complexadas às SH por íons Hg(II). As amostras de solos foram caracterizadas através do teor de matéria orgânica, análises elementar e granulométrica. Os resultados mostraram que os teores de matéria orgânica para as amostras de solo diminuíram com a profundidade. Com base nos resultados de análise granulométrica feita nas amostras de solos, caracterizou-se o aumento dos teores de argila em função da profundidade com a conseqüente diminuição dos teores de areia e silte. As substâncias húmicas extraídas de amostras de solos coletados na Bacia do Médio Rio Negro-AM foram caracterizados por análise elementar, ressonância paramagnética eletrônica e ressonância magnética nuclear. Os resultados mostraram que, em função da profundidade, os valores das razões atômicas C/N foram praticamente constantes ao contrário das razões C/O e C/H, as quais diminuíram. As concentrações de radicais livres do tipo semi-quinona das substâncias húmicas variaram de 0,08 a 5,38 x 1018 spins g-1 de carbono, indicando diferença entre os níveis de humificação das SH extraídas de solos amazônicos. As SH extraídas de solos de regiões alagáveis apresentaram maiores concentrações de spins em relação às SH extraídas de regiões não alagáveis, indicando influência da umidade no processo de humificação.Abstract: In this research were characterized humic substances (HS) and soil samples extracted from Rio Negro-AM Medium Basin and capacity of complexation (CC) of Hg(II) by HS and constants of exchange between metallic species originally complexed in the HS by Hg(II) had also been determined. The soil samples were characterized through organic material composition, elemental and granulometry analysis. The results showed decreasing of the organic material composition with the depth. According to the results taken, was characterized an increasing in the composition of clay with the depth, but in the other hand, a reduction in silt and sand composition. The humic substances extracted of soil samples from Rio Negro-AM Medium Basin were characterized by elemental analysis, electronic paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results had shown that, in function of the depth, the atomic ratio values C/N were constants, while the atomic ratio C/O and C/H decresed. The concentrations of free radicals of the humic substances were 0.08 to 5.38 x 1018 spins g-1 of carbon, indicating difference in the humification levels of HS extracted from Amazonian soils. The HS extracted in flooded regions showed bigger spins concentrations comparing to ones extracted in unflooded regions, showing that the humidity influences in the process of humification. The NMR of 13C dates showed the sequence of percentage of kind of carbon: aliphatic > ethers/hydroxyls > carboxyls/esthers/amides > aromatics > phenols @ carbonyls of aldehydes and ketones for HS samples extracted of the differences profiles of the Amazonian soils studied.
Orientador: André Henrique Rosa
Coorientador: Julio Cesar Rocha
Banca: Wilson Tadeu Lopes da Silva
Banca: Marisa Veiga Capela
Banca: Isabele Rodrigues Nascimento
Banca: Ézio Sargentini Junior
Doutor
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O'Hearn, Connor E. "Sustainable Coffee Farming in Hawai'i: Gathering GIS Data to Inform Development and Planning in the Rainforest and Protect Natural and Historic Features." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami161890711019104.
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