Relevant bibliographies by topics / Soil respiration

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Soil respiration'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Soil respiration"

1

Li, An, Yuan Yao, Shu Qing Sun, Li Ya Jiang, Xian Liu, and Zeng Gui Gao. "Impact of Herbicide Atrazine and Nicosulfuron on the Soil Respiration and Enzyme Activities." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.484.

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The effects of two herbicides on soil respiration, the activity of catalase and the activity of urease were studied in laboratory. The results showed that effects of atrazine and nicosulfuron on soil respiration were different. The soil respirations were in inhibition when soils were treated with atrazine, while soil respirations were in promotion-inhibition-recover when soils were treated with nicosulfuron. The soil respirations were different at different herbicide concentrations. According to coefficient of injury, herbicides atrazine and nicosulfuron both belong to low toxicity herbicides or no toxic herbicides. The effects of herbicides on the activities of catalase and urease were same, which were inhibition-recovery. The activity of unease was inhibited by atrazine and nicosulfuron before 21d. Half dosage of nicosulfuron has a significant inhibitory effect. The different concentrations of atrazine and nicosulfuron had no obvious effect on the catalase activity.
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Ma, Jiang Ming, Meng Wu, Ting Ting Zhan, Feng Tian, and Shi Chu Liang. "Characteristics on Soil Respiration of Eucalyptus Plantation with Four Years Old in Beihai of Guangxi, Southern China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 618 (August 2014): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.618.380.

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This experiment was conducted on the 4 years old Eucalyptus plantation in Beihai of Guangxi, southern China. From January to December 2013, in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, seasonal variation and diurnal variation of the soil respiration and its environmental factors had been observed, respectively. The results showed that: (1) Soil respirations has obvious seasonal characteristics, the soil respiration rate in each seasons showed that: summer> spring > autumn > winter. The heterotrophic respiration rate was higher than the autotrophic respiration rate. The contribution of autotrophic respiration rate in winter was higher than that in other three seasons. (2) Soil respiration has obvious diurnal characteristic, it could be expressed as a single-peak curve. But the maximum value of soil respiration appeared in different times in different seasons. (3) There existed positive correlation index exponential relationships between the soil temperature and the soil respiration rate and its components. Soil temperature changes could explain soil respiration, autotrophic respiration and heterotrophic respiration by 90.2%, 27.5% and 92.8%. Temperature sensitivity showed following order: the heterotrophic respiration rate> the soil respiration rate> the autotrophic respiration rate, in terms of affected by temperature, the heterotrophic respiration was higher than the autotrophic respiration. (4) There were notable positive correlations between soil moisture content and soil respiration rate. Obviously, soil moisture content could promote soil respiration in a certain range.
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Li, Qian, Ben Zhi Zhou, Xiao Ming Wang, Xiao Gai Ge, and Yong Hui Cao. "Effects of Throughfall Exclusion on Soil Respiration in a Moso Bamboo Forest Soil in Southeast China." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3762–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3762.

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Both soil temperature and soil water condition are important factors that influence soil respiration at different forest. In this study, a throughfall exclusion experiment was carried out to explore effects of increased soil temperature and decreased soil water content on soil respirations in the bamboo forest in North Zhejiang of China. The results showed that 1) monthly variation in soil respiration ranges from 2.00 to 0.63μmol·m-2·s-1 and 2.20 to 0.66μmolm-2s-1in throughfall exclusion and control plots respectively. The soil respiration monthly variation following the monthly variation of soil temperature and in contrast to the monthly soil water content. 2) Soil temperature can explain 65.5%and 73.9% of the variance of soil respiration in throughfall exclusion and control plots respectively. Multivariate linear model based on temperature and soil water content explained 66.9% and 73.4% of the variance of soil respiration in throughfall exclusion and control plots respectively. Soil water content had no significant relationship with soil respiration. Q10 values of throughfall exclusion and control plots were 5.99 and 4.44.
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Nakayama, Francis S. "Soil respiration." Remote Sensing Reviews 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757259009532138.

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Mátyás, Bence, Maritza Elizabeth Chiluisa Andrade, Nora Carmen Yandun Chida, Carina Maribel Taipe Velasco, Denisse Estefania Gavilanes Morales, Gisella Nicole Miño Montero, Lenin Javier Ramirez Cando, and Ronnie Xavier Lizano Acevedo. "Comparing organic versus conventional soil management on soil respiration." F1000Research 7 (March 2, 2018): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13852.1.

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Soil management has great potential to affect soil respiration. In this study, we investigated the effects of organic versus conventional soil management on soil respiration. We measured the main soil physical-chemical properties from conventional and organic managed soil in Ecuador. Soil respiration was determined using alkaline absorption according to Witkamp. Soil properties such as organic matter, nitrogen, and humidity, were comparable between conventional and organic soils in the present study, and in a further analysis there was no statically significant correlation with soil respiration. Therefore, even though organic farmers tend to apply more organic material to their fields, but this did not result in a significantly higher CO2 production in their soils in the present study.
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Novosádová, Irena, José Damian Ruiz-Sinoga, Jaroslav Záhora, and Helena Fišerová. "Soil microbial respiration beneath Stipa tenacissima L. and in surrounding bare soil." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 1 (2011): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159010183.

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Open steppes dominated by Stipa tenacissima L. constitute one of the most representative ecosystems of the semi-arid zones of Eastern Mediterranean Basin (Iberian Peninsula, North of Africa). Ecosystem functioning of these steppes is strongly related to the spatial pattern of grass tussocks. Soils beneath Stipa tenacissima L. grass show different fertility and different microclimatic conditions than in surrounding bare soil. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Stipa tenacissima L. on the key soil microbial activities under controlled incubation conditions (basal and potential respiration). Basal and potential microbial respirations in the soils beneath Stipa tenacissima L. were, in general, not significantly different from the bare soils. The differences were less than 10%. Significantly less ethylene produced by microbial activity in soils beneath Stipa tenacissima L. after the addition of glucose could indicate the dependence of rhizospheric microbial communities on available carbon compounds. It can be concluded, that the soil respiration in semi-arid Mediterranean ecosystems is not necessarily associated with the patchy plant distribution and that some microbial activities characteristics can be unexpectedly homogenous.
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Barbora, Šlapáková, Jeřábková Julie, Voříšek Karel, Tejnecký Václav, and Drábek Ondřej. "The biochar effect on soil respiration and nitrification." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 3 (March 21, 2018): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/13/2018-pse.

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Soil microorganisms play a main role in the nutrient cycle and they also play an important role in soil health. This article studies the influence of three rates of biochar (0.5, 1 and 3%) in comparison with control (0 biochar) in two different soils (Valečov and Čistá) on soil microbiota activities. The biochar was prepared from 80% of digestate from Zea mays L. and 20% of cellulose fibres by pyrolysis (470°C, 17 min). The biochar ability to influence microbial processes in soil was determined by respiration and nitrification tests. There were no significant differences between basal respiration of control samples and biochar-amended samples. Basal respiration in the Valečov soil reached average amounts from 1.32 to 1.52 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/h/100 g. In the Čistá soil, basal respiration reached average amounts from 1.40 to 1.49 mg CO<sub>2</sub>/h/100 g. No significant differences were proved also in nitrification tests of both soils. Nitrifying potential was the highest in 3% rate of biochar amendment. There were no negative changes in the measured soil parameters. CO<sub>2</sub> efflux was not higher in biochar-amended soil.
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Hawkes, Christine V., Bonnie G. Waring, Jennifer D. Rocca, and Stephanie N. Kivlin. "Historical climate controls soil respiration responses to current soil moisture." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 24 (May 30, 2017): 6322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620811114.

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Ecosystem carbon losses from soil microbial respiration are a key component of global carbon cycling, resulting in the transfer of 40–70 Pg carbon from soil to the atmosphere each year. Because these microbial processes can feed back to climate change, understanding respiration responses to environmental factors is necessary for improved projections. We focus on respiration responses to soil moisture, which remain unresolved in ecosystem models. A common assumption of large-scale models is that soil microorganisms respond to moisture in the same way, regardless of location or climate. Here, we show that soil respiration is constrained by historical climate. We find that historical rainfall controls both the moisture dependence and sensitivity of respiration. Moisture sensitivity, defined as the slope of respiration vs. moisture, increased fourfold across a 480-mm rainfall gradient, resulting in twofold greater carbon loss on average in historically wetter soils compared with historically drier soils. The respiration–moisture relationship was resistant to environmental change in field common gardens and field rainfall manipulations, supporting a persistent effect of historical climate on microbial respiration. Based on these results, predicting future carbon cycling with climate change will require an understanding of the spatial variation and temporal lags in microbial responses created by historical rainfall.
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Pavel, Formánek, and Vranová Lukáš Kisza and Valerie. "Soil Heterotrophic Respiration Potential and Maximum Respiration Rate of Differently Managed Meadows." Soil and Water Research 1, No. 4 (January 7, 2013): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6516-swr.

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In this study were compared heterotrophic respiratory potential (VDS/VMAX) expressing an increase in C mineralisation rate after drying and re-wetting the soil to 60% soil water content (v/w)(VDS) in relation to maximum respiration rate (VMAX) after glucose addition, and VMAX in organomineral soil (Ah horizon) of mod&shy;erately mown and for 11 years abandoned mountain meadows in Moravian-Silesian Beskids Mts. VDS/VMAX and VMAX were assessed in soil samples taken in 30-day intervals throughout the period of May&ndash;September 2004. The results obtained showed higher VDS/VMAX on the abandoned meadow throughout the whole experiment except the last sampling occasion, and higher VMAX throughout the whole experiment. Significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher VDS/VMAX on the abandoned meadow was found in May and July, VMAX was significantly higher on the same meadow (P &lt; 0.05) only in September. From the parameters studied, the time of sampling had no significant (P &gt; 0.05) effect on VMAX when the data from the moderately mown meadow were evaluated. On the abandoned meadow, VMAX found was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) different when the samples from May and September or July and September were compared. A significant (P &lt; 0.05) effect of the sampling time on VDS/VMAX on the moderately mown meadow was presented by differences between May and other sampling times, on the abandoned meadow differences between September and other times of sampling except May were significant (P &lt; 0.05).
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Epron, Daniel, Alexandre Bosc, Damien Bonal, and Vincent Freycon. "Spatial variation of soil respiration across a topographic gradient in a tropical rain forest in French Guiana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 5 (July 27, 2006): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003415.

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The objective of this study was to analyse the factors explaining spatial variation in soil respiration over topographic transects in a tropical rain forest of French Guiana. The soil of 30 plots along six transects was characterized. The appearance of the ‘dry to the touch’ character at a depth of less than 1.2 m was used to discriminate soils exhibiting vertical drainage from soils exhibiting superficial lateral drainage and along with colour and texture, to define five classes from well-drained to strongly hydromorphic soils. Spatial variation in soil respiration was closely related to topographic position and soil type. Increasing soil water content and bulk density and decreasing root biomass and soil carbon content explained most of the decrease in soil respiration from the plateaux (vertically drained hypoferralic acrisol) to the bottomlands (haplic gleysol). These results will help to stratify further field experiments and to identify the underlying determinants of spatial variation in soil respiration to develop mechanistic models of soil respiration.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil respiration"

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Iost, Susanne. "Soil respiration, microbial respiration and mineralisation in soils of montane rainforests of Southern Ecuador: influence of altitude." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1201126765623-42870.

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Impacts of land use and climate change in tropical forests on the global carbon budget are of principal interest in the recent research, as these forests amount to about 48 % of the world’s forested area. Interest has been focused on lowland tropical forests mainly, but tropical montane forests occupy about 20 % of all tropical forests. Soils of tropical montane forests are frequently waterlogged and characterised by high soil organic carbon stocks. Furthermore, along altitudinal gradients, changes in stand structure and net primary production can be observed that have not been fully explained yet. As causes reduced microbial activity and nitrogen turnover in soils of tropical montane forests have been suggested. Against the background of climate change, carbon turnover mechanisms in soils of these forests are of special interest. The present study therefore aimed at determining and quantifying relevant carbon and nitrogen pools as well as nitrogen mineralisation potentials. Furthermore, size, activity, and structure of microbial biomass were characterised. The collected data was supposed to provide basic knowledge on carbon and nitrogen cycling in tropical montane forest soils. Thus, evaluation of the susceptibility of their carbon stocks for climate change as well as nitrogen and carbon limitation of microbial organic matter decomposition was possible. Field work of this study was conducted during 2003–2005 at an altitudinal transect that in- cluded five study sites between 1 050 and 3 060 m amsl. Total soil respiration was recorded biweekly over two years, the contribution of roots to total soil CO2 efflux over one year. Soils of the study sites were sampled twice and biochemical and microbial parameters were determined.
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Iost, Susanne. "Soil respiration, microbial respiration and mineralisation in soils of montane rainforests of Southern Ecuador: influence of altitude." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2007. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24042.

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Impacts of land use and climate change in tropical forests on the global carbon budget are of principal interest in the recent research, as these forests amount to about 48 % of the world’s forested area. Interest has been focused on lowland tropical forests mainly, but tropical montane forests occupy about 20 % of all tropical forests. Soils of tropical montane forests are frequently waterlogged and characterised by high soil organic carbon stocks. Furthermore, along altitudinal gradients, changes in stand structure and net primary production can be observed that have not been fully explained yet. As causes reduced microbial activity and nitrogen turnover in soils of tropical montane forests have been suggested. Against the background of climate change, carbon turnover mechanisms in soils of these forests are of special interest. The present study therefore aimed at determining and quantifying relevant carbon and nitrogen pools as well as nitrogen mineralisation potentials. Furthermore, size, activity, and structure of microbial biomass were characterised. The collected data was supposed to provide basic knowledge on carbon and nitrogen cycling in tropical montane forest soils. Thus, evaluation of the susceptibility of their carbon stocks for climate change as well as nitrogen and carbon limitation of microbial organic matter decomposition was possible. Field work of this study was conducted during 2003–2005 at an altitudinal transect that in- cluded five study sites between 1 050 and 3 060 m amsl. Total soil respiration was recorded biweekly over two years, the contribution of roots to total soil CO2 efflux over one year. Soils of the study sites were sampled twice and biochemical and microbial parameters were determined.
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Denton, Laura Elaine Scott. "Soil respiration at a Colorado subalpine forest." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3165811.

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Hartley, Iain P. "The response of soil respiration to temperature." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434021.

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Chang, Chao-Ting. "Soil water availability regulates soil respiration temperature dependence in Mediterranean forests." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406082.

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The variations of ecosystem and soil respiration are mainly driven by temperature and precipitation, but the importance of temperature and precipitation could vary across temporal and spatial. At diurnal to annual temporal scales, ecosystem and soil respiration generally increase with average annual temperature, but very low or very high soil moisture has been shown to diminish the temperature response of respiration. Therefore, in water-limited ecosystem, such as the Mediterranean region where the seasonal pattern is characterized with significant summer drought, precipitation patterns are likely to play a particularly important role in regulating ecosystem and soil respiration inter annual whereas temperature may be much less factor. In this dissertation, I try to reduce the uncertainties of terrestrial net ecosystem exchange in Mediterranean region by measuring the interaction between environmental factors and soil respiration at short (i.e., diurnal) and medium (i.e., seasonal-years) temporal scales. Three in situ experiments were employed to investigate how soil respiration responds to environmental variations and management. Together, these three studies gave a consistent picture on how soil moisture strongly affects the dynamic and magnitude of soil respiration in Mediterranean forests. Results elucidated a clear soil moisture threshold; when soil moisture is above this threshold, soil temperature is the main driver of soil respiration, meanwhile, when soil moisture is below this threshold, soil respiration decoupled from soil temperature and is controlled by soil moisture. This suggests that soil moisture modified, at least in Mediterranean ecosystems, the temperature sensitivity of respiration through threshold-like response.
Las variaciones de la respiración del ecosistema y del suelo son principalmente impulsadas por la temperatura y la precipitación, pero la importancia de la temperatura y la precipitación puede variar a lo largo del tiempo y el espacio. En las escalas temporales diurnas a anuales, la respiración del ecosistema y del suelo generalmente aumenta con la temperatura media anual, pero se ha demostrado que la humedad del suelo muy baja o muy alta disminuye la respuesta a la temperatura de la respiración. Por lo tanto, en ecosistemas con escasez de agua, como la región mediterránea, donde el patrón estacional se caracteriza por sequías significativas en verano, es probable que los patrones de precipitación jueguen un papel particularmente importante en la regulación de la respiración del ecosistema y del suelo. En esta tesis, intento reducir las incertidumbres del intercambio de ecosistemas netos terrestres en la región mediterránea midiendo la interacción entre los factores ambientales y la respiración del suelo a escalas temporales cortas (diurnas) y medias (estacionales). Se utilizaron tres experimentos in situ para investigar cómo la respiración del suelo responde a las variaciones y manejo del ambiente. En conjunto, estos tres estudios dieron una imagen consistente de cómo la humedad del suelo afecta fuertemente la dinámica y la magnitud de la respiración del suelo en los bosques mediterráneos. Los resultados dilucidaron un umbral claro de humedad del suelo; Cuando la humedad del suelo está por encima de este umbral, la temperatura del suelo es el principal impulsor de la respiración del suelo, mientras que la humedad del suelo está por debajo de este umbral, la respiración del suelo está desacoplada de la temperatura del suelo y controlada por la humedad del suelo. Esto sugiere que la humedad del suelo modificó, al menos en los ecosistemas mediterráneos, la sensibilidad a la temperatura de la respiración a través de la respuesta tipo umbral.
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Burns, Nancy Rosalind. "Soil organic matter stability and the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9922.

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Soil respiration is an important source of atmospheric CO2, with the potential for large positive feedbacks with global warming. The size of these feedbacks will depend on the relative sensitivity to temperature of very large global pools of highly stable soil organic matter (SOM), with residence times of centuries or longer. Conflicting evidence exists as to the relationships between temperature sensitivity of respiration and stability of SOM, as well as the temperature sensitivity of individual stabilisation mechanisms. This PhD considers the relationship between different stabilisation mechanisms and the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition. I used physical fractionation to isolate SOM pools with a variety of turnover rates, from decadal to centennially cycling SOM, in a peaty gley topsoil from Harwood Forest. Mean residence times of SOM as determined by 14C dating was most strongly affected by depth, providing stability on a millienial scale, while OM-mineral associations and physical protection of aggregates provided stability to around 500 years. Chemical characteristics of organic material in these fractions and whole soils (13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, ICP-OES) indicated the relative contribution of different stabilisation mechanisms to the longevity of each of these fractions. Two long-term incubations of isolated physical fractions and soil horizons at different temperatures provided information about the actual resistance to decomposition in each SOM pool, as well as the temperature sensitivity of respiration from different pools. Naturally 13C-labelled labile substrate additions to the mineral and organic horizons compared the resistance to priming by labile and recalcitrant substrates. Manipulation of soil pore water was investigated as a method for isolating the respiration of SOM from physically occluded positions within the soil architecture. Contadictory lines of evidence emerged on the relative stability of different SOM pools from 14C dating, incubation experiments and chemical characterisation of indicators of stability. This led to the interpretation that physical aggregate protection primarily controls SOM stability within topsoils, while mineral and Fe oxide stability provides more lasting stability in the mineral horizon. Less humified and younger SOM was found to have a higher sensitivity to temperature than respiration from well-humified pools, in contrast to predictions from thermodynamics.
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Murray, Sam. "Development of a soil respiration isotopic sampling system." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9652.

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The rate of carbon turnover in soil is a balance between the input of carbon by plants through their roots and associated fungi and the loss of carbon due to plant and microbial respiration, oxidation and leaching. Soil carbon dynamics are notoriously difficult to measure, and being able to separate total soil respiration into its autotrophic and heterotrophic components would help understanding of carbon cycling processes. Where autotrophic respiration originates from roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi, using newly fixed carbon, and heterotrophic respiration originates from the breakdown of older soil organic matter. By calculating the δ¹³C signature of respired CO₂ (the ratio of the abundances of C isotopes ¹²C and ¹³C) it is possible to determine whether it is of heterotrophic or autotrophic origin. In this study a 6 chamber, constant CO₂ concentration measuring apparatus was developed to determine both the rate of CO₂ efflux and to collect undisturbed CO₂ samples for isotope analysis. This apparatus was tested using live soil samples with different δ¹³C values (-22 ‰ to -27 ‰) and respiration rates (2 – 8 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) obtained from various locations in New Zealand. Testing involved taking samples using the respiration apparatus, then incubating the same samples in a bag, and then comparing the two. There was no difference between the results from the soil respiration apparatus and the bags (R²=0.96, p=0.0002). Twelve microcosms including soil and grass were extracted from a newly converted dairy farm and placed into in growth cabinets. Diurnal courses of partitioned soil respiration were made over 24 hours with constant soil temperature to eliminate temperatures effect on soil respiration. Half were then covered with 90% shade cloth for 12 days to test if a reduction in light (and therefore newly fixed carbon) would have any effect on soil respiration. There was a significant reduction in soil respiration, yet no detectable change in the δ¹³C of soil respired CO₂ under heavily shaded treatment. There was however there was a shift towards heterotrophic dominated respiration. This shows that while L. perenne is resilient to surrounding conditions it is susceptible to change if exposed to different conditions for prolonged periods of time. The use of this new technique in the field will allow improved understanding of factors effecting soil C efflux.
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Kuntz, Marianne. "Carbon : an important regulator of denitrification in arable soil." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=232081.

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Carbon (C) as a driver of soil denitrification was investigated in a series of four laboratory incubation experiments employing stable nitrogen (N) and C isotope approaches. The research addressed the lack of knowledge on mechanisms through which the quantity and quality of organic‐C containing substrates interact with denitrification. The amount of organic matter added to soil was manipulated to relate C respiration with process rates of denitrification. Respiration derived from dissolved organic matter C was linearly related to denitrification but the direction of the relationship was variable in time. This may be most likely an effect of changing quality of the C available and possibly microbial community structure. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from denitrification at the later stages of residue decomposition was driven by nitrate (NO3‐) accumulation in the soil rather than C provided by the residue. Denitrification across a vertical shallow soil profile formed in a laboratory microcosm was investigated. A surface hotspot formed immediately as a response to residue‐C addition and increased rates of N2O production. N2O reduction occurred at depth. The hotspot at depth was related to an indirect effect of residue‐C, which was depletion of O2. Further, to address the complexity of low molecular weight C substrate available to denitrifiers in the soil solution, denitrification rates in response to glucose, citric acid and glutamic acid supplied individually versus in mixture were characterised. Carbon substrate quality regulated N2O production rates via interactions within the soil microbial community and with the soil solid phase. Overall, the experiments showed that C stimulates strong N2O emission peaks and increase cumulative N2O emissions from arable soil along a gradient of varying C substrate complexity and quantity. Interaction in space and time play an important role when C containing inputs affected other proximal drivers of denitrification such as NO3‐ and O2.
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Boström, Björn. "Achieving carbon isotope mass balance in Northern forest soils, soil respiration and fungi /." Örebro : Department of Natural Sciences, Örebro University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-2101.

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Flynn, Conor R. "Soil Respiration Response to Disturbance in a Northern Michigan Forest." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1336919672.

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Books on the topic "Soil respiration"

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Naumov, A. V. Dykhanie pochvy: Sostavli︠a︡i︠u︡shchie, ėkologicheskie funkt︠s︡ii, geograficheskie zakonomernosti. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo Sibirskogo otd-nii︠a︡ Rossiĭskoĭ Akademii Nauk, 2009.

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Naumov, A. V. Dykhanie pochvy: Sostavli︠a︡i︠u︡shchie, ėkologicheskie funkt︠s︡ii, geograficheskie zakonomernosti. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo Sibirskogo otd-nii︠a︡ Rossiĭskoĭ Akademii Nauk, 2009.

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Rannelli, Dennis. Basal respiration and respiration response to added organic substrates as indicators of the health of smelter-affected soils, before and after revegetation. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Biology, 1997.

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Zhou, Xuhui, and Luo Yiqi. Soil Respiration and the Environment. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2010.

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Luo, Yiqi, and Xuhui Zhou. Soil Respiration and the Environment. Academic Press, 2006.

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Soil Respiration and the Environment. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-088782-8.x5000-1.

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Soil Respiration and the Environment. Academic Press, 2006.

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Soil Respiration and the Environment. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2006.

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Forest Soil Respiration under Climate Changing. MDPI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03897-179-5.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Boreas Te-5 Soil Respiration Data. Independently Published, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soil respiration"

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Brumme, R., W. Borken, and J. Prenzel. "Soil Respiration." In Ecological Studies, 337–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b82392_18.

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Ölinger, R., T. Beck, B. Heilmann, and F. Beese. "Soil Respiration." In Methods in Soil Biology, 93–110. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60966-4_6.

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Anderson, John P. E. "Soil Respiration." In Agronomy Monographs, 831–71. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c41.

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Lankreijer, H., I. A. Janssens, N. Buchmann, B. Longdoz, D. Epron, and S. Dore. "Measurement of Soil Respiration." In Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, 37–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05171-9_3.

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Singh, Bhupinder Pal, Vivien de Rémy de Courcelles, and Mark A. Adams. "Soil Respiration in Future Global Change Scenarios." In Soil Biology, 131–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20256-8_7.

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Hanson, Paul J., Elizabeth G. O’Neill, M. Lala S. Chambers, Jeffery S. Riggs, J. Devereux Joslin, and Mark H. Wolfe. "Soil Respiration and Litter Decomposition." In Ecological Studies, 163–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0021-2_10.

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Morishita, T., O. V. Masyagina, T. Koike, and Y. Matsuura. "Soil Respiration in Larch Forests." In Ecological Studies, 165–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9693-8_9.

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Boyd, Claude E. "Soil Organic Matter and Aerobic Respiration." In Bottom Soils, Sediment, and Pond Aquaculture, 149–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1785-6_5.

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Golovinov, Evgeny, Dmirii Aminev, Samuhaer Mulatola, Ludmila Bunina, Sergey Bikovsky, Alexander Alexandrov, and Andrey Titov. "Portable Device for Soil Respiration Estimation." In Software Engineering Research in System Science, 723–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35311-6_69.

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Morales, Fermín, Javier Abadía, and Anunciación Abadía. "Thermal Energy Dissipation in Plants Under Unfavorable Soil Conditions." In Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, 605–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soil respiration"

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Zhou, Hui, Hu Liu, Jian Wang, and Jiawei Guo. "Effects of the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on soil microbial biomass and respiration in saline soils." In Fifth International Conference on Green Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development, edited by Mohammadreza Aghaei, Hongyu Ren, and Xiaoshuan Zhang, 31. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3044415.

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SASNAUSKIENĖ, Jurgita, Nomeda SABIENĖ, Vitas MAROZAS, Laima ČESONIENĖ, and Kristina LINGYTĖ. "SOIL RESPIRATION IN STANDS OF DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.106.

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Forest ecosystems of different tree species participate actively in climatic and biotic processes, such as photosynthesis, plant and soil respiration, therefore knowledge of soil respiration, especially of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere is of great importance. The aim of the study was to determine soil respiration rate of stands of deciduous (Betula pubescens Ehrh., Quercus robur L.) and coniferous (Larix eurolepis Henry, Thuja occidentalis L.) tree species as well as impact of abiotic (soil temperature, humidity, electrical conductivity, pH) and biotic (abundance of undergrowth, shrub, herbs) factors. Measurements of CO2 emissions, temperature, moisture and electrical conductivity were performed in-situ in the stands of different tree species with portable ADC BioScientific LCpro+ system and digital electrochemical device “Wet” (Delta-T). Soil samples were collected for the physicochemical analysis simultaneously. Chemical analysis of soil samples was done at the lab of the Environmental Research of the Aleksandras Stulginskis University by standard methods. Soil respiration was highest in the stand of Thuja occidentalis and lowest in the stand of Betula pubescens. Soil respiration intensity of the tree stands increased as follow: Thuja˂ Quercus˂ Larix˂ Betula. In the coniferous tree stands, the soil respiration was lower on average 27% comparing to deciduous tree stands. Soil respiration rate increased with increase of herbaceous vegetation cover and temperature. Soil respiration rate was mostly influenced by abundance of herbaceous vegetation (r = 0.91) of all biotic factors investigated, while soil temperature (r = 0.75) of abiotic factors. 60 years old stands of different tree species formed specific conditions what influenced different soil respiration rates.
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Pacaldo, Renato S., Miraç Aydın, and Randell Keith Amarille. "Winter Soil Respiration, Temperature, and Soil Moisture in Snow-Manipulated Postfire and Undisturbed Black Pine Forests in Taşköprü, Kastamonu District, Türkiye." In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.42.

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Climate change has been fueling forest fires worldwide and driving warmer winters in temperate countries. Recently, wildfires devastated large track of forest lands in Canada and Hawaii, resulting in the unfortunate loss of lives and properties. A warmer climate forecast not only increases the occurrence of forest fires but also brings about a snow-free warm winter season. Given these consequences of a warmer climate, a critical question is whether these climate change-related impacts significantly enhance soil respiration (Rs) in forest fire areas and standing undisturbed forest ecosystems. We conducted a field experiment in one of the recently burned black pine forest (Pinus nigra Arnold). We employed an automated soil respiration machinery (Li-8100A, LiCor BioSciences) to measure the soil CO2 emissions, soil temperature, air temperature, and soil moisture simultaneously. We found that a warmer winter results in higher soil respiration rates and warmer soil temperatures in undisturbed forests, indicating its less sensitivity to snow cover. In contrast, the snow-free post-fire treatment exhibited significantly reduced soil respiration rates and freezing soil temperature at the height of the winter season. We concluded that the complementary effects of lack of snow and forest fire resulted in a significant decrease in soil respiration rates, and, thus, potentially resulted in the conservation of soil C stocks during the winter period. The higher soil respiration and warmer soil in the undisturbed forest could accelerate the decomposition of soil organic matter and increase the contribution to atmospheric CO2, thus providing positive feedback to climate change. Given the global concerns about climate change impacts and the frequency of forest fires, the findings of this study would help us understand the impacts of forest fires and lack of snow in climate-soil respiration feedback.
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Rawat, Monika. "Soil Respiration Variation under the Canopy of Dominant Tree Species across different seasons in Temperate Forest." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0021.

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Soil respiration is defined as the production of carbon dioxide when soil organisms are active. It is an important process in the ecosystem and has direct influence on climate change. Therefore understanding it under different vegetation types is an essential goal in soil science. The major sources which effect the soil respiration rate are plant roots, the rhizosphere, microbes and soil fauna and these sources are control by various factors like temperature, moisture, nutreint content and oxygen in the soil. Soil respiration rate is important for understanding soil biological activity, nutrient cycling, soil microbial biomass, soil organic matter and its decomposition.Therefore soil respiration was studied under the canopy of ten dominant tree species of temperate forest. Our study determined that highest soil respiration was under the canopy of Eunonymous pendulus (EP) i.e. 20.01 μmolm−2 s−1 and across season it was high during the rains.
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Li, Zhanfeng, Liping Shang, Hu Deng, Youliang Ma, and Shunli Wang. "An Unattended Detection Method of Soil Respiration." In 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5661254.

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Ibrahim, Mostafa, and Michael Thompson. "WHAT SOIL PROPERTIES REGULATE RESPIRATION RATE AS AN INDICATOR OF SOIL HEALTH?" In 52nd Annual North-Central GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018nc-312374.

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"Soil moisture impact on manuring induced soil respiration and organic matter decomposition." In 2nd International PhD Student’s Conference at the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland: ENVIRONMENT – PLANT – ANIMAL – PRODUCT. Publishing House of The University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/icdsupl2.e018.

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Qiu, Xia, Yun-Peng Zhang, Kai-Li Chen, Zhi-Hui Wang, and Xun Wang. "Effects of Soil Amelioration on Photosynthetic Physiology and Soil Respiration of Blueberry." In The International Conference on Biological Sciences and Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/bst-16.2016.32.

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Danilova, Natalia, Lilya Biktasheva, Laysan Shaimardanova, Polina Kuryntseva, and Polina Galitskaya. "MINERALIZING ACTIVITY OF THE SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITY OF THE CARBON POLYGON -CARBON POVOLZHIYE-." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/4.2/s19.42.

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The problem of carbon dioxide emission from the soil is relevant, since it affects the reduction of the soil organic carbon pool, thereby reducing its fertility and productivity. In addition, carbon dioxide emissions from the soil are a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect. The aim of this work was to evaluate the mineralizing activity of the microbial community of the soil of a new point of observation of carbon dioxide emissions, located in the previously little-studied territory of Russia, using such parameters as respiration activity, microbial biomass, and the number of copies of bacterial and fungal genes. The highest values of respiration activity and microbial biomass of the studied soil were 2.3*10-4 mgCO2*g-1*h-1 and 0.48 mg*kg-1 and were observed on 26.07.2022 and 15.06.2022, respectively. The maximum number of gene copies of bacteria and fungi in the soil was 6*106 (15.06.2022) and 3.78*104 (15.06.2022) gene copies*g-1, respectively. It was revealed that the respiration activity of the soil depended on the air temperature and soil moisture, while the microbial biomass depended mainly on the air temperature.
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Dubova, L., V. Šteinberga, O. Mutere, I. Jansone, and I. Alsiņa. "Influence of organic and conventional soil management system on soil respiration and enzymatic activity." In Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0015.

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Reports on the topic "Soil respiration"

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Vas, Dragos, Elizabeth Corriveau, Lindsay Gaimaro, and Robyn Barbato. Challenges and limitations of using autonomous instrumentation for measuring in situ soil respiration in a subarctic boreal forest in Alaska, USA. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48018.

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Subarctic and Arctic environments are sensitive to warming temperatures due to climate change. As soils warm, soil microorganisms break down carbon and release greenhouse gases such as methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Recent studies examining CO₂ efflux note heterogeneity of microbial activity across the landscape. To better understand carbon dynamics, our team developed a predictive model, Dynamic Representation of Terrestrial Soil Predictions of Organisms’ Response to the Environment (DRTSPORE), to estimate CO₂ efflux based on soil temperature and moisture estimates. The goal of this work was to acquire respiration rates from a boreal forest located near the town of Fairbanks, Alaska, and to provide in situ measurements for the future validation effort of the DRTSPORE model estimates of CO₂ efflux in cold climates. Results show that soil temperature and seasonal soil thaw depth had the greatest impact on soil respiration. However, the instrumentation deployed significantly altered the soil temperature, moisture, and seasonal thaw depth at the survey site and very likely the soil respiration rates. These findings are important to better understand the challenges and limitations associated with the in situ data collection used for carbon efflux modeling and for estimating soil microbial activity in cold environments.
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Raich, James W., and Germán Mora. Biomass Production and Soil Respiration in Experimental Riparian Grass Filter Strips. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1810.

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Roberts, Scott D. Exploratory Research - Using Volatile Organic Compounds to Separate Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Forest Soil Respiration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1169520.

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Raich, J. W. Interannual Variability in Global Soil Respiration on a 0.5 Degree Grid Cell Basis (1980-1994). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885610.

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Nowak, Robert S. EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CO2 ON ROOT FUNCTION AND SOIL RESPIRATION IN A MOJAVE DESERT ECOSYSTEM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/968649.

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Bradford, M. A., J. M. Melillo, J. F. Reynolds, K. K. Treseder, and M. D. Wallenstein. Heterotrophic Soil Respiration in Warming Experiments: Using Microbial Indicators to Partition Contributions from Labile and Recalcitrant Soil Organic Carbon. Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/981713.

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Bar-Tal, Asher, Paul R. Bloom, Pinchas Fine, C. Edward Clapp, Aviva Hadas, Rodney T. Venterea, Dan Zohar, Dong Chen, and Jean-Alex Molina. Effects of soil properties and organic residues management on C sequestration and N losses. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587729.bard.

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Objectives - The overall objective of this proposal was to explore the effects of soil properties and management practices on C sequestration in soils and off-site losses of N.The specific objectives were: 1. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on C transformations that follow OW decomposition, C losses by gaseous emission, and its sequestration by organic and mineral components of the soil; 2. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on organic N mineralization and transformations in soil, its losses by leaching and gaseous emission; 3. to investigate and to quantify the effects of management practices and plants root activity and decomposition on C and N transformations; and 4. to upgrade the models NCSOIL and NCSWAP to include inorganic C and root exudation dynamics. The last objective has not been fulfilled due to difficulties in experimentally quantification of the effects of soil inorganic component on root exudation dynamics. Objective 4 was modified to explore the ability of NCSOIL to simulate organic matter decomposition and N transformations in non- and calcareous soils. Background - Rates of decomposition of organic plant residues or organic manures in soil determine the amount of carbon (C), which is mineralized and released as CO₂ versus the amount of C that is retained in soil organic matter (SOM). Decomposition rates also greatly influence the amount of nitrogen (N) which becomes available for plant uptake, is leached from the soil or lost as gaseous emission, versus that which is retained in SOM. Microbial decomposition of residues in soil is strongly influenced by soil management as well as soil chemical and physical properties and also by plant roots via the processes of mineral N uptake, respiration, exudation and decay.
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VanderGheynst, Jean, Michael Raviv, Jim Stapleton, and Dror Minz. Effect of Combined Solarization and in Solum Compost Decomposition on Soil Health. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594388.bard.

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In soil solarization, moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, resulting in passive solar heating which inactivates soil-borne pathogen/weed propagules. Although solarization is an effective alternative to soil fumigation and chemical pesticide application, it is not widely used due to its long duration, which coincides with the growing season of some crops, thereby causing a loss of income. The basis of this project was that solarization of amended soil would be utilized more widely if growers could adopt the practice without losing production. In this research we examined three factors expected to contribute to greater utilization of solarization: 1) investigation of techniques that increase soil temperature, thereby reducing the time required for solarization; 2) development and validation of predictive soil heating models to enable informed decisions regarding soil and solarization management that accommodate the crop production cycle, and 3) elucidation of the contributions of microbial activity and microbial community structure to soil heating during solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays, and samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2oC to 4oC higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization. The sequencing data obtained from field samples revealed similar microbial species richness and evenness in both solarized amended and non-amended soil. However, amendment led to enrichment of a community different from that of non-amended soil after solarization. Moreover, community structure varied by soil depth in solarized soil. Coupled with temperature data from soil during solarization, community data highlighted how thermal gradients in soil influence community structure and indicated microorganisms that may contribute to increased soil heating during solarization. Reliable predictive tools are necessary to characterize the solarization process and to minimize the opportunity cost incurred by farmers due to growing season abbreviation, however, current models do not accurately predict temperatures for soils with internal heat generation associated with the microbial breakdown of the soil amendment. To address the need for a more robust model, a first-order source term was developed to model the internal heat source during amended soil solarization. This source term was then incorporated into an existing “soil only” model and validated against data collected from amended soil field trials. The expanded model outperformed both the existing stable-soil model and a constant source term model, predicting daily peak temperatures to within 0.1°C during the critical first week of solarization. Overall the results suggest that amendment of soil with compost prior to solarization may be of value in agricultural soil disinfestations operations, however additional work is needed to determine the effects of soil type and organic matter source on efficacy. Furthermore, models can be developed to predict soil temperature during solarization, however, additional work is needed to couple heat transfer models with pathogen and weed inactivation models to better estimate solarization duration necessary for disinfestation.
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PARSONS ENGINEERING SCIENCE INC DENVER CO. Two-Year Soil Gas Sampling and Respiration Testing Results for the Bioventing System at Spill Site Number 1, Eaker AFB, Arkansas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384452.

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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.

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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation
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