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Journal articles on the topic 'Soil remediation – Oxidation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Barbosa Ferreira, Maiara, Aline Maria Sales Solano, Elisama Vieira dos Santos, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle, and Soliu O. Ganiyu. "Coupling of Anodic Oxidation and Soil Remediation Processes: A Review." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 27, 2020): 4309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194309.

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In recent years, due to industrial modernization and agricultural mechanization, several environmental consequences have been observed, which make sustainable development difficult. Soil, as an important component of ecosystem and a key resource for the survival of human and animals, has been under constant contamination from different human activities. Contaminated soils and sites require remediation not only because of the hazardous threat it possess to the environment but also due to the shortage of fresh land for both agriculture and urbanization. Combined or coupled remediation technologies are one of the efficient processes for the treatment of contaminated soils. In these technologies, two or more soil remediation techniques are applied simultaneously or sequentially, in which one technique complements the other, making the treatment very efficient. Coupling anodic oxidation (AO) and soil remediation for the treatment of soil contaminated with organics has been studied via two configurations: (i) soil remediation, ex situ AO, where AO is used as a post-treatment stage for the treatment of effluents from soil remediation process and (ii) soil remediation, in situ AO, where both processes are applied simultaneously. The former is the most widely investigated configuration of the combined processes, while the latter is less common due to the greater diffusion dependency of AO as an electrode process. In this review, the concept of soil washing (SW)/soil flushing (SF) and electrokinetic as soil remediation techniques are briefly explained followed by a discussion of different configurations of combined AO and soil remediation.

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2

Ma, Wei Fang, Hao Guo, Jian Dong Ye, Dong Mei Han, and Xiong Wei Ma. "Removal Efficiency and Distribution Characteristics of PAHs in Coking Plant Contaminated Soils by In Situ Chemical Oxidation Remediation." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1490.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the PAHs removal efficiency in coking plant contaminated soil when disposed by different oxidants with different dosages (hydrogen peroxide, Fenton’s reagent, modified Fenton’s reagent, potassium permanganate, activated sodium persulfate) and the PAHs distribution characteristics in removing parts, soil residue parts, recycling parts and supernate after oxidation reactions. Analyzed the variation characteristics of soil properties (pH and soil temperature) when used different oxidants in oxidation reactions process, screened out the effective and safe remediation oxidants. The research results indicated that the potassium permanganate has the best remediation ability and undemanding reaction conditions than other oxidants. The contaminant which be volatilized into surrounding environment was rarely when disposed by potassium permanganate in remediation process. Consequently, selecting potassium permanganate as remediation oxidant to treat PAHs in coking plant contaminated soils was the best choice.

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3

Liu, Jianfei. "Soil remediation using soil washing followed by ozone oxidation." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 65 (September 2018): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.001.

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4

Rosas, J. M., F. Vicente, A. Santos, and A. Romero. "Soil remediation using soil washing followed by Fenton oxidation." Chemical Engineering Journal 220 (March 2013): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.137.

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5

Karpenko, Olexandr, Vira Lubenets, Elena Karpenko, and Volodymyr Novikov. "Chemical Oxidants for Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Water. A Review." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2009): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.01.041.

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This review covers the main agents used for in situ and ex situ chemical oxidation of organic contaminants particularly oil products, in soil and water environments. Among them there are hydrogen peroxide, permanganate salts, ozone and sodium persulfate. The fields of application, as well as benefits and disadvantages of the mentioned agents use were described.

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6

Buck, E. C., N. L. Dietz, and J. K. Bates. "Improving soil remediation through characterization." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100138300.

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Operations at former weapons processing facilities in the U. S. have resulted in a large volume of radionuclidecontaminated soils and residues. In an effort to improve remediation strategies and meet environmental regulations, radionuclide-bearing particles in contaminant soils from Fernald in Ohio and the Rocky Flats Plant (RFP) in Colorado have been characterized by electron microscopy. The object of these studies was to determine the form of the contaminant radionuclide, so that it properties could be established [1]. Physical separation and radiochemical analysis determined that uranium contamination at Fernald was not present exclusively in any one size/density fraction [2]. The uranium-contamination resulted from aqueous and solid product spills, air-borne dust particles, and from the operation of an incinerator on site. At RFP the contamination was from the incineration of Pu-bearing materials. Further analysis by x-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that the majority of the uranium was in the 6+ oxidation state [3].

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7

Mustafa, Akhmad, and Jesmond Sammut. "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES AND DOSAGES OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER ON SOIL QUALITY AND KLEKAP PRODUCTION IN ACID SULFATE SOIL AFFECTED AQUACULTURE PONDS." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.2.2.2007.141-157.

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<p>Acid sulfate soils (ASS) contain sufficient pyrite which, when oxidised following excavation for brackishwater aquaculture ponds, will generate acid and mobilise toxic metals. Production in affected ponds can be low due to poor growth of shrimp and fish, mass mortalities of stock and low plankton blooms. The resultant low soil pH can also cause poor klekap production due to the retention of phosphorus associated with elevated concentrations of Fe and Al in the pond soils. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effects of different soil amelioration techniques and dosage of phosphorus (P) on soil and klekap production under laboratory conditions. The treatments consisted of two factors. The first factor tested was different techniques for ASS improvement (non-improvement, improvement through liming and improvement through remediation involving forced oxidation of pyrite, flooding and flushing of oxidation products). The second factor tested was phosphorus dosages, that is, with phosphorus and without phosphorus-based fertilizer. Each treatment had three replications. The experiment showed that liming and remediation had the same effect on several soil variables; they raised the soi pH (pHF, pHFOX, pHKCl) and decreased SPOS, Fe and Al. Remediation of ASS decreased retention of P and increased available-P of soil, whereas liming did not show a significant effect on retention of P and available-P in the doses used for this experiment. The interaction between the different soil improvement techniques and phosphorus fertilising showed a significant effect on klekap production with the highest klekap production of 23.21 mg/cm2 found in remediated soil and with a phosphorus fertiliser dosage of 75 kg/ha.</p>

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8

Dong, Ya Ming, Yu Hua Meng, Lin Li, Qi You Liu, and Chao Cheng Zhao. "Research on Influence Factors of Heavy Oil-Contaminated Soil Remediation by Fenton Oxidation." Advanced Materials Research 641-642 (January 2013): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.641-642.174.

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In this paper, Fenton oxidation technology was used for oxidation treatment of soil contaminated by heavy oil, and environmental conditions were investigated for improving the effect of Fenton oxidation. The results showed that under the direct sunlight, liquid to soil was 2:1, pH was 5, 10.0mL 18 mmol•L-1 Fe2+ and 10.0mL 30%H2O2 were added to 1000g soil contaminated by heavy oil which contained 8% petroleum hydrocarbons, the petroleum hydrocarbons reduced from 5.74% to 2.92%.

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9

Kakarla, Prasad K. C., and Richard J. Watts. "Depth of Fenton-Like Oxidation in Remediation of Surface Soil." Journal of Environmental Engineering 123, no. 1 (January 1997): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1997)123:1(11).

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10

Wu, Dan, Hongshuai Kan, Ying Zhang, Tiecheng Wang, Guangzhou Qu, Peng Zhang, Hanzhong Jia, and Hongwen Sun. "Pyrene contaminated soil remediation using microwave/magnetite activated persulfate oxidation." Chemosphere 286 (January 2022): 131787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131787.

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11

Ha, Sang-An, and Jun-Sung Park. "A Study of Operating Characteristic of Thermal Desorption and Indirect Thermal Oxidation Process for Dioxin Remediation in the Soil." Journal of the Korean Society for Environmental Technology 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26511/jkset.21.5.10.

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12

Yang, Bo Ming, Chih Ming Kao, Chiu Wen Chen, Wen Pei Sung, and Rao Y. Surampalli. "Application of In Situ Chemical Oxidation for the Remediation of TPH-Contaminated Soils." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.196.

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Soils at many existing and former industrial areas and disposal sites are contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons. In this study, laboratory bench-scale experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of applying in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) on the treatment of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soils. Three different oxidation processes including Fenton’s oxidation, persulfate oxidation, and permanganate oxidation were evaluated with initial total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of approximately 3,920 mg/kg. The major control factors were oxidant species (hydrogen peroxide, persulfate, permanganate) and soil to liquid volume ratios (1 to 3). The oxidant concentration was 5 wt.%. Ferrous iron was used as the catalyst during the Fenton’s oxidation and persulfate oxidation processes, and the oxidant to ferrous iron molar ratio was 1 to 0.1. Among these three oxidation processes, contaminated soils treated by permanganate oxidation had the highest TPH removal efficiency (94% of TPH removal) during 360 min of operation. Approximately 75 and 61% of TPH removal was observed in batch experiments applying Fenton’s oxidation and persulfate oxidation, respectively. Due to the consumption of ferrous iron (used as the catalytic chemical) in the early stage during the operational period, both persulfate and Fenton’s oxidation processes had less TPH removal efficiencies. Frequent supplement of catalyst is required when persulfate and Fenton’s oxidation is applied for field application. Results from this study indicate that the ISCO scheme is a feasible technology for the treatment of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soils within a short treatment period. The experimental results can be used for a scale-up system for practical application.

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13

Gu, Zhen Yu, Zhong Zhong, Zhi Qiu, Fu Cheng Sun, and Zong Lin Zhang. "Potential for Persulfate Degradation of Semi Volatile Organic Compounds Contamination." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.109.

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Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) are common contaminants found in brownfield sites that used to be agrochemical plants, chemical storage sites, and industrial areas. Chemical oxidation showed great potential to provide a rapid, cost-effective approach for SVOCs contaminate sites. Chemical oxidation using persulfate was demonstrated by degrading both lab samples and on-site samples from a local o-ansidine contaminated site in this study. The soil samples were mixed with persulfate at different ratios, while adding supplements for the purpose of persulfate thermal activation and pH control. Experiments for optimal usage and treatment duration were also investigated to provide guidance for following demonstration project. Soil samples were analyzed before and after the treatments to compare the o-ansidine concentration changes. The results suggested an optimal ratio of persulfate at 0.5% (in w/w) for this study, with 90% or more removal of most samples in 3 days, at an average cost of oxidants per ton of soil around 800 RMB. This study demonstrated the potential of persulfate oxidation as a novel and reliable approach for o-ansidine contaminated soil, as well as the possibility of extending the remediation concept for other organic contamination scenarios. In addition, persulfate oxidation could also be combined with other remediation technology in future due to its simplicity and convenience.

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14

Lee, Eui-Sang, Ji-Young Kim, and Se-Won Oh. "Effective Methods of Fenton Oxidation for Remediation of Diesel-contaminated Soil." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2009): 2771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2009.10.10.2771.

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15

Jho, Eun Hea, Haein Keum, Sunyeon Pyo, and Guyoung Kang. "Hemoglobin-Catalyzed Oxidation for Remediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contaminated Soil." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 44, no. 6 (March 7, 2016): 654–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201500253.

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16

Li, Dan, Yaqin Zhao, Liping Wang, Shaohua Wei, and Shaomeng Huang. "Remediation of phenanthrene contaminated soil through persulfate oxidation coupled microbial fortification." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 5 (October 2021): 106098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106098.

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17

Gulyas, H., R. von Bismarck, and L. Hemmerling. "Treatment of industrial wastewaters with ozone/hydrogen peroxide." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 7 (October 1, 1995): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0217.

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Treatment with ozone and ozone/hydrogen peroxide was tested in a laboratory scale reactor for removal of organics from four different industrial wastewaters: wastewaters of a paper-mill and of a biotechnical pharmaceutical process as well as two process waters from soil remediation by supercritical water extraction. Moreover, an aqueous solution of triethyleneglycoldimethylether and humic acid which was a model for a biologically treated oil reclaiming wastewater was also oxidized. The aim of the oxidation of the pharmaceutical wastewater was the removal of the preservative 1.1.1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol (TCMP). Although TCMP could easily be removed from pure aqueous solutions by treatment with ozone/hydrogen peroxide, the oxidation of the wastewater failed to be effective in TCMP degradation because of competitive ozonation of other organic solutes in the wastewater. The ozonation of the paper-mill wastewater and of the soil remediation process waters decreased COD and TOC to some extent. The presence of organic wastewater solutes which contain C-C double bonds (ligninsulfonic acid in the treated paper-mill effluent and humic acid in the oil reclaiming model wastewater) were shown to yield hydrogen peroxide by the reaction with ozone. Therefore, these wastewaters are efficiently ozonated even without addition of hydrogen peroxide. Chemical Oxidation of paper-mill wastewater and of wastewaters resulting from soil remediation did not improve biological degradability of organic wastewater constituents.

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18

Muñoz-Morales, M., M. Braojos, C. Sáez, P. Cañizares, and M. A. Rodrigo. "Remediation of soils polluted with lindane using surfactant-aided soil washing and electrochemical oxidation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 339 (October 2017): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.021.

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19

Rada, Elena Cristina, Gianni Andreottola, Irina Aura Istrate, Paolo Viotti, Fabio Conti, and Elena Romenovna Magaril. "Remediation of Soil Polluted by Organic Compounds Through Chemical Oxidation and Phytoremediation Combined with DCT." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 31, 2019): 3179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173179.

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Soils contaminated with organic substances is an important issue across Europe: In some areas, these are the main causes of pollution, or the second after contamination from waste disposal. This paper included an experimental application that compared three methods of remediation of contaminated sites, based on electric fields: A single treatment (electroremediation); and two combined treatments, phyto-electrochemical and electrooxidation (a combination of chemical treatment and a DCT—direct current technology). The contaminated soil was taken from a former industrial area devoted to oil refining, located between two roads: The one national and the other one for industrial use. Nine soil samples were collected at two depths (0.2 and 0.4 m). The initial characterization of the soil showed a density of 1.5 g/cm³ and a moisture of about 20%; regarding grain size, 50% of the soil had particles with a diameter less than 0.08 mm. The electrochemical treatment and electrooxidation had an efficiency of 20% while the two combined methods had efficiencies of 42.5% for electrooxidation (with H2O2) and 20% for phyto-electroremediation (phyto-ER) with poinsettias.

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20

Qiu, Yanhua, Meilan Xu, Zongquan Sun, and Helian Li. "Remediation of PAH-Contaminated Soil by Combining Surfactant Enhanced Soil Washing and Iron-Activated Persulfate Oxidation Process." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030441.

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There is increasing concern regarding soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the present study, the remediation of soil spiked with PAHs was explored by the combination of soil washing with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and subsequent oxidation through persulfate (PS) activated by Fe2+, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), and SiO2-coated nZVI (SiO2/nZVI). Results demonstrated that the removal of phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLU), and pyrene (PYR) by SDS is an efficient means for soil decontamination. At SDS concentration of 20 g/L, the removal efficiencies of PHE, PYR, and FLU were 37%, 40%, and 44%, respectively. For the degradation of PAHs and SDS in the soil washing effluents, the efficiencies of PS activated with SiO2/nZVI were not significantly different from those of PS activated with nZVI and Fe2+ (p > 0.05). In practice, SiO2/nZVI is more preferable due to the improved antioxidation and dispersibility. At the dosage of 2 g/L (in the amount of iron) of SiO2/nZVI, the removal efficiencies of PHE, FLU, PYR, and SDS within 30 min of treatment were 75%, 85%, 87%, and 34%, respectively. The degradation of SDS was much lower than those of PAHs, which facilitated the recycle of SDS. Our findings suggest that PS activated with SiO2/nZVI is a promising method for the treatment of soil washing effluents containing SDS and PAHs.

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21

Villa, Ricardo D., Alam G. Trovó, and Raquel F. Pupo Nogueira. "Soil remediation using a coupled process: soil washing with surfactant followed by photo-Fenton oxidation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 174, no. 1-3 (February 2010): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.118.

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22

Ma, Yan, Zhenhai Liu, Yanqiu Xu, Shengkun Zhou, Yi Wu, Jin Wang, Zhanbin Huang, and Yi Shi. "Remediating Potentially Toxic Metal and Organic Co-Contamination of Soil by Combining In Situ Solidification/Stabilization and Chemical Oxidation: Efficacy, Mechanism, and Evaluation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112595.

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Most soil remediation studies investigated single contaminants or multiple contaminants of the same type. However, in field conditions, soils are often contaminated with potentially both toxic metals and organic pollutants, posing a serious technical challenge. Here, batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of combining in situ solidification/stabilization (ISS) and in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for the simultaneous removal of aniline (1000 mg/kg) and Cd (10 mg/kg). All four tested ISS amendments, especially quick lime and Portland cement, promoted in situ chemical oxidation with activated persulfate in contaminated soil. Combined ISS/ISCO remediation effectively removed aniline and reduced the bioavailable Cd content at optimal initial persulfate and ISS amendment concentrations of 1.08 mol/kg and 30 wt% with a seven-day curing time, and significantly reduced leaching. Persulfate inhibited the reduction of the bioavailable Cd content, and ISS amendment with persulfate did not synergistically remediate Cd in co-contaminated soil. Strong alkalinity and high temperature were the main mechanisms driving rapid pollutant removal and immobilization. The reaction of CaO with water released heat, and Ca(OH)2 formation increased the pH. The relative contributions of heat vs. alkaline activation, as well as the contaminant removal efficiency, increased with ISS amendment CaO content. Combined treatment altered the soil physicochemical properties, and significantly increased Ca and S contents. Activated persulfate-related reactions did not negatively impact unconfined compressive strength and hydraulic conductivity. This work improves the selection of persulfate activation methods for the treatment of soils co-contaminated with both potentially toxic metals and organic pollutants.

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23

Liu, Jianfei. "Remediation of phenanthrene contaminated soils by nonionic surfactants enhanced soil washing coupled with ozone oxidation." Ozone: Science & Engineering 40, no. 5 (May 30, 2018): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2018.1466689.

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24

Chan, Chi-Kong, Ka-Ki Tung, Nikola M. Pavlović, and Wan Chan. "Remediation of aristolochic acid-contaminated soil by an effective advanced oxidation process." Science of The Total Environment 720 (June 2020): 137528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137528.

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25

Catalan, Lionel JJ, Kathleen C. Buset, and Laura Kling. "Low temperature oxidation for the remediation of soil contaminated with motor oil." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 3, no. 4 (July 2004): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/s04-016.

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26

Usman, Muhammad, and Yuh-Shan Ho. "A bibliometric study of the Fenton oxidation for soil and water remediation." Journal of Environmental Management 270 (September 2020): 110886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110886.

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27

Kan, Hongshuai, Tiecheng Wang, Jinxian Yu, Guangzhou Qu, Peng Zhang, Hanzhong Jia, and Hongwen Sun. "Remediation of organophosphorus pesticide polluted soil using persulfate oxidation activated by microwave." Journal of Hazardous Materials 401 (January 2021): 123361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123361.

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28

Wei, Yan Fei, Zhong Zhong, Zhen Yu Gu, Zhi Qiu, Chang Bo Zhang, and Fu Cheng Sun. "Chemical Oxidation Treatment for Semi Volatile Organic Compounds Contaminated Brownfield Site: A Case Study." Advanced Materials Research 414 (December 2011): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.414.317.

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Brownfield, as a result of old and polluting industries being relocated away from urban areas, is an emerging problem since these contaminated lands pose and obstacle to urban and economic development. Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) are common contaminants found in brownfield sites that used to be manufacturing industries or agrochemical plants. Chemical oxidation has the potential to provide rapid, cost-effective treatment for brownfield contaminated with SVOCs. In this study, a pilot study of chemical oxidation was demonstrated for brownfield remediation in a specific site that used to be an agrochemical plant in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province. Preliminary site characterization suggested that the site was primarily contaminated by o-anisidine and its derivatives with trace amount of o-nitrochlorobenzene and other chemicals. The contaminants soil was pretreated and mixed with two selected oxidants at different soil-to-oxidant ratio. Soil samples were collected and analyzed before and after the treatments to compare the concentration changes of primary contaminants. The results showed that combinations of TA-1 oxidant and AOP-2 oxidant with several different ratios could provide 90% or more removal of targeted contaminants in two weeks, with an average cost of oxidants per ton of soil around 400 RMB. This is the first report for brownfield remediation case study in Zhejiang since “Clean Soil Action” was initiated by Zhejiang Provincial Government. The successful treatment for SVOCs contaminated brownfield in this study would promote chemical oxidation treatment to be employed in brownfield sites with similar situations in Zhejiang province in the future.

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29

Yan, Jingchun, Weiguo Gao, Linbo Qian, Lu Han, Yun Chen, and Mengfang Chen. "Remediation of Nitrobenzene Contaminated Soil by Combining Surfactant Enhanced Soil Washing and Effluent Oxidation with Persulfate." PLOS ONE 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2015): e0132878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132878.

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30

Liu, Jialu, Zhehua Liu, Fengjun Zhang, Xiaosi Su, and Cong Lyu. "Thermally activated persulfate oxidation of NAPL chlorinated organic compounds: effect of soil composition on oxidant demand in different soil-persulfate systems." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 8 (January 27, 2017): 1794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.052.

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This study investigates the interaction of persulfate with soil components and chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs), using thermally activated persulfate oxidation in three soil types: high sand content; high clay content; and paddy field soil. The effect of soil composition on the available oxidant demand and CVOC removal rate was evaluated. Results suggest that the treatment efficiency of CVOCs in soil can be ranked as follows: cis-1,2-dichloroethene > trichloroethylene > 1,2-dichloroethane > 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The reactions of soil components with persulfate, shown by the reduction in soil phase natural organics and mineral content, occurred in parallel with persulfate oxidation of CVOCs. Natural oxidant demand from the reaction of soil components with persulfate exerted a large relative contribution to the total oxidant demand. The main influencing factor in oxidant demand in paddy-soil-persulfate systems was natural organics, rather than mineral content as seen with sand and clay soil types exposed to the persulfate system. The competition between CVOCs and soil components for oxidation by persulfate indicates that soil composition exhibits a considerable influence on the available oxidant demand and CVOC removal efficiency. Therefore, soil composition of natural organics and mineral content is a critical factor in estimating the oxidation efficiency of in-situ remediation systems.

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31

Murarka, Ishwar P., and James W. Lingle. "Chemical Oxidation Remediation at a MGP Site — Lessons Learned." Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal 11, no. 3 (May 2002): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20025891107672.

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32

Kuramae, Eiko E., Jizhong Z. Zhou, George A. Kowalchuk, and Johannes A. van Veen. "Soil-Borne Microbial Functional Structure across Different Land Uses." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/216071.

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Land use change alters the structure and composition of microbial communities. However, the links between environmental factors and microbial functions are not well understood. Here we interrogated the functional structure of soil microbial communities across different land uses. In a multivariate regression tree analysis of soil physicochemical properties and genes detected by functional microarrays, the main factor that explained the different microbial community functional structures was C : N ratio. C : N ratio showed a significant positive correlation with clay and soil pH. Fields with low C : N ratio had an overrepresentation of genes for carbon degradation, carbon fixation, metal reductase, and organic remediation categories, while fields with high C : N ratio had an overrepresentation of genes encoding dissimilatory sulfate reductase, methane oxidation, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation. The most abundant genes related to carbon degradation comprised bacterial and fungal cellulases; bacterial and fungal chitinases; fungal laccases; and bacterial, fungal, and oomycete polygalacturonases. The high number of genes related to organic remediation was probably driven by high phosphate content, while the high number of genes for nitrification was probably explained by high total nitrogen content. The functional gene diversity found in different soils did not group the sites accordingly to land management. Rather, the soil factors, C : N ratio, phosphate, and total N, were the main factors driving the differences in functional genes across the fields examined.

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33

Picard, François, and Jamal Chaouki. "NaClO/NaOH soil oxidation for the remediation of two real heavy-metal and petroleum contaminated soils." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 5, no. 3 (June 2017): 2691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.05.005.

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34

Fang, Shyang Chyuan, and Shang Lien Lo. "Persulfate Oxidation Activated by Peroxide with and without Iron for Remediation of Soil Contaminated by Heavy Fuel Oil: Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Demonstrations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2546.

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The main objective of this study was to evaluate and optimize the chemical oxidation process to be implemented at a power plant in Penghu County, Taiwan through laboratory and pilot-scale experiments were used to evaluate and optimize the chemical oxidation process at a power plant in Penghu County, Taiwan. Prior to pilot test, bench-scale tests were performed in the laboratory and analytical results indicated that persulfate oxidation achieved 90% removal of fuel oil while Fenton-like oxidation achieved only 41% removal of fuel oil within three days of testing period. Persulfate oxidation coupled with Fenton-like reaction was then used in a pilot test to treat the contaminated soil onsite. The Fenton-like reaction served the first stage of oxidation which formed hydroxyl radicals to break down fuel oil. The excess heat and ferrous ions resulted from such oxidation process would then activate persulfate oxidation which, in turn, produced sulfate radicals for continual brake-down of fuel oil. Result of soil pilot test indicated that the concentration of fuel oil was reduced to below the regulated standard in less than a week. Because the treated soil was originated from the local basaltic basement rock, it is rich in heavy metals, by nature. As such, the heavy metals as nickel and chromium were detected in leachate collected from the treatment cells, at concentrations exceeding the Taiwan Contaminant Control Standard and would have posed secondary contamination to the ambient environment if in-situ soil persulfate oxidation was implemented. Therefore, the result of this case study provides an alert that implementation of in-situ persulfate oxidation for soil and groundwater treatment could pose a threat of secondary contamination of heavy metals to the ambient environment.

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Tourney, J., C. Dowding, F. Worrall, C. McCann, N. Gray, R. Davenport, and K. Johnson. "Mn oxide as a contaminated-land remediation product." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.513.

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Natural Mn oxides are an important component of biogeochemical cycles in many environmental settings. Mn oxides are strong oxidizing agents, facilitating the breakdown of organic contaminants and enhancing humification of soil organic matter. Interactions with metals and radionuclides, including surface adsorption, sequestration and oxidation can lead to incorporation of metals into insoluble mineral phases and a consequent reduction in bioavailability of toxic contaminants. Because of these properties, addition of Mn oxides may prove an effective treatment method for land contaminated by a range of organic and inorganic contaminants.

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Medina, Rocío, Pedro Maximiliano David Gara, Antonio José Fernández-González, Janina Alejandra Rosso, and María Teresa Del Panno. "Remediation of a soil chronically contaminated with hydrocarbons through persulfate oxidation and bioremediation." Science of The Total Environment 618 (March 2018): 518–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.326.

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37

Zhou, Zhou, Xitao Liu, Ke Sun, Chunye Lin, Jun Ma, Mengchang He, and Wei Ouyang. "Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for organic-contaminated soil remediation: A review." Chemical Engineering Journal 372 (September 2019): 836–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.213.

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Fan, Qinya, Liqiang Cui, Guixiang Quan, Sanfei Wang, Jianxiong Sun, Xiangyun Han, Jia Wang, and Jinlong Yan. "Effects of Wet Oxidation Process on Biochar Surface in Acid and Alkaline Soil Environments." Materials 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122362.

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Biochar has been studied for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils by many researchers. When in external conditions, biochar in soils ages, which can transform its structural properties and adsorption capacity. This study was conducted with two oxidation processes, HNO3/H2SO4 and NaOH/H2O2, to simulate the effects of biochar in acid and alkaline soil conditions. The results show that the oxygen-containing functional groups increased in aged biochar, which led to improve the ratio of oxygen and carbon (O/C). Nitro functional groups were found in the acid-oxidation treated biochar. Destroyed ditches and scars were observed on the surface of aged biochar and resulted in growth in their specific surface area and porosity. Specific surface area increased by 21.1%, 164.9%, and 63.0% for reed-derived biochar treated with water washing, acid oxidation, and basic oxidation, respectively. Greater peaks in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results were found in C–O and O–H on the surface of field-aged biochar. Meanwhile, mappings of energy-dispersive spectroscopy showed that biochar aged in soil was abundant in minerals such as silicon, iron, aluminum, and magnesium. In summary, biochar subjected to wet oxidation aging had an increased capacity to immobilize Cd compared to unaged biochar, and the adsorption capacity of oxidized biochar increased by 28.4% and 13.15% compared to unaged biochar due to improvements in porosity and an increase in functional groups.

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Yang, Xiu Pei, Lin Xiang Xie, Jing Tang, and Jia Lin. "Removal and Degradation of Phenanthrene and Pyrene from Soil by Coupling Surfactant Washing with Photocatalysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1485.

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In this study, two environmental remediation technologies, surfactant washing and photocatalytic oxidation, have been investigated to remove and decompose phenanthrene (Phe) and pyrene (Pry). Aqueous solutions containing the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and the nonionic surfactant Tween-80 (TW-80) were used to extract the contaminants from the soil samples. The effects of concentration of surfactant, washing time and temperature on the desorption efficiency of the contaminants from soil samples were studied. The photocatalytic oxidation treatment of the obtained washing wastes, performed in the presence of Fenton-TiO2 suspensions irradiated with a 250W high pressure mercury lamp, showed an effective abatement of the two kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to the relevant concentrations of organics in the waste. This study demonstrates the two-stage progress process can be an effective treatment method for PAHs not only desorption by soil washing but also degradation by photocatalytic oxidation.

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Checa-Fernandez, Alicia, Aurora Santos, Arturo Romero, and Carmen M. Dominguez. "Application of Chelating Agents to Enhance Fenton Process in Soil Remediation: A Review." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060722.

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Persistent organic contaminants affecting soil and groundwater pose a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. Fenton oxidation is an efficient treatment for removing these pollutants in the aqueous phase at acidic pH. However, the in-situ application of this technology for soil remediation (where pHs around neutrality are required) presents important limitations, such as catalyst (iron) availability and oxidant (H2O2) stability. The addition of chelating agents (CAs), forming complexes with Fe and enabling Fenton reactions under these conditions, so-called chelate-modified Fenton process (MF), tries to overcome the challenges identified in conventional Fenton. Despite the growing interest in this technology, there is not yet a critical review compiling the information needed for its real application. The advantages and drawbacks of MF must be clarified, and the recent achievements should be shared with the scientific community. This review provides a general overview of the application of CAs to enhance the Fenton process for the remediation of soils polluted with the most common organic contaminants, especially for a deep understanding of the activation mechanisms and influential factors. The existing shortcomings and research needs have been highlighted. Finally, future research perspectives on the use of CAs in MF and recommendations have been provided.

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Domínguez-Rodríguez, Verónica Isidra, Randy H. Adams, Mariloli Vargas-Almeida, Joel Zavala-Cruz, and Enrique Romero-Frasca. "Fertility Deterioration in a Remediated Petroleum-Contaminated Soil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020382.

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A soil that had been remediated by soil washing and chemical oxidation was evaluated, comparing it to an uncontaminated control soil ~30 m away. Profile descriptions were made of both soils over a 0–1 m depth, and samples were analyzed from each soil horizon. Samples were also analyzed from surface soil (0–30 cm). The control soil (a Fluvisol), had several unaltered A and C horizons, but the remediated soil presented only two poorly differentiated horizons, without structure and much lower in organic matter (<0.5%). In surface samples (0–30 cm), the bulk density, sand-silt-clay contents, field capacity, organic matter, and porosity were different with respect to the control (p > 0.05), and there was much greater compaction (3.04 vs. 1.10 MPa). However, the hydrocarbon concentration in the remediated soil was low (969.12 mg kg−1, average), and was not correlated to soil fertility parameters, such as porosity, organic matter, pH, moisture, field capacity or texture (R2 < 0.69), indicating that the impacts (such as compaction, lower field capacity and moisture content) were not due to residual hydrocarbons. Likewise, acute toxicity (Microtox) was not found, nor water repellency (penetration time < 5 s). It was concluded that the fertility deterioration in this soil was caused principally from the mixture of upper (loam) and lower (silty clay to silty clay loam) horizons during remediation treatment. Another important factor was the reduction in organic material, probably caused by the chemical oxidation treatment.

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Siegrist, Robert L., Michael A. Urynowicz, Olivia R. West, Michelle L. Crimi, Amanda M. Struse, and Kathryn S. Lowe. "IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION FOR REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL AND GROUND WATER." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2000, no. 10 (January 1, 2000): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864700784545388.

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Di Palma, L., C. Merli, and E. Petrucci. "Effect of Ethanol on the Oxidation of Atrazine in the Remediation of Contaminated Soil." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 39, no. 4 (December 27, 2004): 987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ese-120028408.

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Xu, Hongting, Long Cang, Yue Song, and Jiangli Yang. "Influence of electrode configuration on electrokinetic-enhanced persulfate oxidation remediation of PAH-contaminated soil." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 35 (August 7, 2020): 44355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10338-6.

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45

Romero, Arturo, Aurora Santos, Fernando Vicente, Sergio Rodriguez, and A. Lopez Lafuente. "In situ oxidation remediation technologies: Kinetic of hydrogen peroxide decomposition on soil organic matter." Journal of Hazardous Materials 170, no. 2-3 (October 30, 2009): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.041.

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Liao, Xiaoyong, Dan Zhao, Xiulan Yan, and Scott G. Huling. "Identification of persulfate oxidation products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon during remediation of contaminated soil." Journal of Hazardous Materials 276 (July 2014): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.018.

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Suanon, Fidèle, Liu Tang, Hongjie Sheng, Yuhao Fu, Leilei Xiang, Ziquan Wang, Xiangwen Shao, Daouda Mama, Xin Jiang, and Fang Wang. "Organochlorine pesticides contaminated soil decontamination using TritonX-100-enhanced advanced oxidation under electrokinetic remediation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 393 (July 2020): 122388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122388.

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Rybnikova, V., N. Singhal, and K. Hanna. "Remediation of an aged PCP-contaminated soil by chemical oxidation under flow-through conditions." Chemical Engineering Journal 314 (April 2017): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.120.

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He, Changfan, Xueying Zhang, Peng Lv, Hong Sui, Xingang Li, and Lin He. "Efficient remediation of o-dichlorobenzene-contaminated soil using peroxomonosulfate-ferrate-FeS hybrid oxidation system." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 119 (February 2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.02.023.

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Liao, Xiaoyong, Zeying Wu, You Li, Hongying Cao, and Chunming Su. "Effect of various chemical oxidation reagents on soil indigenous microbial diversity in remediation of soil contaminated by PAHs." Chemosphere 226 (July 2019): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.126.

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