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Journal articles on the topic 'Soil practicals'
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1
Blanco-Canqui, Humberto, Sabrina J. Ruis, Carol A. Speth, and Donald J. Lee. "Teaching Undergraduate Soil Management to Diverse Majors: Linking Lectures with Field Practicals." Natural Sciences Education 47, no. 1 (December 2018): 180017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4195/nse2018.09.0017.
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Hale, Sarah E., Antonio José Roque, Gudny Okkenhaug, Erlend Sørmo, Thomas Lenoir, Christel Carlsson, Darya Kupryianchyk, Peter Flyhammar, and Bojan Žlender. "The Reuse of Excavated Soils from Construction and Demolition Projects: Limitations and Possibilities." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 6083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116083.
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The construction and demolition of infrastructure can produce a surplus of excavated soils that ends up at landfills. This practice is not sustainable, and approaches are needed to reduce soil waste and minimize environmental and human health hazards. The “Reuse of urban soils and sites” Working Group in the European Large Geotechnical Institute Platform (ELGIP) works towards a safe and resource efficient use of excavated soils for construction. By considering relevant literature and practicals based on experience in the participating ELGIP countries (France, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia and Sweden), this study presents current practice related to the reuse of excavated soils, and the main barriers (regulatory, organizational, logistical and material quality) to effectively reuse them. Results show that there is no consensus on the best strategies to manage excavated soils in urban areas. This paper provides suggestions of ways in which stakeholders can increase reuse of excavated soils.
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Anna, Gałązka, Gawryjołek Karolina, Grządziel Jarosław, and Księżak Jerzy. "Effect of different agricultural management practices on soil biological parameters including glomalin fraction." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 7 (July 19, 2017): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/207/2017-pse.
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The aim of the study was to determine the glycoproteins content (total glomalin (TG), easily extractable glomalin (EEG) and soil proteins related to glomalin (GRSP)) in soil under long-term monoculture of maize. Soil microbiological and biochemical properties, including microbial biomass and enzymatic activity were also assessed. The presence of total, easily-extractable glomalin and soil proteins related to glomalin was dependent on both the growth phase of the plant and tillage system. The highest content of glomalin was detected in the soils under maize in direct sowing and reduced tillage. The glomalin content was correlated with soil biological activity. The linear regression was observed between TG and GRSP content, but no linear relationship was found between GRSP and C<sub>org</sub>. The principal component analysis showed the strong correlations between the parameters of soil quality and biodiversity indicators. Selected indicators of soil microbial parameters explained 52.27% biological variability in soils.
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Coughlan, KJ, D. Mcgarry, RJ Loch, B. Bridge, and GD Smith. "The measurement of soil structure - Some practical initiatives." Soil Research 29, no. 6 (1991): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910869.
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Soil structure has many aspects, and it is difficult to measure and characterize, particularly in soils where structure changes with wetting and drying. There is a need for soundly based methods robust enough to be used routinely on a range of soils. Such methods should also provide parameters for use in soil, hydrological and agronomic process models to enable the effect of soil structure to be simulated. This paper describes five methods and presents some results of indices which are proving useful in soils studies. An index of aggregate breakdown is derived from the proportion of sizes <0.125 mm formed in the soil surface under simulated rain. This index closely relates to infiltration and erodibility in the field. Disc permeameters, operated at a range of tensions, offer a convenient way to identify the various size classes of larger pores that are available to transmit water into soil under low energy wetting. The presence of many pores in the 0-7-3.0 mm range is linked with farmer observations of better soil structure in the field. It has been used to compare treatments and provide soil hydrologic parameters in soils that do not seal or are protected from heavy rain. In Vertisols, characterizing structure degradation and also the propensity for self-mulching present difficulties. Indices derived from clod shrinkage studies can discriminate between different treatment histories and different field soil structure. The proportion of oriented clay can also be used to diagnose soil structural damage by farming operations. Self-mulching is an important phenomenon in some Vertisols which is not, in general, well understood. Further work is needed to validate and improve each of the indices reviewed. Studies using the methods outlined could provide sufficient understanding of structural processes for them to be modelled. Key criteria for use in system simulations and quantitative land evaluation might then be measured (or modelled) by simplified, routine methods.
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Krasekha, E. N., and V. I. Trigub. "COLLECTIVE MONOGRAPH «SOILS OF THE LVIV REGION»: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE." Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 26, no. 1(38) (September 4, 2021): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2021.1(38).234719.
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The peer-reviewed collective monograph “Soils of the Lviv region” reflects longterm studies of the genetic nature, geographical distribution, composition andproperties of the main types and subtypes of soils in the Lviv region. The monograph contains: a preface, 10 chapters, a list of used literature, an application, information about the authors. The text is illustrated with tables, figures, modern photographs of soil profiles. The total volume of the monograph is 424 pages. This is the first theoretical and practical scientific work, which contains full information on the state of soils and soil cover in the Lviv region. Until now, the main source of information about the soils of the region were the materials of a large-scale soil survey carried out in 1957–1961 years and consecrated in the publications of Y. Olenchuk andA. Nikolin “The soils of Lviv region”, which was published in 1969. The peerreviewed monograph is a fundamental scientific work in the field of soil research, problems of modern lands use and protections.
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Shrestha, Shiva Kumar. "Sustainable soil management practices." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-07-2014-0015.
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Purpose – Temporary and permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land due to natural and human-induced activities such as soil erosion, changing cropping practices and less use of organic matter (OM) has been the greatest challenge faced by mankind in recent years, particularly in the hills and mountains of Nepal. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of sustainable soil management practices to mitigate desertification process in the hills of Nepal. Design/methodology/approach – Promotion of sustainable soil management (SSM) practices through a decentralised agriculture extension approach by involving all the stakeholders in a participatory way. Findings – SSM practices mainly: OM management, fodder and forage promotion, increased biomass production systems, integrated plant nutrition systems, and bioengineering for soil and water conservation are identified as the most appropriate and relevant technologies in mitigating the desertification process without deteriorating land quality, particularly conserving the top-soils effectively and efficiently in the hills and mountains of the country. Research limitations/implications – This research is focus on the overall effect of SSM practices due to time and budget constraints. There is scope for doing research on the different aspects of SSM practices and the extent of their effect on different soil parameters (chemical, biological and physical). Practical implications – SSM interventions clearly indicated that there is significant impact in increasing soil fertility, conserving fertile top-soils and mitigating physical, chemical and biologic desertification processes. These are possible through maintaining and improving the soil organic matter, which is the most important indicator for soil health. SSM practices have resulted in an increase of up to 30 per cent in crop yield compared to yields without SSM practices. This might be due to the improvement in SOC which improves soil texture, increases nutrient supply from organic source and conserves water quality, thus, improving soil quality. Social implications – This has created awareness among farmers. Hence, farmers are mitigating pH through increased use of organic manures, where there is less availability of agriculture lime and they are far from road access. Originality/value – SSM practices significantly contributes to combat soil desertification in the hills of Nepal.
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Shrestha, Ram K. "Soil Fertility under Improved and Conventional Management Practices in Sanga, Kavrepalanchowk District, Nepal." Nepal Agriculture Research Journal 9 (November 30, 2014): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v9i0.11639.
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A study was carried out to compare the fertility of soils under improved soil management practice with that of prevailing conventional practice and to assess the farmers’ perception on the improved practice in the upland farming system. The study was carried out in Nasikasthan Sanga of Kavrepalanchok district of Nepal. Soil samples were collected from fields under improved conventional practice. Samples were taken at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths and were analyzed for various physico-chemical properties to compare the fertility status of the soils under both the practices. Altogether 68 farmers were interviewed to have information on farming practices and information pertinent to improved soil management practice being adopted by them. Results from soil physico-chemical analysis showed higher fertility of soils under improved practice in terms of more favorable pH level, contents of exchangeable bases, available phosphorus and soil organic matter compared to prevailing conventional soil management practice. Moreover, majority of the farmers believed that soil fertility and physical condition of their upland soils had improved and that the productivity of major upland crops had also increased after the adoption of improved soil management practice. Improved practice could play an important role in the sustainable management of upland soils in the mid hills of Nepal. It is however, desirable to conduct long-term research to further ascertain the effect of the practice on soil fertility of different soil types and land uses.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 9, 2009, pp. 27-39DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v9i0.11639
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Rhymes, Jennifer M., Irene Cordero, Mathilde Chomel, Jocelyn M. Lavallee, Angela L. Straathof, Deborah Ashworth, Holly Langridge, et al. "Are researchers following best storage practices for measuring soil biochemical properties?" SOIL 7, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-95-2021.
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Abstract. It is widely accepted that the measurement of organic and inorganic forms of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soils should be performed on fresh extracts taken from fresh soil samples. However, this is often not possible, and it is common practice to store samples (soils and/or extracts), despite a lack of guidance on best practice. We utilised a case study on a temperate grassland soil taken from different depths to demonstrate how differences in soil and/or soil extract storage temperature (4 or −20 ∘C) and duration can influence sample integrity for the quantification of soil-dissolved organic C and N (DOC and DON), extractable inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-) and microbial biomass C and N (MBC and MBN). The appropriateness of different storage treatments varied between topsoils and subsoils, highlighting the need to consider appropriate storage methods based on soil depth and soil properties. In general, we found that storing soils and extracts by freezing at −20 ∘C was least effective at maintaining measured values of fresh material, whilst refrigerating (4 ∘C) soils for less than a week for DOC and DON and up to a year for MBC and MBN and refrigerating soil extracts for less than a week for NH4+ and NO3- did not jeopardise sample integrity. We discuss and provide the appropriate tools to ensure researchers consider best storage practice methods when designing and organising ecological research involving assessments of soil properties related to C and N cycling. We encourage researchers to use standardised methods where possible and to report their storage treatment (i.e. temperature, duration) when publishing findings on aspects of soil and ecosystem functioning. In the absence of published storage recommendations for a given soil type, we encourage researchers to conduct a pilot study and publish their findings.
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Tan, Lin, Songsong Gu, Shi Li, Zuohua Ren, Ye Deng, Zhonghua Liu, Zhihua Gong, Wenjun Xiao, and Qiulong Hu. "Responses of Microbial Communities and Interaction Networks to Different Management Practices in Tea Plantation Soils." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 16, 2019): 4428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164428.
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Soil microorganisms play important roles in the plant health and agricultural production. However, little is known about the complex responses of microbial communities and interaction networks to different agricultural management practices in tea plantation soils. In the present study, Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology and molecular ecological network (MEN) analysis were used to investigate the soil microbial diversity, community structure and composition, interaction networks of organic tea plantation (OTP), non-polluted tea plantation (NPTP) and conventional tea plantation (CTP). Alpha-diversity indices, Chao1 and richness, of OTP soil were significantly higher than those of NPTP and CTP soils. The beta-diversity analysis showed there were significant differences among bacterial community structures of OTP, NPTP and CTP soils. Composition analysis showed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi were the most dominant bacteria in all tea plantation soil samples under different management practices, and the beneficial community compositions of OTP soil were significantly different from NPTP and CTP soils at the phylum and genus levels. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and mantel test revealed that TOC and NO3-N contents as well as pH values were the key soil factors to affect the bacterial community structures of tea plantation soils. Furthermore, network analysis showed that the network of OTP soil possessed more functionally interrelated microbial modules than NPTP and CTP soils, indicating that OTP soil possessed the higher ecosystem multi-functionality. These results provided the theoretical basis and reference for improving soil microbial diversity and enhancing community multi-functionality in tea plantation soil ecosystems through effective agricultural management practices.
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Chan, KY, and JA Mead. "Surface physical properties of a sandy loam soil under different tillage practices." Soil Research 26, no. 3 (1988): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880549.
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The infiltration behaviour and physical properties of a hardsetting sandy loam soil at Cowra, N.S.W., following 2 years of different tillage treatments are reported. Soil that had not been cultivated for 25 years was also investigated at an adjacent pasture site. Infiltration of simulated rainfall at the end of the wheat-growing season gave moisture profiles that were quite different for cultivated, direct drilled and pasture soils. The moisture profile for the cultivated soil suggested the presence of an impeded layer which retarded the movement of infiltrated rain to the subsoil. Porosity measurements confirmed the presence of a layer with significantly fewer macropores (> 300 �m diameter) at the 50-100 mm depth in the cultivated soil, when compared with the direct drilled soil. The old pasture soil had significantly higher porosity (> 300 �m diameter) in the top 100 mm. Aggregate stabilities and organic carbon contents were measured in narrow increments to 150 mm depth for the three different soils, and revealed that a surface 25 mm layer of high organic carbon and highly stable macro-aggregates was present in the pasture and direct drilled soils but absent in the cultivated soil. The unstable surface layer in the conventionally cultivated soil was a consequence of the mixing and inverting action of cultivation and was not due to a net loss of organic carbon from the profile. The organic carbon content of the pasture soil was not significantly different from the direct drilled soil below 50 mm; however, it was significantly lower than the conventionally cultivated soil between 50 and 150 mm depth. These results indicate a need to adopt tillage practices that can preserve the top 25 mm layer of such fragile soils.
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Jan, Koukolíček, Herout Marcel, Pulkrábek Josef, and Pazderů Kateřina. "Influence of soil conservation practices on legume crops growth." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 12 (November 30, 2018): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/549/2018-pse.
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In a three-year experiment, three types of soil conservation techniques were tested in the legumes cultivation systems. Our treatment types were no-till, standard tillage to the depth of 8 cm and deep tillage to 20 cm. The study evaluated winter pea (cv. Enduro), spring pea (cv. Eso), white lupine (cv. Amiga), narrow-leaved lupine (cv. Boregine) and soybean (cv. Merlin) in two autumn terms (winter pea only) and in spring term (all legume species). In no-till technology, the average yield of all legumes was 2.24 t/ha. For standard tillage (2.58 t/ha) and deep tillage (2.62 t/ha), yields were significantly higher than in no-till technology. From the monitored parameters, deep tillage appeared as the best soil treatment. Although the yield was similar to standard tillage, the soil was less stiffened, resulting in a higher content of nitrogen in the seed and a better use of the pre-crop value of the legumes. In the experiment, winter pea spring sowing term (2.93 t/ha) was better than both autumn sowings (2.68 t/ha and 2.65 t/ha).
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Xu, Nan, Jehangir H. Bhadha, Abul Rabbany, and Stewart Swanson. "Soil Health Assessment of Two Regenerative Farming Practices on Sandy Soils." Sustainable Agriculture Research 8, no. 4 (October 19, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v8n4p61.
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The addition of organic amendments and cover cropping on sandy soils are regenerative farming practices that can potentially enhance soil health. South Florida mineral soils present low soil quality due to their sandy texture and low organic matter (OM) content. Few studies have focused on evaluating the effects of farm-based management regenerative practices in this region. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil properties associated with two regenerative farming practices - horse bedding application in combination with cover cropping (cowpea, Vigna unguiculata), compared to the practice of cover cropping only for two years. The soil quality indicators that were tested included soil pH, bulk density, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, OM, active carbon, soil protein and major nutrients (N, P, K). Results indicated no significant changes in soil pH, but a significant reduction in soil bulk density and a significant increase in maximum water holding capacity for both practices. Cation exchange capacity and the amounts of active carbon increased significantly after 1.5-year of the farming practices. Horse bedding application with cover cropping showed a significant 4% increase in OM during a short period. A significant increase in plant-available P was also observed under these two practices. Based on this study, horse bedding application as an organic amendment in conjunction with cover cropping provides an enhanced soil health effect compared to just cover cropping. As local growers explore farming option to improve soil health particularly during the fallow period using regenerative farming practices on sandy soils, these results will assist in their decision making.
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Garcia Moreno, R., T. Burykin, M. C. Diaz Alvarez, and J. W. Crawford. "Effect of Management Practices on Soil Microstructure and Surface Microrelief." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/608275.
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Soil surface roughness (SSR) and porosity were evaluated from soils located in two farms belonging to the Plant Breeding Institute of the University of Sidney. The sites differ in their soil management practices; the first site (PBI) was strip-tilled during early fall (May 2010), and the second site (JBP) was under power harrowed tillage at the end of July 2010. Both sites were sampled in mid-August. At each location, SSR was measured for three 1 m2subplots using shadow analysis. To evaluate porosity and aggregation, soil samples were scanned using X-ray computed tomography with 5 μm resolution. The results show a strong negative correlation between SSR and porosity, 20.13% SSR and 41.38% porosity at PBI versus 42.00% SSR and 18.35% porosity at JBP. However, soil images show that when soil surface roughness is higher due to conservation and soil management practices, the processes of macroaggregation and structural porosity are enhanced. Further research must be conducted on SSR and porosity in different types of soils, as they provide complementary information on the evaluation of soil erosion susceptibility.
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Arany, Sándor. "Genetic and Practical Classifications of Hungarian Saline Soils (Contemporary Publication)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 9 (December 10, 2002): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/9/3569.
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The first part of the paper treates possible ways of soil alkalisation and the differences due to the reaction of the medium, neutral or alkaline, respectively. Alkalisation may occur in any soil, independently of the type, or even in soil-like formations, if conditions are favorable. Alkali soils are so-called hydrogenetic formations, developed in part through water effects. Under conditions prevailing in Hungary two kinds of salt migration processes, opposite to one another, are observable, i.e.:1. Leaching downward, causing decrease in the base content of the upper layers,2. Capillary rise of salts, causing increases in base content of the upper layers.Accumulation of soluble salts usually takes place in the transition zone where these two processes get into contact with each other (Fig. 1).* A közlemény első ízben a Bukaresti Nemzetközi Talajtani Konferencián (1958. IX. 26-án) német nyelven: „Die genetische Klassifizierung der ungarischen Szikböden” címen hangzott el.As precipitation amounts in the Hungarian lowlands from 500 to 550 mm and causes leaching, true saline soils do not occur, except on some spots.Between the two extreme types – completely leached, and salinized where leaching is completely absent, respectively – there exists a long range of soils alkalised or salinized to various degrees. Thus the various types of alkali soils display an interdependence with one another as shown in Fig. 2.This interrelations may perform a base for the genetical classification of alkali soils of various properties and peculiarities. Summarising the facts stated above the paper offers a roughly, elaborated scheme for the classification of Hungarian alkali and saline soils, shown in a comprehensive table, the particulars of which are dicussed in the text. Thus the foundation is laid down for a detailed classification of alkali soils that later may become incorporated into an internationally approved system of alkali soils. The so-called practical classes of alkali soils – determined according to methods of reclamation – may be inserted into the delineated genetical system.
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Gerke, Jörg. "Carbon Accumulation in Arable Soils: Mechanisms and the Effect of Cultivation Practices and Organic Fertilizers." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061079.
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The organic carbon content of soils is a key parameter of soil fertility. Moreover, carbon accumulation in soils may mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. The principles of carbon accumulation in arable soils are well known. The inclusion of clover/alfalfa/grass within the rotation is a central instrument to increase soil organic carbon. In addition, the regular application of rotted or composted farmyard manure within the rotation can increase soil organic carbon contents much more than the separate application of straw and cattle slurry. Humic substances, as a main stable part of soil organic carbon, play a central role in the accumulation of soil carbon. A major effect of compost application on soil carbon may be the introduction of stable humic substances which may bind and stabilize labile organic carbon compounds such as amino acids, peptides, or sugars. From this point of view, a definite soil carbon saturation index may be misleading. Besides stable composts, commercially available humic substances such as Leonardite may increase soil organic carbon contents by stabilization of labile C sources in soil.
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Sueoka, Y., M. Sakakibara, S. Sano, and K. Sera. "Heavy metal accumulation and the practical application of lichens as bioindicators for heavy metal pollution in surface soil." International Journal of PIXE 26, no. 03n04 (January 2016): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083517500024.
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Levels of trace element pollution in surface soil have been estimated using soil analyses and leaching tests. These methods may reveal different results due to the effect of soil properties on the elemental availability. Therefore, this study advocates an alternative method for monitoring and assessment of trace element pollution in surface soil using terricolous fruticose lichens. Lichens and their substrata were analyzed using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and XRF to clarify the relationships between Cu, Zn, As and Pb concentrations in lichens and soils, including their absorption properties. Concentrations of these elements in the lichens were positively correlated with those in the soils regardless of lichen species, location, habitat, or conditions of soils. The analyzed lichens had neither competitive nor antagonistic properties in their elemental absorption, which made them good bioindicators of trace element pollution in surface soil. The distribution maps of average Cu, Zn, As and Pb concentrations at each sampling region was detected at almost all of the Cu, Zn and As pollution of the soils. Therefore, lichens could be used in practical applications to monitor Cu, Zn and As pollution in surface soils.
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Goh, T. B., and R. E. Karamanos. "Copper fertilizer practices in Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-064.
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Soil testing criteria for copper (Cu) in Manitoba were established in the mid-1980s and were primarily based on growth chamber studies for a range of crop species. A multitude of Cu products and fertilizer placement methods are practiced with insufficient research in support of them. Hence, we attempted to develop agronomic and economic Cu fertilizer management practices for soils of Manitoba through a series of experiments for crop species at two locations with DTPA-extractable Cu levels of 0.12 and 0.25 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. These experiments involved broadcast and incorporation of CuSO4·5H2O (25% Cu), CuEDTA (7% Cu), and a low (<1%) and a high (>60%) water solubility Cu oxysulphate (12.5 and 12% Cu, respectively). Four rates of side-banded liquid CuEDTA (0, 0.28, 0.56 or 1.12 kg Cu ha-1) or seedrow-placed granular products (0, 1.12, 2.24 and 4.48 kg ha-1) as above, were either superimposed or were compared directly with broadcast and incorporation of the same rates. This study confirmed that DTPA extractable Cu levels of less 0.2 mg kg-1 soil are deficient, whereas DTPA-extractable Cu levels of greater than 0.2, but less than 0.4 mg kg-1 are marginal. Broadcast and incorporation of CuSO4·5H2O at rates as low as 2 kg Cu ha-1 or side banding of 0.28 to 0.56 kg Cu ha-1 of liquid CuEDTA provide maximum economic grain yield increases in soils with either deficient or marginal Cu levels. Seedrow applied granular Cu products may provide a maximum agronomic and economic yield increase only in soils with marginal soil Cu levels. Low solubility Cu products do not correct Cu deficiency, whereas CuEDTA, although agronomically equal to CuSO4·5H2O and high solubility oxysulphates, may have a disadvantage due to its high cost. Key words: Deficient, marginal, sulphate, oxysulphate, chelate, seedrow, side band, broadcast
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Meulemans, Germain. "Wormy Collaborations in Practices of Soil Construction." Theory, Culture & Society 37, no. 1 (July 7, 2019): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276419851857.
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This paper studies the capture of organisms and materials in soil construction – a branch of ecological engineering dedicated to making soil in order to compensate for soil degradation. This approach takes all organisms to be ‘ecosystem engineers’, and often refers to earthworms as ‘collaborators’ in making soil. I examine the claim that such a convocation of worms amounts to a redistribution of agency and the underlying assumption that form-taking is the shaping of raw matter according to pre-existing forms. Drawing on processual anthropology, I question the distinction between living and material components of soils, and between growing and making. I elaborate on soil scientists’ description of soil growth as pedogenesis in order to propose a view in which soil materials, along with organisms, participate in soil’s transformative and generative fluxes. I envisage the process as a concrescence, an experimentation that brings humans, worms, and soil materials together in new ways.
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Bombino, Giuseppe, Pietro Denisi, Josè Gómez, and Demetrio Zema. "Water Infiltration and Surface Runoff in Steep Clayey Soils of Olive Groves under Different Management Practices." Water 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020240.
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When olive groves are cultivated on clayey soils with steep gradients, as in many Mediterranean areas, reducing the runoff and soil erosion rates by adopting proper soil management practices is imperative. A soil cover by pruning residues may represent an alternative to the commonly adopted mechanical tillage. This study evaluates the water infiltration rates and surface runoff volumes in a steep and clayey olive grove of Southern Italy. These hydrological variables are measured at the plot scale under four soil management practices (mechanical tillage, total artificial protection of soil and soil cover with two different rates of vegetal residues). The measurements have been carried out using a rainfall simulator under dry (undisturbed) and wet (that is, on soils disturbed by intense rainfall) conditions. The mechanical tillage leads to lower water infiltration rates and higher runoff production. The retention of a soil cover by vegetal residues (in the range 3.5–17.5 tons/ha of dry matter) reduces the runoff rate on average by 30%, mainly because of the increased soil infiltration rates (over 100%, compared to mechanical tillage). After soil disturbance due to antecedent rainfall, the runoff generation capacity of a soil disturbed by a heavy precipitation significantly increased compared to undisturbed soils because of the decrease in soil infiltration rates. Overall, the retention of vegetal residues over the soil may be advisable to reduce surface runoff generation rates, particularly for saturated soils.
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Roper, MM, and V. Gupta. "Management-practices and soil biota." Soil Research 33, no. 2 (1995): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9950321.
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The soil biota consist of a large number and range of micro- and macro-organisms and are the living part of soils. They interact with each other and with plants, directly providing nutrition and other benefits. They regulate their own populations as well as those of incoming microorganisms by biological control mechanisms. Microorganisms are responsible for organic matter decomposition and for the transformations of organically bound nitrogen and minerals to forms that are available to plants. Their physical structure and products contribute significantly to soil structure. Management practices have a significant impact on micro- and macro-organism populations and activities. Stubble retention, an increasing trend in Australia, provides an energy source for growth and activity. Significant increases in the sizes and activities of microbial biomass, including heterotrophic microorganisms, cellulolytic microorganisms, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria have been observed. In addition, increases in protozoa and meso- and macro-fauna have been seen. Stubble retention provides a means of maintaining or increasing organic matter levels in soils. The way in which stubbles are managed may impact further on the activities of the soil biota and may alter the population balance, e.g. bacterial:fungal ratios. In general, no-tillage results in a concentration of microorganisms closer to the soil surface and causes least disruption of soil structure compared with conventionally tilled soils. Some plant diseases increase with stubble retention and with no-tillage, particularly where the next crop is susceptible to the same disease as the previous crop. However, the general increase in microbial populations resulting from stubble retention can exclude pathogens through competitive inhibition and predatory and parasitic activity. Cropping sequences may be used to break disease cycles. Crop rotations that include legumes may provide additional nitrogen and stimulate mineralization processes. Coupled with no-tillage in stubble retention systems is an increased usage of herbicides to control weeds. Continued herbicide use has been shown to significantly depress some groups of microorganisms and some of their activities but, in Australia, little information is available about the effects of herbicides on microbial populations. Although we know that micro- and macro-organisms are vital in maintaining ecosystem function, our knowledge about them is still very limited. New techniques in molecular microbial ecology promise further advances. Much more detailed information about the effects of specific managements on the size and activities of populations is needed. Soils and their processes are extremely complex and, in order to develop appropriate management practices, integration of new and existing information is necessary. This is now being made possible through computer simulation modelling.
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Zarraonaindia, Iratxe, Xabier Simón Martínez-Goñi, Olaia Liñero, Marta Muñoz-Colmenero, Mikel Aguirre, David Abad, Igor Baroja-Careaga, Alberto de Diego, Jack A. Gilbert, and Andone Estonba. "Response of Horticultural Soil Microbiota to Different Fertilization Practices." Plants 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111501.
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Environmentally friendly agricultural production necessitates manipulation of microbe–plant interactions, requiring a better understanding of how farming practices influence soil microbiota. We studied the effect of conventional and organic treatment on soil bacterial richness, composition, and predicted functional potential. 16S rRNA sequencing was applied to soils from adjacent plots receiving either a synthetic or organic fertilizer, where two crops were grown within treatment, homogenizing for differences in soil properties, crop, and climate. Conventional fertilizer was associated with a decrease in soil pH, an accumulation of Ag, Mn, As, Fe, Co, Cd, and Ni; and an enrichment of ammonia oxidizers and xenobiotic compound degraders (e.g., Candidatus Nitrososphaera, Nitrospira, Bacillus, Pseudomonas). Soils receiving organic fertilization were enriched in Ti (crop biostimulant), N, and C cycling bacteria (denitrifiers, e.g., Azoarcus, Anaerolinea; methylotrophs, e.g., Methylocaldum, Methanosarcina), and disease-suppression (e.g., Myxococcales). Some predicted functions, such as glutathione metabolism, were slightly, but significantly enriched after a one-time manure application, suggesting the enhancement of sulfur regulation, nitrogen-fixing, and defense of environmental stressors. The study highlights that even a single application of organic fertilization is enough to originate a rapid shift in soil prokaryotes, responding to the differential substrate availability by promoting soil health, similar to recurrent applications.
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Klimek, Andrzej, and Stanisław Rolbiecki. "Moss mites (Acari: Oribatida) in soil revitalizing: a chance for practical application in silviculture." Biological Letters 51, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biolet-2015-0007.
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Abstract The Oribatida (known as moss mites or beetle mites) increase the breakdown of organic material in the soil. The paper analyses the dynamics of their abundance and number of species after various treatments enriching the soil in 4 study areas: afforested post-agricultural area in the Tuchola Forest, afforested degraded post-military training area in Bydgoszcz-Jachcice, and forest nurseries at Białe Błota and Bielawy. The results show that in post-agricultural and degraded soils at the initial stages of forest succession, the density and number of species of oribatid mites were low, even after phyto-land-improvement (afforestation and lupin as green manure). In the forest nurseries, however, we recorded a positive effect of soil revitalizing after mulching with forest ectohumus (i.e. organic surface layer of the soil). The inoculation of soils with forest mesofauna appeared more effective in nursery plantations of silver birch (Betula pendula) and small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata), as compared with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Thus to revitalize degraded soils effectively and to accelerate forest succession, apart from phytoland- improvement, it is advisable also to reintroduce mesofauna, e.g. with the use of forest ectohumus.
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Ho, Soo Ying, Mohd Effendi Bin Wasli, and Mugunthan Perumal. "Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Sandy-Textured Soils under Smallholder Agricultural Land Use Practices in Sarawak, East Malaysia." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2019 (February 6, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7685451.
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A study was conducted in the Sabal area, Sarawak, to evaluate the physicochemical properties of sandy-textured soils under smallholder agricultural land uses. Study sites were established under rubber, oil palm, and pepper land uses, in comparison to the adjacent secondary forests. The sandy-textured soils underlain in all agricultural land uses are of Spodosols, based on USDA Soil Taxonomy. The soil properties under secondary forests were strongly acidic with poor nutrient contents. Despite higher bulk density in oil palm farmlands, soil properties in rubber and oil palm land uses showed little variation to those in secondary forests. Conversely, soils under pepper land uses were less acidic with higher nutrient contents at the surface layer, especially P. In addition, soils in the pepper land uses were more compact due to human trampling effects from regular farm works at a localized area. Positive correlations were observed between soil total C and soil total N, soil exchangeable K, soil sum of bases, and soil effective CEC, suggesting that soil total C is the determinant of soil fertility under the agricultural land uses. Meanwhile, insufficient K input in oil palm land uses was observed from the partial nutrient balances estimation. In contrast, P and K did not remain in the soils under pepper land use, although the fertilizers application by the farmers was beyond the crop uptake and removal (harvesting). Because of the siliceous sandy nature (low clay contents) of Spodosols, they are poor in nutrient retention capacity. Hence, maintaining ample supply of organic C is crucial to sustain the productivity and fertility of sandy-textured soils, especially when the litterfall layers covering the E horizon were removed for oil palm and pepper cultivation.
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Jolanta, Bojarszczuk, KSIĘŻAK Jerzy, and GAŁĄZKA Anna. "Soil respiration depending on different agricultural practices before maize sowing." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 10 (November 2, 2017): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/597/2017-pse.
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The aim of the study was to compare soil respiration depending on different agricultural practices before sowing of maize (Zea mays L.). Results of the study were derived from the field experiment that was carried out in 2013–2015; the research indicates that soil respiration depends on cultivation method. The highest soil respiration was recorded in maize cultivation in monoculture using full tillage. The simplifications in maize cultivation caused a decrease of soil respiration, especially in direct sowing. The lowest level of this parameter was recorded in monoculture in direct sowing. Compared with other treatments, such as direct sowing, reduced tillage and crop rotation, soil respiration was higher by 65, 55 and 12%, respectively. The statistically significant differences in soil respiration in the tested agricultural practices were observed in the first date of measurement in all years of the study. The higher soil respiration values were noted in autumn. The yield of maize correlated with soil respiration, but stronger relationship was noted between soil respiration and grain yield of maize than straw yield. The simple regression analysis showed no linear relationship between soil respiration and evaporation, changes in soil moisture and biochemical parameters such as soil dehydrogenase activity, acid and alkaline phosphatase.
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Krzywoszynska, Anna, and Greta Marchesi. "Toward a Relational Materiality of Soils." Environmental Humanities 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-8142297.
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Abstract As environmental matters, soils have been an object of inquiry primarily for the natural sciences, with social scientists and environmental humanities scholars occupied with the surface dramas of territory and its products. The invisibility of soils in much of public and intellectual life speaks not only to the literal invisibility of their subterranean elements but also to their taken-for-granted effectiveness as the material infrastructure of societies. Today’s crisis of soil ecosystems calls for an urgent examination and improvement of human-soil relations. This is both an intellectual and a practical project. The authors believe that a crucial first step toward more just and sustainable human-soil relations is a critical reflection around soil knowledge practices and their onto-political effects. In this introduction, they open the field for such reflection by denaturalizing the category soil, discussing its complex materialities, its multiple scales, and the diversity of existing soil ontologies and epistemologies. In so doing they argue for a relational materiality approach to the study of soils. The authors place this relational materiality approach within a practical, political, and ethical project of re-embedding societies in soils and lands. Finally, they indicate emerging arenas of inquiry where a relational materiality approach to soils is needed.
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DOBREI, Alina, Eleonora NISTOR, Florin SALA, and Alin DOBREI. "Tillage Practices in the Context of Climate Change and a Sustainable Viticulture." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 7, no. 4 (December 13, 2015): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb749724.
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The aim of this study was to identify the most appropriate options for maintenance of soil in vineyards located on flat land or mild slopes, and soils with a medium or high fertility. Tillage in the vineyard is carried out to preserve the soil loosening, for maintaining the humus and nutrients in soil, for activation of chemical and biological processes and last but not the least to maintain weed control. Choosing the most suitable system of vineyards floor management (middle rows, undervine, around vineyard) is a major problem which depends on preserving or enhancing soil fertility, improvement or worsening the soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics, ensuring water from soil and weed control. The experimental variants consisted of different practices of soil tillage, as follows: V1-bare row middles and grass strips/bare soil under vine; V2-bare soil/herbicides treatment under vine; V3-bare row middles/bare soil under vine; V4-bare row middles with ripped soil/bare soil under vine; V5- raw middles and grass strips/manual hoeing under vine; V6-bare row middles/rotary hoe under vine; V7-raw middles and grass strips/herbicides treatment under vine. Observations were made on ‘Burgund’ cultivar regarding buds viability, grape production, yield quality and sugar content. The highest yield per hectare was achieved in the soil with bare raw middles prepared with rotary hoe under vine (V6). On soils with moisture deficiency and a high content of clay, vineyards floor management is recommended to be maintained both under vine and on raw middles, as well with the adjustable rotary tiller.
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Pyle, Lysandra A., Linda M. Hall, and Edward W. Bork. "Soil properties in northern temperate pastures do not vary with management practices and are independent of rangeland health." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 99, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0076.
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Studies examining the influence of disturbance and management history on pasture soils across a large sampling area are uncommon. We report on the soil properties found in 102 northern temperate pastures sampled in central Alberta, Canada, and relate these attributes to ongoing pasture management practices compiled from producer surveys and aboveground measures of rangeland health (RH). Tame pastures, typically seeded to introduced forages, were associated with higher soil fertility (total carbon, nitrogen, and organic matter) than semi-native grasslands, which were associated with coarse-textured soils. Soil properties remained independent of most grazing and pasture management practices, including the grazing systems, class of livestock, fertilization, and stocking rate. However, manure application, often combined with harrowing, was associated with improved soil fertility and increased electrical conductivity (salinity). Soils with a fire history reported by land managers, largely in the Boreal natural region, were characterized by a greater soil C:N ratio. Soil surface properties (litter cover, litter depth, and bare soil) were responsive to grazing management, with growing season and year-round grazing associated with a thinner litter layer having less cover, and bare ground twice as high under continuous grazing compared with pastures rotationally grazed. Further, variation in soil surface cover was associated with contrasting RH classes (healthy, healthy with problems, and unhealthy), whereas soil attributes remained unrelated to RH. This study demonstrates that soils within these northern temperate grasslands are relatively insensitive to many pasture management practices, and highlights that existing RH assessments may provide limited insight into differences in mineral soil properties.
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Santos, Walbert Júnior Reis dos, Nilton Curi, Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva, Sebastião da Fonseca, Elidiane da Silva, and João José Marques. "Detailed soil survey of an experimental watershed representative of the Brazilian Coastal Plains and its practical application." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 38, no. 1 (February 2014): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542014000100006.
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This paper presents a detailed soil survey of an experimental watershed with representative pedoclimatic characteristics of the Coastal Plains in Espírito Santo State and its practical applications. For the pedological survey, 35 observation sites and three soil profiles were sampled and described, which were morphologically characterized and subjected to physical (particle size) and chemical analyses (routine and sulfuric acid digestion). The soil map was made using the geographic information system ArcGIS 9.3. This GIS software was also used to generate the digital elevation model (DEM) for identifying the slope classes. SAGA software was used to calculate the topographic wetness index (WI) which aided in a more accurate separation of Haplic Organosol from other soils. The predominant soil class in the watershed was the dystrophic/dystrocohesive Yellow Argisol (97%), containing morphological, chemical and physical characteristics representative of the most expressive Coastal Plains soils. Geoprocessing tools and techniques aided to make the watershed soil map.
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WEBB, J., P. J. LOVELAND, B. J. CHAMBERS, R. MITCHELL, and T. GARWOOD. "The impact of modern farming practices on soil fertility and quality in England and Wales." Journal of Agricultural Science 137, no. 2 (September 2001): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001290.
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Data are presented on the effects of modern farming practices on soil as an agricultural resource in England and Wales (E&W), namely: nutrient status, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), heavy metal concentrations, and on soil erosion risk. Fertilizer-N inputs to tillage (arable) and grassland soils increased from 84 and 65 kg/ha N in 1969 to 151 and 120 kg/ha N, respectively, in 1997. The estimated N surplus (inputs less outputs) increased from 84 and 96 kg/ha N to 102 and 154 kg/ha N, respectively, over the same time. Phosphorus inputs to tillage (mean 37 kg/ha P) and grassland (mean 21 kg/ha P) changed little over the period. However, P surpluses decreased from 25 kg/ha P in 1969 to 15 kg/ha P in 1997 on tillage land (largely as a result of greater P offtakes), and from 20 to 17 kg/ha P in 1997 on grassland (largely because of a small decrease in fertilizer P). The cumulative tillage land soil P surplus was c. 580 kg/ha P, and was estimated to increase topsoil total P concentrations by c. 170 mg/kg P and Olsen-extractable soil P by c. 26 mg/l P. The mean annual P surplus for grassland was 18 kg/ha P which, over the study period, added c. 427 kg/ha P to the soil, an increase in topsoil total P of c. 214 mg/kg P, and in Olsen-extractable P of 19 mg/l P.Concentrations of SOC in some soils have decreased between 1980 and 1995, especially where soils have been ploughed out of grassland and on lowland organic and peaty soils in tillage. The mean SOC of soils in arable/ley cultivation in 1980 was 3·4% and 2·8% in 1995.The proportion of arable soils with pH < 6·0 decreased from 10% in 1969–73 to 4% in 1990–93, reflecting the better targeting of lime inputs. In contrast, the proportion of grassland soils with pH < 6·0 increased from 39% in 1969–73 to 56% in 1990–93.Although there were statistically significant changes in the mean soil concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn between 1980 and 1995, many of the changes were small in absolute terms. Hence, there was little evidence of marked or systematic changes in topsoil total heavy metal concentrations that could not be explained by factors other than increased pollutant loadings.Over the next 50 years or so, the threat from soil erosion to crop productivity will be greatest on shallow soils ([les ] c. 0·3 m depth), mostly over chalk and sandstone as further removal of soil will lead to increased drought stress. Provided that nutrient supplies are maintained, the evidence is that losses in arable crops on eroded soils would range between 2% and 8% of current yields.Thus, within the limitations of the data available, both in time and space, we found little evidence that most soils in E&W cannot continue to support modern farming practices, and the associated crop and animal outputs, given appropriate inputs of nutrients and an adequate degree of crop protection.
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Stork, Nigel E., and Paul Eggleton. "Invertebrates as determinants and indicators of soil quality." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7, no. 1-2 (June 1992): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300004446.
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AbstractInvertebrates are an integral part of soils and are important in determining the suitability of soils for the sustainable production of healthy crops or trees. We discuss the importance of the soil invertebrate fauna in relation to terrestrial habitats and global biodiversity as we understand it. We describe the role of the main invertebrate groups in soils, including earthworms, termites, springtails, and nematodes, and how they determine soil quality. Practical problems in dealing with the invertebrate fauna include sampling, taxonomy and availability of biological information on species. Various measures are available that use invertebrates to assess soil quality, each with its advantages and disadvantages. They include abundance, biomass, density, species richness, trophic/guild structure, food web structure, keystone species and ecosystem engineers. We propose the three most useful and practical of these as suitable to be combined with other biological (microbial) and non-biological (hydrological, physical, chemical) criteria into a single index of soil quality that might be used on a regional, if not international basis.
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Tao, Y., W. Gu, J. Chen, J. Tao, Xu YJ, and H. Zhang. "The influence of land use practices on earthworm communities in saline agriculture soils of the west coast region of China’s Bohai Bay." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 1 (December 28, 2012): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/374/2012-pse.
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The effects of land use practices on soil fauna, especially earthworms, are poorly known in coastal saline agricultural soils. Here we compare earthworm communities in six types of land use practice in the coastal region of China’s Bohai Bay, namely uncultivated saline soil, two orchard (pear and winter jujube) lands, man-made forests (chinese ash), vegetable land and cropped land (maize). In addition, we recorded selected physicochemical properties of the soil. Soil organic matter content and total N were significantly higher under pear orchard and vegetable land than under the other land use practices, and their lowest values were observed from uncultivated saline soil. Vegetable land and pear orchard land showed a significantly higher abundance of earthworms than the other land use practices, whereas no earthworm was found in uncultivated saline soil. The sites under individual practices supported one to three earthworm species. Aporrectodea trapezoides species was present under four types of land use practice, and the biomass of this species accounted for more than 60% of the community. Vegetable land and pear orchard land supported richer earthworm community than the other land use practices, dominated by Aporrectodea trapezoides and Drawida japonica. These preliminary results indicated that land use practices have substantial effects on the abundance and composition of earthworm communities in saline soils.
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Ogunwole, Joshua Olalekan, Luiz Fernando Pires, and Bello Muhammed Shehu. "Changes in the Structure of a Nigerian Soil under Different Land Management Practices." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 3 (June 2015): 830–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140017.
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Quantification of soil physical quality (SPQ) and pore size distribution (PSD) can assist understanding of how changes in land management practices influence dynamics of soil structure, and this understanding could greatly improve the predictability of soil physical behavior and crop yield. The objectives of this study were to measure the SPQ index under two different land management practices (the continuous arable cropping system and natural bush fallow system), and contrast the effects of these practices on the structure of PSD using soil water retention data. Soil water retention curves obtained from a pressure chamber were fitted to van Genuchten’s equation, setting m (= 1-1/n). Although values for soil bulk density were high, soils under the continuous arable cropping system had good SPQ, and maintained the capacity to support root development. However, soils under the natural bush fallow system had a worse structure than the continuous arable system, with restrictions in available water capacity. These two management systems had different PSDs. Results showed the inferiority of the natural bush fallow system with no traffic restriction (which is the common practice) in relation to the continuous arable cropping system in regard to physical quality and structure.
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Oluwole, Eludoyin Adebayo, Yetunde Mary Adelere, and Olusegun Olufemi Awotoye. "CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY Of SOILS UNDER SELECTED FARMING PRACTICES IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 11, no. 3 (September 29, 2018): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-3-111-125.
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This study compared soil properties and quality under five different farm practices in a part of the southwest Nigeria. The study indicated that fewer soil properties accounted for more percentage change in total variance at the fallow and mono-cropping plots than at the forest, crop rotation and alley farming systems. It also showed that soils under fallow and mono-cropping systems exhibited the lowest quality values among the farm practices system studied. The study recommends improved soil management approaches in plots under mono-cropping practices, and extensive soil recovery programmes for fallow lands.
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Key, Georgina, Mike G. Whitfield, Julia Cooper, Franciska T. De Vries, Martin Collison, Thanasis Dedousis, Richard Heathcote, et al. "Knowledge needs, available practices, and future challenges in agricultural soils." SOIL 2, no. 4 (October 10, 2016): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-511-2016.
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Abstract. The goal of this study is to clarify research needs and identify effective practices for enhancing soil health. This was done by a synopsis of soil literature that specifically tests practices designed to maintain or enhance elements of soil health. Using an expert panel of soil scientists and practitioners, we then assessed the evidence in the soil synopsis to highlight practices beneficial to soil health, practices considered detrimental, and practices that need further investigation. A partial Spearman's correlation was used to analyse the panel's responses. We found that increased certainty in scientific evidence led to practices being considered to be more effective due to them being empirically justified. This suggests that for practices to be considered effective and put into practice, a substantial body of research is needed to support the effectiveness of the practice. This is further supported by the high proportion of practices (33 %), such as changing the timing of ploughing or amending the soil with crops grown as green manures, that experts felt had unknown effectiveness, usually due to insufficiently robust evidence. Only 7 of the 27 reviewed practices were considered to be beneficial, or likely to be beneficial in enhancing soil health. These included the use of (1) integrated nutrient management (organic and inorganic amendments); (2) cover crops; (3) crop rotations; (4) intercropping between crop rows or underneath the main crop; (5) formulated chemical compounds (such as nitrification inhibitors); (6) control of traffic and traffic timing; and (7) reducing grazing intensity. Our assessment, which uses the Delphi technique, is increasingly used to improve decision-making in conservation and agricultural policy, identified practices that can be put into practice to benefit soil health. Moreover, it has enabled us to identify practices that need further research and a need for increased communication between researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners, in order to find effective means of enhancing soil health.
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Chen, Chuan Sheng, and Hong Bin Xiao. "Liquefaction Potential of Clayey Soils from Wenchuan Earthquake-Induced Landslides." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.850.
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It is commonly considered that liquefaction of sandy soils is the important reason for earthquake-induced landslides,but it has been reported liquefaction phenomenon can also occur in clayey soils in the recent research. In order to clarify liquefaction potential in clayey soils ,a deeper study was conducted on the basis of field investigation and a series of laboratory tests including undrained cyclic ring-shear tests on the clayey soil samples collected from the sliding zone of the Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides. Results show that the liquefaction potential of clayey soils is lower than that of sandy soils given the same void ratio; the soil resistance to liquefaction rises with an increase in plasticity for clayey soils; It is useful to estimate the liquefaction potential of soil by means of plasticity index and the liquefaction potential of soil in practical engineering applications.
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Rengasamy, P., and KA Olsson. "Sodicity and soil structure." Soil Research 29, no. 6 (1991): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910935.
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Sodic soils are widespread in Australia reflecting the predominance of sodium chloride in groundwaters and soil solutions. Sodic soils are subject to severe structural degradation and restrict plant performance through poor soil-water and soil-air relations. Sodicity is shown to be a latent problem in saline-sodic soils where deleterious effects are evident only after leaching profiles free of salts. A classification of sodic soils based on sodium adsorption ratio, pH and electrolyte conductivity is outlined. Current understanding of the processes and the component mechanisms of sodic soil behaviour are integrated to form the necessary bases for practical solutions in the long term and to define areas for research. The principles of organic and biological amelioration of sodicity, as alternatives to costly inorganic amendments, are discussed.
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Edmeades, D. C., R. M. Mcbride, and M. Gray. "An assessment of current fertiliser practices in New Zealand hill country." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3229.
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In the last decade major reviews on the phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S) nutrient requirements of clover-based pastures in New Zealand have been completed. This has resulted in adjustments to the P, K and S pasture production functions and some changes to the critical levels for soil tests, and modifications to our interpretation of some soil tests such as Organic S and Reserve K. Applying this new information to New Zealand's hill country pastoral soils, using case studies, suggests that there is considerable unrealized potential to increase productivity. Keywords: critical levels, economics, fertiliser, pasture, phosphorus, potassium, soil fertility, soil tests, sulphur
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AMPOFO, E. A. "Soil moisture dynamics in coastal savanna soils in the tropics under different soil management practices." Hydrological Sciences Journal 51, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 1194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.51.6.1194.
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García-Ocampo, Alvaro. "Fertility and soil productivity of Colombian soils under different soil management practices and several crops." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 58, sup1 (October 2012): S55—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2012.700510.
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Wang, Jinman, Zhongke Bai, and Peiling Yang. "Simulation and Prediction of Ion Transport in the Reclamation of Sodic Soils with Gypsum Based on the Support Vector Machine." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/805342.
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The effect of gypsum on the physical and chemical characteristics of sodic soils is nonlinear and controlled by multiple factors. The support vector machine (SVM) is able to solve practical problems such as small samples, nonlinearity, high dimensions, and local minima points. This paper reports the use of the SVM regression method to predict changes in the chemical properties of sodic soils under different gypsum application rates in a soil column experiment and to evaluate the effect of gypsum reclamation on sodic soils. The research results show that (1) the SVM soil solute transport model using the Matlab toolbox represents the change in Ca2+and Na+in the soil solution and leachate well, with a high prediction accuracy. (2) Using the SVM model to predict the spatial and temporal variations in the soil solute content is feasible and does not require a specific mathematical model. The SVM model can take full advantage of the distribution characteristics of the training sample. (3) The workload of the soil solute transport prediction model based on the SVM is greatly reduced by not having to determine the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient and retardation coefficient, and the model is thus highly practical.
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Van Ouwerkerk, C. "Soil husbandry. A practical guide to the use and management of soils." Soil and Tillage Research 17, no. 3-4 (September 1990): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(90)90046-g.
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Levshakov, L. V. "The usefulness of sulfur fertilizers for balanced nutrition of spring wheat on zonal soils of the south-western Forest steppe zone." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128205006.
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The importance of sulfur for a balanced nutrition of grain crops is demonstrated. The content of mobile forms of sulfur in the main zonal soils of the Kursk region – black soil and gray forest soils is given. Gray wooded soils have a low content of mobile sulfur in most areas of the region. The availability of sulfur in black soil ranges from low to medium. Practical studies on the effectiveness of different types and forms of using sulfur-containing mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of spring wheat on zonal types of soils in the south-western forest steppe of the Central Black Earth Region have been performed. Research has found that the practicability of using sulfur-containing mineral fertilizers and their agronomic effectiveness is directly associated with the content of available forms of sulfur in the arable layer of the soil. It is most effective and reasonable to use sulfur-containing mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of spring wheat on gray wooded soils. The practical data obtained prove the urgency of the use of sulfur-containing fertilizers in technologies for the cultivation of grain crops on soils with inadequate content of available forms of sulfur.
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Zebarth, B. J., D. L. Burton, J. Spence, and M. K. Khosa. "Simultaneous measurement of net nitrogen mineralization and denitrification rates in soil using nitrification inhibitor 3,5-dimethylpyrazole." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 100, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0050.
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A practical means to quantify the response of the rates of net N mineralization and denitrification over a wide range of soil water contents is generally lacking. This study examined the potential to use a nitrification inhibitor (NI) assay system to simultaneously estimate the rates of net N mineralization and denitrification, and applied the NI assay to assess the effect of water content on net N mineralization and denitrification rates in two soils with contrasting soil texture. The compound 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (DMP) applied at a rate of 200 mg kg−1 was found to provide essentially complete inhibition of nitrification over the duration of the soil incubation for two soils with contrasting soil texture (clay loam vs. sandy loam) and over a range of soil water contents (35%, 55%, and 85% water-filled pore space). This allowed net N mineralization to be estimated as the accumulation of soil ammonium ([Formula: see text]) and of denitrification as the disappearance of added nitrate ([Formula: see text]). Addition of DMP resulted in a small increase in soil respiration rate but did not appear to influence the rate of net soil N mineralization. The NI assay provides a practical means to quantify the rates of net N mineralization and denitrification simultaneously over a wide range of soil water contents. The assay can be readily scaled up to routinely test multiple soils in an efficient manner, has limited material costs, and is also relatively simple to perform.
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Madruga, J., E. B. Azevedo, J. F. Sampaio, F. Fernandes, F. Reis, and J. Pinheiro. "Analysis and definition of potential new areas for viticulture in the Azores (Portugal)." SOIL 1, no. 2 (July 13, 2015): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-515-2015.
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Abstract. Vineyards in the Azores have been traditionally settled on lava field terroirs but the practical limitations of mechanization and high demand on man labor imposed by the typical micro parcel structure of these vineyards contradict the sustainability of these areas for wine production, except under government policies of heavy financial support. Besides the traditional vineyards there are significant areas in some of the islands whose soils, climate and physiographic characteristics suggest a potential for wine production that deserves to be the object of an assessment, with a view to the development of new vineyard areas offering conditions for better management and sustainability. The landscape zoning approach for the present study was based in a geographic information system (GIS) analysis incorporating factors related to climate, topography and soils. Three thermal intervals referred to climate maturity groups were defined and combined with a single slope interval of 0–15 % to exclude the landscape units above this limit. Over this resulting composite grid, the soils were then selectively cartographed through the exclusion of the soil units not fulfilling the suitability criteria. The results show that the thermal interval of warmer conditions, well represented in the traditional terroir of Pico island, has practically no expression in the other islands. However, for the intermediate and the cooler classes, we could map areas of 5611 and 18 115 ha respectively, fulfilling the defined soils and slope criteria, indicating thus the existence of some landscapes in the studied islands revealing adequate potential for future development of viticulture, although certainly demanding a good judgment on the better grape varieties to be adapted to those climatic conditions.
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Cerven, Vasile, Jeff M. Novak, Ariel A. Szögi, Kenneth Pantuck, Don W. Watts, and Mark G. Johnson. "The Occurrence of Legacy P Soils and Potential Mitigation Practices Using Activated Biochar." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071289.
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The long-term application of manures in watersheds with dense animal production has increased soil phosphorus (P) concentration, exceeding plant and soil assimilative capacities. The P accumulated in soils that are heavily manured and contain excess extractable soil P concentrations is known as legacy P. Runoff and leaching can transport legacy P to ground water and surface water bodies, contributing to water quality impairment and environmental pollution, such as eutrophication. This review article analyzes and discusses current and innovative management practices for soil legacy P. Specifically, we address the use of biochar as an emerging novel technology that reduces P movement and bioavailability in legacy P soils. We illustrate that properties of biochar can be affected by pyrolysis temperature and by various activating chemical compounds and by-products. Our approach consists of engineering biochars, using an activation process on poultry litter feedstock before pyrolysis to enhance the binding or precipitation of legacy P. Finally, this review article describes previous examples of biochar activation and offers new approaches to the production of biochars with enhanced P sorption capabilities.
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Mandal, Biswapati, and G. C. Hazra. "ZINC ADSORPTION IN SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT SOIL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES." Soil Science 162, no. 10 (October 1997): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199710000-00004.
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Anderson, WK, RJ French, and M. Seymour. "Yield responses of wheat and other crops to agronomic practices on duplex soils compared with other soils in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920963.
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A survey of experimental results relating crop management to grain yield was conducted for wheat and other crops on duplex and non-duplex soils in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. Increases in grain yield of wheat due to improved agronomic practices on duplex soils were almost as great as on other soils. Early sowing improved yield more on duplex soils than on other soils, but the response to applied nitrogen was more variable, possibly related to the reduced efficiency of uptake of applied nitrogen. The yield advantage for a semi-dwarf cultivar (Aroona) over a tall cultivar (Garnenya) was less (6%) on duplex soils than on other soils (29%). The optimum seed rate was 27% greater on duplex than on other soils. Increases in both grain yield and grain quality due to the application of potassium were large on 1 duplex soil. Water use efficiency in grain production was similar on duplex and other soils where seasonal water use did not exceed about 350 mm. At 1 location in the eastern wheatbelt, yields of wheat, barley, lupins and peas grown on a duplex soil were compared with yields on 2 other soils. Wheat was the most productive crop on the duplex soil, while barley yielded most on the other soils. All crops, except lupins, yielded less on the duplex soil. Experiments with 2 lupin cultivars grown on duplex and other soils on the south coast of Western Australia (average growing season rainfall >300 mm) showed that both cultivars yielded less on duplex soils, but 1 cultivar required slightly fewer plants to achieve its maximum yield on the duplex soils. This survey of experimental results in Western Australia shows that duplex soils are no less productive than other soils when results are averaged over all crops and locations. We conclude, however, that different management practices may be required to improve yields on duplex compared with other soils.
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Tulin, Anabella, and Victor Asio. "Indigenous Knowledge and Nutrient Management Practices of Farmers Growing Sweetpotato in the Uplands of Pinabacdao, Samar." Science and Humanities Journal 07, no. 1 (December 2, 2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47773/shj.1998.071.1.
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This study aimed at determining if the sweetpotato growers in the locality of Parasanon, Pinabacdao, Samar possess certain local knowledge about their soil and crops, particularly sweetpotato. Informal and formal interviews were the primary methods used in gathering information for the study. The demographic traits of the farmers clearly differed but they adhered to the same knowledge system regarding the attributes of the soil in their native dialect, the farmers have a soil classification scheme based on textual characteristics and certain indicators of soil fertility and plant health. Moreover, the farmers are also aware of certain problems connected to their soils or crops but these do not bother them because they have the experience in circumventing field-related problems. Generally, the upland farmers of Pinabacdao do not use degraded soils for sweetpotato production. They ordinarily leave the area temporarily and relocate to more fertile grounds in the forest edges if they find their soils to be no longer productive. None among the local farmers use any of the improved sweetpotato production technologies which were shoen or given to them by technicians connected either to R & D project conducted previously in the locality or the Department of Agriculture.
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Chen, Shutao, and Yao Huang. "Soil respiration and N2O emission in croplands under different ploughing practices: a case study in south-east China." Soil Research 47, no. 2 (2009): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07225.
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Studies on the CO2 and N2O emission patterns of agricultural soils under different ploughing practices may provide an insight into the potential and magnitude of CO2 and N2O mitigation in highly managed farmland soils. In this study, field measurements of soil respiration and N2O flux with different ploughing depths were performed in the 2003–04 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 2004 maize (Zea mays L.), and 2004–05 wheat seasons. Soil temperature and moisture were simultaneously measured. Results showed that, in each cropping season, the seasonal variation in soil respiration developed with a similar pattern for different treatments, which was primarily regulated by soil temperature. This work demonstrates that ploughing depth can influence long-term loss of carbon from soil, but this was contingent on preceding cropping types. Given the same preceding cropping practice, no significant difference in N2O emission was found among different ploughing depths in each cropping season.
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Zhao, Yajie, Caiyan Lu, Yi Shi, Bin Huang, and Xin Chen. "Soil fertility and fertilization practices affect accumulation and leaching risk of reactive N in greenhouse vegetable soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 96, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2015-0058.
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Elevated soil fertility levels induced by continuous chemical fertilizer and (or) manure application may affect N loss potential and redistribution within soil-crop system. A 49-d packed soil column experiment with a factorial design of three soil fertility levels and four fertilization treatments was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil fertility and fertilization treatments on the accumulation and leaching risk of reactive N. The results showed that the 49-d cumulative leaching loss of total reactive N ranged from 176.3 to 499.0 kg N ha−1. The cumulative leaching losses of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in NPK treatment were significantly higher than those in other three treatments in fertility level I and II soils. The cumulative leaching loss of NO3−-N was significantly greater in NPK + M or NPK treatment than in CK treatment in fertility level I or III soils, and it was remarkably greater in M treatment than in other three treatments in fertility level II soil. In total, 64.0% of TDN in soil leachate existed in the form of DON, and 35.1% was nitrate-N among different soil fertility and fertilization treatments. These results indicated that DON was an important component of N leaching loss and could not be neglected in sustainable development of vegetable greenhouse soil.