Journal articles on the topic 'Soil management; grapes soils; grapes irrigation'
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Chrysargyris, Antonios, Panayiota Xylia, Vassilis Litskas, Menelaos Stavrinides, Lisa Heyman, Kristof Demeestere, Monica Höfte, and Nikolaos Tzortzakis. "Assessing the Impact of Drought Stress and Soil Cultivation in Chardonnay and Xynisteri Grape Cultivars." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050670.
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Cyprus has a long tradition in grape cultivation and wine making and grapevine is important for the sustainability of the agricultural sector, like in other Mediterranean areas. Water scarcity, which is projected to increase due to climate change, could negatively affect the sector. In this research, the effects of irrigation and tillage treatments on various aspects of vine growth and product quality (e.g., yield, physiology and quality attributes), were studied in Chardonnay and Xynisteri cultivars grown in clay soils in Cyprus. Regarding soil properties and water content, N and K were more abundant in the soil than P and through the growing period irrigation tended to increase electrical conductivity (EC) in the soil. Soil water content (volumetric) was 22%–27.5% and 13%–16%, when irrigation was applied or not, respectively. Vegetative soil cover occupied 50%–55% of the surface and contained species typically present in Mediterranean farms (e.g., Poaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae). Tillage increased yield in Xynisteri (4–5 kg plant−1) but negatively affected other parameters such as chlorophyll levels (in Xynisteri). In combination with irrigation, tillage increased antioxidant activity in Chardonnay (assessed by FRAP and DPPH), at harvest. Total phenolics at harvest were higher in the grape juice of Xynisteri, compared to Chardonnay (30–40 and 20–25 mg GA g−1 fresh weight, respectively). Irrigation influenced phytohormone levels in the two cultivars. ABA increased in non-irrigated Xynisteri, reflecting an increased capacity to react towards water stress. Water stress is considered to increase polyphenols in grapes, but in the case of Xynisteri it seems that irrigation water is required to obtain better quality grapes as without irrigation volumetric water content (VWC) is close to the permanent wilting point. Titratable acidity and total tannins decreased in Chardonnay, when tillage and irrigation were applied. In addition, tillage and irrigation tended to elevate the pH of the grape juice. Tillage and irrigation on the other hand, had no effect on the levels of ascorbic acid and total anthocyanin content. The results of this research may help to select management strategies that support the adaptation of viticulture to climate change in Cyprus and other Mediterranean areas.
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Barbagallo, Maria Gabriella, Giuseppe Vesco, Rosario Di Lorenzo, Riccardo Lo Bianco, and Antonino Pisciotta. "Soil and Regulated Deficit Irrigation Affect Growth, Yield and Quality of ‘Nero d’Avola’ Grapes in a Semi-Arid Environment." Plants 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2021): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040641.
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The present work studied the effect of two consecutive years of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) compared to rain fed management on the vegetative growth, yield, and quality of ‘Nero d’Avola’ grapes. The trial was conducted separately in two soils (vertisol and entisol) located at the top and bottom hillside of the same vineyard. Vertisol was characterized by greater depth, organic matter, exchangeable K2O, and total N than entisol. RDI was based on an irrigation volume at 25% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) up to end of veraison and 10% of estimated ETc up to 15 days before harvest. Predawn water potential (PDWP) was used as indicator of plant water status and irrigation timing. No difference in irrigation management was evident between vertisol and entisol. Under Mediterranean climate conditions, RDI was able to enhance grape yield and vegetative growth, especially in vertisol, but it reduced berry titratable acidity and total anthocyanins. ‘Nero d’Avola’ showed to adapt to drought conditions in the open field. Both soil type and irrigation regimes may provide opportunities to obtain different ‘Nero d’Avola’ wine quality and boost typicality.
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Phogat, Vinod, Dirk Mallants, Jirka Šimůnek, James W. Cox, Paul R. Petrie, and Timothy Pitt. "Modelling Salinity and Sodicity Risks of Long-Term Use of Recycled Water for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops." Soil Systems 5, no. 3 (August 21, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5030049.
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Long-term use of recycled water (RW) for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions usually changes the soil solution composition and soil exchange characteristics, enhancing the risk for salinity and sodicity hazards in soils. This modelling study focuses on developing alternative management options that can reduce the potentially harmful impacts of RW use on the irrigation of wine grapes and almonds. The multicomponent UNSATCHEM add-on module for HYDRUS-1D was used to evaluate the impact of long-term (2018–2050) use of irrigation waters of different compositions: good-quality low-salinity (175 mg/L) water (GW), recycled water with 1200 mg/L salinity (RW), blended water of GW and RW in the 1:1 proportion (B), and monthly (Alt1) and half-yearly (Alt6) alternate use of GW and RW. The management options include different levels of annual gypsum applications (0, 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha soil) to the calcareous (Cal) and hard red-brown (HRB) soils occurring in the Northern Adelaide Plain (NAP) region, South Australia. Additional management scenarios involve considering different leaching fractions (LF) (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) to reduce the salinity build-up in the soil. A new routine in UNSATCHEM to simulate annual gypsum applications was developed and tested for its applicability for ameliorating irrigation-induced soil sodicity. The 1970–2017 period with GW irrigation was used as a warmup period for the model. The water quality was switched from 2018 onwards to reflect different irrigation water qualities, gypsum applications, and LF levels. The data showed that the GW, B, Alt1, and Alt6 irrigation scenarios resulted in lower soil solution salinity (ECsw) than the RW irrigation scenario, which led to increased ECsw values (4.1–6.6 dS/m) in the soil. Annual gypsum applications of 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha reduced pH, SAR, and ESP in both soils and reduced the adverse impacts of irrigation, especially in surface soils. A combination of water blending or cyclic water use with 3.8 t/ha annual gypsum applications showed promise for the SAR and ESP control. Additionally, irrigation with RW, a 0.2 LF, and annual gypsum applications limited the harmful salinity impacts in the soils. However, in the RW irrigation scenario, ECsw and ESP at the bottom of the crop root zone (90–120 cm depth) in the HRB soil were still higher than the wine grape and almond salinity thresholds. Thus, annual amendment applications, combined with the long-term use of blended water or cyclic use of RW and GW, represent a sustainable management option for crop production at the calcareous and hard red-brown soils.
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Zhang, Huanhuan, Jinshan Xi, Qi Lv, Junwu Wang, Kun Yu, and Fengyun Zhao. "Effect of Aerated Irrigation on the Growth and Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Community Structure of Greenhouse Grape Seedlings." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 12719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912719.
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Conventional irrigation methods decrease greenhouse soil aeration, which leads to restricted root growth and reduced soil fungal abundance in greenhouse grapes. In this study, aerated irrigation equipment was used to investigate the effects of aerated irrigation on the biomass accumulation, root growth, and soil fungal community structure of grape seedlings. The results show that aerated irrigation significantly increased the root length, root surface area, root volume, and number of root tips by 38.5%, 32.1%, 62.1%, and 23.4%, respectively, at a soil depth of 20–40 cm (p ≤ 0.05). The chao1 index and ACE index of fungi at different soil depths under aerated irrigation were higher than those without aerated treatment; aerated irrigation changed the relative abundance of dominant fungi in rhizosphere soil. At a soil depth of 20–40 cm, aerated irrigation increased the abundance of Fusarium by 42.2%. Aerated irrigation also contributed to the abundance of the beneficial fungal genera Mortierella, Cladosporium, and Glomus. At a soil depth of 0–20 cm, the abundance of Mortierella in the soil that received aerated treatment was 180.6% higher than in the control treatment. These findings suggest that aerated irrigation is a promising strategy for the promotion of grape root growth and biomass accumulation, and it can also increase the abundance of some beneficial fungi.
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Petrov, V. S., A. V. Fisyura, and A. A. Marmorshtein. "A biological method for managing the yield of Libya grape variety on a 41B Rootstock." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 6 (December 22, 2022): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2022-6-48-53.
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Advances in grapevine biotechnology are associated with manipulation of vegetative and generative plant organs, effective use of the soil and climate potential of agricultural lands, and biological features of grape genotypes. Grapevine biotechnology allows grape productivity to be increased without additional investments. In this work, we studied table grapes of the Libya variety grafted onto a Chasselas.×V. Berlandieri 41B rootstock to determine variations in grape productivity depending on the different load of vines with shoots and bunches. The research was carried out in the Central Agroecological Zone of Viticulture (fourth subzone) of the Krasnodar Krai, in vineyards with drip irrigation and covered viticulture. The vines were planted according to a 3.8×2.0 m scheme with a density of 1316 plants per hectare. The vines were supported with a high-trunk two-arm horizontal cordon system. The average annual air temperature at the experimental site equaled +12.5... 13.0 °С; the sum of active temperatures was 3 900-4 100 °С; the maximum temperature during vegetation reached +40 °С; the minimum temperature of -30 °С was recorded in winters during dormancy. The annual precipitation level comprised 700-800 mm. The soils were low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. In terms of productivity, grapes of the Livia variety respond effectively to canopy management techniques. In this work, changes in bunch weight and grape yield were monitored depending on the load of vines with shoots and bunches. Under the studied agroecological conditions, the largest bunch mass of 870 g was achieved at the lowest load of 20 shoots and 22 bunches per vine. The maximum grape yield of 36.3 t/ha was observed with an average load of 26 shoots per vine and the largest load of 37 bunches per vine. The dependence of yield on shoot number was rather low, r = 0.08; on bunch number was medium, r = 0.53; on bunch mass was high, r = 0.75. The largest share of marketable grape yield of 98% was achieved at the load of 20 shoots and 22 bunches per vine.
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Al-Najar, Husam, and Ehab K. Ashour. "The impact of climate change and soil salinity in irrigation water demand on the Gaza Strip." Journal of Water and Climate Change 4, no. 2 (March 25, 2013): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.142.
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The presented work analyzes the potential impacts of the temperature, precipitation changes and water salinity on agricultural water demand. The study was carried out on five representative orchard crops (olive, palm, grapes, citrus and guava) that cover around 83% of the orchard farms in Gaza Strip. To achieve this goal, CropWat modeling software version 8.0 is used to calculate the reference evapotranspiration rate and crop water requirement under different temperature and precipitation scenarios. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to evaluate the farmers' current irrigation practices and the impact of water salinity on leaching requirements and production yield. The increased temperatures by 1 or 2 °C caused an increase of the annual average evapotranspiration by 45 and 91 mm relative to the current climate condition and leading to increase of irrigation requirements by 3.28 and 6.68%, respectively. Leaching requirements do not exceed 15% for electrical conductivity (EC) value less than 2 dS/m, while it begins to increase for the EC value between 3 and 4 dS/m and account for 114, 89 and 36% for grape, citrus and guava. Generally, the impact of salinity increase on irrigation requirements is much higher than the impact of evapotranspiration increase due to the temperature increase by 2 °C and 10% precipitation reduction.
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King, Bradely A., Krista C. Shellie, David D. Tarkalson, Alexander D. Levin, Vivek Sharma, and David L. Bjorneberg. "Data-Driven Models for Canopy Temperature-Based Irrigation Scheduling." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13901.
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HighlightsArtificial neural network modeling was used to predict crop water stress index lower reference canopy temperature.Root mean square error of predicted lower reference temperatures was <1.1°C for sugarbeet and Pinot noir wine grape.Energy balance model was used to dynamically predict crop water stress index upper reference canopy temperature.Crop water stress index for sugarbeet was well correlated with irrigation and soil water status.Crop water stress idex was well correlated with midday leaf water potential of wine grape.Abstract. Normalized crop canopy temperature, termed crop water stress index (CWSI), was proposed over 40 years ago as an irrigation management tool but has experienced limited adoption in production agriculture. Development of generalized crop-specific upper and lower reference temperatures is critical for implementation of CWSI-based irrigation scheduling. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate data-driven models for predicting the reference canopy temperatures needed to compute CWSI for sugarbeet and wine grape. Reference canopy temperatures for sugarbeet and wine grape were predicted using machine learning and regression models developed from measured canopy temperatures of sugarbeet, grown in Idaho and Wyoming, and wine grape, grown in Idaho and Oregon, over five years under full and severe deficit irrigation. Lower reference temperatures (TLL) were estimated using neural network models with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiencies exceeding 0.88 and root mean square error less than 1.1°C. The relationship between TLL minus ambient air temperature and vapor pressure deficit was represented with a linear model that maximized the regression coefficient rather than minimized the sum of squared error. The linear models were used to estimate upper reference temperatures that were nearly double the values reported in previous studies. A daily CWSI, calculated as the average of 15 min CWSI values between 13:00 and 16:00 MDT for sugarbeet and between 13:00 and 15:00 local time for wine grape, were well correlated with irrigation events and amounts. There was a significant (p < 0.001) linear relationship between the daily CWSI and midday leaf water potential of Malbec and Syrah wine grapes, with an R2 of 0.53. The data-driven models developed in this study to estimate reference temperatures enable automated calculation of the CWSI for effective assessment of crop water stress. However, measurements taken under conditions of wet canopy or low solar radiation should be disregarded as they can result in irrational values of the CWSI. Keywords: Canopy temperature, Crop water stress index, Irrigation scheduling, Leaf water potential, Sugarbeet, Wine grape.
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Filippetti, Ilaria, Gianluca Allegro, Gabriele Valentini, Chiara Pastore, Emilia Colucci, and Cesare Intrieri. "Influence of vigour on vine performance and berry composition of cv. Sangiovese (Vitis vinifera L.)." OENO One 47, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2013.47.1.1534.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong> : To test the effects of varying degrees of vigour on vine growth, cropping, grape composition and wine quality.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: The study was conducted in 2008-2009 in a cv. Sangiovese (<em>V. vinifera</em> L.) vineyard (Tuscany). Two uniform zones marked by low (LV) and high (HV) vigour vines were pinpointed using an NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) map. Soil analysis showed similar texture in both zones, but total soil nutrients were lower in LV than in HV. While only LV vines showed soil water content close to wilting point in 2008, they demonstrated lower leaf area and yield and higher berry sugar and anthocyanin concentrations compared to HV vines. Chemical and wine tasting analysis of the wines made in 2009 showed that the LV wines had better sensory attributes than the HV wines, despite their excessive ethanol content.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The differences in vigour, yield and must and wine quality of LV compared to HV vines were linked to variations in soil fertility and water retention capacity. Precision vineyard management practices like supplementary fertilization and irrigation should be used to increase vigour and yield and to decrease sugar content in LV grapes. Cover crop may be used in HV vines to decrease their vigour and yield.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The study confirms that the evaluation of within-field variability is crucial for site-specific vineyard management.</p>
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Paoli, Francesca, Linda Salvi, Eleonora Cataldo, Sofia Sbraci, Rita Perria, Paolo Storchi, and Giovan Battista Mattii. "Comparison among mid-row soil managements techniques to preserve grape quality in Cabernet Sauvignon vines." BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191304008.
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Conservative technique of soil management plays an important role, compared to conventional tillage, in order to save soil fertility, to preserve biodiversity and to maintain vegetative-productive balance. However, alongside the many agronomic and environmental benefits, it is worth to consider that grass cover exerts water and nutritional competition, especially where irrigation is difficult to set up. This research is aimed to evaluate the effects, on vines physiology and quality of the grapes, of three different soil management: temporary sward over all interrows (IT), green manure and tillage every other row (SL) and mulching with plant residues and tillage every other row (PL); measurements were carried out in 2016 and 2017 on a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard, in Bolgheri (Tuscany). During the experiment, single leaf gas exchanges, stem water potential, productivity were measured, while quality parameters were analyzed. Significant differences in gas exchanges related to the different season and inter-row management were observed. Compared to SL and PL, the IT showed more negative values of water potential, due to the grass-vine competition, especially when water availability is greater. The competition, exerted by sward, at the beginning of the season 2017, lead to differences in fruit setting with impact on yield; therefrom, significant differences also in anthocyanic content.
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Capra, Antonino, Simona Consoli, and Baldassare Scicolone. "WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES UNDER DEFICIT IRRIGATION." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 39, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2008.4.27.
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Deficit irrigation (DI) is an optimization strategy whereby net returns are maximized by reducing the amount of irrigation water; crops are deliberated allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. Although the DI strategy dates back to the 1970s, this technique is not usually adopted as a practical alternative to full irrigation by either academics or practitioners. Furthermore, there is a certain amount of confusion regarding its concept. In fact, a review of recent literature dealing with DI has shown that only a few papers use the concept of DI in its complete sense (e.g. both the agronomic and economic aspects). A number of papers only deal with the physiological and agronomical aspects of DI or concern techniques such as Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) and Partial Root Drying (PRD). The paper includes two main parts: i) a review of the principal water management strategies under deficit conditions (e.g. conventional DI, RDI and PRD); and ii) a description of a recent experimental research conducted by the authors in Sicily (Italy) that integrates agronomic, engineering and economic aspects of DI at farm level. Most of the literature reviewed here showed, in general, quite positive effects from DI application, mostly evidenced when the economics of DI is included in the research approach. With regard to the agronomic effects, total fresh mass and total production is generally reduced under DI, whereas the effects on dry matter and product quality are positive, mainly in crops for which excessive soil water availability can cause significant reductions in fruit size, colour or composition (grapes, tomatoes, mangos, etc.). The experimental trial on a lettuce crop in Sicily, during 2005 and 2006, shows that the highest mean marketable yield of lettuce (55.3 t ha-1 in 2005 and 51.9 t ha-1 in 2006) was recorded in plots which received 100% of ET0-PM (reference evapotranspiration by the Penman- Monteith method) applied water. In the land-limiting case, the estimated optimal economic levels were quite similar to the optimal agronomic levels. In the waterlimiting case DI ranges, at least as profitable as full irrigation, were of 17-49% ET0-PM and of 71-90% ET0-PM in 2005 and 2006 respectively.
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Mirás-Avalos, José, and Emily Araujo. "Optimization of Vineyard Water Management: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives." Water 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060746.
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Water availability is endangering the production, quality, and economic viability of growing wine grapes worldwide. Climate change projections reveal warming and drying trends for the upcoming decades, constraining the sustainability of viticulture. In this context, a great research effort over the last years has been devoted to understanding the effects of water stress on grapevine performance. Moreover, irrigation scheduling and other management practices have been tested in order to alleviate the deleterious effects of water stress on wine production. The current manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the advances in the research on optimizing water management in vineyards, including the use of novel technologies (modeling, remote sensing). In addition, methods for assessing vine water status are summarized. Moreover, the manuscript will focus on the interactions between grapevine water status and biotic stressors. Finally, future perspectives for research are provided. These include the performance of multifactorial studies accounting for the interrelations between water availability and other stressors, the development of a cost-effective and easy-to-use tool for assessing vine water status, and the study of less-known cultivars under different soil and climate conditions.
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Van Leeuwen, Cornelius, Olivier Trégoat, Xavier Choné, Benjamin Bois, David Pernet, and Jean-Pierre Gaudillère. "Vine water status is a key factor in grape ripening and vintage quality for red Bordeaux wine. How can it be assessed for vineyard management purposes?" OENO One 43, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2009.43.3.798.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: The impact of water deficit stress on vine shoot growth, berry weight, grape composition and overall vintage quality was investigated in Bordeaux vineyards. Methods for assessing water deficit stress were compared.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Vine water status was assessed on three soil types during four vintages by means of stem water potential and carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugar. Regional water deficit was compared for a range of over 30 vintages by means of water balance modelling. It was shown that water deficit stress anticipated shoot growth slackening, limited berry weight and enhanced berry anthocyanin content. Berry sugar content was greatest when water deficit was mild. It was shown that stem water potential measurements and carbon isotope discrimination are accurate tools for assessing vine water status at plot scale. Seasonal water deficit at a regional scale can be correctly estimated by water balance models. Vintage quality in Bordeaux is determined by the intensity of water deficit stress rather than by the level of the temperatures.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Vine phenology and grape ripening are highly dependent on water uptake conditions. Mild water deficit stress enhances grape quality for the production of red wines. Vine water status can accurately be assessed by means of stem water potential or carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugars. Quality losses through severe water stress can be avoided through the use of drought-adapted plant material, appropriate canopy management, yield reduction or the implementation of deficit irrigation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: This study shows the key role of water deficits in the production of quality grapes for red wine production. Methods for assessing vine water status are compared and discussed. Among many existing methods, the accuracy of stem water potential, carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugar and water balance modelling are emphasized.</p>
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Van Leeuwen, Cornelis, and Agnès Destrac-Irvine. "Modified grape composition under climate change conditions requires adaptations in the vineyard." OENO One 51, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.2.1647.
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Aim: Major effects of climate change are an increase in temperature, a modification in rainfall patterns and an increase in incoming radiations, in particular UV-Bs. Grapevines are highly sensitive to climatic conditions. Hence, plant development, grape ripening and grape composition at ripeness are modified by climate change. Some of these changes are already visible and will be amplified over the coming decades; other effects, although not yet measurable, can be predicted by modeling. The objective of this paper is to assess which modifications in wine quality and typicity can be expected and what levers growers can implement to adapt to this changing situation. Methods and results: This paper focusses on the effect of temperature, vine water status and UV-B radiation in viticulture. Vine phenology is driven by temperacture. A significant advance in phenology (i.e. budburst, flowering and veraison dates) has been observed since the early 1980’s in most winegrowing regions. The combined effect of advanced phenology and increased temperatures results in warmer conditions during grape ripening. In these conditions, grapes contain more sugar and less organic acids. Composition in secondary metabolites, and in particular aromas and aroma precursors, is dramatically changed. Increased drought, because of lower summer rain and/or because of higher reference evapotranspiration (ET0), induces earlier shoot growth cessation, reduced berry size, increased content in skin phenolic compounds, lower malic acid concentrations and modified aroma and aroma precursor profiles. Increased UV-B radiation enhances the accumulation of skin phenolics and modifies aroma and aroma precursor profiles. Over the next decades, an amplification of these trends is highly likely. Major adaptations can be reached though modifications in plant material (grapevine varieties, clones and root stocks), vineyard management techniques (grapevine architecture, canopy management, harvest dates, vineyard floor management, timing of harvest, irrigation) or site selection (altitude, aspect, soil water holding capacity). Conclusion: Climate change will induce changes in grape composition which will modify wine quality and typicity. However, these modifications can be limited through adaptations in the vineyard.Significance and impact of the study: This study assesses the impact of major climatic parameters (temperature, water and radiation) on vine physiology and grape ripening. It addresses the issue of how the expected changes under climate change will impact viticulture. It is shown that appropriate levers do exist to allow growers to adapt to this new situation. Among these, modifications in plant material and viticultural techniques are the most promising tools.
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Kanehara, Keiichi, Yuuko Kishi, Takako Sudou, and Yoshikazu Yamaki. "Measurement of Water Consumption in ‘Kyoho’ Grapes under Soil-mound Rhizosphere Restricted Culture and Their Irrigation Management Program Based on the Amount of Solar Radiation." Horticultural Research (Japan) 10, no. 1 (2011): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/hrj.10.21.
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Van Leeuwen, Cornelis, and Agnès Destrac-Irvine. "Modified grape composition under climate change conditions requires adaptations in the vineyard." OENO One 51, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2016.0.0.1647.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim:</strong> Major effects of climate change are an increase in temperature, a modification in rainfall patterns and an increase in incoming radiations, in particular UV-Bs. Grapevines are highly sensitive to climatic conditions. Hence, plant development, grape ripening and grape composition at ripeness are modified by climate change. Some of these changes are already visible and will be amplified over the coming decades; other effects, although not yet measurable, can be predicted by modeling. The objective of this paper is to assess which modifications in wine quality and typicity can be expected and what levers growers can implement to adapt to this changing situation. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results:</strong> This paper focusses on the effect of temperature, vine water status and UV-B radiation in viticulture. Vine phenology is driven by temperacture. A significant advance in phenology (i.e. budburst, flowering and veraison dates) has been observed since the early 1980’s in most winegrowing regions. The combined effect of advanced phenology and increased temperatures results in warmer conditions during grape ripening. In these conditions, grapes contain more sugar and less organic acids. Composition in secondary metabolites, and in particular aromas and aroma precursors, is dramatically changed. Increased drought, because of lower summer rain and/or because of higher reference evapotranspiration (ET<sub>0</sub>), induces earlier shoot growth cessation, reduced berry size, increased content in skin phenolic compounds, lower malic acid concentrations and modified aroma and aroma precursor profiles. Increased UV-B radiation enhances the accumulation of skin phenolics and modifies aroma and aroma precursor profiles. Over the next decades, an amplification of these trends is highly likely. Major adaptations can be reached though modifications in plant material (grapevine varieties, clones and root stocks), vineyard management techniques (grapevine architecture, canopy management, harvest dates, vineyard floor management, timing of harvest, irrigation) or site selection (altitude, aspect, soil water holding capacity).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Climate change will induce changes in grape composition which will modify wine quality and typicity. However, these modifications can be limited through adaptations in the vineyard.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study:</strong> This study assesses the impact of major climatic parameters (temperature, water and radiation) on vine physiology and grape ripening. It addresses the issue of how the expected changes under climate change will impact viticulture. It is shown that appropriate levers do exist to allow growers to adapt to this new situation. Among these, modifications in plant material and viticultural techniques are the most promising tools.</p><div> </div>
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Fader, M., W. von Bloh, S. Shi, A. Bondeau, and W. Cramer. "Modelling Mediterranean agro-ecosystems by including agricultural trees in the LPJmL model." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2015): 3545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3545-2015.
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Abstract. In the Mediterranean region, climate and land use change are expected to impact on natural and agricultural ecosystems by warming, reduced rainfall, direct degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity loss. Human population growth and socioeconomic changes, notably on the eastern and southern shores, will require increases in food production and put additional pressure on agro-ecosystems and water resources. Coping with these challenges requires informed decisions that, in turn, require assessments by means of a comprehensive agro-ecosystem and hydrological model. This study presents the inclusion of 10 Mediterranean agricultural plants, mainly perennial crops, in an agro-ecosystem model (Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land – LPJmL): nut trees, date palms, citrus trees, orchards, olive trees, grapes, cotton, potatoes, vegetables and fodder grasses. The model was successfully tested in three model outputs: agricultural yields, irrigation requirements and soil carbon density. With the development presented in this study, LPJmL is now able to simulate in good detail and mechanistically the functioning of Mediterranean agriculture with a comprehensive representation of ecophysiological processes for all vegetation types (natural and agricultural) and in a consistent framework that produces estimates of carbon, agricultural and hydrological variables for the entire Mediterranean basin. This development paves the way for further model extensions aiming at the representation of alternative agro-ecosystems (e.g. agroforestry), and opens the door for a large number of applications in the Mediterranean region, for example assessments of the consequences of land use transitions, the influence of management practices and climate change impacts.
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Fader, M., W. von Bloh, S. Shi, A. Bondeau, and W. Cramer. "Modelling Mediterranean agro-ecosystems by including agricultural trees in the LPJmL model." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2015): 4997–5040. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-4997-2015.
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Abstract. Climate and land use change in the Mediterranean region is expected to affect natural and agricultural ecosystems by decreases in precipitation, increases in temperature as well as biodiversity loss and anthropogenic degradation of natural resources. Demographic growth in the Eastern and Southern shores will require increases in food production and put additional pressure on agro-ecosystems and water resources. Coping with these challenges requires informed decisions that, in turn, require assessments by means of a comprehensive agro-ecosystem and hydrological model. This study presents the inclusion of 10 Mediterranean agricultural plants, mainly perennial crops, in an agro-ecosystem model (LPJmL): nut trees, date palms, citrus trees, orchards, olive trees, grapes, cotton, potatoes, vegetables and fodder grasses. The model was successfully tested in three model outputs: agricultural yields, irrigation requirements and soil carbon density. With the development presented in this study, LPJmL is now able to simulate in good detail and mechanistically the functioning of Mediterranean agriculture with a comprehensive representation of ecophysiological processes for all vegetation types (natural and agricultural) and in a consistent framework that produces estimates of carbon, agricultural and hydrological variables for the entire Mediterranean basin. This development pave the way for further model extensions aiming at the representation of alternative agro-ecosystems (e.g. agroforestry), and opens the door for a large number of applications in the Mediterranean region, for example assessments on the consequences of land use transitions, the influence of management practices and climate change impacts.
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Amer, A. M., and K. H. Amer. "Surface irrigation management in relation to water infiltration and distribution in soils." Soil and Water Research 5, No. 3 (September 16, 2010): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2009-swr.
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Water infiltration and storage under surface irrigation are evaluated, based on the initial soil water content and inflow rate as well as on the irrigation parameters and efficiencies. For that purpose, a field experiment was conducted using fruitful grape grown in alluvial clay soil at Shebin El-Kom in 2008 grape season. To evaluate the water storage and distribution under partially wetted furrow irrigation in comparison to the traditional border irrigation as a control method, two irrigation treatments were applied. They are known as wet (WT) and dry (DT) treatments, at which water was applied when the available soil water (ASW) reached 65% and 50%, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.2 and 10.2% for WT and DT respectively under the furrow irrigation system as compared to 8.5% in border. Water was deeply percolated as 11.9 and 18.9% for wet and dry furrow treatments respectively, as compared with 11.1% for control with no deficit. The application efficiency achieved was 86.2% for wet furrow irrigation achieving a high grape yield (30.7 t/ha). The relation between the infiltration (cumulative depth, Z and rate, I) and opportunity time (t<sub>0</sub>) in minutes for WT and DT treatments was: Z<sub>WT</sub> = 0.528 t<sub>0</sub><sup>0.6</sup>, Z<sub>DT</sub> = 1.2 t<sub>0</sub><sup>0.501</sup>, I<sub>WT</sub> = 19 t<sub>0</sub><sup>–0.4</sup>, I<sub>DT</sub> = 36 t<sub>0</sub><sup>–0.498</sup>. Also, empirical power form equations were obtained for the measured advance and recession times along the furrow length during the irrigation stages of advance, storage, depletion, and recession.
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Wei, Hsiang-En, Miles Grafton, Mike Bretherton, Matthew Irwin, and Eduardo Sandoval. "Evaluation of the Use of UAV-Derived Vegetation Indices and Environmental Variables for Grapevine Water Status Monitoring Based on Machine Learning Algorithms and SHAP Analysis." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 5918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14235918.
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Monitoring and management of grapevine water status (GWS) over the critical period between flowering and veraison plays a significant role in producing grapes of premium quality. Although unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can provide efficient mapping across the entire vineyard, most commercial UAV-based multispectral sensors do not contain a shortwave infrared band, which makes the monitoring of GWS problematic. The goal of this study is to explore whether and which of the ancillary variables (vegetation characteristics, temporal trends, weather conditions, and soil/terrain data) may improve the accuracy of GWS estimation using multispectral UAV and provide insights into the contribution, in terms of direction and intensity, for each variable contributing to GWS variation. UAV-derived vegetation indices, slope, elevation, apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), weekly or daily weather parameters, and day of the year (DOY) were tested and regressed against stem water potential (Ψstem), measured by a pressure bomb, and used as a proxy for GWS using three machine learning algorithms (elastic net, random forest regression, and support vector regression). Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was used to assess the relationship between selected variables and Ψstem. The results indicate that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the transformed chlorophyll absorption reflectance index-based model improved from 213 to 146 kPa when DOY and elevation were included as ancillary inputs. RMSE of the excess green index-based model improved from 221 to 138 kPa when DOY, elevation, slope, ECa, and daily average windspeed were included as ancillary inputs. The support vector regression best described the relationship between Ψstem and selected predictors. This study has provided proof of the concept for developing GWS estimation models that potentially enhance the monitoring capacities of UAVs for GWS, as well as providing individual GWS mapping at the vineyard scale. This may enable growers to improve irrigation management, leading to controlled vegetative growth and optimized berry quality.
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Kholaiq, Mariame, Safaa Benmessaoud, Mohammed Kara, Amine Assouguem, Arshad Mehmood Abbasi, Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi, Mohamed S. Elshikh, Abdelmajid Rahimi, and Najib Saber. "Sustainability of Coastal Agriculture in the Face of Soil Degradation: The Influence of Water Salinization as an Example." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013641.
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The pump-irrigated soils of the coastal Chaouia in Morocco are subject to changes in their qualities due to the quality of the irrigation water and their proximity to the sea. This work aims to approach irrigation water quality and the influence of these waters on the quality of agricultural soils. The study is based on the systematic and selective sampling of water and soils (19 water samples and 19 soil samples). Analyzed parameters mainly include the salinity and pH of the soil and water samples. The main results show that soil pH varies from 6.81 to 7.7. However, the pH of the water varies from 6.22 to 8.13. The electrical conductivity in soils varies from 12,260 μs/cm to 700 μs/cm and from 1123 μs/cm to 8120 μs/cm. The results of the analysis of soil salinity show that in moving away from the sea, the salinity decreases, and the salinity of the water samples follows the same trend. The Richard and Wilcox graphs show that most water samples taken near the sea are highly mineralized and have poor water quality. This paper presents important aspects of the feasibility of coastal agriculture and can be a source of inspiration for future research and planning of coastal agriculture.
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da Silva, F. F., R. Wallach, A. Polak, and Y. Chen. "Measuring Water Content of Soil Substitutes with Time-domain Reflectometry (TDR)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 4 (July 1998): 734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.4.734.
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Optimization of irrigation and fertilization regimes in greenhouses and other controlled environments requires accurate and frequent measurements of soil-water content. Recent studies on TDR use in gravely soils and in closed-container studies have indicated a potential use of this method in horticulture. In this study, TDR calibration curves were determined for tuff (granulated volcanic ash), vermiculite, perlite and a mix of two composted agricultural wastes (grape marc, separated cow manure). Widely used as horticultural substrates, mixes of these materials were tested as well. For all soil substitutes tested, measured calibration results are well described by linear equations throughout tested values of water content that cover the working range in horticulture. Ledieu's equation, widely used in soils, describes fairly well the measured results for perlite, but underestimates those obtained for organic media, vermiculite (because of the presence of bound water) and tuff (probably due to water in occluded pores). The differences obtained between the measured calibration equations and Ledieu's equation indicate that in order to avoid an erroneous irrigation management, calibration is necessary whenever a new soil substitute is used.
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Mackenzie, D. E., and A. G. Christy. "The role of soil chemistry in wine grape quality and sustainable soil management in vineyards." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0004.
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This study aimed to establish if there is any evidence that soil mineralogical and/or chemical composition influence the composition and quality of wine grapes. In the initial phase of the study, soils and grapes were sampled in two riesling vineyards in South Australia. Soils were analysed for a wide range of total major and trace elements; soil cation extracts and grape juices were analysed for 27 trace elements by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. The results show that grape juice properties such as Baumé and titratable acidity (TA) are clearly correlated with several plant-available trace elements in the soil. Most notable of these are Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb and Si. Soil clay content also plays a (lesser) role. The cations Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb are closely similar to one another in their relationships to Baumé and TA, strongly indicating that the correlations are real. It is evident from our results that soil cation chemistry does indeed have an influence on wine grape composition. Such knowledge has the potential to be used in better tailoring grape varieties to soils, and in managing – or modifying – soils for optimum viticultural results and better wines in a more sustainable way.
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Fatxulloev, Alisher, and Aziza Gafarova. "Study of the process of cultivation in soil fertile irrigation canals." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 05025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199705025.
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The article focuses on increasing the efficiency of soil fertile irrigation canals. The useful coefficient of the channels depends on many factors (such as the type of soils constituting a canal, the water-carrying capacity of the canal, the hydraulic elements of the canal and the operational condition), their joint study will enable to define the actual beneficial coefficient of the channel. The article also analyzes the methods for filtering leading researchers for filtering processes in soil-leach irrigation canals and compared the computational methods presented in the regulatory documents and analyzed based on the results of the analysis. The article focuses on natural-field conditions in the study of soil-water dynamics and filtration processes in natural conditions in determining the coefficient of usefulness in soil-leach irrigation canals. At the same time, filtration processes are directly related to the change (increase or decrease) of the water level, which in some cases changes rapidly. The article has developed a graph of determination of the useful coefficient of value depending on the water level of the channel by measuring-monitoring of hydrotechnical, hydrogeological and hydrometric methods in various methods of filtration processes in soil-sprinkling irrigation canals. With the help of the developed graphs, the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the channel’s useful coefficients in soil-leach irrigation canals has been identified. The recommendations developed within the article provide a good effect on the management of water resources in irrigation canals and water conservation in meeting the water demand of consumers.
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Hannam, Kirsten D., Gerry H. Neilsen, Thomas A. Forge, Denise Neilsen, Istvan Losso, Melanie D. Jones, Craig Nichol, and Mesfin M. Fentabil. "Irrigation practices, nutrient applications, and mulches affect soil nutrient dynamics in a young Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 96, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2014-0118.
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There is growing interest among commercial wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) growers in reducing water and fertilizer consumption, but little information exists on how best to combine conservative irrigation and soil management practices in the vineyard. In a 3-year-old Merlot vineyard in the semi-arid Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, the interactive effects of resource-conserving micro-irrigation (drippers or microsprinkers), nutrient applications (fertigation or compost), and surface mulching (wood and bark chips) on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in the wetted zone of surface soils were examined throughout the growing season using ion-exchange resins. Treatment differences in soil carbon and major nutrient pools, temperature, and moisture were also measured. Higher NO3-N was adsorbed by resins buried under drippers than under microsprinklers except in mulched plots, where NO3-N was uniformly low. By enhancing soil carbon availability and moderating soil microclimate, surface mulches may have promoted microbial immobilisation of N. Compost applications increased soil ortho-P levels, especially on mulched plots, suggesting that both P inputs (from compost) and enhanced microbial biomass (from mulch) promoted soil P cycling. Future work will examine the interactive effects of these resource-efficient practices on leaching losses, greenhouse gas emissions, crop productivity, and fruit quality.
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SARAIVA, KLEITON ROCHA, THALES VINÍCIUS DE ARAÚJO VIANA, FRANCISCO MARCUS LIMA BEZERRA, SOLERNE CAMINHA COSTA, and RUBENS SONSOL GONDIM. "REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION AND DIFFERENT MULCH TYPES ON FRUIT QUALITY AND YIELD OF WATERMELON." Revista Caatinga 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n219rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the pulp resistance, soluble solids and yield of watermelon fruits grown under different irrigation managements (determined by the ISAREG model) and mulches, and their interactions. After a survey carried out on local producers, two experiments were conducted, using a completely randomized block design in split-plot arrangement with four replications, in the Teaching, Research and Extension Unit (UEPE) of the Federal Institute of Ceara (IFCE), Jaguaribe-Apodi Irrigation District (DIJA), State of Ceara, Brazil. The treatments consisted of four irrigation managements in the plots, M1 (100% of the available-water capacity (AWC) of the soil), M2 (80%), M3 (60%) and M4 (average water depth used by local producers) and four mulch types in the sub-plots, without mulching (C0) with rice husk (C1), white plastic (C2) and black plastic (C3) as mulches. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and significant results were subjected to regression (irrigation managements), average test (mulches) and trend graphs (interaction between the factors). The irrigation management practiced during the watermelon crop cycle by the local producers of the Irrigation District of Jaguaribe-Apodi (DIJA) in the State of Ceara, Brazil, is not appropriated, since they usually apply more water than the highest water depth determined by the ISAREG model (100% of the AWC). The plants grown under irrigation water depth of 365.20 mm (M1) and soils with mulches of rice husk or white plastic had the highest yields and fruits with better quality of soluble solids and pulp resistance.
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Bassoi, Luis Henrique, Jan W. Hopmans, Lúcio André de Castro Jorge, Cristina Miranda de Alencar, and José Antonio Moura e. Silva. "Grapevine root distribution in drip and microsprinkler irrigation." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 2 (2003): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000200024.
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Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) yield and its quality are dependent of the status of the root system. Root distribution information is also valuable for soil and water management. An analysis of methods to evaluate the root distribution of grapevines for both, drip and microsprinkler irrigation in a Typic Acrustox is presented for the table grape cv. Italia grafted on the rootstock IAC-313, in northeastern Brazil. Measured root parameters using the monolith method were root dry weight (Dw) and root length density (Lv), while root area (Ap) was estimated using the soil profile method in combination with digital image analysis. For both irrigation systems, roots were present to the 1 m soil depth and extended laterally to 1 m distance from the trunk, but grapevines irrigated by microsprinkler showed greater root presence as the distance from the trunk increased. Values of Ap were reasonably well correlated to Dw and Lv. However, correlation values were higher when fractional root distribution was used. The soil profile method in combination with image analysis techniques, allows proper grapevine root distribution evaluation.
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Oldoni, Henrique, and Luís Henrique Bassoi. "Delineation of irrigation management zones in a Quartzipsamment of the Brazilian semiarid region." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, no. 9 (September 2016): 1283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900028.
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Abstract The objective of this work was to delineate irrigation management zones using geostatistics and multivariate analysis in different combinations of physical and hydraulic soil properties, as well as to determine the optimal number of management zones in order to avoid overlaping. A field experiment was carried out in a Quartzipsamment, for two years, in an irrigated orchard of table grape, in the Senador Nilo Coelho Irrigation Scheme, in the municipality of Petrolina, in the state of Pernanbuco, Brazil. Soil samples were collected for the determination of soil physico-hydraulic properties. A portable meter was used to measure soil apparent electrical conductivity. Spatial distribution maps were generated using ordinary kriging. Management zones for five different combinations of soil properties were defined using the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, and two indexes were applied to determine the optimal number of management zones. Two combinations of soil properties can be used in the management zone planning in order to monitor soil moisture.
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Hamman, Richard Allen, and Imed Eddine Dami. "Effects of Irrigation on Wine Grape Growth and Fruit Quality." HortTechnology 10, no. 1 (January 2000): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.1.162.
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Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of three drip irrigation regimes on grapevine growth, juice and wine quality, soil moisture, cold hardiness of bud and cane tissues and soluble sugar content of cortical cane tissues of Vitis vinifera, Linnaeus `Cabernet Sauvignon'. This study was developed to help provide some irrigation management strategies that would improve fruit quality and reduce excessive vigor. Irrigation treatments of 192, 96, and 48 L (51, 25, and 13 gal) per vine per week were initiated at bud break until veraison (initiation of berry color) and then reduced by 25% through harvest. Significant differences of fruit weight per vine, crop load, soil moisture, average berry and cluster weight, shoot length and pruning weight per meter of canopy row were observed among treatments. Juice and wine compositions and wine color were also significantly different; however, cold hardiness and soluble sugar contents did not differ between treatments.
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Soltekin, Oguzhan, and Ahmet Altındisli. "Effects of vine water status on vine performance and grape composition of (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. 'Sultani Çekirdeksiz'." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 21, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2022.1.8.
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Drought caused by climate change increased the relevance of irrigation management in viticulture. In order to regulate irrigation strategies for Vitis vinifera L., their influences on vine performance, yield and quality attributes need to be understood. This study evaluates the effects of different irrigation schedulings on vine performance and grape composition in a vineyard of cv. ‘Sultani Çekirdeksiz’ (Sultana clone, H5) during three consecutive years (2015–2017). Three irrigation treatments were assayed: (i) full irrigation (FI), soil water content was completed to field capacity within one week intervals; (ii) DI65, applying 65% water of FI and (iii) DI35, applying 35% water of FI. Water stress caused by the deficit irrigation treatments limited vine performance in terms of vegetative development and yield. The highest phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and total flavonoid accumulation were obtained under DI35, although this treatment had lowest yield. In conclusion, DI65 (moderate stress) might result in a more balanced yield and grape quality attributes in comparison with FI and DI35.
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Badalíková, Barbora, Patrik Burg, Vladimír Mašán, Jakub Prudil, Ján Jobbágy, Alice Čížková, Koloman Krištof, and Martin Vašinka. "Deep Placement of Compost into Vineyard Soil Affecting Physical Properties of Soils, Yield and Quality of Grapes." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 7823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137823.
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In recent years, research has focused on verifying various ways of dosing organic matter into the soil in Central European conditions. The main reason for this is to search for the optimal management methods for soils with permanent vegetation. In this article, we state and evaluate the results of experiments carried out at the Lednice experimental site (Sauvignon Blanc variety) and the Velké Bílovice experimental site (Pinot Gris variety) between 2018 and 2020. The experiments evaluated the deep placement of compost and compost enriched with lignohumax at a rate of 30 t·ha−1 in the areas around vineyard tree trunks on the basic physical properties of the soil and the yield and quality of grapes. Results proved the positive effect of compost heaps and compost combined with the applied lignohumax on improving soil density (2–10% difference compared with the unfertilized reference variant) and porosity, which ultimately resulted in improved soil moisture conditions at both experimental sites (8–25% difference compared with the unfertilized reference variant). At the same time, the results demonstrated the positive effect of the applied compost and the chosen method of application on the yield and quality of grapes. In the case of Sauvignon Blanc, the increase in yield in the fertilized variants was 12–34%, while, in the case of Pinot Gris, it ranged from 24 to 33%. Among qualitative indicators, the grapes of both varieties were evaluated for sugar content, total acidity, pH, and amount of yeast assimilable nitrogen. In this case, results were not unambiguous in favor of fertilized variants; however, in most cases, fertilization had a positive effect.
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Storchi, Paolo, Rita Perria, Giuseppe Carella, Laura Mugnai, Silvia Landi, Francesco Binazzi, Stefano Mocali, et al. "Soil management and plant protection strategies with reduced use of copper: productive and environmental aspects in a Sangiovese vineyard." BIO Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224403002.
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Plant protection strategies in organic viticulture are based on the application of copper products, which is well known to generate a consistent environmental impact due to the accumulation of copper in soils and its negative effects on edaphic biodiversity. Life Green Grapes is a demonstrative project aiming to improve the sustainability of viticulture throughout the supply chain: from vine nursery to the table. In this paper, we report the main results obtained over three growing seasons (2018-2020) in response to the adoption of a strategy based on a reduced use of copper products in an organic vineyard. Plant protection treatments have been strictly planned according to forecasting models for disease development and fungicides have been partially substituted with products improving plant resistance. Green manure, known for contributing to the health of the vineyard, was also adopted. Results suggest the effectiveness of the “Green Grapes” strategy under low downy mildew pressure. Furthermore, no declines in grape quality have been observed; on the contrary, the synergic effect of green manure and substances beneficial to plants improved yield. An overall positive influence on the edaphic biodiversity was also observed.
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Chrysargyris, Antonios, Panayiota Xylia, Vassilis Litskas, Athanasia Mandoulaki, Demetris Antoniou, Timos Boyias, Menelaos Stavrinides, and Nikos Tzortzakis. "Drought stress and soil management practices in grapevines in Cyprus under the threat of climate change." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 4 (July 23, 2018): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.135.
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Abstract The Middle East, the cradle of viticulture and wine production, is gradually but steadily becoming hotter and drier because of climate change (CC). In the current study, we evaluated the effect of tillage and irrigation on yield and quality characteristics of the heat-resistant, indigenous red-grape variety Maratheftiko for one year. Yield increased (two-fold) in vines with irrigation and tillage compared to tillage with no irrigation. The absence of tillage buffered the negative effect of the lack of irrigation on yield. At the veraison stage, leaf stomatal conductance decreased in non-irrigated vines, independently of the application of tillage or not. At veraison, tillage increased (up to 27.5%) phenolics when compared to no tillage in non-irrigated vines. Vines accumulated more N, P, and K and less Mg during the flowering stage compared to veraison. At veraison, irrigation decreased K content in vines subjected to tillage and decreased Mg content in vines subjected to no tillage. Total soluble solids and anthocyanins of berries increased with the absence of irrigation and tillage. Total phenolics increased with tillage in both irrigated and non-irrigated plants. Our results indicate that no tillage systems may be viable as an adaptation strategy in the context of CC.
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Queiroz, Sérgio Oliveira Pinto de, Roberto Testezlaf, and Edson Eiji Matsura. "AVALIAÇÃO DE EQUIPAMENTOS PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DA CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DO SOLO." IRRIGA 10, no. 3 (August 5, 2005): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2005v10n3p279-287.
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AVALIAÇÃO DE EQUIPAMENTOS PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DA CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DO SOLO. Sérgio Oliveira Pinto De Queiroz1; Roberto Testezlaf2; Edson Eiji Matsura21Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Juazeiro, BA, 2Departamento de Água e Solo, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 1 RESUMOA salinização de solos representa um dos graves problemas da agricultura irrigada. Sob condições de ambiente protegido, a irrigação é essencial e a fertirrigação um agente facilitador do manejo da irrigação e fertilização. Todavia o seu uso intensivo no processo produtivo, acresce ao potencial de salinização da água, aquele inerente aos fertilizantes. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar diferentes métodos para determinação da condutividade elétrica do solo, quando comparados ao método do extrato de saturação. Em laboratório foram avaliados os equipamentos Sensor Sigma Probe EC1 da Delta-T e extrator de solução à vácuo. Os equipamentos foram utilizados em três solos com diferentes texturas e sob cinco níveis de salinidade: 0, 2, 4, 8 e 12 dS. m-1 a 25° C. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados por análise de regressão e variância. Dentre os equipamentos avaliados na fase laboratorial [U1], o sigma Probe EC1 apresentou o melhor resultado na determinação da condutividade elétrica do solo, quando comparado ao extrato de saturação, em solos não salinos e salinos, todavia os resultados obtidos não permitem recomendar o uso dos mesmos para determinação da condutividade elétrica em solos salinos. UNITERMOS: condutividade elétrica, fertirrigação. QUEIROZ, S. O. P. de; TESTEZLAF, R.; MATSURA E. E. EVALUATION OF EQUIPMENTS FOR SOIL ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY DETERMINATION 2 ABSTRACT Soil salinization represents one of the most serious problems of irrigated agriculture. Under controled environmental conditions, irrigation is essential and the use of fertigation becomes a facilitator agent for the irrigation and fertilization management. However, the intensive use of fertigation in this type of productive process increases water salinization potential, which is inherent to the fertilizers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate different methods to determine electric conductivity of the soil, when compared to the saturation extract. Sigma Probe EC1, manufactured by Delta-T, and vacuum solution manufactured extractors were evaluate under laboratory conditions. This equipment was used in three different texture soils, under five levels of salinity: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 dS. m-1 at 25° C. The obtained results were evaluated by regression analysis. Among the used equipment in laboratory, the sigma Probe EC1 presented better results in soil electrical conductivity determination, when compared to saturation extract, in saline and non-saline soils; however the obtained results show that its use is not recommended to determine electric conductivity in saline soils. KEYWORDS: electric conductivity, fertigation.
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Mansour, Ramzi, Fatma Youssfi, Kaouthar Lebdi, and Salah Rezgui. "Imidacloprid Applied Through Drip Irrigation as a New Promising Alternative to Control Mealybugs in Tunisian Vineyards." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0054-9.
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Imidacloprid Applied Through Drip Irrigation as a New Promising Alternative to Control Mealybugs in Tunisian VineyardsMealybugs are serious insect pests in Tunisian vineyards where they can cause major production losses. Thus, a management program of these insects is a priority for grape growers. A summer pesticide trial was conducted in a vineyard, located in the Cap-Bon Region of Tunisia. The trial was carried out to assess the use of imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide, against mealybugs on vine. Imidacloprid was applied through the drip irrigation system for each vine and was then compared to methidathion, a contact insecticide. Imidacloprid was found to be more effective than methidathion on all mealybug developmental stages. In addition to its outstanding, up to 100% efficiency, imidacloprid provided an interesting long-term control of mealybugs. No significant difference was found between the two imidacloprid rates (1 and 2 ml/vine). Methidathion generated an overall low to intermediate efficacy on mealybugs and was more effective on both first instar nymphs and adult females than on the other mealybug developmental stages. Thus, imidacloprid applied through a drip irrigation system is a new promising option to control mealybugs in vineyards. For this reason it can be employed in an integrated management program against these pests in the Tunisian grape-growing area.
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Ortuani, Facchi, Mayer, Bianchi, Bianchi, and Brancadoro. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Variable-Rate Drip Irrigation on Water Use Efficiency in a Vineyard in Northern Italy." Water 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101964.
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Although many studies in the literature illustrate the numerous devices and methodologies nowadays existing for assessing the spatial variability within agricultural fields, and indicate the potential for variable-rate irrigation (VRI) in vineyards, only very few works deal with the implementation of VRI systems to manage such heterogeneity, and these studies are usually conducted in experimental fields for research aims. In this study, a VR drip irrigation system was designed for a 1-ha productive vineyard in Northern Italy and managed during the agricultural season 2018, to demonstrate feasibility and effectiveness of a water supply differentiated according to the spatial variability detected in field. Electrical resistivity maps obtained by means of an electro-magnetic induction sensor were used to detect four homogeneous zones with similar soil properties. In each zone, a soil profile was opened, and soil samples were taken and analyzed in laboratory. Two irrigation management zones (MZs) were identified by grouping homogeneous zones on the basis of their hydrological properties, and an irrigation prescription map was built consistently with the total available water (TAW) content in the root zone of the two MZs. The designed drip irrigation system consisted of three independent sectors: the first two supplied water to the two MZs, while the third sector (reference sector) was managed following the farmer’s habits. During the season, irrigation in the first two sectors was fine-tuned using information provided by soil moisture probes installed in each sector. Results showed a reduction of water use by 18% compared to the ‘reference’ sector without losses in yield and product quality, and a grape’s maturation more homogeneous in time.
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Van Leeuwen, Cornelis, Philippe Pieri, Mark Gowdy, Nathalie Ollat, and Jean-Philippe Roby. "Reduced density is an environmental friendly and cost effective solution to increase resilence to drought in vineyards in a contexte of climate change." OENO One 53, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2019.53.2.2420.
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Aims: Climate change imposes increasingly warm and dry conditions in most winegrowing regions. Mediterranean vineyards are particularly vulnerable and have registered, in most situations, declining yields over the past years. Although a majority of Mediterranean vineyards are still dry-farmed, yields can be increased by the implementation of irrigation. However, irrigation has an impact on increasingly affected water resources. An alternative solution to irrigation can be the adaptation of training systems. As can be shown by water balance modeling, low density non-irrigated vineyards are much less vulnerable to climatic drought compared to medium or high density vineyards. And while yields tend to be lower in low density vineyards, so are production costs. The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent low density vineyards can be a sustainable and cost effective adaptation for grape growing in dry climates.Methods and results: A water balance model was applied to conceptual vineyards with different soil water holding capacities and different planting densities over recent past (1981-2010) and near future (2041-2070) climatic conditions for two winegrowing scenarios (Cabernet-Sauvignon in Bordeaux and Grenache in Avignon, Côtes du Rhône). Row spacings of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 m were investigated for vineyards with 100, 200 and 300 mm total transpirable soil water (TTSW), while inter-vine spacing, vine architecture, and canopy height were kept similar. Projected yields were estimated to vary according to vine density and water deficit based on a meta-analysis of data published in the literature. Production costs were calculated according to an operation-based costing methodology and compared among the different scenarios on a cost per hectare basis. Gross profit per hectare, defined as grape sales revenue minus production costs, was then computed for two grape sale revenue scenarios (1 €/kg and 3 €/kg). The modeled average fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) varied across the different winegrowing scenarios, climate periods (recent past or near future), and TTSW and row spacing assumptions. In soils with 200 or 300 mm TTSW, the 30-day average FTSW prior to modeled grape harvest roughly doubled when 4.0 m versus 2.0 m spacing was assumed in both the recent past and near future climate scenarios. In soils with 100 mm TTSW, water deficit was more severe overall and the effect of row spacing on average FTSW was less pronounced. Changes in projected yields were estimated as a function of vine density and FTSW based on relationships published in the literature. Yields decreased with decreasing vine density and increasing water deficits, while production costs decreased with decreasing vine density. When the assumed revenue from grape sales was lower (1 €/kg), the effect of reduced production cost savings outweighed the loss in revenue caused by reduced yields, leading to increased gross profit per hectare. On the other hand, when higher grape revenue was assumed (3 €/kg), the effect of reduced yield on revenue outweighed the associated reduction in production costs, leading to reduced gross profit per hectare.Conclusions: Lower density, dry-farmed vineyards will experience less water deficit under warmer and drier climate conditions, although this difference is less pronounced in soils with less water holding capacity. When considering differences in yields, revenues, and production costs, lower density vineyards producing lower value grapes (1 €/kg) may also experience an associated increase in gross profit, while such vineyards producing higher value grapes (3 €/kg) might experience a decrease in gross profit.Significance and impact of the study: The implementation of dry-farmed, low density vineyards provides a sustainable solution for grape growing by reducing the need for irrigation water. It allows maintaining vineyards in very dry areas where water is not readily available for irrigation and where other crops (except possibly olive trees) cannot be grown. Modeling of yield, revenue, and production costs shows that this solution is also economically viable, particularly for vineyards producing lower value (€/kg) grapes. Unlike goblet trained bush vine, low density trellised vineyards are perfectly adapted for mechanization.
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Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Gastón, Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez, and Irina Díaz-Gálvez. "Influence of Type of Management and Climatic Conditions on Productive Behavior, Oenological Potential, and Soil Characteristics of a ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ Vineyard." Agronomy 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020064.
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(1) Background: Degradation of soils and erosion have been described for most of the soils presented along the Maule Valley. Organic and integrated management promotes agroecosystem health, improving soil biological activity. Due to this, the aim of this research was to study the effect of organic, integrated, and conventional management on the productive, oenological and soil variables of a vineyard cultivated under semiarid conditions during 5 consecutive seasons; (2) Methods: Yield, grape and wine oenological, and soil physicochemical parameters were evaluated. Bioclimatic indices were calculated in the studied seasons; (3) Results: Conventional management allowed to improve yield and the number of bunches per vine compared to organic management. However, this latter enhanced mineral nitrogen and potassium content in soil. Based on bioclimatic indices, heat accumulation improved number of bunches per plant and most of the soil physicochemical parameters; (4) Conclusions: Organic management improved the accumulation of some microelements in soils at the expense of yield. Organic matter decreased along the study was carried out. Season was the conditioning factor of the variability of most of the studied parameters, while the interaction between season and type of management affected soluble solids, probable alcohol and pH in grapes, and total polyphenol index and pH in wines.
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Agulto, E. S., and V. B. Ella. "Development of mobile application for wireless sensor networks for efficient irrigation water management." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1038, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012030.
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Abstract The evolution of smart phones has necessitated the development of mobile applications designed to perform a wide variety of functions. In the field of agriculture, mobile applications are currently used to monitor environmental parameters such as ambient temperature, humidity, soil moisture, water level, among others. A mobile application intended to monitor irrigation-related parameters and to control solenoid valves for irrigation automation was developed in this study. The mobile application was written using Flutter software development kit, and the Dart programming language. The mobile application communicates with the cloud server using a REST API written in JavaScript. The data acquired from the cloud server are presented as the current sensor reading and graphs. On the other hand, the mobile application controls the solenoid valves by sending designated bytes of data to the cloud server. The mobile application developed in this study was designed to be integrated with both low-cost sensors and the Smartmesh IP sensors to enable real-time monitoring and data visualization, and facilitate irrigation scheduling and manual irrigation control. The mobile application developed in this study may be used for efficient irrigation water management of upland crop production systems and for agricultural modernization in the Philippines and other developing countries.
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de la Fuente, M., C. Calvo, R. Roda, J. Ruiz, M. Mazzieri, R. Ferrer, and S. de Lamo. "Large-scale implementation of sustainable production practices in the Priorat-Montsant region." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501014.
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The Priorat and Montsant Appellations of Origin are considered to produce some of the finest wines in the Mediterranean area of Spain. Located in the south of Catalonia (North-East Spain), they account for close to 4000 ha cultivated by more than 1300 vine growers under severe Mediterranean climatic conditions and hence threatened by global warming. In this context, sustainable practices are needed for the optimal use of natural resources in order to ensure the durability of high-quality wine production in the region. In addition, these practices allow this region to maintain high levels of biodiversity, a major characteristic of Priorat and Montsant's agricultural landscape, which represents an important touristic attraction. The Project LIFE Priorant+Montsant, funded by the European Union, proposed the implementation of sustainable practices at a regional scale, in order to achieve remarkable reductions of resource consumption in three axes: 1) Irrigation water management, 2) vine fertilization and 3) synthetic pesticide use. Reductions are achieved by providing the necessary technical support to growers to adopt practices, developing optimized strategies and evaluating the viticulture and winery production processes. After the two first seasons of the project, 2017 and 2018, the objectives of reduction of resources consumption have been successfully achieved. A total of 53 vineyard plots, representing the main grape varieties in the region (Grenache, Carignan, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah) were classified in eight sub-areas and monitored for water consumption. From pea-size to harvest (phenological stages), weekly measurements of phenology, water potential and meteorological data were collected. Irrigation recommendations were then given to growers, to avoid water potential below − 1.4 MPa. Overall, more than 50 irrigation recommendations were emitted to growers. The water consumption with the optimized irrigation strategy ranged from 10 to 63 litres per ha, the recommended dose saved 20 to 87% of the irrigation water per year, according to previous general recommendations in this region. Regarding fertilization, soil samples were provided by growers and leave samples were taken from vineyards to assess nutrient levels and develop the corresponding recommendation of fertilization, depending on the analysis results. The analyzed soil samples from the different sub-areas were grouped by the Principal Component Analysis, in which the first and second principal components accounted for 31.6% and 11.8% of the variability and were related to soil texture and nutrient content of soils, respectively. Overall, the recommended doses of organic fertilizers saved more than 20% of the usual chemical fertilizer application in the region. The reduction of pesticide use will be achieved through three actions related to three main pests and diseases of grapevine: optimized formulations against powdery mildew, alternative products to reduce copper use against downy mildew and, increase of surface under mating disruption strategy against grape berry moth Lobesia botrana. Before implementing these actions, no vineyards were managed under mating disruption in the Montsant area and 207 ha have been monitored in 2018 after two years. In the Priorat area, more than 200 ha have also adopted this strategy during the project. This action has saved more than 500 application doses of synthetic insecticides in those vineyards. Within the same scope, several formulations will be proved in the following years in order to assess their effectiveness against powdery and downy mildew in further specific field trials. Candidate products will be introduced in Integrated Pest Management strategies to achieve the desired pesticide reduction levels. The results will represent specific regional strategies for irrigation, fertilization and plant protection, and are extensible to most of the vineyards in Priorat and Montsant, as well as to other vitivinicultural regions which similar conditions. Keywords: Sustainable management, Irrigation, Fertilisation, Pesticides, Priorat-Montsant.
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Yang, Jianxia, Jun Zhao, Guofeng Zhu, Yuanyuan Wen, Yanqiang Wang, Jialiang Liu, and Zhihui Yang. "Effects of Ecological Water Conveyance on Soil Salinization in the Shiyang River Basin’s Terminal Lake—Qingtu Lake—Area." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 10311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610311.
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(1) Background: Recently, secondary soil salinization has frequently occurred in ecological water conveyance and irrigation areas. Therefore, monitoring the information on soil salinization in the conveyance irrigation area and analyzing the change process of soil salinization are of great significance to both environmental improvement and salinization management. (2) Methods: This study takes the Shiyang River’s terminal lake—Qingtu Lake—and its surroundings as the research area. The salinization index was extracted by remote sensing data and methods, and a comprehensive salinization model (CSI) was established. Firstly, the spatial distribution regular of soil salinization, since ecological water conveyance was explored, and the change trends in soil salinization were analyzed. Secondly, the relationship between the change characteristics of soil salinization and groundwater, water area changes and land use types were analyzed. (3) Results: The Kappa coefficient between the soil salinization extracted by CSI and the measured data reached 0.703, and CSI can accurately monitor soil salinization information. From 2011 to 2020, the non-salinized land increased by 2.1%, mild and moderate salinization decreased by 5.7% and 3.9%, respectively, and severe salinization increased by 7.5%. The salinization in the lake area showed a decreasing trend, and the periphery of the lake area showed an increasing trend. Groundwater, water area changes and land use type have certain influences on soil salinization in the study area. (4) Conclusion: Since ecological water conveyance, the total proportion of soil salinized area in Qingtu Lake and its surrounding areas has not changed much, but there are certain changes between different grades of salinized land. The areas with changes to the level of salinization are mainly shallow, unstable water areas, saline–alkali land, wetlands and sandy land, and there are secondary salinization problems in these areas.
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Barroso, J. M., L. Pombeiro, and A. E. Rato. "Impacts of crop level, soil and irrigation management in grape berries of cv ‘Trincadeira’ (Vitis vinifera L.)." Journal of Wine Research 28, no. 1 (October 12, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09571264.2016.1238350.
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Mulotto, Paolo, Isabella Ghiglieno, and Leonardo Valenti. "LIFE VITISOM: innovation in viticulture." BIO Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224402008.
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Soil organic matter (SOM) is considered a fundamental element for the vitality of agricultural soils. The depletion of SOM is a main concern for grape-growing compartment as the increase of mechanical approach is fastening its degradation. SOM loss in vineyard soils lead to a decrease of yield and quality of products as a consequence of a reduction of soil chemical and biological fertility. In order to contrast SOM erosion, research aiming at finding sustainable management practices are enhancing in agricultural sector. In the present study a three-year research was carried out in vineyard with the aim to compare the application of three different organic fertilizers. The effects of organic fertilisation on vines, grapes and wines were investigated in five different Italian wine-growing areas. The positive effect of organic fertilisation is highlighted, especially in the conservation of acidic content of the must. The effect of fertilization is also revealed in differences in wine aromas at wine tasting.
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Ramirez, R. C., E. S. Agulto, S. D. Glaser, Z. Zhang, J. A. C. Hermocilla, and V. B. Ella. "Development of a real-time wireless sensor network-based information system for efficient irrigation of upland and lowland crop production systems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1038, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012028.
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Abstract This study developed a real-time web-and WSN-based information system for efficient irrigation water management and automation of drip-irrigated upland crop and intermittently-irrigated lowland crop production systems. The web-based system uses Flutter and DART to accommodate multiple end user platforms, while the WSN-based system uses state-of-the-art hardware and sensors for real-time monitoring of soil moisture, water level and weather conditions. The sensors are wirelessly connected in a low-power mesh network that sends data to a central server. The sensor readings are uploaded to the web application via MQTT, which generates charts and graphs for data analysis. The sensor readings compared well with measurements from conventional instruments. The system in this study provides a sustainable solution for improving irrigation efficiencies under both upland and lowland crop production systems, in minimizing water losses and in improving the overall agricultural crop productivity.
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Pereyra, Gustavo, Anne Pellegrino, Remi Gaudin, and Milka Ferrer. "Evaluation of site-specific management to optimise <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. (cv. Tannat) production in a vineyard with high heterogeneity." OENO One 56, no. 3 (September 26, 2022): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.3.5485.
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The spatial variability of vineyards can be characterised through precision viticulture that will allow setting the boundaries of homogeneous management zones. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of soil and plant management (site-specific management) to increase yields and improve berry quality. During three consecutive seasons, contrasting treatments designed ad hoc for two zones of vigour pre-established by NDVI were tested: high vigour zone (HV) and low vigour zone (LV). The treatments were aimed at reducing water and nitrogen supply and improving microclimatic conditions in the cluster zone in the HV zone. In the LV zone, treatments were aimed at increasing water and nitrogen supply. Leaf removal in the HV zone was the most efficient treatment to improve productivity and quality. Moreover, the water restriction improved grape quality, especially in a rainy year. The regulated deficit irrigation strategy applied in the LV zone at specific phenological stages was shown to increase vegetative growth, yield and to improve grape anthocyanins and phenols contents. The benefits of additional nitrogen supply in the LV zone on plant nitrogen status, yield, and berry composition were highly dependent on water availability. Ultimately, this study provided new insights into the relationship between water and nitrogen availability and how this determines vigour and influences yield and grape quality and influences the deviation from a “Productive Target” pattern. The use of site-specific techniques could be adjusted on a small production scale, thanks to mapping carried out with precision viticulture technologies.
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Gbejewoh, Omamuyovwi, Saskia Keesstra, and Erna Blancquaert. "The 3Ps (Profit, Planet, and People) of Sustainability amidst Climate Change: A South African Grape and Wine Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052910.
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Conventional agriculture has made the search for sustainability urgent, more so with regards to climate change. This has extended to the grape and wine industry, an important industry in South Africa in terms of labor employment and foreign exchange. This paper aims to review the current state of knowledge with regards to the three pillars of sustainability and with regards to climate change. In order to understand sustainability in South Africa, a historical context is needed, because the welfare of farm workers still retains vestiges of past Apartheid. Ecological responsibility and higher profits are the main reasons for sustainable practices. Additionally, water use, chemical use, and soil erosion are important environmental sustainability concerns. With regards to climate change, in terms of economic sustainability, there will be winners and losers and social sustainability issues will intensify as changes occur in farms. Table grape producers are relatively more profitable than wine grape producers. Furthermore, pest, disease, irrigation pressure will worsen as the climate warms. However, there are long- and short-term adaptation strategies such as changes in viticulture practices and grape cultivars, respectively, to stem the effects of climate change, but this may be stymied by cost and farmers’ perceptions of climate change.
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Torres, Roque, Giuseppe Ferrara, Fulgencio Soto, Juan A. López, Francisco Sanchez, Andrea Mazzeo, Alejandro Pérez-Pastor, and Rafael Domingo. "Effects of soil and climate in a table grape vineyard with cover crops. Irrigation management using sensors networks." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 32, no. 1 (2017): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ctv/20173201072.
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Russo, V., A. E. Strever, and H. J. Ponstein. "Exploring sustainability potentials in vineyards through LCA? Evidence from farming practices in South Africa." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 7 (April 28, 2021): 1374–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01911-3.
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Abstract Purpose Following the urgency to curb environmental impacts across all sectors globally, this is the first life cycle assessment of different wine grape farming practices suitable for commercial conventional production in South Africa, aiming at better understanding the potentials to reduce adverse effects on the environment and on human health. Methods An attributional life cycle assessment was conducted on eight different scenarios that reduce the inputs of herbicides and insecticides compared against a business as usual (BAU) scenario. We assess several impact categories based on ReCiPe, namely global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial toxicity, freshwater toxicity, marine toxicity, human carcinogenic toxicity and human non-carcinogenic toxicity, human health and ecosystems. A water footprint assessment based on the AWARE method accounts for potential impacts within the watershed. Results and discussion Results show that in our impact assessment, more sustainable farming practices do not always outperform the BAU scenario, which relies on synthetic fertiliser and agrochemicals. As a main trend, most of the impact categories were dominated by energy requirements of wine grape production in an irrigated vineyard, namely the usage of electricity for irrigation pumps and diesel for agricultural machinery. The most favourable scenario across the impact categories provided a low diesel usage, strongly reduced herbicides and the absence of insecticides as it applied cover crops and an integrated pest management. Pesticides and heavy metals contained in agrochemicals are the main contributors to emissions to soil that affected the toxicity categories and impose a risk on human health, which is particularly relevant for the manual labour-intensive South African wine sector. However, we suggest that impacts of agrochemicals on human health and the environment are undervalued in the assessment. The 70% reduction of toxic agrochemicals such as Glyphosate and Paraquat and the 100% reduction of Chlorpyriphos in vineyards hardly affected the model results for human and ecotoxicity. Our concerns are magnified by the fact that manual labour plays a substantial role in South African vineyards, increasing the exposure of humans to these toxic chemicals at their workplace. Conclusions A more sustainable wine grape production is possible when shifting to integrated grape production practices that reduce the inputs of agrochemicals. Further, improved water and related electricity management through drip irrigation, deficit irrigation and photovoltaic-powered irrigation is recommendable, relieving stress on local water bodies, enhancing drought-preparedness planning and curbing CO2 emissions embodied in products.
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POZNYAK, Stepan, and Halyna Ivaniuk. "KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SOILS IN THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 52, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.1.1.
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The article examines the development of knowledge about soils in the era of ancient civilizations, including Sumerian, Egyptian, Harappan, ancient Chinese and Ancient Greek and Roman empires, as well as Trypillia culture, which spread in VI-III millennium BC in the forest-steppe zone, between the Carpathians and the Dnieper and belonged to the civilization of Old Europe.
Soil science as a science was formed in the late nineteenth century, but its history began several millennia before. It is closely connected with the development of agriculture and the whole civilization. According to the English historian G.T. Bokl, the soil (its fertility) had the greatest influence on the origin and development of civilizations of the Ancient world.
In the valleys of the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus in VI-VII millennium BC there was already a controlled irrigation of land, which was the main function of the first state formations that emerged there. The Egyptians learned to build a complex irrigation system of pools and canals. Of the cereals, barley was grown the most, and of the industrial crops, flax; kept the land cadastre, paid taxes according to the area and quality of land.
The valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates suffered much more from flooding and salinization, which affected on all agriculture in the region. In the states of the Mesopotamia (Sumer, Assyria, Babylon) irrigation systems were actively developed, two crops were harvested per year. In the countries of the Mesopotamia there was also a cadastre and they knew the difference in the quality of the soils.
Widespread introduction of farming in ancient Ukraine began with the spread of Trypillia culture. The people of Trypillia cultivated the soil with a hoes and used a wooden plow. The main cereals were covered wheat and naked barley. Trypillia had plenty of land with fertile soils, a set of cultivated plants suitable for growing locally and thousands of years of experience in farming. Soils were fertilized with manure; crop rotation was applied.
The ancient Greeks were the first to speak about the profile structure of the soil and saw in the soil a body that changes over time. They called fertility an important property of the soil, often linking it to weather and cultivation conditions.
Unlike the Greeks, who developed a philosophical direction, thinking about the origin, change and organization of soil cover, the Romans were interested in more practical issues (methods of cultivation, fertilization of soils). The statesmen of that time considered agriculture to be the source of power, thanks to which the state achieved world domination and the highest power, and even wealthy people cultivated the soil.
The main achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans in the doctrine of soils were: development of their classification; identification of the best soils for field crops, grapes, olives; development of agricultural measures that allow to preserve and increase soil productivity; formulation of the law of declining soil fertility; creation of the first classification of fertilizers, recipes for composting, evidence of the effectiveness of green manures; collection and systematization of data on soil properties; maintaining a strict cadastre, the assessment of land by their area, fertility and yield; legal issues of soil use.
Key words: soil, agriculture, irrigation, cadastre, civilization, Ancient world.
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Santibañez, Claudia, Luz María de la Fuente, Elena Bustamante, Sergio Silva, Pedro León-Lobos, and Rosanna Ginocchio. "Potential Use of Organic- and Hard-Rock Mine Wastes on Aided Phytostabilization of Large-Scale Mine Tailings under Semiarid Mediterranean Climatic Conditions: Short-Term Field Study." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/895817.
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The study evaluated the efficacy of organic- and hard-rock mine waste type materials on aided phytostabilization of Cu mine tailings under semiarid Mediterranean conditions in order to promote integrated waste management practices at local levels and to rehabilitate large-scale (from 300 to 3,000 ha) postoperative tailings storage facilities (TSFs). A field trial with 13 treatments was established on a TSF to test the efficacy of six waste-type locally available amendments (grape and olive residues, biosolids, goat manure, sediments from irrigation canals, and rubble from Cu-oxide lixiviation piles) during early phases of site rehabilitation. Results showed that, even though an interesting range of waste-type materials were tested, biosolids (100 t ha-1dry weight, d.w.) and grape residues (200 t ha-1d.w.), either alone or mixed, were the most suitable organic amendments when incorporated into tailings to a depth of 20 cm. Incorporation of both rubble from Cu-oxide lixiviation piles and goat manure into upper tailings also had effective results. All these treatments improved chemical and microbiological properties of tailings and lead to a significant increase in plant yield after three years from trial establishment. Longer-term evaluations are, however required to evaluate self sustainability of created systems without further incorporation of amendments.
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Alba, José Maria Filippini, Carlos Alberto Flores, and Alberto Miele. "Relationships Between A and B/A2 Horizons of Three Soils in the Context of Viticulture." Journal of Agricultural Studies 9, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v9i1.18320.
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The purpose of this study was a comparison of soil parameters among superficial and sub-superficial horizons of three representative type of soils in Vale dos Vinhedos, Brazil, aiming Viticulture in general, but Precision Viticulture (PV) management as specific focus. Basic aspects of Viticulture or PV are still discussed, by instance, sampling procedures, influence of pedology on quality of wine or methods for defining the management zones. Samples were collected according to each horizon, superficial (0-20 cm in depth) or sub-superficial (>40 cm in depth), that is, A (all soils), A2 (Neossolo), Bi (Cambissolo), or Bt (Argissolo). Micro-vinification was performed for grapes derived from five classes of soil. The pedological parameters analyzed were granulometric fractions, chemical parameters and degree of flocculation. Data were organized according to a Geographic Information System (GIS) by ten classes of soil. Basic statistical analysis, line graphs, XY plots and factor analysis were used to interpret the physicochemical variables related to horizons, soil and wine. Relative Accumulation Indexes were evaluated for horizons of soil, classes of soil and wine. Data organized by horizon and type of soil showed great dispersion, so outliers were discarded and data organized by class of soil. Correlation of data related to soil horizons, A against A2/B, was evident for macronutrients. Micro-vinification altered content of K and P in wine. Relative Accumulation Indexes of soil horizons correlated to declivity, when declivity lesser than 20% occurred. Fe and Zn showed correlation among sub-superficial horizon and wine for some classes of soil.