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Journal articles on the topic 'Soil respiration'
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1
Li, An, Yuan Yao, Shu Qing Sun, Li Ya Jiang, Xian Liu, and Zeng Gui Gao. "Impact of Herbicide Atrazine and Nicosulfuron on the Soil Respiration and Enzyme Activities." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.484.
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The effects of two herbicides on soil respiration, the activity of catalase and the activity of urease were studied in laboratory. The results showed that effects of atrazine and nicosulfuron on soil respiration were different. The soil respirations were in inhibition when soils were treated with atrazine, while soil respirations were in promotion-inhibition-recover when soils were treated with nicosulfuron. The soil respirations were different at different herbicide concentrations. According to coefficient of injury, herbicides atrazine and nicosulfuron both belong to low toxicity herbicides or no toxic herbicides. The effects of herbicides on the activities of catalase and urease were same, which were inhibition-recovery. The activity of unease was inhibited by atrazine and nicosulfuron before 21d. Half dosage of nicosulfuron has a significant inhibitory effect. The different concentrations of atrazine and nicosulfuron had no obvious effect on the catalase activity.
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Ma, Jiang Ming, Meng Wu, Ting Ting Zhan, Feng Tian, and Shi Chu Liang. "Characteristics on Soil Respiration of Eucalyptus Plantation with Four Years Old in Beihai of Guangxi, Southern China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 618 (August 2014): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.618.380.
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This experiment was conducted on the 4 years old Eucalyptus plantation in Beihai of Guangxi, southern China. From January to December 2013, in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, seasonal variation and diurnal variation of the soil respiration and its environmental factors had been observed, respectively. The results showed that: (1) Soil respirations has obvious seasonal characteristics, the soil respiration rate in each seasons showed that: summer> spring > autumn > winter. The heterotrophic respiration rate was higher than the autotrophic respiration rate. The contribution of autotrophic respiration rate in winter was higher than that in other three seasons. (2) Soil respiration has obvious diurnal characteristic, it could be expressed as a single-peak curve. But the maximum value of soil respiration appeared in different times in different seasons. (3) There existed positive correlation index exponential relationships between the soil temperature and the soil respiration rate and its components. Soil temperature changes could explain soil respiration, autotrophic respiration and heterotrophic respiration by 90.2%, 27.5% and 92.8%. Temperature sensitivity showed following order: the heterotrophic respiration rate> the soil respiration rate> the autotrophic respiration rate, in terms of affected by temperature, the heterotrophic respiration was higher than the autotrophic respiration. (4) There were notable positive correlations between soil moisture content and soil respiration rate. Obviously, soil moisture content could promote soil respiration in a certain range.
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Nakayama, Francis S. "Soil respiration." Remote Sensing Reviews 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757259009532138.
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Li, Qian, Ben Zhi Zhou, Xiao Ming Wang, Xiao Gai Ge, and Yong Hui Cao. "Effects of Throughfall Exclusion on Soil Respiration in a Moso Bamboo Forest Soil in Southeast China." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3762–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3762.
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Both soil temperature and soil water condition are important factors that influence soil respiration at different forest. In this study, a throughfall exclusion experiment was carried out to explore effects of increased soil temperature and decreased soil water content on soil respirations in the bamboo forest in North Zhejiang of China. The results showed that 1) monthly variation in soil respiration ranges from 2.00 to 0.63μmol·m-2·s-1 and 2.20 to 0.66μmolm-2s-1in throughfall exclusion and control plots respectively. The soil respiration monthly variation following the monthly variation of soil temperature and in contrast to the monthly soil water content. 2) Soil temperature can explain 65.5%and 73.9% of the variance of soil respiration in throughfall exclusion and control plots respectively. Multivariate linear model based on temperature and soil water content explained 66.9% and 73.4% of the variance of soil respiration in throughfall exclusion and control plots respectively. Soil water content had no significant relationship with soil respiration. Q10 values of throughfall exclusion and control plots were 5.99 and 4.44.
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Mátyás, Bence, Maritza Elizabeth Chiluisa Andrade, Nora Carmen Yandun Chida, Carina Maribel Taipe Velasco, Denisse Estefania Gavilanes Morales, Gisella Nicole Miño Montero, Lenin Javier Ramirez Cando, and Ronnie Xavier Lizano Acevedo. "Comparing organic versus conventional soil management on soil respiration." F1000Research 7 (March 2, 2018): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13852.1.
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Soil management has great potential to affect soil respiration. In this study, we investigated the effects of organic versus conventional soil management on soil respiration. We measured the main soil physical-chemical properties from conventional and organic managed soil in Ecuador. Soil respiration was determined using alkaline absorption according to Witkamp. Soil properties such as organic matter, nitrogen, and humidity, were comparable between conventional and organic soils in the present study, and in a further analysis there was no statically significant correlation with soil respiration. Therefore, even though organic farmers tend to apply more organic material to their fields, but this did not result in a significantly higher CO2 production in their soils in the present study.
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Pavel, Formánek, and Vranová Lukáš Kisza and Valerie. "Soil Heterotrophic Respiration Potential and Maximum Respiration Rate of Differently Managed Meadows." Soil and Water Research 1, No. 4 (January 7, 2013): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6516-swr.
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In this study were compared heterotrophic respiratory potential (VDS/VMAX) expressing an increase in C mineralisation rate after drying and re-wetting the soil to 60% soil water content (v/w)(VDS) in relation to maximum respiration rate (VMAX) after glucose addition, and VMAX in organomineral soil (Ah horizon) of mod­erately mown and for 11 years abandoned mountain meadows in Moravian-Silesian Beskids Mts. VDS/VMAX and VMAX were assessed in soil samples taken in 30-day intervals throughout the period of May–September 2004. The results obtained showed higher VDS/VMAX on the abandoned meadow throughout the whole experiment except the last sampling occasion, and higher VMAX throughout the whole experiment. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher VDS/VMAX on the abandoned meadow was found in May and July, VMAX was significantly higher on the same meadow (P < 0.05) only in September. From the parameters studied, the time of sampling had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on VMAX when the data from the moderately mown meadow were evaluated. On the abandoned meadow, VMAX found was significantly (P < 0.05) different when the samples from May and September or July and September were compared. A significant (P < 0.05) effect of the sampling time on VDS/VMAX on the moderately mown meadow was presented by differences between May and other sampling times, on the abandoned meadow differences between September and other times of sampling except May were significant (P < 0.05).
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Novosádová, Irena, José Damian Ruiz-Sinoga, Jaroslav Záhora, and Helena Fišerová. "Soil microbial respiration beneath Stipa tenacissima L. and in surrounding bare soil." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 1 (2011): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159010183.
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Open steppes dominated by Stipa tenacissima L. constitute one of the most representative ecosystems of the semi-arid zones of Eastern Mediterranean Basin (Iberian Peninsula, North of Africa). Ecosystem functioning of these steppes is strongly related to the spatial pattern of grass tussocks. Soils beneath Stipa tenacissima L. grass show different fertility and different microclimatic conditions than in surrounding bare soil. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Stipa tenacissima L. on the key soil microbial activities under controlled incubation conditions (basal and potential respiration). Basal and potential microbial respirations in the soils beneath Stipa tenacissima L. were, in general, not significantly different from the bare soils. The differences were less than 10%. Significantly less ethylene produced by microbial activity in soils beneath Stipa tenacissima L. after the addition of glucose could indicate the dependence of rhizospheric microbial communities on available carbon compounds. It can be concluded, that the soil respiration in semi-arid Mediterranean ecosystems is not necessarily associated with the patchy plant distribution and that some microbial activities characteristics can be unexpectedly homogenous.
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Barbora, Šlapáková, Jeřábková Julie, Voříšek Karel, Tejnecký Václav, and Drábek Ondřej. "The biochar effect on soil respiration and nitrification." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 3 (March 21, 2018): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/13/2018-pse.
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Soil microorganisms play a main role in the nutrient cycle and they also play an important role in soil health. This article studies the influence of three rates of biochar (0.5, 1 and 3%) in comparison with control (0 biochar) in two different soils (Valečov and Čistá) on soil microbiota activities. The biochar was prepared from 80% of digestate from Zea mays L. and 20% of cellulose fibres by pyrolysis (470°C, 17 min). The biochar ability to influence microbial processes in soil was determined by respiration and nitrification tests. There were no significant differences between basal respiration of control samples and biochar-amended samples. Basal respiration in the Valečov soil reached average amounts from 1.32 to 1.52 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/h/100 g. In the Čistá soil, basal respiration reached average amounts from 1.40 to 1.49 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/h/100 g. No significant differences were proved also in nitrification tests of both soils. Nitrifying potential was the highest in 3% rate of biochar amendment. There were no negative changes in the measured soil parameters. CO<sub>2</sub> efflux was not higher in biochar-amended soil.
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Hawkes, Christine V., Bonnie G. Waring, Jennifer D. Rocca, and Stephanie N. Kivlin. "Historical climate controls soil respiration responses to current soil moisture." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 24 (May 30, 2017): 6322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620811114.
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Ecosystem carbon losses from soil microbial respiration are a key component of global carbon cycling, resulting in the transfer of 40–70 Pg carbon from soil to the atmosphere each year. Because these microbial processes can feed back to climate change, understanding respiration responses to environmental factors is necessary for improved projections. We focus on respiration responses to soil moisture, which remain unresolved in ecosystem models. A common assumption of large-scale models is that soil microorganisms respond to moisture in the same way, regardless of location or climate. Here, we show that soil respiration is constrained by historical climate. We find that historical rainfall controls both the moisture dependence and sensitivity of respiration. Moisture sensitivity, defined as the slope of respiration vs. moisture, increased fourfold across a 480-mm rainfall gradient, resulting in twofold greater carbon loss on average in historically wetter soils compared with historically drier soils. The respiration–moisture relationship was resistant to environmental change in field common gardens and field rainfall manipulations, supporting a persistent effect of historical climate on microbial respiration. Based on these results, predicting future carbon cycling with climate change will require an understanding of the spatial variation and temporal lags in microbial responses created by historical rainfall.
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Epron, Daniel, Alexandre Bosc, Damien Bonal, and Vincent Freycon. "Spatial variation of soil respiration across a topographic gradient in a tropical rain forest in French Guiana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 5 (July 27, 2006): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003415.
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The objective of this study was to analyse the factors explaining spatial variation in soil respiration over topographic transects in a tropical rain forest of French Guiana. The soil of 30 plots along six transects was characterized. The appearance of the ‘dry to the touch’ character at a depth of less than 1.2 m was used to discriminate soils exhibiting vertical drainage from soils exhibiting superficial lateral drainage and along with colour and texture, to define five classes from well-drained to strongly hydromorphic soils. Spatial variation in soil respiration was closely related to topographic position and soil type. Increasing soil water content and bulk density and decreasing root biomass and soil carbon content explained most of the decrease in soil respiration from the plateaux (vertically drained hypoferralic acrisol) to the bottomlands (haplic gleysol). These results will help to stratify further field experiments and to identify the underlying determinants of spatial variation in soil respiration to develop mechanistic models of soil respiration.
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Manzoni, Stefano, Arjun Chakrawal, Thomas Fischer, Joshua P. Schimel, Amilcare Porporato, and Giulia Vico. "Rainfall intensification increases the contribution of rewetting pulses to soil heterotrophic respiration." Biogeosciences 17, no. 15 (August 10, 2020): 4007–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4007-2020.
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Abstract. Soil drying and wetting cycles promote carbon (C) release through large heterotrophic respiration pulses at rewetting, known as the “Birch” effect. Empirical evidence shows that drier conditions before rewetting and larger changes in soil moisture at rewetting cause larger respiration pulses. Because soil moisture varies in response to rainfall, these respiration pulses also depend on the random timing and intensity of precipitation. In addition to rewetting pulses, heterotrophic respiration continues during soil drying, eventually ceasing when soils are too dry to sustain microbial activity. The importance of respiration pulses in contributing to the overall soil heterotrophic respiration flux has been demonstrated empirically, but no theoretical investigation has so far evaluated how the relative contribution of these pulses may change along climatic gradients or as precipitation regimes shift in a given location. To fill this gap, we start by assuming that heterotrophic respiration rates during soil drying and pulses at rewetting can be treated as random variables dependent on soil moisture fluctuations, and we develop a stochastic model for soil heterotrophic respiration rates that analytically links the statistical properties of respiration to those of precipitation. Model results show that both the mean rewetting pulse respiration and the mean respiration during drying increase with increasing mean precipitation. However, the contribution of respiration pulses to the total heterotrophic respiration increases with decreasing precipitation frequency and to a lesser degree with decreasing precipitation depth, leading to an overall higher contribution of respiration pulses under future more intermittent and intense precipitation. Specifically, higher rainfall intermittency at constant total rainfall can increase the contribution of respiration pulses up to ∼10 % or 20 % of the total heterotrophic respiration in mineral and organic soils, respectively. Moreover, the variability of both components of soil heterotrophic respiration is also predicted to increase under these conditions. Therefore, with future more intermittent precipitation, respiration pulses and the associated nutrient release will intensify and become more variable, contributing more to soil biogeochemical cycling.
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Tamai, K. "Effects of environmental factors and soil properties on topographic variations of soil respiration." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 6 (November 24, 2009): 10935–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-10935-2009.
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Abstract. Soil respiration rates were measured along different parts of a slope in (a) an evergreen forest with mature soil and (b) a deciduous forest with immature soil. The effects of soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil properties on soil respiration rates were estimated individually, and the magnitudes of these effects were compared between the deciduous and evergreen forests. In the evergreen forest with mature soil, soil properties had the greatest effect on soil respiration rates, followed by soil moisture and soil temperature. These results may be explained by different properties of soils that matured under different environments. Thus, we argue that the low soil respiration rates in Plot L of the evergreen forest resulted from soil properties and not from wet soil conditions. In the deciduous forest, soil respiration rates were more strongly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature than by soil properties, which were likely due to the immaturity of the forest soil.
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Phillips, C. L., L. A. Kluber, J. P. Martin, B. A. Caldwell, and B. J. Bond. "Contributions of ectomycorrhizal fungal mats to forest soil respiration." Biogeosciences 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2012): 2099–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2099-2012.
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Abstract. Distinct aggregations of fungal hyphae and rhizomorphs, or "mats", formed by some genera of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi are common features of soils in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. We measured in situ respiration rates of Piloderma mats and neighboring non-mat soils in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest in western Oregon to investigate whether there was higher respiration from mats, and to estimate mat contributions to total soil respiration. We found that areas where Piloderma mats colonized the organic horizon often had higher soil surface flux than non-mats, with the relative increase in respiration averaging 16% across two growing seasons. Both soil physical factors and biochemistry were related to the higher surface flux of mat soils. When soil moisture was high, soil CO2 production was concentrated into near-surface soil horizons where mats tend to colonize, resulting in greater apparent differences in respiration between mat and non-mat soils. Respiration rates were also correlated with the activity of chitin-degrading soil enzymes. This finding supports the notion that the abundance of fungal biomass in EcM mats is an important driver of C and N cycling. We found Piloderma mats present across 57% of the exposed soil, and use this value to estimate a respiratory contribution from mats at the stand-scale of about 9% of total soil respiration. The activity of EcM mats, which includes both EcM fungi and microbial associates, appeared to constitute a substantial portion of total soil respiration in this old-growth Douglas-fir forest.
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Phillips, C. L., L. A. Kluber, J. P. Martin, B. A. Caldwell, and B. J. Bond. "Contributions of ectomycorrhizal fungal mats to forest soil respiration." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 2 (February 7, 2012): 1635–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-1635-2012.
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Abstract. Distinct aggregations of fungal hyphae and rhizomorphs, or "mats" formed by some genera of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi are common features of soils in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. We measured in situ respiration rates of Piloderma mats and neighboring non-mat soils in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest in Western Oregon to investigate whether there was an incremental increase in respiration from mat soils, and to estimate mat contributions to total soil respiration. We found that areas where Piloderma mats colonized the organic horizon often had higher soil surface flux than non-mats, with the incremental increase in respiration averaging 16 % across two growing seasons. Both soil physical factors and biochemistry were related to the higher surface flux of mat soils. When air-filled pore space was low (high soil moisture), soil CO2 production was concentrated into near-surface soil horizons where mats tend to colonize, resulting in greater apparent differences in respiration between mat and non-mat soils. Respiration rates were also correlated with the activity of chitin-degrading soil enzymes. This suggests that the elevated activity of fungal mats may be related to consumption or turnover of chitinous fungal cell-wall materials. We found Piloderma mats present across 57 % of the soil surface in the study area, and use this value to estimate a respiratory contribution from mats at the stand-scale of about 9 % of total soil respiration. The activity of EcM mats, which includes both EcM fungi and microbial associates, was estimated to constitute a substantial portion of total soil respiration in this old-growth Douglas-fir forest.
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Rochette, P., R. L. Desjardins, E. G. Gregorich, E. Pattey, and R. Lessard. "Soil respiration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and fallow fields." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 72, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss92-049.
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A study was carried out to quantify the diurnal variation of soil respiration in fallow and barley fields and to assess the impact of atmospheric CO2 concentration (C) and crop photosynthesis on soil respiration rates under field conditions. Soil respiration rate was measured twice a day (06:00 and 13:00 h EST) for 69 consecutive days at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, during the 1990 growing season. Measurements were taken on fallow and under a barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Léger’) crop using a dynamic closed chamber system. Crop net photosynthesis was obtained by substracting soil respiration from the vertical CO2 fluxes above the crop which was obtained using the eddy correlation technique. Afternoon soil respiration averaged 22 and 17% more than that in the morning on fallow and barley soils, respectively. No correlation was found between atmospheric CO2 concentration and morning respiration rates. The two daily respiration measurements on fallow soil could be fit to the same function of soil temperature despite important differences in C at the time of measurement. These results indicate that soil temperature might account for the differences in R between morning and afternoon, and that the effect of C need not be considered for the modelling of the soil respiration diurnal cycle. Respiration in soil under barley was 25% lower than in fallow soil. Soil under barley was estimated to have at least 199 g C m−2 more than fallow soil at the time of harvest due to the lower soil respiration and to the input of carbon by barley root residues. High correlations were obtained between crop photosynthesis and soil respiration rates during vegetative and reproductive periods, confirming that the biotic plant component is an important factor controlling soil respiration rates in cropped fields. Key words: Root respiration, chamber measurements, CO2 flux, crop net photosynthesis, greenhouse gas, soil organic matter.
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Jolanta, Bojarszczuk, KSIĘŻAK Jerzy, and GAŁĄZKA Anna. "Soil respiration depending on different agricultural practices before maize sowing." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 10 (November 2, 2017): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/597/2017-pse.
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The aim of the study was to compare soil respiration depending on different agricultural practices before sowing of maize (Zea mays L.). Results of the study were derived from the field experiment that was carried out in 2013–2015; the research indicates that soil respiration depends on cultivation method. The highest soil respiration was recorded in maize cultivation in monoculture using full tillage. The simplifications in maize cultivation caused a decrease of soil respiration, especially in direct sowing. The lowest level of this parameter was recorded in monoculture in direct sowing. Compared with other treatments, such as direct sowing, reduced tillage and crop rotation, soil respiration was higher by 65, 55 and 12%, respectively. The statistically significant differences in soil respiration in the tested agricultural practices were observed in the first date of measurement in all years of the study. The higher soil respiration values were noted in autumn. The yield of maize correlated with soil respiration, but stronger relationship was noted between soil respiration and grain yield of maize than straw yield. The simple regression analysis showed no linear relationship between soil respiration and evaporation, changes in soil moisture and biochemical parameters such as soil dehydrogenase activity, acid and alkaline phosphatase.
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Sosulski, Tomasz, Magdalena Szymańska, Ewa Szara, and Piotr Sulewski. "Soil Respiration under 90 Year-Old Rye Monoculture and Crop Rotation in the Climate Conditions of Central Poland." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010021.
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This study, aimed at assessing the rate of soil respiration under different crop rotation and fertilization conditions, was carried out on long-term (since 1923) experimental plots with rye monoculture and 5-crop rotation in Skierniewice (Central Poland). The treatments included mineral-organic (CaNPK+M) and organic (Ca+M) fertilization (where M is farmyard manure). Soil respiration was measured in situ by means of infrared spectroscopy using a portable FTIR spectrometer Alpha. CO2 fluxes from CaNPK+M-treated soils under cereals cultivated in monoculture and crop rotations were not statically different. Respiration of soil under lupine cultivated in crop rotation was higher than under cereals. N-fertilization and its succeeding effect increased soil respiration, and significantly altered its distribution over the growing season. Our results indicate that in the climatic conditions of Central Europe, respiration of sandy soils is more dependent on the crop species and fertilization than on the crop rotation system. Omission of mineral fertilization significantly decreases soil respiration. The CO2 fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature, air temperature, and soil content of NO3− and NH4+.
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Meshram, Veena, Deepa Biswas, and Vasu Choudhary. "Physico-chemical and Carbon Stock Analysis of Soil under Forest Ecosystem." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, no. 04 (2022): 2087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i04.067.
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Temperature and moisture levels in the soil are two of the most important factors that determine the rate of soil respiration. Changes in the microclimate of the soil throughout the year play an essential part in determining seasonal fluctuations in the amount of carbon dioxide that is emitted from the soil at individual locations, and climatic variances because varying rates of soil respiration at distant sites. In forest ecosystems, one essential step in the cycling of carbon is the transfer of carbon dioxide from the soil to the atmosphere. The in-situ measurement of the increase in CO2 concentration at the soil’s surface is often what is meant when people talk about “soil respiration.” At the level of soils, CO2 emission is induced by both plant and microbial activities, including root respiration and the breakdown of organic matter in soil and litter. According to some reports, soils are responsible for between 60 and 80 percent of the overall respiration of an ecosystem. Microorganisms that live in the soil and the litter are responsible for the vast majority of heterotrophic respiration that occurs in forest ecosystems. A measurement of soil respiration in a substrate that is deteriorating has been recognised as a helpful indication of the rate of decomposition and mineralization of organic matter, as well as the cycling of carbon in an ecosystem, and as an index of relative soil biological activity. In order to investigate the physicochemical properties, bacterial and fungal populations, and soil respiration of various land use zones in Indian forest, the present study was carried out.
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Aguilos, M., K. Takagi, N. Liang, Y. Watanabe, S. Goto, Y. Takahashi, H. Mukai, and K. Sasa. "Soil warming in a cool-temperate mixed forest with peat soil enhanced heterotrophic and basal respiration rates but <i>Q</i><sub>10</sub> remained unchanged." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (July 7, 2011): 6415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-6415-2011.
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Abstract. We conducted soil warming experiment in a cool-temperate forest with peat soil in northern Japan, during the snowless seasons of 2007–2009. Our objective was to determine whether or not the heterotrophic respiration rate and the temperature sensitivity would change by soil warming. We elevated the soil temperature by 3 °C at 5 cm depth by means of overhead infrared heaters and continuously measured soil CO2 fluxes by using a fifteen-channel automated chamber system. Trenching treatment was also carried out to separate heterotrophic respiration and root respiration from the total soil respiration. The fifteen chambers were divided into three groups each with five replications for the control, unwarmed-trenched, and warmed-trenched treatments. We found that heterotrophic respiration contributed 71 % of the total soil respiration with the remaining 29 % accounted to autotrophic respiration. Soil warming enhanced heterotrophic respiration by 74 % (mean 6.11 ± 3.07 S.D. μmol m−2 s–1) as compared to the unwarmed-trenched treatment (mean 3.52 ± 1.74 μmol m−2 s–1). Soil CO2 efflux, however, was weakly correlated with soil moisture, probably because the volumetric soil moisture (33–46 %) was within a plateau region for root and microbial activities. The enhancement in heterotrophic respiration with soil warming in our study suggests that global warming will accelerate the loss of carbon from forested peatlands more seriously than other upland forest soils. On the other hand, soil warming did not cause significant change in the temperature sensitivity, Q10, (2.79 and 2.74 determined using hourly efflux data for unwarmed- and warmed-trenched, respectively), but increased their basal respiration rate at 0 °C (0.93 and 1.21 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively). Results suggest that if we predict the soil heterotrophic respiration rate in future warmer environment using the current relationship between soil temperature and heterotrophic respiration, the rate can be underestimated.
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Vogel, Jason G., Dustin Bronson, Stith T. Gower, and Edward A. G. Schuur. "The response of root and microbial respiration to the experimental warming of a boreal black spruce forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 8 (August 2014): 986–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0056.
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We investigated the effects of a 5 °C soil + air experimental heating on root and microbial respiration in a boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) forest in northern Manitoba, Canada, that was warmed between 2004 and 2007. In 2007, the 14C/12C signatures of soil CO2 efflux and root and soil microbial respiration were used in a two-pool mixing model to estimate their proportional contributions to soil CO2 efflux and to examine how each changed in response to the warming treatments. In laboratory incubations, we examined whether warming had altered microbial respiration rates or microbial temperature sensitivity. The 14C/12C signature of soil CO2 efflux and microbial respiration in the heating treatments were both significantly (p < 0.05) enriched relative to the control treatment, suggesting that C deposited nearer the atmospheric bomb peak in 1963 contributed more to microbial respiration in heated than control treatments. Soil CO2 efflux was significantly greater in the heated than control treatments, suggesting the acclimation to temperature of either root or microbial respiration was not occurring in 2007. Microbial respiration in laboratory incubations was similar in heated and control soils. This study shows that microbial respiration rates still responded to temperature even after 4 years of warming, highlighting that ecosystem warming can cause a prolonged release of soil organic matter from these soils.
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Zanchi, Fabrício B., Maarten J. Waterloo, Bart Kruijt, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Flávio J. Luizão, Antônio O. Manzi, and Albertus J. Dolman. "Soil CO2 efflux in central Amazonia: environmental and methodological effects." Acta Amazonica 42, no. 2 (June 2012): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672012000200001.
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Soil respiration plays a significant role in the carbon cycle of Amazonian rainforests. Measurements of soil respiration have only been carried out in few places in the Amazon. This study investigated the effects of the method of ring insertion in the soil as well as of rainfall and spatial distribution on CO2 emission in the central Amazon region. The ring insertion effect increased the soil emission about 13-20% for sandy and loamy soils during the firsts 4-7 hours, respectively. After rainfall events below 2 mm, the soil respiration did not change, but for rainfall greater than 3 mm, after 2 hours there was a decrease in soil temperature and respiration of about 10-34% for the loamy and sand soils, with emissions returning to normal after around 15-18 hours. The size of the measurement areas and the spatial distribution of soil respiration were better estimated using the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data. The Campina reserve is a mosaic of bare soil, stunted heath forest-SHF and tall heath forest-THF. The estimated total average CO2 emissions from the area was 3.08±0.8 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The Cuieiras reserve is another mosaic of plateau, slope, Campinarana and riparian forests and the total average emission from the area was 3.82±0.76 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. We also found that the main control factor of the soil respiration was soil temperature, with 90% explained by regression analysis. Automated soil respiration datasets are a good tool to improve the technique and increase the reliability of measurements to allow a better understanding of all possible factors driven by soil respiration processes.
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Conant, Richard T., Peter Dalla-Betta, Carole C. Klopatek, and Jeffrey M. Klopatek. "Controls on soil respiration in semiarid soils." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36, no. 6 (June 2004): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.02.013.
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Jordan, A., G. Jurasinski, and S. Glatzel. "Small scale spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration in an old growth temperate deciduous forest." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 22, 2009): 9977–10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-9977-2009.
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Abstract. The large scale spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration caused by differences in site conditions is quite well understood. However, comparably little is known about the micro scale heterogeneity within forest ecosystems on homogeneous soils. Forest age, soil texture, topographic position, micro topography and stand structure may influence soil respiration considerably within short distance. In the present study within site spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration has been evaluated. To do so, an improvement of available techniques for interpolating soil respiration data via kriging was undertaken. Soil respiration was measured with closed chambers biweekly from April 2005 to April 2006 using a nested design (a set of stratified random plots, supplemented by 2 small and 2 large nested groupings) in an unmanaged, beech dominated old growth forest in Central Germany (Hainich, Thuringia). A second exclusive randomized design was established in August 2005 and continually sampled biweekly until July 2007. The average soil respiration values from the random plots were standardized by modeling soil respiration data at defined soil temperature and soil moisture values. By comparing sampling points as well as by comparing kriging results based on various sampling point densities, we found that the exclusion of local outliers was of great importance for the reliability of the estimated fluxes. Most of this information would have been missed without the nested groupings. The extrapolation results slightly improved when additional parameters like soil temperature and soil moisture were included in the extrapolation procedure. Semivariograms solely calculated from soil respiration data show a broad variety of autocorrelation distances (ranges) from a few centimeters up to a few tens of meters. The combination of randomly distributed plots with nested groupings plus the inclusion of additional relevant parameters like soil temperature and soil moisture data permits an improved estimation of the range of soil respiration, which is a prerequisite for reliable interpolated maps of soil respiration.
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Bukombe, Benjamin, Peter Fiener, Alison M. Hoyt, Laurent K. Kidinda, and Sebastian Doetterl. "Heterotrophic soil respiration and carbon cycling in geochemically distinct African tropical forest soils." SOIL 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 639–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-639-2021.
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Abstract. Heterotrophic soil respiration is an important component of the global terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, driven by environmental factors acting from local to continental scales. For tropical Africa, these factors and their interactions remain largely unknown. Here, using samples collected along topographic and geochemical gradients in the East African Rift Valley, we study how soil chemistry and fertility drive soil respiration of soils developed from different parent materials even after many millennia of weathering. To address the drivers of soil respiration, we incubated soils from three regions with contrasting geochemistry (mafic, felsic and mixed sediment) sampled along slope gradients. For three soil depths, we measured the potential maximum heterotrophic respiration under stable environmental conditions and the radiocarbon content (Δ14C) of the bulk soil and respired CO2. Our study shows that soil fertility conditions are the main determinant of C stability in tropical forest soils. We found that soil microorganisms were able to mineralize soil C from a variety of sources and with variable C quality under laboratory conditions representative of tropical topsoil. However, in the presence of organic carbon sources of poor quality or the presence of strong mineral-related C stabilization, microorganisms tend to discriminate against these energy sources in favour of more accessible forms of soil organic matter, resulting in a slower rate of C cycling. Furthermore, despite similarities in climate and vegetation, soil respiration showed distinct patterns with soil depth and parent material geochemistry. The topographic origin of our samples was not a main determinant of the observed respiration rates and Δ14C. In situ, however, soil hydrological conditions likely influence soil C stability by inhibiting decomposition in valley subsoils. Our results demonstrate that, even in deeply weathered tropical soils, parent material has a long-lasting effect on soil chemistry that can influence and control microbial activity, the size of subsoil C stocks and the turnover of C in soil. Soil parent material and its control on soil chemistry need to be taken into account to understand and predict C stabilization and rates of C cycling in tropical forest soils.
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Moroni, M. T., P. Q. Carter, and D. A. J. Ryan. "Harvesting and slash piling affects soil respiration, soil temperature, and soil moisture regimes in Newfoundland boreal forests." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, no. 3 (May 2, 2009): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss08027.
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The effect of harvesting and slash piling on soil respiration, temperature and moisture was examined in a balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and a black spruce (Picea marinara) forest located in western Newfoundland, Canada, 2 mo to 2.5 yr following harvesting. Within 4 mo of harvesting, soil temperature, moisture, and soil respiration rates were affected by harvesting and slash piling. Clearcut areas without slash (CC-S) had significantly lower soil respiration rates than uncut forests (F). However, clearcut areas with slash cover (CC+S) had significantly higher soil respiration rates than CC-S. When harvested areas with and without slash were combined, harvesting decreased soil respiration in the black spruce forest but had no effect on soil respiration in the balsam fir forest. Harvesting increased soil temperatures at 10 cm, however CC+S temperatures were cooler than CC-S temperatures. Harvested areas tended to dry faster than F, although soil moisture levels at >3.5 cm were not significantly depleted. However, there was evidence of soil drying at <3.5 cm. Soil temperature (at 10 cm) at the time of measurement was most strongly correlated to rates of soil respiration. Temporal variability and treatment effects (harvesting and slash piling) played a minor role in explaining soil respiration rates when variations in soil respiration were adjusted for 10-cm soil temperature,. Soil moisture levels (3.5-9.5 cm depth), which did not vary widely, also played a minor role in explaining soil respiration rates.Key words: Clearcut, Abies balsamea, Picea marinara, carbon dioxide, greenhouse gas
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Morote, Francisco Antonio García, Manuela Andrés Abellán, Eva Rubio, Eduardo Martínez García, Francisco García Saucedo, Marta Isabel Picazo Córdoba, and Francisco Ramón López Serrano. "Productivity and Seasonality Drive Total Soil Respiration in Semi-Arid Juniper Woodlands (Juniperus thurifera L., Southern Spain)." Forests 13, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040538.
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We analyzed the relationship between forest productivity (joint effect of forest maturity and soil quality) and total soil respiration (µmol CO2 m−2 s−1) in semi-arid juniper woodlands (young woodlands growing in abandoned farmlands with deeper soils, and mature woodlands in lithic soils), and investigated the seasonal variation in soil CO2 efflux as a function of soil temperature and the soil water content. We measured the soil CO2 efflux from twelve cylinders in the soil over a three-year period using LI-6400 equipment. The results show that, in the more productive site (young woodland), soil CO2 efflux was higher due to greater respiration, mainly in the driest periods. Soil respiration followed a seasonal trend, being higher in spring and decreasing in cold periods. In both juniper woodlands and especially in the older forest, the CO2 efflux rates were low (<2.5 for Q10), typical of slow-growing species. Soil respiration was controlled by soil temperature without drought and in the temperate-warm season, whereas respiration showed sensitivity to soil water content in periods when edaphic humidity was low (but only in the more productive, young forest, which seemed to show better adaptation to drought), and under high soil moisture (soil water > 25%) for both woodlands, coinciding with warm temperatures in the spring. This period also corresponded to the highest CO2 efflux recorded in both woodlands. The accumulation of organic C seems to also be important to maintain elevated soil respiration in summer, especially in young woodlands. Thus, apart from microclimatic conditions, factors related to productivity regulate respiratory activity.
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Wroński, Krzysztof Tadeusz. "Spatial variability of CO2 fluxes from meadow and forest soils in western part of Wzniesienia Łódzkie (Łódź Hills)." Forest Research Papers 79, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2018-0006.
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Abstract For this study, the rate of soil respiration was estimated based on monthly measurements of 20 research points representing different types of plant communities. Meadows were found to have the highest rates of soil respiration, whereas rates measured in forests were lower. However, the seasonality of leaf and pine needle decomposition caused large variation in the CO2 fluxes from forest soils. Furthermore, the carbon content at both, the soil surface and 5 cm below ground, affected spatial differentiation of soil respiration in summer and autumn, while the carbon content at 5 cm below ground also affects the spatial variability of annual CO2 fluxes from the soil. Amazingly, however, results of research indicate that the carbon content throughout the whole humus layer does not impact soil respiration. It was also observed that changes in relief affected rates of soil respiration due to differences in sunlight exposure and the history of land use, which can markedly reduce the impact of the carbon content at 5 cm below ground on soil respiration.
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Xu, Sixuan, Kexin Li, Guanlin Li, Zhiyuan Hu, Jiaqi Zhang, Babar Iqbal, and Daolin Du. "Canada Goldenrod Invasion Regulates the Effects of Soil Moisture on Soil Respiration." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 15446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315446.
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Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is considered one of the most deleterious and invasive species worldwide, and invasion of riparian wetlands by S. canadensis can reduce vegetation diversity and alter soil nutrient cycling. However, little is known about how S. canadensis invasion affects soil carbon cycle processes, such as soil respiration, in a riparian wetland. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different degrees of S. canadensis invasion on soil respiration under different moisture conditions. Soil respiration rate (heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration) was measured using a closed-chamber method. S. canadensis invasion considerably reduced soil respiration under all moisture conditions. The inhibition effect on autotrophic respiration was higher than that on heterotrophic respiration. The water level gradient affects the soil autotrophic respiration, thereby affecting the soil respiration rate. The changes in soil respiration may be related to the alteration in the effective substrate of the soil substrate induced by the invasion of S. canadensis. While the effects of S. canadensis invasion were regulated by the fluctuation in moisture conditions. Our results implied that S. canadensis invasion could reduce the soil respiration, which further potentially affect the carbon sequestration in the riparian wetlands. Thus, the present study provided a reference for predicting the dynamics of carbon cycling during S. canadensis invasion and constituted a scientific basis for the sustainable development and management of riparian wetlands invaded by alien plants.
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Hao, Q., and C. Jiang. "Contribution of root respiration to soil respiration in a rape (Brassica campestris L.) field in Southwest China." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 1 (January 22, 2014): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/425/2013-pse.
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This study aimed to separate the respective contributions of root and microbial respiration to soil respiration in a rape field in Southwest China. The soil respiration was measured with a closed chamber technique and a regression method was used to apportion root and microbial respiration. Microbial and root respiration ranged from 70.67 to 183.77 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/m<sup>2</sup>/h and 21.99 to 193.09 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/m<sup>2</sup>/h, averaged 127.16 and 116.66 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/m<sup>2</sup>/h during the rape growing season, respectively. Root respiration coefficient ranged from 0.41 to 5.39 mg C-CO<sub>2</sub>/g C/h and was negatively correlated with root/shoot ratio, aboveground and belowground biomass, but positively correlated with root N content. The contribution of root respiration to soil respiration averaged 44.2%, ranging from 14.5% to 62.62%.
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Toland, David E., and Donald R. Zak. "Seasonal patterns of soil respiration in intact and clear-cut northern hardwood forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-221.
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The flux of CO2 from forest soils is controlled by the respiration of plant roots and soil microorganisms, the rates of which are likely to change following forest harvesting. Root respiration should decrease, whereas microbial respiration should increase, in response to warmer soil temperatures and greater soil C availability following removal of the overstory. We investigated the influence of forest harvesting on seasonal patterns of soil respiration in two different northern hardwood ecosystems. One ecosystem was dominated in the overstory by Acersaccharum Marsh, and Quercusrubra L., and the other by A. saccharum and Tiliaamericana L.; two stands were studied in each ecosystem type. We measured daily rates of soil respiration using the soda-lime technique. Averaged across ecosystems, daily rates of soil respiration did not significantly differ between intact and clear-cut plots, nor did they differ between ecosystems or sites nested within ecosystems. Peak daily rates ranged from 2.75 to 3.00 g CO2-C•m−2•day−1 during mid to late summer in both intact and clear-cut plots. Soil temperature accounted for 43 and 58% of the variation in daily rates for intact and clear-cut plots, respectively. Annual soil respiration rates in intact (478 g CO2-C•m−2•year−1) and clear-cut (470 g CO2-C•m−1•year−1) plots did not differ significantly. Our results suggest that greater rates of microbial respiration in clear-cut plots proportionally offset a decrease in root respiration following clear-cut harvest.
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Kelting, Daniel L., James A. Burger, and Gerry S. Edwards. "Estimating root respiration, microbial respiration in the rhizosphere, and root-free soil respiration in forest soils." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30, no. 7 (July 1998): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(97)00186-7.
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Stockstad, Anna B., Robert A. Slesak, Alan J. Toczydlowski, Charles R. Blinn, Randall K. Kolka, and Stephen D. Sebestyen. "Limited Effects of Precipitation Manipulation on Soil Respiration and Inorganic N Concentrations across Soil Drainage Classes in Northern Minnesota Aspen Forests." Forests 13, no. 8 (July 28, 2022): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081194.
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It is critical to gain insight into the responses of forest soils to the changing climate. We simulated future climate conditions with growing season throughfall reduction (by 50%) and winter snow removal using a paired-plot design across a soil drainage class gradient at three upland, Populus-dominated forests in northern Minnesota, USA. In situ bulk soil respiration and concentrations of extractable soil N were measured during the summers of 2020–2021. Soil respiration and N concentrations were not affected by throughfall reduction and snow removal, which was largely attributed to the limited treatment effects on soil moisture content and soil temperature. Drainage class was only a significant factor during the spring thaw period in 2021. During this period, the poorly drained plots had lower respiration rates compared to the well-drained plots, which was associated with the drainage class effects on soil temperature. The results of the companion laboratory incubation with varying levels of soil moisture also indicated no effect of the treatment on soil respiration, but effects of drainage class and moisture content on respiration were observed. Our results indicate that the combined effects of reduced summer and winter precipitation on soil respiration and N dynamics may be limited across the range of conditions that occurred in our study.
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Moyano, F. E., N. Vasilyeva, L. Bouckaert, F. Cook, J. Craine, J. Curiel Yuste, A. Don, et al. "The moisture response of soil heterotrophic respiration: interaction with soil properties." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (December 2, 2011): 11577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-11577-2011.
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Abstract. Soil moisture is of primary importance for predicting the evolution of soil carbon stocks and fluxes, both because it strongly controls organic matter decomposition and because it is predicted to change at global scales in the following decades. However, the soil functions used to model the heterotrophic respiration response to moisture have limited empirical support and introduce an uncertainty of at least 4 % in global soil carbon stock predictions by 2100. The necessity of improving the representation of this relationship in models has been highlighted in recent studies. Here we present a data-driven analysis of soil moisture-respiration relations based on 90 soils. With the use of linear models we show how the relationship between soil heterotrophic respiration and different measures of soil moisture is consistently affected by soil properties. The empirical models derived include main and moisture interaction effects of soil texture, organic carbon content and bulk density. When compared to other functions currently used in different soil biogeochemical models, we observe that our results can correct biases and reconcile differences within and between such functions. Ultimately, accurate predictions of the response of soil carbon to future climate scenarios will require the integration of soil-dependent moisture-respiration functions coupled with realistic representations of soil water dynamics.
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Moyano, F. E., N. Vasilyeva, L. Bouckaert, F. Cook, J. Craine, J. Curiel Yuste, A. Don, et al. "The moisture response of soil heterotrophic respiration: interaction with soil properties." Biogeosciences 9, no. 3 (March 28, 2012): 1173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1173-2012.
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Abstract. Soil moisture is of primary importance for predicting the evolution of soil carbon stocks and fluxes, both because it strongly controls organic matter decomposition and because it is predicted to change at global scales in the following decades. However, the soil functions used to model the heterotrophic respiration response to moisture have limited empirical support and introduce an uncertainty of at least 4% in global soil carbon stock predictions by 2100. The necessity of improving the representation of this relationship in models has been highlighted in recent studies. Here we present a data-driven analysis of soil moisture-respiration relations based on 90 soils. With the use of linear models we show how the relationship between soil heterotrophic respiration and different measures of soil moisture is consistently affected by soil properties. The empirical models derived include main effects and moisture interaction effects of soil texture, organic carbon content and bulk density. When compared to other functions currently used in different soil biogeochemical models, we observe that our results can correct biases and reconcile differences within and between such functions. Ultimately, accurate predictions of the response of soil carbon to future climate scenarios will require the integration of soil-dependent moisture-respiration functions coupled with realistic representations of soil water dynamics.
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Wang, Dandan, Xinxiao Yu, Guodong Jia, Wei Qin, and Zhijie Shan. "Variations in Soil Respiration at Different Soil Depths and Its Influencing Factors in Forest Ecosystems in the Mountainous Area of North China." Forests 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121081.
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An in-depth understanding of the dominant factors controlling soil respiration is important to accurately estimate carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. However, information on variations in soil respiration at different soil depths and the influencing factors in forest is limited. This study examined the variations in soil respiration at two soil depths (0–10 and 10–20 cm) as well as the effects of soil temperature, soil water content, litter removal, and root cutting on soil respiration in three typical forest types (i.e., Pinus tabulaeformis Carrière, Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, and Quercus variabilis Bl.) in the mountainous area of north China from March 2013 to October 2014. The obtained results show that soil respiration exhibited strong seasonal variation and decreased with soil depth. Soil respiration was exponentially correlated to soil temperature, and soil respiration increased with soil water content until reaching threshold values (19.97% for P. tabulaeformis, 16.65% for P. orientalis, and 16.90% for Q. variabilis), followed by a decrease. Furthermore, interactions of soil temperature and water content significantly affected soil respiration at different soil depths of forest types, accounting for 68.9% to 82.6% of the seasonal variation in soil respiration. In addition to soil temperature and water content, aboveground litter and plant roots affected soil respiration differently. In the three forest types, soil respiration at two soil depths decreased by 22.97% to 29.76% after litter removal, and by 44.84% to 53.76% after root cutting. The differences in soil respiration reduction between the two soil depths are largely attributed to variations in substrate availability (e.g., soil organic content) and soil carbon input (e.g., litter and fine root biomass). The obtained findings indicate that soil respiration varies at different soil depths, and suggest that in addition to soil temperature and water content, soil carbon input and dissolved organic substances may exert a strong effect on forest soil respiration.
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Cheng, Xiang Rong, Mu Kui Yu, Tong Gui Wu, and Zong Xing Wang. "Soil Respiration and its Controlling Factors in Six Coastal Young Monoculture Plantations." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3751.
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Biotic and abiotic factors how to influence soil respiration in different young monoculture plantations are not clearly understood. Soil respiration and its controlling factors were studied in six monoculture plantations in the coastal area of Shanghai, China. Soil respiration was significant difference among six stands. Variations of soil respiration in six plots were not directly related to changes in soil water content, but significant relationship was observed between soil respiration and soil temperature. The variation of soil respiration was firmly correlated to the variation of leaf area index (LAI) or gap fraction (GF), soil respiration enhanced with the increase of GF (or decreasing LAI). The microclimate within forest and soil temperature also had positively correlation with soil respiration, but which mainly were affected by GF or LAI. There was no significant relationship between soil respiration and either root biomass or soil nutrients.
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Zhang, Mengxu, Emma J. Sayer, Weidong Zhang, Ji Ye, Zuoqiang Yuan, Fei Lin, Zhanqing Hao, et al. "Seasonal Influence of Biodiversity on Soil Respiration in a Temperate Forest." Plants 11, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 3391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233391.
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Soil respiration in forests contributes to significant carbon dioxide emissions from terrestrial ecosystems but it varies both spatially and seasonally. Both abiotic and biotic factors influence soil respiration but their relative contribution to spatial and seasonal variability remains poorly understood, which leads to uncertainty in models of global C cycling and predictions of future climate change. Here, we hypothesize that tree diversity, soil diversity, and soil properties contribute to local-scale variability of soil respiration but their relative importance changes in different seasons. To test our hypothesis, we conducted seasonal soil respiration measurements along a local-scale environmental gradient in a temperate forest in Northeast China, analyzed spatial variability of soil respiration and tested the relationships between soil respiration and a variety of abiotic and biotic factors including topography, soil chemical properties, and plant and soil diversity. We found that soil respiration varied substantially across the study site, with spatial coefficients of variation (CV) of 29.1%, 27.3% and 30.8% in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Soil respiration was consistently lower at high soil water content, but the influence of other factors was seasonal. In spring, soil respiration increased with tree diversity and biomass but decreased with soil fungal diversity. In summer, soil respiration increased with soil temperature, whereas in autumn, soil respiration increased with tree diversity but decreased with increasing soil nutrient content. However, soil nutrient content indirectly enhanced soil respiration via its effect on tree diversity across seasons, and forest stand structure indirectly enhanced soil respiration via tree diversity in spring. Our results highlight that substantial differences in soil respiration at local scales was jointly explained by soil properties (soil water content and soil nutrients), tree diversity, and soil fungal diversity but the relative importance of these drivers varied seasonally in our temperate forest.
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Kotroczó, Zsolt, Marianna Makádi, Tamás Kocsis, Áron Béni, Gábor Várbíró, and István Fekete. "Long-Term Changes in Organic Matter Content and Soil Moisture Determine the Degree of Root and Soil Respiration." Plants 12, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020251.
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Carbon in soil is one of the most important indicators of soil fertility. Part of the carbon stored in them is returned to the atmosphere during soil respiration. Climate change and inappropriate land use can accelerate these processes. Our work aimed to determine how soil CO2 emissions change over ten years as a result of litter manipulation treatments. Plots at the Síkfőkút DIRT (Detritus Input and Removal Treatments) experimental site include doubling either leaf litter or wood, and removing all aboveground litter, all root inputs, or removing all litter inputs. With the help of this, we were able to examine not only the effects of the different organic matter intake but also the effects of the different microclimates that occur as a result of the treatments. Total soil respiration (root and microbial respiration) is a result of a persistent lack or excess of soil organic matter relative to soil moisture. Based on our studies, the increase in the intensity of root respiration on wetter soils was only half of the increase in respiration associated with decomposition activity. The sustained growth of leaf litter significantly increases soil respiration, which can be partly explained by the more favorable supply of nutrients to the decomposing organisms, and partly by the more favorable microclimatic conditions, however, these effects were only valid in the case of wetter soils. In the dry summer environment, we experienced higher CO2 emissions during litter removal treatments. In the first period between 2002 and 2004, even wetter root removal treatments showed a significantly higher CO2 emission, while in the period 2010–2012, surface litter removal treatments. The permanent removal of surface litter in the drier summer period resulted in the formation of a dense crack network, which increased the CO2 emission of these soils, which increases the soil organic carbon loss of the soil. Our study proves the advantages of mulching in terms of a more favorable microclimate of the soil surface and a balanced carbon balance of the soil–plant system.
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Adekanmbi, Adetunji Alex, Liz J. Shaw, and Tom Sizmur. "Effect of Sieving on Ex Situ Soil Respiration of Soils from Three Land Use Types." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 20, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00177-2.
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AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effect of sieving on ex situ soil respiration (CO2 flux) measurements from different land use types. We collected soils (0–10 cm) from arable, grassland and woodland sites, allocated them to either sieved (4-mm mesh, freshly sieved) or intact core treatments and incubated them in gas-tight jars for 40 days at 10 °C. Headspace gas was collected on days 1, 3, 17, 24, 31 and 38 and CO2 analysed. Our results showed that sieving (4 mm) did not significantly influence soil respiration measurements, probably because micro aggregates (< 0.25 mm) remain intact after sieving. However, soils collected from grassland soil released more CO2 compared with those collected from woodland and arable soils, irrespective of sieving treatments. The higher CO2 from grassland soil compared with woodland and arable soils was attributed to the differences in the water holding capacity and the quantity and stoichiometry of the organic matter between the three soils. We conclude that soils sieved prior to ex situ respiration experiments provide realistic respiration measurements. This finding lends support to soil scientists planning a sampling strategy that better represents the inhomogeneity of field conditions by pooling, homogenising and sieving samples, without fear of obtaining unrepresentative CO2 flux measurements caused by the disruption of soil architecture.
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Wang, Jian Bo, Xiao Ling Fu, Hai Xiu Zhong, Ji Feng Wang, and Hong Wei Ni. "Seasonal and Interannual Variation of Soil Respiration on the Sanjiang Plain Wentlands in Northeast China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 692 (November 2014): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.692.70.
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Response of soil respiration in temperate wetlands in northeast China was studied from June 2009 to September 2011. Li-Cor 6400 infrared gas analyzer connected with a chamber was used to quantify the soil respiration. Results showed that soil respiration displayed a distinct seasonal pattern, with higher values observed in midsummer and lower values in spring and autumn. Furthermore, soil respiration exhibited a significant inter-annual variation. In addition, soil respiration presented significant positive exponential relationships with soil temperature. Whereas, significant exponential decay relationships between soil respiration rate and soil water content was found. In this ecosystem, soil temperature, soil water content and plant phenology together control soil respiration.
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Wang, Liqin, David M. Eissenstat, and Dora E. Flores-Alva. "Effects of Soil Temperature and Drought on Root–Soil Respiration in Apple under Field Conditions." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 453a—453. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.453a.
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Root respiration is very important to root efficiency, root lifespan, and carbon cycling in plant ecosystems. Yet, the effects of soil temperature and moisture on root respiration are poorly understood, especially under field conditions. In this study, we manipulated soil temperature and moisture by six bearing `Red Chief' Delicious/M26 trees near State College, Pa. Soil temperature was elevated 5 °C at 5-cm depth using circulating hot water and stainless steel grids. Soil temperature was monitored using thermocouples and a data logger, and soil moisture was monitored using TDR. Root–soil respiration was determined by static trapping at the soil surface. Heating was conducted from 8 May to 28 Oct. Drought was initiated on 21 Aug. and lasted 2 months. Root–soil respiration was lowest in spring and increased from June to late August. After September, respiration decreased until the experiment ended in November. Root-soil respiration was not correlated with root length density. Heating enhanced root–soil respiration about 15% to 20% in spring (May) and 10% in summer (June–August). After the drought treatment began, heating increased root-soil respiration about 42% in wet soil, but did not influence respiration in dry soil. Heating accentuated the effect of the drought treatment on soil moisture. After 2 months of no irrigation and no rain, soil moisture was reduced 5% in unheated soil and 10% in heated soil. Drought slowed root–soil respiration 17% in unheated soil and 36% in heated soil, mainly because heating increased respiration in wet soil, but compared to the unheated treatment, had no effect in dry soil.
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Cook, Freeman J., and Valerie A. Orchard. "Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 5 (May 2008): 1013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.12.012.
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Hashimoto, S., N. Carvalhais, A. Ito, M. Migliavacca, K. Nishina, and M. Reichstein. "Global spatiotemporal distribution of soil respiration modeled using a global database." Biogeosciences 12, no. 13 (July 9, 2015): 4121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4121-2015.
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Abstract. The flux of carbon dioxide from the soil to the atmosphere (soil respiration) is one of the major fluxes in the global carbon cycle. At present, the accumulated field observation data cover a wide range of geographical locations and climate conditions. However, there are still large uncertainties in the magnitude and spatiotemporal variation of global soil respiration. Using a global soil respiration data set, we developed a climate-driven model of soil respiration by modifying and updating Raich's model, and the global spatiotemporal distribution of soil respiration was examined using this model. The model was applied at a spatial resolution of 0.5°and a monthly time step. Soil respiration was divided into the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of respiration using an empirical model. The estimated mean annual global soil respiration was 91 Pg C yr−1 (between 1965 and 2012; Monte Carlo 95 % confidence interval: 87–95 Pg C yr−1) and increased at the rate of 0.09 Pg C yr−2. The contribution of soil respiration from boreal regions to the total increase in global soil respiration was on the same order of magnitude as that of tropical and temperate regions, despite a lower absolute magnitude of soil respiration in boreal regions. The estimated annual global heterotrophic respiration and global autotrophic respiration were 51 and 40 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The global soil respiration responded to the increase in air temperature at the rate of 3.3 Pg C yr−1 °C−1, and Q10 = 1.4. Our study scaled up observed soil respiration values from field measurements to estimate global soil respiration and provide a data-oriented estimate of global soil respiration. The estimates are based on a semi-empirical model parameterized with over one thousand data points. Our analysis indicates that the climate controls on soil respiration may translate into an increasing trend in global soil respiration and our analysis emphasizes the relevance of the soil carbon flux from soil to the atmosphere in response to climate change. Further approaches should additionally focus on climate controls in soil respiration in combination with changes in vegetation dynamics and soil carbon stocks, along with their effects on the long temporal dynamics of soil respiration. We expect that these spatiotemporal estimates will provide a benchmark for future studies and also help to constrain process-oriented models.
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Akinyede, Rachael, Martin Taubert, Marion Schrumpf, Susan Trumbore, and Kirsten Küsel. "Temperature sensitivity of dark CO2 fixation in temperate forest soils." Biogeosciences 19, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 4011–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4011-2022.
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Abstract. Globally, soil temperature to 1 m depth is predicted to be up to 4 ∘C warmer by the end of this century, with pronounced effects expected in temperate forest regions. Increased soil temperatures will potentially increase the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from temperate forest soils, resulting in important positive feedback on climate change. Dark CO2 fixation by microbes can recycle some of the released soil CO2, and CO2 fixation rates are reported to increase under higher temperatures. However, research on the influence of temperature on dark CO2 fixation rates, particularly in comparison to the temperature sensitivity of respiration in soils of temperate forest regions, is missing. To determine the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of dark CO2 fixation and respiration rates, we investigated soil profiles to 1 m depth from beech (deciduous) and spruce (coniferous) forest plots of the Hummelshain forest, Germany. We used 13C-CO2 labelling and incubations of soils at 4 and 14 ∘C to determine CO2 fixation and net soil respiration rates and derived the Q10 values for both processes with depth. The average Q10 for dark CO2 fixation rates normalized to soil dry weight was 2.07 for beech and spruce profiles, and this was lower than the measured average Q10 of net soil respiration rates with ∼2.98. Assuming these Q10 values, we extrapolated that net soil respiration might increase 1.16 times more than CO2 fixation under a projected 4 ∘C warming. In the beech soil, a proportionally larger fraction of the label CO2 was fixed into soil organic carbon than into microbial biomass compared to the spruce soil. This suggests a primarily higher rate of microbial residue formation (i.e. turnover as necromass or release of extracellular products). Despite a similar abundance of the total bacterial community in the beech and spruce soils, the beech soil also had a lower abundance of autotrophs, implying a higher proportion of heterotrophs when compared to the spruce soil; hence this might partly explain the higher rate of microbial residue formation in the beech soil. Furthermore, higher temperatures in general lead to higher microbial residues formed in both soils. Our findings suggest that in temperate forest soils, CO2 fixation might be less responsive to future warming than net soil respiration and could likely recycle less CO2 respired from temperate forest soils in the future than it does now.
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Hashimoto, S., N. Carvalhais, A. Ito, M. Migliavacca, K. Nishina, and M. Reichstein. "Global spatiotemporal distribution of soil respiration modeled using a global database." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 5 (March 12, 2015): 4331–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-4331-2015.
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Abstract. The flux of carbon dioxide from the soil to the atmosphere (soil respiration) is one of the major fluxes in the global carbon cycle. At present, the accumulated field observation data cover a wide range of geographical locations and climate conditions. However, there are still large uncertainties in the magnitude and spatiotemporal variation of global soil respiration. Using a global soil respiration dataset, we developed a climate-driven model of soil respiration by modifying and updating Raich's model, and the global spatiotemporal distribution of soil respiration was examined using this model. The model was applied at a spatial resolution of 0.5° and a monthly time step. Soil respiration was divided into the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of respiration using an empirical model. The estimated mean annual global soil respiration was 91 Pg C yr-1 (between 1965 and 2012; Monte Carlo 95% confidence interval: 87–95 Pg C yr-1) and increased at the rate of 0.09 Pg C yr-2. The contribution of soil respiration from boreal regions to the total increase in global soil respiration was on the same order of magnitude as that of tropical and temperate regions, despite a lower absolute magnitude of soil respiration in boreal regions. The estimated annual global heterotrophic respiration and global autotrophic respiration were 51 and 40 Pg C yr-1, respectively. The global soil respiration responded to the increase in air temperature at the rate of 3.3 Pg C yr-1 °C−1, and Q10 = 1.4. Our study scaled up observed soil respiration values from field measurements to estimate global soil respiration and provide a data-oriented estimate of global soil respiration. Our results, including the modeled spatiotemporal distribution of global soil respiration, are based on a semi-empirical model parameterized with over one thousand data points. We expect that these spatiotemporal estimates will provide a benchmark for future studies and also help to constrain process-oriented models.
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Wang, Xuexia, Yali Chen, Yulong Yan, Zhiqiang Wan, Ran Chao, Rui Gu, Jie Yang, and Qingzhu Gao. "Ecological responses of Stipa steppe in Inner Mongolia to experimentally increased temperature and precipitation. 3. Soil respiration." Rangeland Journal 40, no. 2 (2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16083.
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The response of soil respiration to simulated climatic warming and increased precipitation was evaluated on the arid–semi-arid Stipa steppe of Inner Mongolia. Soil respiration rate had a single peak during the growing season, reaching a maximum in July under all treatments. Soil temperature, soil moisture and their interaction influenced the soil respiration rate. Relative to the control, warming alone reduced the soil respiration rate by 15.6 ± 7.0%, whereas increased precipitation alone increased the soil respiration rate by 52.6 ± 42.1%. The combination of warming and increased precipitation increased the soil respiration rate by 22.4 ± 11.2%. When temperature was increased, soil respiration rate was more sensitive to soil moisture than to soil temperature, although the reverse applied when precipitation was increased. Under the experimental precipitation (20% above natural rainfall) applied in the experiment, soil moisture was the primary factor limiting soil respiration, but soil temperature may become limiting under higher soil moisture levels.
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Kukumägi, Mai, Veiko Uri, and Olevi Kull. "Mullahingamise sesoonne dünaamika kuusikute aegreas / Seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in a chronosequence of the Norway spruce stands." Forestry Studies 54, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10132-011-0091-9.
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Abstract. Soil respiration resulting from microbial and root respiration is a major component of the forest carbon cycle. The response of soil respiration to varying environmental factors (soil temperature and soil moisture) was studied in a Norway spruce chronosequence composed of four age classes (4, 27, 36, and 84 year old) on Gleyic Podzol. Soil respiration was measured monthly with closed dynamic chamber system, soil temperature and soil moisture were measured simultaneously. Mean soil respiration rate averaged over three years was 3.3 μmol CO2 m-2s-1, ranging from 0.6 to 5.4 μmol CO2 m-2s-1, with the maximum occurring in August and the minimum in December. Stand age had a significant effect on soil respiration: the highest respiration rate was found in 27-year-old stand. Over three years an exponential relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature accounted for 68-81% of the seasonal variation, Q10 (the factor by which the respiration rate differs for a temperature interval of 10 °C) for the individual stands ranged between 4.4 and 5.4. The influence of soil moisture content on soil respiration was weak and revealed in dry conditions only. The results of this study can be used to help understand and predict the effect of harvest on soil respiration and how the respiration might respond to changing climate conditions.
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Feng, Xin, Xiao Fei Zhou, Yu Hang Pei, Yan Hui Ge, and Yu Hong Xie. "Study of Effect on Soil Salinity and Respiration Intensity by the Straw Compost." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.245.
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After the straw fermentation and add in soil for pot experiment, analysis of the soil pH, salinity, respiration intensity, and the relationship between soil pH and respiration intensity, salinity and respiration intensity before and after pot, concluded: pot under experimental conditions help to reduce soil pH and salinity, increase soil respiration intensity, soil pH, salinity and soil respiration intensity trends reverse. Experimental results show that the conditions for the experimental group 19-27 are more conducive to low soil pH and salinity, increase soil respiration intensity, and to improve soil properties, making it suitable for crop growth.
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Martínez-Trinidad, Tomás, W. Todd Watson, Michael Arnold, and Leonardo Lombardini. "Microbial Activity of a Clay Soil Amended with Glucose and Starch Under Live Oaks." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.009.
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Research was conducted to investigate the effect of glucose and starch on soil respiration under live oaks. Soil from a field-grown tree nursery was amended with glucose (C6H12O6), starch (C6H12O6)n, or a 50:50 mixture of both carbohydrates at increasing concentrations (0, 40, 80 and 120 g/L). Solutions were applied once as 10-L drenches within 0.5 m from the trunks of live oaks (Quercus virginiana P. Miller). In a companion study, soil samples treated with the same carbohydrates and concentrations were studied under laboratory conditions. Carbon dioxide evolution was significantly impacted by glucose and starch applications. Glucose applications caused a significant increase in soil respiration compared with the control within a week after application, and it lasted two to three weeks. Elevated soil respiration was most noticeable in the field experiment for starch treatments; however, the increase in soil respiration for higher concentrations (120 g/L) did not become apparent until the fourth week after application and lasted eight to nine weeks. This knowledge about the differing durations and magnitude of glucose and starch on soil respiration may be useful for developing carbohydrate application regimes for soils where increase respiration is desirable for managing urban trees.
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Fan, Zhi Ping, Xue Kai Sun, Fa Yun Li, and Qiong Wang. "Responses of Soil Respiration to Precipitation Changes in Mongolian Pine Plantation at Horqin Sandy Lands in Northeast China." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4545.
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Soil respiration as a major flux in the global carbon cycle plays an important role in regulating soil carbon pools. Global climatic changes including warming and a changing precipitation pattern could have a profound impact on soil respiration of terrestrial ecosystems, especially in arid and semiarid region where water is limited. We conducted a field experiment to simulate precipitation changes in a Mongolian pine plantation at Horqin sandy lands. The results indicated that, soil respiration was significantly affected by reduced rainfall treatment and water addition treatment in 9 experiment plots. Soil respiration rates in the water addition treatment plots increased about 40.7% to 166.4% and decreased about 34.0% to 70.0% in the reduced rainfall treatment plots. A model of the relationships between soil respiration and moisture with temperature was obtained by an empirical equation. Through operating the model, it was indicated that the highest soil respiration rate occurred at high soil water contents and intermediate soil temperatures in 9 plots. In the combined responses of soil respiration to soil temperature and soil moisture, soil temperature as a single independent variable explained only 29.9% of variance in soil respiration, and soil moisture was 71.3% of variance in soil respiration. It was concluded from our results that precipitation compared with soil temperature dominated more significantly the variability of ecosystem soil respiration in semiarid sandy lands.