Relevant bibliographies by topics / Soil physics

Academic literature on the topic 'Soil physics'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Soil physics"

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Kodešová, R. "Miroslav Kutílek – Professor of soil science, soil physics and soil hydrology." Soil and Water Research 3, Special Issue No. 1 (June 30, 2008): S5—S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1412-swr.

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Horton, R. "Soil Physics." Journal of Environmental Quality 21, no. 4 (October 1992): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100040034x.

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Rose, D. A. "Soil physics." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 61, no. 3-4 (January 1990): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(90)90117-g.

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Raats, P. A. C. "Soil physics." Soil and Tillage Research 31, no. 2-3 (August 1994): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(94)90087-6.

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Buchan, G. D. "Soil Physics Companion." Vadose Zone Journal 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/3.2.727.

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Prettyman, Guy. "Environmental Soil Physics." Journal of Environmental Quality 28, no. 6 (November 1999): 2031–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060046x.

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Buchan, Graeme D. "Soil Physics Companion." Vadose Zone Journal 3, no. 2 (May 2004): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2004.0727.

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Fritton, Daniel D. "Environmental Soil Physics." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 80, no. 25 (1999): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/99eo00206.

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Lal, Rattan. "Environmental Soil Physics." Soil Science 165, no. 5 (May 2000): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200005000-00011.

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Hopmans, Jan W. "Soil Physics Companion." Soil Science 167, no. 12 (December 2002): 838–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200212000-00008.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil physics"

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Lee, Hock Seng. "An ODE/MOL PDE Template For Soil Physics." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365588.

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The aim of the thesis is to find a method, in conjunction with the ordinary differential equation (ODE) based method of lines (MOL) solution of Richards’ equation, to model the steep wetting front infiltration in very dry soils, accurately and efficiently. Due to the steep pressure head or steep water volumetric content gradients, highly nonlinear soil hydraulic properties and the rapid movement of the wetting front, accurate solutions for infiltration into a dry soil are usually difficult to obtain. Additionally, such problems often require very small time steps and large computation times. As an enhancement to the used ODE/MOL approach, Higher Order Finite Differencing, Varying Order Finite Differencing, Vertical Scaling, Adaptive Schemes and Non-uniform Stretching Techniques have been implemented and tested in this thesis. Success has been found in the ability of Vertical Scaling to simulate very steep moving front solution for the Burgers’ equation. Unfortunately, the results also show that Vertical Scaling needs significant research and improvement before their full potential in routine applications for difficult nonlinear problems, such as Richard’s equation with very steep moving front solution, can be realized. However, we have also shown that the use of the composed form of RE and a 2nd order finite differencing for the first order derivative approximation is conducive for modelling steep moving front problem in a very dry soil. Additionally, with the combination of an optimal influx value at the edges of the inlet, the ODE/MOL approach is able to model a 2-D infiltration in very dry soils, effectively and accurately. Furthermore, one of the strengths of this thesis is the use of a MATLAB PDE template. Implementing the ODE/MOL approach via a MATLAB PDE template has shown to be most suitable for modelling of partial differential equations. The plug and play mode of modifying the PDE template for solving time-dependent partial differential equations is user-friendly and easy, as compared to more conventional approaches using Pascal, Fortran, C or C++. The template offers greater modularity, flexibility, versatility, and efficiency for solving PDE problems in both 1-D and 2-D spatial dimensions. Moreover, the 2-D PDE template has been extended for irregular shaped domains.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Kachamba, Daud Jones. "Impact of harvesting machinery on soil physical parameters : evaluation of ProFor model in three main forestry regions of South Africa /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/648.

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Ghassemi, Ali. "Nonparametric geostatistical estimation of soil physical properties." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63904.

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Pang, Mei-yee. "The nature and magnitude of soil compaction in different human-modified habitats in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576520.

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Lee, Hock Seng, and n/a. "An ODE/MOL PDE Template For Soil Physics: A Numerical Study." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030616.142709.

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The aim of the thesis is to find a method, in conjunction with the ordinary differential equation (ODE) based method of lines (MOL) solution of Richards’ equation, to model the steep wetting front infiltration in very dry soils, accurately and efficiently. Due to the steep pressure head or steep water volumetric content gradients, highly nonlinear soil hydraulic properties and the rapid movement of the wetting front, accurate solutions for infiltration into a dry soil are usually difficult to obtain. Additionally, such problems often require very small time steps and large computation times. As an enhancement to the used ODE/MOL approach, Higher Order Finite Differencing, Varying Order Finite Differencing, Vertical Scaling, Adaptive Schemes and Non-uniform Stretching Techniques have been implemented and tested in this thesis. Success has been found in the ability of Vertical Scaling to simulate very steep moving front solution for the Burgers’ equation. Unfortunately, the results also show that Vertical Scaling needs significant research and improvement before their full potential in routine applications for difficult nonlinear problems, such as Richard’s equation with very steep moving front solution, can be realized. However, we have also shown that the use of the composed form of RE and a 2nd order finite differencing for the first order derivative approximation is conducive for modelling steep moving front problem in a very dry soil. Additionally, with the combination of an optimal influx value at the edges of the inlet, the ODE/MOL approach is able to model a 2-D infiltration in very dry soils, effectively and accurately. Furthermore, one of the strengths of this thesis is the use of a MATLAB PDE template. Implementing the ODE/MOL approach via a MATLAB PDE template has shown to be most suitable for modelling of partial differential equations. The plug and play mode of modifying the PDE template for solving time-dependent partial differential equations is user-friendly and easy, as compared to more conventional approaches using Pascal, Fortran, C or C++. The template offers greater modularity, flexibility, versatility, and efficiency for solving PDE problems in both 1-D and 2-D spatial dimensions. Moreover, the 2-D PDE template has been extended for irregular shaped domains.
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Wang, Yu-Hsing. "Attenuation in soils and non-linear dynamic effects." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19582.

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Araújo, Fernando Silva. "Atributos do solo e suas relações com resíduos vegetais e matéria orgânica em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256809.

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Orientadores: Zigomar Menezes de Souza, Edson Eiji Matsura
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T04:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_FernandoSilva_D.pdf: 5020372 bytes, checksum: af978a8271ef4c982fd82d0d223e486b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: É crescente a demanda global por fontes de energia renováveis, tais como o etanol, o qual no Brasil, possui como principal matriz energética a cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Neste contexto faz-se necessário a incorporação de novas tecnologias, como a mecanização da colheita, para o uso racional das áreas manejadas com cana-de-açúcar. O acúmulo superficial de resíduos vegetais da cana-de-açúcar na superfície do solo promove o enriquecimento das camadas superficiais com matéria orgânica bem como o incremento do intervalo hídrico ótimo, mitigando os efeitos da compactação do solo causados pelo tráfego de máquinas no sistema de cana colhida mecanicamente sem queima. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as alterações no comportamento físico e mecânico de um Latossolo Vermelho produzido pelo enriquecimento do conteúdo de matéria orgânica e, ainda, a capacidade dos resíduos vegetais acumulados na superfície do solo dissiparem cargas aplicadas sobre o mesmo, em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar colhidas com e sem queima. O projeto foi desenvolvido em três áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar: 1- cana-de-açúcar sem queima e corte mecanizado, desde 1996 (com 16 anos de implantação do sistema de cana crua); 2- cana-de-açúcar sem queima e corte mecanizado, desde 2004 (com 8 anos de implantação do sistema de cana crua); 3- cana-de-açúcar com queima e corte manual, desde 1973 (cana queimada). Os atributos físicos avaliados foram: análise granulométrica, consistência do solo, densidade do solo, estabilidade de agregados, porosidade do solo e resistência do solo à penetração nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10 m, 0,10-0,20 m e 0,20-0,30 m. Determinou-se ainda o intervalo hídrico ótimo para desenvolvimento das plantas. Foram avaliadas as relações entre o teor de matéria orgânica e a compressibilidade do solo, as relações entre teor de matéria orgânica do solo e a umidade crítica para a compactação e as relações entre quantidade de resíduos vegetais na superfície e a densidade do solo obtida pelo teste Proctor. Os atributos de solo estudados apresentam estrutura de dependência espacial. O intervalo hídrico ótimo e ?p mostraram-se sensíveis as alterações ocorridas no solo em detrimento dos sistemas de manejo estudados. A área sob colheita manual da cultura da cana-de-açúcar apresentou menor valor de densidade crítica para o intervalo hídrico ótimo, sendo que a maior produtividade da cultura concentrou-se nas regiões de maior amplitude do intervalo hídrico ótimo e maior capacidade suporte de carga do solo
Abstract: An increasing global demand for renewable energy sources such as ethanol, which in Brazil, has as its primary energy matrix culture of sugar cane. In this context it is necessary to incorporate new technologies, mechanization of the harvest, for the rational use of managed areas with cane sugar. The accumulation of surface plant residues of sugar cane on the soil surface promotes the enrichment of the surface layers with organic matter as well as increasing the optimal water, mitigating the effects of soil compaction caused by machinery traffic on the system cane mechanically harvested without burning. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the changes in physical and mechanical behavior of soil produced by enriching the content of organic matter, and also the ability of plant debris accumulated on the soil surface dissipate loads applied on it, in cultivated areas sugar cane harvested with and without burning. The project was developed in three areas cultivated with sugar cane: 1 - harvested with manual cutting and burning since 1973; 2 - mechanically harvested without burning since 2004 (8 years of implantation of sugarcane), 3 - mechanically harvested unburned since 1996 (16 years of implantation of sugarcane). The physical attributes were: particle size analysis, soil consistency, soil bulk density, and aggregate stability, soil porosity and soil resistance to penetration depths of 0.00 to 0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 me 0.20-0.30 m. It was determined the optimal water yet to identify the critical limits of soil density where resistance to penetration and aeration porosity are restrictive to plant development. We evaluated the relationship between the organic matter content and soil compressibility, the relationships between organic matter content and soil moisture critical for the compression and the relationship between the amount of crop residue on the surface and soil density obtained by the Proctor test. The soil attributes have studied the spatial dependence structure. The least limiting water range and ?p were sensitive to changes in the soil instead of studied treatments. The area under cultivation of manual harvesting cane sugar showed a lower value of the critical density for optimal water, and the greater crop concentrated in regions of higher altitude and lower load-bearing capacity
Doutorado
Agua e Solo
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
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Have, Henrik. "Energiforbrug ved jordbearbejdning med dobbeltdrevne harvetænder parameteridentifikation og udvikling af empiriske modeller /." [København] : DSR Boghandel, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18972138.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Kongelige Veterinær - og Landbohøjskole, 1988.
Summary in English. NAL copy missing pages from p. 113-128. English summary "Energy requirements by soil tillage with dual-driven harrow tines"): p. 120-124. Includes bibliographical references.
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Naderpour, Nader 1959. "Application of kriging to study spacial variability of soil physical properties." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65963.

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Scanlan, Craig Anthony. "Processes and effects of root-induced changes to soil hydraulic properties." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Environment, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0188.

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[Truncated abstract] Root-induced changes to soil hydraulic properties (SHP) are an essential component in understanding the hydrology of an ecosystem, and the resilience of these to climate change. However, at present our capacity to predict how roots will modify SHP and the consequences of this is limited because our knowledge of the processes and effects are highly fragmented. Also, current models used to investigate the relationship between plants and root-induced changes to SHP are based on empirical relationships which have limited applicability to the various and often contrasting ecosystems that occur. This thesis focuses specifically on the quantifying the processes by which roots modify SHP and developing models that can predict changes to these and the water balance. Both increase and decreases in saturated hydraulic conductivity have been attributed to the presence of roots. In general, decreases occur when the root system is relatively young, and increases occur when the roots senesce and begin to decay, creating voids for water flow. The evidence available suggests that the change in pore geometry created by roots is the dominant process by which roots modify SHP because they are more permanent and of a greater magnitude than changes to fluid properties or soil structure. We first quantified the effects of wheat roots on SHP of a coarse sand with a laboratory experiment where we measured changes in both SHP and the root system at 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks after sowing (weeks). ... The main message that can be drawn from this thesis is that root-induced changes to SHP are dynamic, and dependent upon the combination of soil texture, connectivity of root-modified pores and the ratio of root radius to pore radius. Consequently, root-induced changes to the water balance have the same dependencies. The work in this thesis provides a significant first step towards improving our capacity to predict how roots modify soil hydraulic properties. By defining the range for the parameters used to predict how the soil is modified by roots, we are able to make quantitative assessments of how a property such as hydraulic conductivity will change for a realistic circumstance. Also , for the first time we have measured changes in soil hydraulic properties and roots and have been able to establish why a rapid change from a root-induced decrease to increase in Ks occurred. The link between physiological stage of the root system, and the changes that are likely to occur has implications for understanding how roots modify SHP: it may provide an effective tool for predicting when the switch from a decrease to increase occurs. Further work is required to test the validity of the assumptions we have made in our models that predict changes to SHP. While we have endeavoured to define the parameter space for those parameters that we have introduced, there is still some uncertainty about the connectivity of root-modified pores. Also, the parameterisation of the soil domain with roots is based upon work that measures 'fine' roots only which may not provide a true representation of the effect trees and perennial shrubs have on SHP. It is inevitable that root-induced changes to SHP will affect the fate of solutes in the soil, and temporal dynamics of root-induced changes to these may be particularly important for the timing of nutrient and pesticide leaching.
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Books on the topic "Soil physics"

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1921-, Holmes J. W., ed. Soil physics. 2nd ed. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

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Jury, William A. Soil physics. 5th ed. New York: J. Wiley, 1991.

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Ghildyal, B. P. Soil physics. New York: Wiley, 1987.

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1921-, Holmes J. W., and Rose C. W, eds. Soil physics. 3rd ed. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

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Institute, International Rice Research, ed. Soil physics and rice. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 1985.

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Hanks, R. J. Applied Soil Physics. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2938-4.

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Kamara, C. S. Soil physics manual. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Soil Science & Plant Nutrtition Section, International Livestock Centre for Africa, 1992.

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W, Warrick Arthur, ed. Soil physics companion. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2002.

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"College on Soil Physics" (2001 Abdus Salaam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy). Soils and soil physics in continental environment. Edited by Achyuthan Hema and International Centre for Theoretical Physics. New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 2003.

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Lal, R. Principles of soil physics. New York: M. Dekker, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soil physics"

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Waller, Peter, and Muluneh Yitayew. "Soil Physics." In Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 33–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05699-9_3.

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Gupta, Raj K., I. P. Abrol, Charles W. Finkl, M. B. Kirkham, Marta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macías, Ward Chesworth, et al. "Soil Physics." In Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 686–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3995-9_547.

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Shukla, Manoj K. "Introduction to Soil Physics." In Soil Physics, 1–14. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429264849-1.

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Shukla, Manoj K. "Special Topics." In Soil Physics, 439–60. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429264849-18.

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Shukla, Manoj K. "Properties of Water." In Soil Physics, 99–116. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429264849-7.

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Shukla, Manoj K. "Water in the Vadose Zone." In Soil Physics, 117–56. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429264849-8.

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Shukla, Manoj K. "Spatial Variability of Vadose Zone Properties." In Soil Physics, 69–88. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429264849-5.

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Shukla, Manoj K. "Modeling Flow through the Vadose Zone Using the HYDRUS-1D Model." In Soil Physics, 333–84. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429264849-16.

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Shukla, Manoj K. "Chemical Transport through the Vadose Zone." In Soil Physics, 297–332. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429264849-15.

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Shukla, Manoj K. "Characteristics of Soils of the Vadose Zone." In Soil Physics, 23–54. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429264849-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soil physics"

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Pouzo, J. "Portable Neutron Probe for Soil Humidity Measurements." In PLASMA PHYSICS: 11th International Congress on Plasma Physics: ICPP2002. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1593919.

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Rodionov, M., and R. Sitdikov. "PHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL: MATHEMATICAL MODELING." In Modern problems of physics education. Baskir State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/mppe-2021-11-10.63.

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Fuwape, I. A., S. T. Ogunjo, and E. O. Owoola. "Temporal variation of soil volumetric water content." In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 6th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5110131.

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Torre, Christopher A. de la, and Brendon A. Bradley. "Modelling Nonlinear Site Effects in Physics-Based Ground Motion Simulation." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481462.050.

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Silveira, M. A. G., R. H. Moreira, A. L. C. de Paula, N. H. Medina, Valdir Guimaraes, José R. B. Oliveira, Kita C. D. Macario, and Frederico A. Genezini. "Natural Radiation from Soil using Gamma-Ray Spectrometry." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS 2008: XXXI Workshop on Nuclear Physics in Brazil. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3157799.

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Stingaciu, Laura R., Lutz Weihermüller, Andreas Pohlmeier, Siegfried Stapf, and Harry Vereecken. "Determination of Soil Hydraulic Properties Using Magnetic Resonance Techniques and Classical Soil Physics Measurements." In MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN POROUS MEDIA: Proceedings of the 10th International Bologna Conference on Magnetic Resonance in Porous Media (MRPM10), including the 10th Colloquium on Mobile Magnetic Resonance (CMMR10). AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3562237.

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Binti Zakaria, Nur Syahirah Syuhadah, Siti Norafida Binti Jusoh, Nor Zurairahetty Binti Mohd Yunus, Muhammad Azril Bin Hezmi, Roslizayati Razali, and Nurin Hannah Binti Ahmad Rizal. "Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) of lime-laterite stabilised soil as a lining-system design." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRONICS, ENGINEERING PHYSICS, AND EARTH SCIENCE. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0192823.

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Sampurno, Joko, and Wahyu Srigutomo. "Fractal analysis of microstructure of peat soil." In THE 5TH ASIAN PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM (APS 2012). AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4917150.

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Metairon, S., C. B. Zamboni, I. M. M. Amaral Medeiros, M. A^ B. C. Menezes, and Vito R. Vanin. "Multi-Elemental Nuclear Analysis of soil reference material." In XXXIII BRAZILIAN WORKSHOP ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3608970.

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Widianti, Anita, Willis Diana, Nur Annisa, and Muhammad Agung Pambudi. "Compressibility behavior of coir fiber-reinforced clay soil." In XVII MEXICAN SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICAL PHYSICS. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0154786.

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Reports on the topic "Soil physics"

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Clausen, Jay, Christopher Felt, Michael Musty, Vuong Truong, Susan Frankenstein, Anna Wagner, Rosa Affleck, Steven Peckham, and Christopher Williams. Modernizing environmental signature physics for target detection—Phase 3. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43442.

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The present effort (Phase 3) builds on our previously published prior efforts (Phases 1 and 2), which examined methods of determining the probability of detection and false alarm rates using thermal infrared for buried object detection. Environmental phenomenological effects are often represented in weather forecasts in a relatively coarse, hourly resolution, which introduces concerns such as exclusion or misrepresentation of ephemera or lags in timing when using this data as an input for the Army’s Tactical Assault Kit software system. Additionally, the direct application of observed temperature data with weather model data may not be the best approach because metadata associated with the observations are not included. As a result, there is a need to explore mathematical methods such as Bayesian statistics to incorporate observations into models. To better address this concern, the initial analysis in Phase 2 data is expanded in this report to include (1) multivariate analyses for detecting objects in soil, (2) a moving box analysis of object visibility with alternative methods for converting FLIR radiance values to thermal temperature values, (3) a calibrated thermal model of soil temperature using thermal IR imagery, and (4) a simple classifier method for automating buried object detection.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Or, Dani, Shmulik Friedman, and Jeanette Norton. Physical processes affecting microbial habitats and activity in unsaturated agricultural soils. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587239.bard.

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experimental methods for quantifying effects of water content and other dynamic environmental factors on bacterial growth in partially-saturated soils. Towards this end we reviewed critically the relevant scientific literature and performed theoretical and experimental studies of bacterial growth and activity in modeled, idealized and real unsaturated soils. The natural wetting-drying cycles common to agricultural soils affect water content and liquid organization resulting in fragmentation of aquatic habitats and limit hydraulic connections. Consequently, substrate diffusion pathways to soil microbial communities become limiting and reduce nutrient fluxes, microbial growth, and mobility. Key elements that govern the extent and manifestation of such ubiquitous interactions include characteristics of diffusion pathways and pore space, the timing, duration, and extent of environmental perturbations, the nature of microbiological adjustments (short-term and longterm), and spatial distribution and properties of EPS clusters (microcolonies). Of these key elements we have chosen to focus on a manageable subset namely on modeling microbial growth and coexistence on simple rough surfaces, and experiments on bacterial growth in variably saturated sand samples and columns. Our extensive review paper providing a definitive “snap-shot” of present scientific understanding of microbial behavior in unsaturated soils revealed a lack of modeling tools that are essential for enhanced predictability of microbial processes in soils. We therefore embarked on two pronged approach of development of simple microbial growth models based on diffusion-reaction principles to incorporate key controls for microbial activity in soils such as diffusion coefficients and temporal variations in soil water content (and related substrate diffusion rates), and development of new methodologies in support of experiments on microbial growth in simple and observable porous media under controlled water status conditions. Experimental efforts led to a series of microbial growth experiments in granular media under variable saturation and ambient conditions, and introduction of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) to study cell size, morphology and multi-cell arrangement at a high resolution from growth experiments in various porous media. The modeling efforts elucidated important links between unsaturated conditions and microbial coexistence which is believed to support the unparallel diversity found in soils. We examined the role of spatial and temporal variation in hydration conditions (such as exist in agricultural soils) on local growth rates and on interactions between two competing microbial species. Interestingly, the complexity of soil spaces and aquatic niches are necessary for supporting a rich microbial diversity and the wide array of microbial functions in unsaturated soils. This project supported collaboration between soil physicists and soil microbiologist that is absolutely essential for making progress in both disciplines. It provided a few basic tools (models, parameterization) for guiding future experiments and for gathering key information necessary for prediction of biological processes in agricultural soils. The project sparked a series of ongoing studies (at DTU and EPFL and in the ARO) into effects of soil hydration dynamics on microbial survival strategy under short term and prolonged desiccation (important for general scientific and agricultural applications).
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Busby, Ryan, H. Torbert, and Stephen Prior. Soil and vegetation responses to amendment with pulverized classified paper waste. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44202.

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The United States Army produces a significant amount of classified paper waste that is pulverized to a fine consistency unsuitable for recycling. However, cheap, high quality organic materials such as classified paper waste are useful as soil amendments. The objective of this research was to evaluate the utilization of pulverized classified paper waste as a soil amendment to improve soil health and increase establishment of desirable native grasses on degraded Army training lands. Paper was applied at rates of 9 to 72 Mg ha⁻¹ to two soil types at Fort Polk, LA: an alfisol (very fine sandy loam - Fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Vertic Hapludalfs) and an ultisol (loamy fine sandy - Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults). These are common soil orders found on military training lands nationwide and represent fertile (alfisol) and unfertile (ulitsol) soils. Vegetation and soils were monitored over 2 growing seasons. No increase in heavy metals were observed in soils. Extensive analysis showed very low levels of regulated contaminants in the paper, but most were below detection limits. The ultisol site showed improved soil physical and chemical properties, while desirable vegetation benefitted from nutrient immobilization at the alfisol site. Based on the results of this study, applying pulverized paper waste to soil at a rate of 35.9 Mg ha⁻¹ is recommended. Application of paper waste to soils had no adverse environmental effects, improved soil physiochemical properties, and facilitated establishment of desirable native vegetation.
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Sapienza, Francis, Michael Parker, Mark Bodie, and Sally Shoop. Vehicle modeling in Unreal Engine 4. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47923.

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Vehicle modeling software has presented considerable challenges in properly representing vehicle mobility in extreme conditions. We have recently been developing new vehicle models and scenes in Unreal Engine. Unreal Engine is best known as a video game creation platform focused on graphics and has relatively few options for real world accurate physics modeling. UE4 allows for lots of customization internally or via supplemental C++ code, so this can be mitigated by the addition of various functions to account for different situations a vehicle might be in. We have successfully implemented the following: accurately functioning wheeled vehicles, tracked vehicles, and created simulated and real world environments, downloaded through Geowatch heightmaps. Each environment can have various terrain conditions including soil, rock, snow, and sand applied across its surface. Modeling snow in these environments is of particular interest and recent motion resistance and sinkage models have been integrated into the software to affect graphics and vehicle performance. This new model for vehicle mobility offers an opportunity to improve the physics and graphics of differing terrains especially for winter conditions. The new model also allows for features to be updated and added with ease in the future.
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Bar-Tal, Asher, Paul R. Bloom, Pinchas Fine, C. Edward Clapp, Aviva Hadas, Rodney T. Venterea, Dan Zohar, Dong Chen, and Jean-Alex Molina. Effects of soil properties and organic residues management on C sequestration and N losses. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587729.bard.

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Objectives - The overall objective of this proposal was to explore the effects of soil properties and management practices on C sequestration in soils and off-site losses of N.The specific objectives were: 1. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on C transformations that follow OW decomposition, C losses by gaseous emission, and its sequestration by organic and mineral components of the soil; 2. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on organic N mineralization and transformations in soil, its losses by leaching and gaseous emission; 3. to investigate and to quantify the effects of management practices and plants root activity and decomposition on C and N transformations; and 4. to upgrade the models NCSOIL and NCSWAP to include inorganic C and root exudation dynamics. The last objective has not been fulfilled due to difficulties in experimentally quantification of the effects of soil inorganic component on root exudation dynamics. Objective 4 was modified to explore the ability of NCSOIL to simulate organic matter decomposition and N transformations in non- and calcareous soils. Background - Rates of decomposition of organic plant residues or organic manures in soil determine the amount of carbon (C), which is mineralized and released as CO₂ versus the amount of C that is retained in soil organic matter (SOM). Decomposition rates also greatly influence the amount of nitrogen (N) which becomes available for plant uptake, is leached from the soil or lost as gaseous emission, versus that which is retained in SOM. Microbial decomposition of residues in soil is strongly influenced by soil management as well as soil chemical and physical properties and also by plant roots via the processes of mineral N uptake, respiration, exudation and decay.
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Letcher, Theodore, and Julie Parno. Incorporating advanced snow microphysics and lateral transport into the Noah-Multiparameterization (Noah-MP) land surface model. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47660.

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The dynamic state of the land surface presents challenges and opportunities for military and civil operations in extreme cold environments. In particular, the effects of snow and frozen ground on Soldier and vehicle mobility are hard to overstate. Current authoritative weather and land models are run at global scales (i.e., dx > 10 km) and are of limited use at the Soldier scale (dx < 100 m). Here, we describe several snow physics upgrades made to the Noah-Multiparameterization (Noah-MP) community land surface model (LSM). These upgrades include a blowing snow overlay to simulate the lateral redistribution of snow by the wind and the addition of new prognostic snow microstructure variables, namely grain size and bond radius. These additions represent major upgrades to the snow component of the Noah-MP LSM because they incorporate processes and methods used in more specialized snow modeling frameworks. These upgrades are demonstrated in idealized and real-world applications. The test simulations were promising and show that the newly added snow physics replicate observed behavior with reasonable accuracy. We hope these upgrades facilitate ongoing and future research on characterizing the effects of the integrated snow and soil land surface in extreme cold environments at the tactical scale.
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Gantzer, Clark J., Shmuel Assouline, and Stephen H. Anderson. Synchrotron CMT-measured soil physical properties influenced by soil compaction. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587242.bard.

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Methods to quantify soil conditions of pore connectivity, tortuosity, and pore size as altered by compaction were done. Air-dry soil cores were scanned at the GeoSoilEnviroCARS sector at the Advanced Photon Source for x-ray computed microtomography of the Argonne facility. Data was collected on the APS bending magnet Sector 13. Soil sample cores 5- by 5-mm were studied. Skeletonization algorithms in the 3DMA-Rock software of Lindquist et al. were used to extract pore structure. We have numerically investigated the spatial distribution for 6 geometrical characteristics of the pore structure of repacked Hamra soil from three-dimensional synchrotron computed microtomography (CMT) computed tomographic images. We analyzed images representing cores volumes 58.3 mm³ having average porosities of 0.44, 0.35, and 0.33. Cores were packed with < 2mm and < 0.5mm sieved soil. The core samples were imaged at 9.61-mm resolution. Spatial distributions for pore path length and coordination number, pore throat size and nodal pore volume obtained. The spatial distributions were computed using a three-dimensional medial axis analysis of the void space in the image. We used a newly developed aggressive throat computation to find throat and pore partitioning for needed for higher porosity media such as soil. Results show that the coordination number distribution measured from the medial axis were reasonably fit by an exponential relation P(C)=10⁻C/C0. Data for the characteristic area, were also reasonably well fit by the relation P(A)=10⁻ᴬ/ᴬ0. Results indicates that compression preferentially affects the largest pores, reducing them in size. When compaction reduced porosity from 44% to 33%, the average pore volume reduced by 30%, and the average pore-throat area reduced by 26%. Compaction increased the shortest paths interface tortuosity by about 2%. Soil structure alterations induced by compaction using quantitative morphology show that the resolution is sufficient to discriminate soil cores. This study shows that analysis of CMT can provide information to assist in assessment of soil management to ameliorate soil compaction.
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Avnimelech, Yoram, Richard C. Stehouwer, and Jon Chorover. Use of Composted Waste Materials for Enhanced Ca Migration and Exchange in Sodic Soils and Acidic Minespoils. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575291.bard.

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Restoration of degraded lands and the development of beneficial uses for waste products are important challenges facing our society. In addition there is a need to find useful and environmentally friendly applications for the organic fractions of municipal and other solid waste. Recent studies have shown that composted wastes combined with gypsum or gypsum-containing flue gas desulfurization by-products enhance restoration of sodic soils and acidic minespoils. The mechanism by which this synergistic effect occurs in systems at opposite pH extremes appears to involve enhanced Ca migration and exchange. Our original research objectives were to (1) identify and quantify the active compost components involved in Ca transport, (2) determine the relative affinity of the compost components for Ca and competing metals in the two soil/spoil systems, (3) determine the efficacy of the compost components in Ca transport to subjacent soil and subsequent exchange with native soil cations, and (4) assess the impacts of compost enhanced Ca transport on soil properties and plant growth. Acidic mine spoils: During the course of the project the focus for objective (1) and (2) shifted more towards developing and evaluating methods to appropriately quantify Ca2+ and Al3+ binding to compost derived dissolved organic matter (DOM). It could be shown that calcium complexation by sewage sludge compost derived DOM did not significantly change during the composting process. A method for studying Al3+ binding to DOM was successfully developed and should allow future insight into DOM-Al3+ interactions in general. Laboratory column experiments as well as greenhouse experiments showed that in very acidic mine spoil material mineral dissolution controls solution Al3+ concentration as opposed to exchange with Ca2+. Therefore compost appeared to have no effect on Al3+ and Ca2+ mobility and did not affect subsoil acidity. Sodic alkaline soils: Batch experiments with Na+ saturated cation exchange resins as a model for sodic soils showed that compost home cations exchanged readily with Na+. Unlike filtered compost extracts, unfiltered compost suspensions also significantly increased Ca2+ release from CaCO3. Soil lysimeter experiments demonstrated a clear impact of compost on structural improvement in sodic alkaline soils. Young compost had faster, clearer and longer lasting effects on soil physical and chemical properties than mature compost. Even after 2 growing seasons differences could still be observed. Compost increased Ca2+ concentration in soil solution and solubility of pedogenic CaCO3 that is highly insoluble under alkaline conditions. The solubilized Ca2+ efficiently exchanged Na+ in the compost treated soils and thus greatly improved the soil structure.
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Inc., Kellogg Brown and Root. L51989 Submarine Pipeline On-Bottom Stability-Volume 1-Analysis and Design Guidelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011168.

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The state-of-the-art in Pipeline stability design has been changing very rapidly recently. The physics governing on-bottom stability are much better understood now than they were eight years ago. This is due largely because of research and large scale model tests sponsored by PRCI. Analysis tools utilizing this new knowledge have been developed. These tools provide the design engineer with a rational approach for weight coating design, which he can use with confidence because the tools have been developed based on full scale and near full scale model tests. These tools represent the state-of-the-art in stability design and model the complex behavior of pipes subjected to both wave and current loads. These include; hydrodynamic forces which account for the effect of the wake (generated by flow over the pipe) washing back and forth over the pipe in oscillatory flow; and, the embedment (digging) which occurs as a pipe resting on the seabed is exposed to oscillatory loadings and small oscillatory deflections. This report has been developed as a reference handbook for use in on-bottom pipeline stability analysis and design. It consists of two volumes. Volume one is devoted to descriptions of the various aspects of the problem: the pipeline design process ocean physics, wave mechanics, hydrodynamic forces, and meteorological data determination geotechnical data collection and soil mechanics stability design procedures. Volume two describes, lists, and illustrates the analysis software. Diskettes containing the software and examples of the software are also included in Volume two. This publication was formally titled: AGA On Bottom Stability Software.
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