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1
Dermatas, Dimitris. "Ettringite-Induced Swelling in Soils: State-of-the-Art." Applied Mechanics Reviews 48, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 659–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3005046.
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Reactions between lime, alumina released from clay during pozzolanic reactions, and sulfates present in some soils, have been responsible for the deterioration and ultimate failure, by expansion, of several lime stabilization projects, by causing the formation of the highly expansive crystalline mineral ettringite. Based on an extensive literature review, the mechanisms for these reactions were hypothesized, and a laboratory research program using both artificial and natural lime-treated soil specimens was designed and undertaken. The strength, swelling, pH, compositional, and micromorphological characteristics of the treated specimens were determined following different curing times and soaking conditions. Swell development in some of the specimens prepared, in relation with pertinent strength, pH, composition, and micromorphological data obtained, allowed the delineation of the underlying mechanisms leading to heave and deterioration. It was found that the amount of heave following ettringite hydration and growth is a function of the amount and rate of release of alumina into solution. The amount and type of sulfates present, and the amount and type of lime used are also important factors in the development of heave. Moreover, temperature and relative humidity fluctuations were also found to play an important role in the overall ettringite-related heave mechanism, as they affect reaction rates, solubilities of species, and the overall stability fields of a soil system’s components. Finally, the present study was successful in developing a soil pretreatment method that would ensure safe performance of lime-stabilization applications in sulfate-bearing soils. Pretreatment of the artificial lime-treated soil mixes with barium compounds was effective in eliminating ettringite formation. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness and the required levels of barium pretreatment in field applications. This pretreatment method, upon appropriate modifications, could be potentially applied in other sulfate-related deterioration problems.
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Talluri, Nagasreenivasu, Anand J. Puppala, Bhaskar C. S. Chittoori, Ahmed H. Gaily, and Pat Harris. "Stabilization of High-Sulfate Soils by Extended Mellowing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2363, no. 1 (January 2013): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2363-11.
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The use of lime to stabilize expansive soils has been the preferred technique for many years. However, heaving and premature pavement failures in lime-treated expansive subgrades containing sulfates led to the search for alternative stabilization techniques. Of the several techniques developed, precompaction mellowing has the potential to be effective in stabilizing sulfate-bearing soils. Yet this method needs experimental evaluation. In the current study, an attempt was made to assess the stabilization effectiveness of precompaction mellowing on high-sulfate soils. For this task, six natural expansive soils from Texas, with sulfate contents varying from 200 to 44,000 ppm, were collected. Soils with low-sulfate contents were spiked with additional sulfates to make them high-sulfate soils. Basic classification and chemical tests were performed to establish the clay mineralogy of the soils. Three mellowing periods (0, 3, and 7 days) were studied. The test soils were treated with lime and allowed to mellow for the specified periods. Following the mellowing, the samples were subjected to three-dimensional tests for volumetric swell, shrinkage, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). To study the consumptions of alumina and silica during sulfate–soil–lime reactions, reactive alumina and silica measurements were also attempted. The authors observed that shrinkage was of no concern in treated soils because the shrinkage invariably reduced with lime treatment. In four of the six soils, precompaction mellowing reduced sulfate-induced swell to a level below the natural expansive swelling. The UCS strengths of treated soils decreased slightly with mellowing. Reasons for the anomaly in UCS strengths and ineffectiveness of precompaction mellowing in two soils were explained.
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Anderson, Geoffrey C., Shahab Pathan, James Easton, David J. M. Hall, and Rajesh Sharma. "Short- and Long-Term Effects of Lime and Gypsum Applications on Acid Soils in a Water-Limited Environment: 2. Soil Chemical Properties." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121987.
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Soil acidity or aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major limitation to crop production. In this paper, we examine the effects of surface-applied lime and gypsum on soil profile chemical properties that affect Al toxicity in short-term (1 year), medium-term (2 years and 8 months) and long-term (10 years) experiments. Sulfate applied to the soil surface as gypsum was leached rapidly to a depth of 40 cm in the short-term despite relatively low amounts (279 mm) of rainfall. In the medium and long-term experiments, 28–54% of the sulfate applied as gypsum was retained in the 0–50 cm soil layer due to adsorption and precipitation reactions. The combined application of lime and gypsum increased soil calcium, to a depth of 30 cm in the short-term and to a depth of 50 cm in the medium and long-terms. Increases in soil sulfate and calcium were associated with greater electrical conductivity to a depth of 50 cm for all sampling times. Application of lime alone had no impact on soil Al, pH, and calcium in the soil layers below 10 cm in the short and medium terms. In the long-term, increasing the rate of lime application from 2 to 8 t L ha−1 increased soil pH in the 10–20 cm soil layer while soil Al decreased to a depth of 30 cm. The combined use of lime and gypsum decreased soil Al in the 30–50 cm soil layer in the medium-term and the 20–30 cm soil layer in the long-term which was more than when only lime was applied. Hence, we recommend the use of lime plus gypsum for treating soils with subsoil Al toxicity. Additionally, soil Al measurements are a more sensitive measurement of the impact of surface application lime and lime plus gypsum than soil pH.
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Yang, Min, Yan Xie, and Ying Pang. "Durability of Lime-Fly Ash Stabilized Soil Activated by Calcined Phosphogypsum." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.133.
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Stabilized soil is widely used as road base and sub-base materials, and is sometimes used as covering for waste matter in China. In soil stabilization, the property of a locally available soil are usually modified though chemical stabilization[1]. Cement stabilization and lime stabilization are the two most commonly used methods. Lime-fly ash stabilized soil has been widely applied in road engineering due to its good integrity, great bearing capacity, high stiffness, and water-proofing quality[2-4]. One disadvantage of lime-fly ash stabilized soil is that without any additives, its inherent low initial strength makes it inappropriate for use under low-temperature conditions. Researchers have found that the pozzolanic reactivity among lime, fly ash, and soil contributes to the strength of lime-fly ash stabilized soil. To increase the initial strength of lime-fly ash stabilized soil, many approaches have been used to accelerate the pozzolanic reaction. Sulfate activation is one of the methods that has been widely investigated, specifically, Na2SO4 and CaSO4[5]. PG, another sulfate, has also been investigated. However, existing studies have limited to the investigation of the development of strength of the stabilized soil as road base and sub-base materials. The effect of PG on the durability of stabilized soil has rarely been implicated. This work aims to study the effect of thermally treated PG (400°C) on the properties of durability, in addition to other aspects, of lime-fly ash stabilized soil. Lime-fly ash stabilized soil with different proportions of calcined PG were prepared and cured at normal conditions for 7 d and 28 d. Mass loss and strength loss under different treatments were determined. X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) photos were examined to gauge whether improvements in the performances of the stabilized soil can be obtained by use of thermally treated PG.
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Kota, Prakash B. V. S., Darren Hazlett, and Les Perrin. "Sulfate-Bearing Soils: Problems with Calcium-Based Stabilizers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1546, no. 1 (January 1996): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154600107.
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Several roads, airfield pavements, and parking lots in Texas and other states in the western United States have suffered severe pavement damage due to expansive minerals formed from the reactions of calcium-based materials used to stabilize sulfate-bearing soils. Remediation costs for projects that suffer sulfate-induced heave damage are very high, because often the entire pavement may have to be removed and reconstructed. Observations from several projects are described to illustrate the phenomenon of sulfate-induced heave and the current methods to predict the problem. Two recent projects described include one using cement as a replacement for lime and a second using a double application of lime. The discussion also includes limitations of the present methods for determining the so-called soluble sulfate levels in soils. The practice of a double application of lime and several other alternative methods and their limitations are discussed. Although research has clearly identified the expansive minerals as being calcium bearing, no published investigations of non-calcium-based stabilizers that could effectively stabilize sulfate-bearing soils were found.
6
Wang, Zhongmei, Pawan Sigdel, and Liangbo Hu. "Chemo-Mechanical Interactions in the Ettringite Induced Expansion of Sulfate-Bearing Soils." Geosciences 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9090375.
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Expansive sulfate-bearing soils are frequently encountered in transportation and construction practices. These soils are often treated with a lime or cement stabilizer to improve the relevant qualities. However, the reaction between sulfate and alumina in soils and calcium of lime or cement can lead to the formation of ettringite, an expansive sulfate mineral resulting in soil swelling or heaving. The underlying mechanisms often involve intricate interactions between chemical processes and mechanical responses. The present study explores a chemo–mechanical approach in an attempt to quantify several mechanisms potentially responsible for the volume expansion, including the geochemical formation of ettringite, crystallization pressure, and osmosis-induced swelling. The geochemical reaction leading to ettringite formation is examined with a specific focus on the circumstances under which it may lead to volume change. The crystallization pressure developed during the ettringite formation may also play a significant role in the soil expansion and is investigated in the present study based on thermodynamic formulations, and the resulting volume expansion is simulated. The osmosis-induced swelling is studied within the context of the chemo–mechanical framework, and its kinetics is also explored. Numerical simulations are performed in the present study to examine different scenarios driven by distinct predominant mechanisms. In particular, the interplay between ettringite formation and osmosis swelling as interpreted from some recently-reported experimental studies shows that these mechanisms can all contribute to the observed expansion processes, and overall, the modeling results are consistent with the experimental findings.
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Kinsela, A. S., and M. D. Melville. "Mechanisms of acid sulfate soil oxidation and leaching under sugarcane cropping." Soil Research 42, no. 6 (2004): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03084.
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Analysis of acid sulfate soils (ASS) under sugarcane cropping at a site on the Tweed River, north-eastern New South Wales, showed that the majority of the acidity and higher valence ions generated through pyrite oxidation was retained within an individual caneblock. It appears that the oxidation products generated >1 m away from the field drain edge primarily remain where they were formed, and are not exported to the adjacent field drain. Capillary rise and diffusion control the transfer of oxidation products within this area. Leaching and mass movement dominate the transport of ionic species in the topsoil and close to the field drain edge (~1 m). Soluble ion movement within the unsaturated zone also appears to be influenced by nutrient uptake of the growing sugarcane, adsorption and exchange reactions, and convective/dispersive forces. The almost ubiquitous degree and depth of oxidation of ASS profiles along most of the coast, even where no artificial drainage has occurred, leads us to propose natural hydrological and pedogenic processes as the cause. While artificial drainage systems may not have caused the acidity that is stored in backswamps, they do provide the conduit for acidity export. Therefore, management regimes should focus on maximising the retention of acidity in the backswamp and treating that which is exported. Whilst a reduction in the drain frequency appears a logical solution to a reduction in the acidity export from the site, consideration must be given to the benefits field drainage provides before any subsequent changes can be made. An integrated approach of drain minimisation, laser levelling, and active watertable control would appear to be the most appropriate policy in containing the acidity within the soil profile. This approach, combined with the strategic application of lime, offers a means for minimising acid export from the sampled site.
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Pietrzykowski, Marcin, and Justyna Likus-Cieślik. "Comprehensive Study of Reclaimed Soil, Plant, and Water Chemistry Relationships in Highly S-Contaminated Post Sulfur Mine Site Jeziórko (Southern Poland)." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 2442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072442.
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The aim of the work was a comprehensive study of the soils (pH, EC, SOC, NT, ST), surface waters (pH, EC, Ca2+ Mg2+, Na+, NO3−, SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−), and reactions of trees and herbaceous plants in the restored forest ecosystem of a former sulfur mine. Common birch and Scots pine growth reaction, vitality (according to IUFRO standards- International Union of Forest Research Organizations), nutrient supply (Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, K), and Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth chemical composition (Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, K) were assayed. The chemistry dynamics (pH, EC, DOC, NT, Ca, Mg, and S at the beginning and end of the experiment) of soil leaching and the sulfur load leached from the sulfur-contaminated soil substrates were evaluated. The remediation effects of birch and pine litter were assayed in an experiment under controlled conditions. It was found that reclamation was effective in the majority of the post-mining site; however, hotspots with sulfur contamination reaching even 45,000 mg kg−1, pH < 2.0 and electrical conductivity (EC) of 6500 µS cm−1 were reported. Surface waters typically displayed elevated concentrations of sulfate ions (average 935.13 mg L−1), calcium ions (up to 434 mg L−1), and high EC (average 1797 µS cm−1), which was related both to sulfur contamination and the sludge lime that was used in neutralization. Calamagrostis epigejos was found to be a species that adapted well to the conditions of elevated soil salinity and sulfur concentration. It was observed that the application of organic matter had a significant beneficial impact on the chemistry of soil solutions, but did not show a remediation effect by increased sulfur leaching in a short-term study.
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Fordham, AW. "Porewater quality of uranium tailings during laboratory aging and its relation to the solid phase." Soil Research 31, no. 3 (1993): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930365.
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After treatment to dissolve and to extract uranium, tailings from Ranger Uranium Mine had a low pH of about 1.8. However, this rose rapidly during initial stages of aging in the laboratory, due to the neutralizing effect of chloritic minerals present in the ore. Within two weeks at 22�C, the pH had reached 3.1, and it continued to rise with time and increasing temperature. The maximum value observed was 5.4 after six weeks at 70�C. Associated with (and acting against) the rise of pH was precipitation of iron, aluminium and silicon oxyhydroxides and hydroxy-sulfates from pore solution into the solid phase. These compounds acted as scavengers to reduce the concentrations of potentially toxic elements copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, cadmium and lead in porewaters to levels which eventually became comparable to those in limed tailings. Concentrations of radionuclides were also reduced by sorption/coprecipitation reactions with these scavengers, but levels in solution were continually replenished by slow dissolution of a residual uranium mineral, probably brannerite. As a result, radioactivity in porewaters after prolonged aging was appreciably higher than that in limed tailings. Salt concentrations were high, being composed essentially of magnesium, ammonium and manganous sulfates. Ionic strengths were nominally of the order of 1.5 M, but in reality were close to that of seawater (0.7 M) if complex ion formation was taken into account. Concentrations of the major ions magnesium, ammonium, manganous and sulfate, as well as those of calcium and sodium, did not change appreciably during aging at the various temperatures. In general, porewater compositions of limed tailings were similar to those of aged acidic tailings, but the solid phase of limed tailings contained much more gypsum. Also, there appeared to be differences in the behaviour of iron and aluminium hydroxy compounds in the two systems, probably because the hydroxy compounds were precipitated very rapidly during liming and recrystallized into less hydroxylated forms with time. Porewaters from tailings neutralized with magnesium oxide rather than lime had higher total salt concentrations, because, unlike calcium, magnesium salts did not precipitate unless porewaters were further concentrated by evaporation. Manganese precipitated from porewaters at about pH 8.5, and this precipitate also helped to retain heavy metals and radioelements within the solid phase.
10
Li, Hui, Shengxue Zhu, Wei Yin, Zhiling Zhu, Kun Zhang, Xiaomin Bai, Dandan Liu, and Yiting Tang. "Study on Strength Test and Application of Lime Soil in Pavement Base Modified by Soda Residue." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 11, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4887647.
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To solve the difficult problems of large-scale utilization of solid waste soda residue (SR) as a resource and reduce the cost of road building materials, the technical idea of using SR instead of part of lime to prepare lime soil of pavement base was put forward. Through laboratory tests, the basic characteristics of SR and the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of soda residue lime soil (SRLS) under different proportioning conditions were tested. The test results showed that (1) with the change of SR content in the range of 0%–12%, the optimum moisture content of SRLS showed the change law of first increasing and then decreasing, but the change range was small; (2) the UCS of SRLS gradually increased with the extension of curing age, with the strength increasing faster in the early stage and slower in the later stage. The UCS of SRLS with SR content in the range of 0%–12% shows the law of first increasing and then decreasing, and the UCS value was the highest when the content of SR is 3%. Compared to the control group, the increase in the amplitude of UCS is as high as 34.6%; (3) appropriate content of SR will increase the gelation of C-S-H and N-A-S-H, and at the same time generated hydrated calcium sulfate and other cementitious materials, enhancing the cementation and strength of SRLS. However, when the content of SR is too much, the excess SR will not participate in hydration reaction even reduce the strength of lime soil. The cost of road materials per kilometer in the test section of SRLS base can be saved by 164,000 yuan, and the treatment cost per ton of SR in alkali factory can be reduced by about 80 yuan. The research results have remarkable economic, technical, and social benefits, which can provide technical reference for large-scale recycling of solid waste SR.
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Kim, Jiyoung, Chan Hee Lee, Ran Hee Kim, and Eun Jeong Shin. "Characterization of White and Black Deposits on the Surface of Korean Stone Cultural Heritages." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S5 (August 2013): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613012580.
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AbstractWhite and black deposits have been frequently observed on the surface of Korean stone cultural heritages, and they are considered as damage factors in both conservation and esthetic points of view. In order to set up the appropriate conservation remedy, it is important to know their origins, characteristics, and compositions. In this study, optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffractometer were employed to determine the white and black deposits. It was found that both deposits consisted mainly of calcium carbonate (calcite) and calcium sulfate (gypsum). The calcite and gypsum were characterized by bladed, rhombohedral, tabular, and amorphous morphologies under a SEM. The black deposit was not only composed of calcite or gypsum, but also accompanied amorphous and irregular matrix. SEM-EDS analysis revealed an abundance of silicon, aluminum, iron, phosphorus, and carbon on the matrix, which were major elements of soil, atmospheric deposits, and organisms. The white deposit, on the other hand, barely contained those coloring substances. These salts and deposited substances were caused by chemical reaction and physical adhesion between rock-forming minerals, lime mortar, sulfur in polluted air environment, soil dust, and microorganisms.
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Ebailila, Mansour, John Kinuthia, and Jonathan Oti. "Role of Gypsum Content on the Long-Term Performance of Lime-Stabilised Soil." Materials 15, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 5099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155099.
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The role of gypsum level on the long-term strength and expansion of soil stabilised with different lime contents is not well understood. This research, therefore, studied the effect of varying gypsum concentrations of 0, 3, 6, and 9 wt% (equivalent to the sulfate contents of 0, 1.4, 2.8, and 4.2%, respectively) on the performance of sulfate soil stabilised with two lime levels (4 and 6 wt%). This was carried out to establish the threshold level of gypsum/lime (G/L) at which the increase in G/L ratio does not affect the performance of lime-stabilised sulfate soil. Both unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and expansion, along with the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis, were adopted to accomplish the present objective. Accordingly, the result indicated that the strength and expansion were proportional to the lime and sulfate content, of which a G/L ratio of 1.5 was the optimum case scenario for UCS, and at the same time, the worst-case scenario for expansion. This discovery is vital, as it is anticipated to serve as a benchmark for future research related to the design of effective binders for suppressing the sulfate-induced expansion in lime-stabilised gypseous soil.
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SHIGEMATSU, Hiroaki, Yusuke NISHIKI, Makoto NISHIZAWA, and Hironobu IKEMURA. "DISCUSSION ON THE LIME SOIL STABILIZATION OF ACID SULFATE SOIL." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu C 65, no. 2 (2009): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejc.65.425.
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Balogun, Fatai Omeiza, Aliya Abzal, Aizhan Kissambinova, Chang Seon Shon, and Jong Ryeol Kim. "Stabilization of High Sulfate-Saline Soil with Lime, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS), and Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag (BOFS)." Key Engineering Materials 951 (August 7, 2023): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-6jocpx.
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Saline soil is an inferior and special material consisting of fine soil particles and possesses poor engineering properties. The swelling, salt heaving, and corrosive behaviors of this soil render it unsuitable for pavement construction due to its deteriorating effects. To use this soil as a subgrade material in the roadway, this soil needs to meet various engineering standard criteria such as deformation, sulfate reduction, strength, and durability for use as subgrade material. Hence, the soil underwent careful stabilization using designed proportions of chemical additives such as lime and slag-based materials. The paper studied the feasibility of using slag-based materials (by-products of the steelmaking process) such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) with lime in stabilizing sulfate-saline soil. On this premise, four designed mixtures, which include saline soil (control), [soil+6% lime], [soil+4% lime+2% (50% GGBFS+50% BOFS)], and [soil+4%lime+2% (70% GGBFS+30% BOFS)] for use to determine their various geotechnical and durability properties. The experimental program for determining these properties included proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength, three-dimensional (3-D) swelling, and dielectric constant tests. As a result, the laboratory test findings have revealed that adding GGBFS and BOFS to the lime-treated saline soil decreased the maximum dry density, enhanced the strength parameter, and reduced the soil's volumetric swelling and moisture susceptibility.
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Hanafiah, A. S., Y. Haniv, Sarifuddin, and B. Hidayat. "Increased soil pH due to the application of sulfate-reducing bacteria, rhizobia and amendments to acid sulfate soils planted with soybeans." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 977, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/977/1/012011.
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Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria, Rhizobia, and amendment matters on the soil pH acid sulfate soil planted with soybeans, carried out at the Greenhouse, Soil Biology Laboratory, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, from March to September 2021. This study used a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. Each factor consists of 4 levels. The first factor were H0 (Control); H1 (Sulfate Reducing Bacteria); H2 (Rhizobia bacteria); H3 (Sulfate Reducing Bacteria + Rhizobia Bacteria), and the second factor was B0 (Control); B1 (EFB organic matters doses 15 tons/ha); B2 (EFB organic matters doses 30 tons/ha); B3 (Lime of CaCO3 doses 7.5 tons/ha). The research showed that Sulfate Reducing Bacteria, and Rhizobia were able to increase soil pH significantly. Application of EFB organic matters doses 30 tons/ha, and Lime of CaCO3 doses 7.5 tons/ha can increased soil pH.
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Anderson, Geoffrey C., Shahab Pathan, David J. M. Hall, Rajesh Sharma, and James Easton. "Short- and Long-Term Effects of Lime and Gypsum Applications on Acid Soils in a Water-Limited Environment: 3. Soil Solution Chemistry." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050826.
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Aluminum (Al) toxicity imposes a significant limitation to crop production in South Western Australia. This paper examines the impact of surface-applied lime and gypsum on soil solution chemistry in the short term (1 year) and the long-term (10 years) in water limited environments. In the experiments, we measured soil solution chemistry using a paste extract on soil profile samples collected to a depth of 50 cm. We then used the chemical equilibrium model MINTEQ to predict the presence and relative concentrations of Al species that are toxic to root growth (Al associated with Al3+ and AlOH2 or Toxic-Al) and less non-toxic forms of Al bound with sulfate, other hydroxide species and organic matter. A feature of the soils used in the experiment is that they have a low capacity to adsorb sulfate. In the short term, despite the low amount of rainfall (279 mm), sulfate derived from the surface gypsum application is rapidly leached into the soil profile. There was no self-liming effect, as evidenced by there being no change in soil solution pH. The application of gypsum, in the short term, increased soil solution ionic strength by 524–681% in the 0–10 cm soil layer declining to 75–109% in the 30–40 cm soil layer due to an increase in soil solution sulfate and calcium concentrations. Calcium from the gypsum application displaces Al from the exchange sites to increase soil solution Al activity in the gypsum treatments by 155–233% in the short term and by 70–196% in the long term to a depth of 40 cm. However, there was no effect on Toxic-Al due to Al sulfate precipitation. In the long term, sulfate leaching from the soil profile results in a decline in soil solution ionic strength. Application of lime results in leaching of alkalinity into the soil profile leading to a decreased Toxic-Al to a depth of 30 cm in the long term, but it did not affect Toxic-Al in the short term. Combining an application of lime with gypsum had the same impact on soil solution properties as gypsum alone in the short term and as lime alone in the long term.
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Thuc, Le Vinh, and Vo Quang Minh. "Improvement of Glutinous Corn and Watermelon Yield by Lime and Microbial Organic Fertilizers." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2022 (November 24, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2611529.
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Background. The characteristics of acid soil, often low pH and high toxicity, affect the growth and yield of plants. Aims. This study evaluates the effects of supplemented lime and microbial organic fertilizer on glutinous corn (Zea mays) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) yield, yield components, and economic efficiency on acid-sulfate soils. Materials and Methods. Two experiments were carried out in Phung Hiep District, Hau Giang Province, as a typical acid-sulfate soil area. The randomized complete block with four treatments and three replicates was designed for the experiment, in which supplemented fertilizers were 800 kg of lime/ha; 2,000 kg of microbial organic fertilizer/ha; and 800 kg of lime in combination with 2,000 kg of microbial organic fertilizer/ha, and treatment as farmer dose (FFT), without lime and microbial organic fertilizer. Results. As a result, using lime combined with microbial organic fertilizer increased the yield compared to using only lime or microbial organic fertilizer. Besides, the incomes increased to 12.0% and 13.8%, respectively, compared to farmer recommendations. Conclusion. To improve the yield of glutinous corn or watermelon and income on acid-sulfate soils, lime should be applied at 800 kg combined with 2,000 kg of microbial organic fertilizer/ha.
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Hoa, Nguyen My, Trinh Thi Thu Trang, and Tran Kim Tinh. "Net N mineralisation in acid sulfate soils amended with different sources of organic matter, lime, and urea." Soil Research 42, no. 6 (2004): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03081.
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Acid sulfate soils in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, are often high in organic matter content, but net N mineralisation is low. This may be due to low soil pH or low easily decomposable organic matter content. This study aimed at investigating net N mineralisation in acid sulfate rice soil (anaerobic incubation) and acid sulfate upland soil (aerobic incubation) amended with 1% biogas sludge, 1% straw, 1% starch, 2.5‰ CaCO3 (about 10 t CaCO3/ha for acid sulfate soils), and 0.22‰ urea. Non-acid alluvial soils were used for comparison. Results showed that addition of straw and starch to acid sulfate rice soil decreased net N mineralisation, but addition of biogas sludge increased cumulative N-NH4 due to both the increase in soil pH after submergence and the supply of low C/N organic matter. Addition of biogas sludge can therefore increase N-supplying capacity in acid sulfate rice soil. During aerobic incubation of acid sulfate upland soil with biogas sludge, cumulative N (NH4 + NO3) was also increased compared with the control, although pH was not increased. It is concluded, therefore, that in acid sulfate soils in the Mekong Delta, the supply of easily decomposable organic matter with low C/N ratio can increase activity of microorganisms and hence increase net N mineralised compared with soils not supplied with biogas sludge. Liming can increase net N mineralisation in acid sulfate rice soil during anaerobic incubation, but not in acid sulfate upland soil during aerobic incubation. Addition of rice straw and starch to soil amended with urea increased N immobilisation; therefore, urea can be temporally immobilised in soils and hence may reduce loss of N in field conditions.
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Abiodun, Abiola Ayopo, and Zalihe Nalbantoglu. "Lime pile techniques for the improvement of clay soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 6 (June 2015): 760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0073.
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Soil improvement is one of the basic requirements for preparing in situ soils for appropriate strengthening, stiffness, and stability in civil engineering designs and applications. The modification technique, which involves mechanical, thermal, and chemical components, requires monitoring techniques to determine its efficiency and suitability. This study examines the geotechnical improvement of clay soils using the lime pile technique on a laboratory-scale model. The clay–lime physicochemical reactions resulting from cation exchange were examined through basic experimental analyses. In addition, electrical conductivity measurements were performed on the selected treated soils to examine variations in their electrical properties. Remolded compacted clay soil blocks were carefully prepared in circular steel test tanks with lime piles installed in them. The treated soil block properties were then investigated as a function of radial lime pile distances and curing periods. It was observed that there are significant changes in the Atterberg limit, linear shrinkage, compaction characteristics, and strength of the treated soils due to the clay–lime reactions. The results indicate that these reactions have remarkable effects on the electrical properties of the lime pile–treated soil and produced strong interparticle bonds and unconfined compressive strength of the soil. This is attributed to the migration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from the lime piles into the soil, flocculation of particles, and pozzolanic reactions. The significant changes in the electrical properties and shear strength values suggest that their correlative changes can be used as a monitoring technique to determine the improvement in geotechnical properties of chemically treated soils.
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Bessaim, Mohammed Mustapha, Aicha Bessaim, Hanifi Missoum, and Karim Bendani. "Effect of quick lime on physicochemical properties of clay soil." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902065.
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Clay soils are known for their water sensitivity, which causes irreparable damage to any structure built on this type of soil. In order to avoid such problem, it is necessary to use various improvement and stabilization methods such as treatment with lime. This process has been used successfully in the field for decades. The addition of lime generates various physicochemical reactions within the soil such as cation exchange and pozzolanic reactions which are largely responsible for the improvement of the soil in question. This paper presents a study concerning the variation of physicochemical properties of clayey soil with the addition of quicklime at different percentages. Experiments were performed on two clayey soils (CL type) in order to investigate the influence of quicklime on Atterberg limits and pH. These tests were carried out in an attempt to study and follow the development and progression of various reactions occurred within the soil with various lime percentages. The results show that the addition of quicklime causes a significant improvement in soil properties by reducing plasticity and thereby improves the soil workability. It can also be found that the addition of lime increase pH of soil, which allow activating pozzolanic reactions who tend to stabilize the soil in question by formation of cementitious compounds. Finally, the pH can be considered as a relevant parameter who allows a better understanding of the reactions that occur in the soil matrix.
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Umari, Zainal, Marsi ., and Dade Jubaedah. "PENGGUNAAN KAPUR DOLOMIT [CAMG(CO3)2] PADA DASAR KOLAM TANAH SULFAT MASAM TERHADAP PERBAIKAN KUALITAS AIR PADA PEMELIHARAAN BENIH IKAN PATIN (Pangasius sp.)." Jurnal Akuakultur Rawa Indonesia 5, no. 2 (December 12, 2018): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jari.v5i2.7143.
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ABSTRACTAcidic waters was common problem in aquaculture in acidic soil area. Poor water quality in the acid sulfate soil pond has potential to decrease fish survival rate dan fish growth. Liming pond is one of method to neutralize (buffer) acid in fish pond. The aim of the research is to determine the best dosage of dolomite lime [CaMg(CO3)2] in acid sulfate soil pond to water quality, survival rate and growth of catfish. The research conducted on September-October 2016 in Laboratorium Kolam Percobaan, Program Studi Budidaya Perairan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya. The research based on completely random design with four treatments and three replications. The treatments were different dosage of dolomite lime that are 6 (P1), 9 (P2), 12 (P3), and 15 (P4) ton/ha equivalent CaCO3. The research parameter were water quality, survival rate, and growth. The result showed that dosage 12 ton/ha was the best treatment that has highest survival rate 96.6 %, absolute growth of length 3.5 cm, weight 7.91g and feed efficiency 106,77%. Keywords: liming, dolomite, acid sulfate soil, seedling catfish
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Horsnell, LJ. "The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 1. The effect of superphosphate and lime on soil pH and on the establishment and growth of phalaris and lucerne." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 1 (1985): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850149.
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The response of improved pastures to the application of superphosphate is low on the acid sedimentary soils, of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, which contain high levels of exchangeable aluminium. An investigation was made into the effect of surface-applied fertilizers on soil pH and on the establishment and growth of lucerne and phalaris on these soils. At 6 weeks after the application of gypsum, superphosphate, or superphosphate plus potassium sulfate, soil pH (H2O) had decreased markedly. This effect extended to a depth of 20 cm, but decreased with time. Initially, lime application increased the pH of the surface soil only. When superphosphate was applied with lime the pH of the soil under the lime layer decreased to the same level as that found in the soil treated with superphosphate alone. Lime, however, had penetrated into the subsoil 102 weeks after application and substantially more so after 13 years. Soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) was not depressed by the application of fertilizers. Growth and persistence of both species in the first summer were poor, but growth responses to phosphorus, lime and nitrogen increased after the first year. Lucerne showed large growth responses to lime, greater than those found on plots receiving nitrogen fertilizer. Lime reduced aluminium levels both in lucerne plants and in soil. It is suggested that the slow penetration of lime into the soil, the relatively quick effect of superphosphate in increasing subsoil acidity, and high soil aluminium levels are together responsible for the poor persistence and slow growth of both lucerne and phalaris in the early stages. The subsequent large dry matter responses of lucerne to lime are possibly related to increased nitrogen fixation and a lowering of plant and soil aluminium levels. It is suggested that the lime responses of phalaris are also related to lower aluminium levels.
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James, Jijo, Sivapriya Vijayasimhan, and Eyo Eyo. "Stress-Strain Characteristics and Mineralogy of an Expansive Soil Stabilized Using Lime and Phosphogypsum." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010123.
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The study involved the utilization of an industrial waste product, Phosphogypsum (PG) as an additive to lime for the stabilization of soil. Three lime dosages, viz. initial consumption of lime (ICL), optimum lime content (OLC) and less than ICL (LICL) were adopted for stabilizing the soil. The study investigated the stress-strain characteristics of soil composites stabilized with these three lime contents modified with optimum dosages of PG. Mineralogical studies were performed on the spent samples used for a series of determinations of unconfined compression strength tests with various combinations of lime and optimum PG content. The addition of an optimum dosage of PG resulted in an early strength gain of 8.8%, 14.1% and 13.9% and a delayed strength gain of 9.9%, 19% and 19.7% for 3%, 5.5% and 7% for the lime-stabilized soil, respectively. It was found that the addition of PG to the lime resulted in enhanced stiffness, residual strength and reduced brittleness due to the PG amendment of the stabilization reactions. However, in terms of the overall improvement of soil properties, the most favorable benefit was obtained by optimal PG modification of ICL rather than OLC. Microanalysis of the X-ray diffraction scatter also supported the results revealed through stress-strain characteristics. ICL with its optimal PG dosage showed a better progression of pozzolanic reactions when compared to the other two in terms of reduction of peaks of soil minerals and increase in peaks of CSH.
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Mason, MG. "Effect of nitrogenous fertilisers on soil inorganic nitrogen levels and uptake by wheat on very acid soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 6 (1989): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890837.
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Urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate were compared as sources of nitrogen (N) for wheat grown on very acid soils at 2 sites in 1980, in the absence of lime or where lime at 2 t/ha was incorporated into the top 10 cm of soil. The plots were soil sampled each week for the first 5 weeks after sowing, and further samples were collected at 9 weeks. Wheat tops were sampled 4 times during the first 6 weeks after sowing. Soils and plants were analysed for ammonium-N and nitrate-N. Application of each fertiliser initially caused increased soil levels of ammonium-N which fell with time at both sites. Increases in nitrate-N were small and were usually not significant. At 1 site (Bunketch), and with ammonium sulfate as the N source when no lime was added, there was a slower rate of decline in ammonium-N than in the presence of lime. Fertiliser type did not result in any significant differences in ammonium and N concentrations in the soil, apart from the higher levels of nitrate-N in the ammonium nitrate treatments. At both sites and particularly at Perenjori both in the absence and presence of lime, nitrate-N concentrations in plants were higher for the treatments with N fertiliser than for the unfertilised controls. This suggests that the N applied as fertiliser ammonium is nitrified before it is taken up by the plants. At the first plant sampling at Perenjori and at the first 2 samplings at Bunketch, ammonium-N levels in the fertilised plants were higher than in the unfertilised plants, suggesting that ammonium-N was readily taken up by the plants. Plant nitrate levels were lower at Bunketch in the absence of lime, than where lime was added. Grain yields were significantly increased at both sites by N fertiliser application. The 3 fertilisers were equally effective and there was no significant response to lime. Both nitrate and ammonium-N appeared to be readily utilised by the plant.
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Sivapullaiah, P. V., A. Sridharan, and H. N. Ramesh. "Strength behaviour of lime-treated soils in the presence of sulphate." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 1358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-052.
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Lime has been used extensively to improve the shear strength of fine-grained soils. It has been recently reported that the presence of sulphate causes abnormal volume changes in lime-stabilized soil. The paper presents the strength behaviour of lime-treated montmorillonitic natural black cotton soil in the presence of varying sulphate contents after curing for periods of up to 365 days. Alteration of soillime reactions in the presence of sulphate affects the strength development by cementation. Consequently, the stressstrain behaviour effective stress paths of soil cured with sulphate are similar to those of normally consolidated soil rather than cemented soils. The reduction in shear strength due to a reduction in effective cohesion intercept occurs for lime-treated soil cured with sulphate for long periods.Key words: clays, cohesion, fabric, friction, shear strength.
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KIMPE, C. R. DE, M. R. LAVERDIÈRE, and R. W. BARIL. "CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED ESTUARINE ACID SULFATE SOILS IN QUEBEC." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-081.
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When drained and cultivated, acid sulfate soils developed on coastal marsh sediments lose some of their specific properties because large amounts of lime are applied before cultivation and sulfate ions are leached out of the profiles. However, these soils still contrast strongly with other Gleysolic soils and their special characteristics should be given more emphasis in the soil classification system, especially for the benefit of soil fertility specialists. Key words: de l'Anse soils, jarosite, Gleysolic soils, sulfur
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Ebailila, Mansour, John Kinuthia, and Jonathan Oti. "Suppression of Sulfate-Induced Expansion with Lime–Silica Fume Blends." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 2821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082821.
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Sulfate-induced expansion resulting from the formation of ettringite in sulfate-bearing soil stabilised with calcium-based stabilisers is a problematic issue with technical and economic implications. Thus, this research examines the viability of the co-addition of lime (L) and silica fume (S) at varying binder dosages (4, 6, and 10 wt%), with a view of establishing the optimum blend of L–S for suppressing the ettringite-induced expansion of artificially high sulfate-dosed soil (kaolinite-K and gypsum-G). To do so, a series of laboratory specimens, designed using different gypsum and lime concentrations, were investigated using unconfined compression strength (UCS), linear expansion, and derivative thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTG) as the main criteria for the examination. The research outcomes indicated that the increasing substitution of L with S induces a gradual reduction on the UCS and linear expansion at binder levels of 4 and 6 wt%, while its usage in a high binder level (10 wt%), can yield an expansion reduction, with no compromise on the UCS performance. Therefore, silica fume has the potential for restricting ettringite formation and suppressing the expansion, of which 3L7S is the optimum blending ratio for suppressing the expansion.
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Mansour, Ebailila, John Kinuthia, Jonathan Oti, and Qusai Al-Waked. "Sulfate soil stabilisation with binary blends of lime–silica fume and lime–ground granulated blast furnace slag." Transportation Geotechnics 37 (November 2022): 100888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100888.
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Rao, Sudhakar M., and P. Shivananda. "Role of curing temperature in progress of lime-soil reactions." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 23, no. 1 (February 2005): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-003-3157-5.
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Azman, Elisa Azura, Roslan Ismail, and Shamshuddin Jusop. "Effects of Various Liming Materials on the Growth of Rice under Rainshelter Condition." AgroTech Food Science, Technology and Environment 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53797/agrotech.v1i2.1.2022.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of liming materials on the growth of rice under rainshelter conditions and MR 219 rice variety was used in this experiment. The treatments were: 1) T1, no application of lime, 2) T2, 4 t ha-1 of ground magnesium limestone (GML), 3) T3, 2 t ha-1 of hydrated lime, 4) T4, 20 L ha-1 of liquid lime. It was found that the application of 4 t ha-1 of GML had produced the highest rice yield of 8.2 t ha-1. The result showed that as panicle length increase, spikelet per panicle also increases. Relative rice yield is negatively correlated with the soil pH, and this indicates that as soil acidity increase (observed with pH between 2 to 3), the rice yield decrease and vice versa. At harvest, the soil pH exceeded 6 for all the treatment. It was also observed that as soil exchangeable Ca increase, soil pH also increases. Among the treatment, soil treated with 2 t ha-1 of hydrated lime gave the highest exchangeable Ca in the soil of 11.86 cmolc kg-1 soil with Ca concentration of 0.12% in the root. It was observed that liming increases soil pH and exchangeable cations in the soil. Therefore, liming is essential to ameliorate the acid sulfate soils for rice cultivation.
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Harris, Pat, Tom Scullion, Stephen Sebesta, and German Claros. "Measuring Sulfate in Subgrade Soil: Difficulties and Triumphs." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1837, no. 1 (January 2003): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1837-01.
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The accurate analysis of sulfate sulfur in subgrade soil is essential for road construction that involves calcium-based stabilizers (lime or cement). The objective was to determine if other tests give more reproducible results in a more timely fashion than Texas’s current sulfate test method (Tex-620-J), a gravimetric method. Literature review and interviews with commercial soil testing laboratories revealed three techniques to compare with Tex-620-J: ion chromatography, conductivity, and colorimetry/spectrophotometry. Soils were manufactured with known sulfate (gypsum and anhydrite) concentrations and sent to laboratories that performed gravimetric analysis and ion chromatography. Conductivity and colorimetric testing were performed in-house. Testing showed that Tex-620-J is not very precise, which creates the need for an unrealistic number of samples to obtain an accurate estimate of the sulfate concentration. To define the 95% confidence interval for true sulfate content to within ±10% of the true known value for a concentration of 5,000 ppm, Tex-620-J requires 43 tests; ion chromatography requires 14 tests. The colorimeter achieved the desired results in only one test, based on sulfate standard solutions. Results of this study revealed the difficulty with obtaining accurate sulfate measurements in the laboratory and indicated a few inexpensive pieces of equipment that can be used in both the field and laboratory settings that may yield better results.
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Rocha, Gissele Souza, Claudio Henrique de Carvalho Silva, Heraldo Nunes Pitanga, Ecidinéia Pinto Soares de Mendonça, Dario Cardoso de Lima, and Gustavo Diniz da Côrte. "Effect of lime on the mechanical response of a soil for use in unpaved forest roads." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 42 (November 29, 2019): e44764. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v42i1.44764.
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The main objective of this study was to propose the application of soil-lime mixtures asa primary coating layerof unpavedforestroads based on the premise that this layer can be considered mechanically similar to a flexible pavementsub base layer, aiming to fill a gap in the current technical literature and engineering practice in this field of knowledge. In the study, a laboratory test program was carried out in a residual gneiss soil encompassing: (i) geotechnical characterization tests; (ii) compaction tests at the standard Proctor energy on soil specimens and on soil-lime mixturespecimens prepared with lime contents of 2, 4 and 6% related to the dry soil mass; (iii) unconfined compressive strength tests on soil specimens compacted at the standard Proctor optimum parameters; and (iv) unconfined compressive strength tests on specimens of soil-lime mixtures compacted at the standard Proctor optimum compaction parameters with lime contents of 2, 4 and 6%, and cured at 22.8°C in the curing periods of 3, 7, 28 and 90 days. The results showed that the addition of lime resulted in: (i) reduction in soil maximum dry unit weight (gdmax) and increase in soil optimum water content (wopt);and(ii) significant gains in soil unconfined compressive strength that evidenced the expressive occurrence of pozzolanic reactions in the mixtures.Based on the hypothesis of a similar requirement for soil-cement and soil-lime mixtures, the tested soil-lime mixtures met the minimum mechanical strength (1.2MPa) required for application as a primary coating layer of unpaved forest roads.
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Ehwailat, Khaled Ibrahim Azarroug, Mohd Ashraf Mohamad Ismail, and Ali Muftah Abdussalam Ezreig. "Novel Approach for Suppression of Ettringite Formation in Sulfate-Bearing Soil Using Blends of Nano-Magnesium Oxide, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Rice Husk Ash." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 6618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146618.
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The treatment of sulfate-bearing soil with calcium-based stabilizers such as cement or lime often results in ettringite formation, consequently leading to swelling and strength deterioration. Ettringite formation has negative environmental and economic effects on various civil engineering structures. This study was conducted to investigate the use of different materials (nano–magnesium oxide (M), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and rice husk ash (RHA)) for gypseous soil stabilization to prevent ettringite formation. Various tests were performed, including flexural strength, unconfined compression strength, linear expansion, and microstructure analysis (SEM/EDX), on lime (L)-, (M)-, (M-RHA)-, (M-GGBS)-, and (M-GGBS-RHA)-stabilized gypseous soil samples to determine their properties. The results indicated that the swelling rates of the soil samples mixed with 20% M-RHA, M-GGBS, and M-GGBS-RHA binders were much lower (less than 0.01% of volume change) than those of the soil samples mixed with 10% and 20% lime-stabilized binders after a curing period of 90 days. Meanwhile, the strengths of the soil samples mixed with 20% of M-RHA, M-GGBS, and M-GGBS-RHA soil specimens after soaking of 90 days were obviously higher (with a range from 2.7–12.8 MPa) than those of the soil samples mixed with 20% of lime-stabilized binder. The SEM and EDX results showed no ettringite formation in the M-RHA-, M-GGBS-, and M-GGBS-RHA-stabilized soils. Overall, the test results proved the potential of M-RHA, M-GGBS, and M-GGBS-RHA as effective soil stabilizers.
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Michael, Patrick S. "EFFECTS OF ALKALINE SANDY LOAM ON SULFURIC SOIL ACIDITY AND SULFIDIC SOIL OXIDATION." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 3 (August 24, 2015): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i3.13229.
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In poor soils, addition of alkaline sandy loam containing an adequate proportion of sand, silt and clay would add value by improving the texture, structure and organic matter (OM) for general use of the soils. In acid sulfate soils (ASS), addition of alkaline sandy would improve the texture and leach out salts as well as add a sufficient proportion of OM for vegetation establishment. In this study, addition of alkaline sandy loam into sulfuric soil effectively increased the pH, lowered the redox and reduced the sulfate content, the magnitude of the effects dependent on moisture content. Addition of alkaline sandy loam in combination with OM was highly effective than the effects of the lone alkaline sandy loam. When alkaline sandy was added alone or in combination with OM into sulfidic soil, the effects on pH and the redox were similar as in the sulfuric soil but the effect on sulfate content was variable. The effects under aerobic conditions were higher than under anaerobic conditions. The findings of this study have important implications for the general management of ASS where lime availability is a concern and its application is limited.International Journal of Environment Volume-4, Issue-3, June-August 2015Page: 42-54
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Marsh, Brian H., and J. H. Grove. "Plant and Soil Composition as Affected by an Alternative Lime Source Containing Sulfate." Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, no. 6 (November 1992): 1831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060030x.
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Marsh, Brian H., and J. H. Grove. "Surface and Subsurface Soil Acidity: Soybean Root Response to Sulfate-Bearing Spent Lime." Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, no. 6 (November 1992): 1837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060031x.
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Little, Dallas N., Bruce Herbert, and Sachin N. Kunagalli. "Ettringite Formation in Lime-Treated Soils." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1936, no. 1 (January 2005): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193600107.
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The use of calcium-based stabilizers such as calcium oxide (lime) in sulfate-bearing clay soils has historically led to structural distress because of the formation of a mineral called ettringite and possibly thaumasite. In trying to control the damage associated with such formations, engineers have attempted to determine a threshold level of soluble sulfates–-a quantity that is relatively easy and quick to measure at which significant ettringite growth and, therefore, structural distress occurs. This is indeed a complex problem related to not only soil composition but also construction methods, availability of water, ion migration, and the ability of the void structure to accommodate the expansive mineral growth. Unfortunately, experience alone and rules-of-thumb based on experience are not sufficient to deal with this complex issue. Thermodynamic geochemical models of the lime-treated soil can be used as a first step toward establishing thresholds for problematic levels of soluble sulfates for a specific soil. A foundation for the model development is presented, and two soils are compared to illustrate their sensitivities to ettringite growth on the addition of lime. Because the model predicts ettringite growth on the basis of site-specific properties, the model can be used to assess the potential amelioration effects of soluble silica.
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Suswanto, Totok, J. Shamshuddin, S. R. Syed Omar, C. B. S. The, and Peli Mat. "A Decision Support System for Rice Cultivation on Acid Sulfate Soils in Malaysia." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.7.1.1-5.
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Ameliorative steps to put acid sulfate soils into productive use can be organized by a decision support system. Themodel uses microeconomic analysis to get an optimal rate of lime and fertilizer in maximizing profit. A glasshouse experiment was conducted on an acid sulfate soil in Malaysia to get the potential yield. A field trial was conducted for validationpurposes. The recommended rate offertilizer application of 150-200 kg ha-J N. 20-30 kg ha-J P and 150-200 kg ha-J K were applied during the critical stage of the rice growth. Field Adjusting Factor (FAF) ofOAQ has been found and this was used /0 analyze the production function. Using TableCurve 3D software. an equation for production function was established.Validation using experimental data showed that the equation has a good capability. shown by the value of p>0.2 (t-test) andMEE of 2%. The model. named as RiCASS(Rice Cultivation on Acid Sulfate Soil}. was developed and successfully simulatedthe maximal profit under 4 different scenarios. The recommended rate of lime (GML) was 6.5 t ha-J for maximal profit and 2.5- 3.0 t ha-J for the farmers . practice .
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Lefroy, RDB, D. Santoso, and GJ Blair. "Fate of applied phosphate and sulfate in weathered acid soils under leaching conditions." Soil Research 33, no. 1 (1995): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9950135.
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The ability of a soil to sorb ionic forms of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) is a major determinant of the movement of sulfate and phosphate ions in the profile. Earlier research is equivocal concerning the effect of concurrent applications of phosphate and sulfate on soils. Any interaction could have significant consequences for fertilizer management. An experiment was conducted with two contrasting acid soils in open PVC columns. The soils were a gleyed podzolic (Aquic Haplustalf) (GP) (30 �g P g(-1)) soil adsorbed at a soil solution concentration of 0.2 �g P mL(-1)), 13 �g S g(-1)) soil adsorbed at a soil concentration of 5 �g S mL(-1))), and a red earth (Haplohumult) (RE) (30 �g P g(-1)) soil, 48 �g S g(-1)) soil adsorption). A lime x P x S factorial combination was applied to simulate residual P and a topdressing of 32P- and 35S-labelled fertilizer was made as a recent application. The columns were watered to 125% field capacity, at 3 day intervals, until no labelled S or P appeared in the leachate. There was considerable movement of applied P downward in the column of the low-sorbing GP soil. At the end of nine intermittent leachings, the 32P-labelled P recently applied to the surface had moved to the second soil layer (7.5-15 cm), thereby increasing the Colwell P content of this layer from 16 to between 40 and 50 �g P g(-1)) soil. If the soil had been previously treated with P, the recently applied P was leached to the third (15.0-22.5 cm) and fourth (22.5-30 cm) soil layers. In contrast, applied P moved little in the medium-sorbing RE soil. Lime and S application also had no effect on the distribution of applied P in the coil columns. The amounts of recently applied P fertilizer lost by leaching from the RE were less than 2 �g P column-1) of less than 2% of the native+fertilizer P present in the leachate. The S, applied as Na2SO4, was completely leached out of the GP soil by the nine intermittent leachings irrespective of lime or P treatment. The losses of 35S-labelled S recently applied to the surface (>70%) occurred mostly with the second and the third leachings. In the RE soil, a previous application of S resulted in a loss of 34-57% of the applied S after 13 intermittent leachings. Most of his S was lost during the leaching episodes. The application of 98 mu g S g(-1)) soil as a recent S application to the soil surface resulted in increased losses of about 74-121 �g S g(-1)) soil or 37-60% of the applied S. If the soil had a previous S treatment, the S leached amounted to between 36% and 52% of the total S applied. Liming enhanced leaching losses of applied S, and P application only increased S losses in the limed treatment.
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Bolan, N. S., H. L. Wang, M. J. Hedley, and D. J. Horne. "The influence of surface incorporated lime and gypsiferous by-products on surface and subsurface soil acidity. II. Root growth and agronomic implications." Soil Research 37, no. 1 (1999): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97058.
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Lucerne (Medicago sativa. L) root elongation in acid soils amended by gypsiferous coal combustion by-products was investigated in a glasshouse study. Lime, fluidised bed boiler ash (FBA), and flue gas desulfurisation gypsum (FGDG) were mixed into the surface 50 mm of either an Allophanic (the Patua sand loam) or an Ultic (the Kaawa clay loam) soil column, at rates containing calcium equivalent to 5000 kg/ha of CaCO3. Lucerne was grown on each column after it was leached with 400 mm of water. Whereas the lime treatment had no effect on root elongation in the acidic subsurface of the Patua soil, the FBA and FGDG treatments significantly improved lucerne root penetration into the subsurface soil (P < 0·05). This was due to the ‘self-liming effect’ induced by sulfate adsorption. Regression analysis indicated that the molar ratio of labile monomeric aluminium and calcium in soil solution (Al : Ca) was a good indicator of the degree of root growth into subsurface soil layers (R2= 0·94). In contrast, topsoil incorporated amendments did not influence root penetration into the acidic subsurface of the Kaawa soil, which is dominated by permanently charged clay minerals. The ‘self-liming effect’ caused by gypsum application is not a sustainable practice. Lime should be applied to neutralise the topsoil acidity, when gypsum is used as subsurface soil acidity ameliorant. FBA, which contains both lime and gypsum, can meet these requirements.
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James, Jijo, and P. Kasinatha Pandian. "Bagasse Ash as an Auxiliary Additive to Lime Stabilization of an Expansive Soil: Strength and Microstructural Investigation." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (May 2, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9658639.
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The study dealt with the effect of addition of sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) on the strength development of a lime stabilized expansive soil. Unlike previous investigations with combinations of lime and BA, this study compares the effect of lime contents determined by scientifically established procedures and the effect of BA on the stabilization of lime at different proportions with additional microstructural investigations. The minimum lime content required for stabilization known as initial consumption of lime (ICL) was determined using the Eades and Grim pH test as 5.5%. The optimum lime content (OLC) was determined using unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests as 7%. Another lime content less than ICL was randomly adopted as 3%. The three lime contents were mixed with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% BA. UCS samples of dimension 38 mm × 76 mm were prepared at a fixed dry density and moisture content and cured for periods of 2 hours (0 days), 3, 7, 14, and 28 days to study the development of strength and effect of BA. Mineralogical and microstructural analyses were performed on the pulverized UCS samples after failure. The results revealed that the addition of BA increased the immediate, early, and delayed strength of lime stabilized soil further, even when the lime content was lower than ICL. Addition of BA produced maximum immediate, early, and delayed strength gains of 58.3%, 20.7%, and 32.7%, respectively. Higher proportion of BA was required when lime content was above ICL, for maximum strength. Addition of BA resulted in better utilization of quartz in lime-soil reactions leading to formation of CSH and CAH minerals. A dense compact matrix was seen on analyzing the microstructure of the stabilized soil composite.
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Akula, Pavan, Narain Hariharan, Dallas N. Little, Didier Lesueur, and Gontran Herrier. "Evaluating the Long-Term Durability of Lime Treatment in Hydraulic Structures: Case Study on the Friant-Kern Canal." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120919404.
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The slopes along the Friant-Kern Canal were last treated in the 1970s with 4% quick lime to mitigate issues related to slope failure caused by expansive Porterville soils. The immediate benefits of lime treatment were well documented by the Bureau of Reclamation. However, questions remain over the long-term durability of lime-treated materials. In this study, we compare the engineering properties and changes in the soil mineralogy of treated and untreated sections to establish the effectiveness of lime after more than 40 years of performance. A geochemical model was developed using the GEM-Selektor program to simulate the geochemical reactions in the soil-lime system and predict stable pozzolanic products. The experimental results show a reduction in the plasticity index from 23 to 6 after lime treatment together with a tenfold increase in strength. Lime addition lowers the risk of volumetric expansion and erosion in soils from moderately high to very low. Further, a pH increase from 6.30 to 8.90 in lime-treated sections indicates that lime treatment continues to be effective. X-ray fluorescence analysis shows the presence of Ca2+ ions in quantities similar to the initial treatment dosage indicating negligible leaching of lime. The geochemical model provides evidence of the formation of pozzolanic products in the soil-lime system which was validated using thermogravimetry analysis. The performance history of the Friant-Kern Canal together with the findings of this study affirm the long-term durability of lime treatment on this project and strengthens the case for using lime in the repair of hydraulic structures.
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Sulewski, G. D., and J. J. Schoenau. "Can the plant availability of elemental sulfur be enhanced through its combination with sewage sludge and hydrated lime?" Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-101.
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Elemental sulfur (S°) was combined with dried anaerobically digested sewage sludge (DDS) and/or hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) to create a possible alternative to conventional S° fertilizers. These S° blends were studied in both powdered and pelletized form to discern both the role of DDS as a fertilizer binder and as a potential stimulator of heterotrophic S° oxidation. The S° blends were visually examined to obtain general conclusions regarding surface characteristics and potential plant availability. An incubation lasting 12 wk was used to examine the short-term release of sulfate from fine (mean particle diameter [MPD] = 82 µm) and coarse (MPD = 353 µm) S° blends. Sulfate supply potential and the effects of S° pelletization were studied in the growth chamber with canola as the test crop. An apparent link existed between enhanced S° oxidation rate and a modified surface environment produced by the combination of S° + DDS + Ca(OH)2. Soil amendment with S° blends containing DDS + Ca(OH)2 or Ca(OH)2 showed initial oxidation rates superior to S° alone. Growth chamber observations revealed higher canola yield and sulfate recovery with application of S° blends containing DDS + Ca(OH)2 over S° alone. Attempts at pelletizing the S° blends resulted in improved handling characteristics, but lowered product performance due to poor dispersion in soil. Key words: Elemental sulfur, sewage sludge, oxidation, plant availability
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Taha, Mohd Raihan, Panbarasi Govindasamy, and Jamal Alsharef. "Some Geotechnical Behaviour of Silty Clay Improved with Lime and Nanolime." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199211005.
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Chemical stabilization involves application of chemical admixtures to improve the behaviour of soil. Thus, this study was carried out to validate the effectiveness of nanolime additives as soil stabilizer. Lime and nanolime were chosen as additive to investigate its effect on some geotechnical properties of clayey soil. The soil was mixed with the additives ranging from 0.2 to 1.0% by dry weight of soil. The results indicate that adding a low percentage of nanolime can lead to a noticeable reduction in soil plasticity. It is found that a considerable improvement in soil compaction results was achieved with nanolime compared with lime. Nanolime shows superiority in soil improvement compared with lime even at the dosage of 0.5%. Chemical reactions between the calcium oxides and dissolved silica present in the soil mineral produced calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), where the morphology of this product can be recognized under FESEM test. The results indicate that the stabilization mechanism of treated soil involved flocculation and agglomeration of soil particles by Ca+2 which bridges the negatively charged clay particles The existence of even a minute amount of nanolime can result in extraordinary effects on the engineering properties of soil.
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Sayed Abdolhossein Mohammadi Jahromi, Sayed Abdolhossein, Abdolhossein Aboutalebi Jahromi, Vahid Abdossi, and Alireza Talaei. "Creating optimal nutrient conditions in soil and plants during the flower induction process of sweet lime (Citrus limettioides) under calcareous soil conditions to increase the yield." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 21, no. 5 (October 28, 2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2022.5.1.
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A study was conducted on 6-year-old sweet lime trees on the Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) rootstock in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and three replications in southern Fars to determine the appropriate time of plant supplementary feeding to increase flower production and the yield in calcareous soils. In 2016 and 2017, 40 trees that had the same planting and growing conditions, were selected to determine the flower induction time. Ten times (22nd of October, 1st, 11th, and 20th November, December, and January), four branches that had a length of 120 cm and a diameter of half a centimeter were selected on each tree in four geographical directions. At each time, the branches of three trees were ringed at a distance of 120 cm from the tip of the branch, and all the leaves were removed. At the time of flower emergence, the number of flowers was counted. The results showed that the flower induction in these trees was in early December. Based on the results of this experiment and previous research in this field, in September 2017, the 7-year-old trees grafted on the Mexican lime rootstock were treated with the foliar application of nitrogen as urea [CO(NH2)2] and zinc as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at three concentrations including 0, 3, and 5 g∙L–1, alone and by combination in two separate pieces in a randomized complete-block factorial design including nine treatments and three replications to increase the yield using elements involved in the flowering. At the harvest time, fruit juice, TSS, TA, vitamin C, average fruit weight, and single tree yield were measured. According to the results, the combination of urea and zinc sulfate at a concentration of 5 g∙L–1 led to an increase in the average fruit weight (58 g) and the yield (68 kg) compared to the control.
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Liu, Min, D. E. Kissel, L. S. Sonon, M. L. Cabrera, and P. F. Vendrell. "Effects of Biological Nitrogen Reactions on Soil Lime Requirement Determined by Incubation." Soil Science Society of America Journal 72, no. 3 (May 2008): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0296.
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Awad, Muwafaq, Ibrahim Al-Kiki, and Amina Khalil. "Permeability of Expansive Soils Modified/Stabilized with lime (Review Paper)." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2021.14212.
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The aim of this paper was to review the mechanism of the expansive soil-lime reactions: short term and long-term reactions in both lime modification and lime stabilization. The focus of the study was the effect of curing time for a certain centigrade 25C curing temperature in both lime modification / stabilization-expansive soils on the coefficient of permeability. Peer reviewed articles published between 2000- and 2019 were collected and relevant data were extracted. Results of this review study showed that the coefficient of permeability of expansive soils modified with lime increased during the first 7 days of curing time at curing temperature 25C and it remains constant or slightly decreased for longer curing time periods. However, for expansive soils stabilized with lime, it was found that the coefficient of permeability increased during the first 7-day curing time at curing temperature 25C, then decreased during the longer curing time periods (pozzolanic reaction). It is also noted that even though the coefficient of permeability decreased during pozzolanic reaction, it remains higher than that of the untreated soils
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Okeke, Chukwueloka, Samuel Abbey, Jonathan Oti, Eyo Eyo, Abiola Johnson, Samson Ngambi, Tamunoene Abam, and Mgboawaji Ujile. "Appropriate Use of Lime in the Study of the Physicochemical Behaviour of Stabilised Lateritic Soil under Continuous Water Ingress." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010257.
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Lime stabilisation is one of the traditional methods of improving the engineering properties of lateritic soils for use as subgrade and foundation materials for the construction of road pavements and highway embankments. Understanding the mechanical performance of lime-stabilised lateritic subgrades in terms of their durability under continuous water ingress will improve environmental sustainability by conserving scarce natural resources and reducing the environmental impacts of repair and replacement of pavements. However, there are several conflicting reports on the durability of lime-stabilised soils subjected to continuous water ingress and harsh environmental conditions. Therefore, this paper evaluates the influence of leaching on the physicochemical behaviour and durability of lime-stabilised lateritic soil under continuous water ingress, simulating the typical experience in a tropical environment. Variations in the strength and durability of the lateritic soil at various lime contents (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) and soaking periods (3, 7, 14 and 28 days) were evaluated by performing the California bearing ratio tests before and after subjecting the lime-lateritic soil (LLS) samples to continuous leaching using two modified leaching cells. Furthermore, physicochemical analysis was performed to assess the variation of cation concentrations and changes in the physical properties of the pore fluid as the leaching time progressed from 3 to 28 days. The results show that the minimum strength reduction index of the soil corresponds to its lime stabilisation optimum (LSO). Electrical conductivity decreased monotonically and almost uniformly with an increase in leaching time, irrespective of lime content. So, too, was calcium concentration and to a lesser degree for pH and potassium concentration. Adverse changes in the physicochemical behaviour of the LLS samples occurred at lime contents below and slightly above the optimum lime content of the soil. Whereas permanent pozzolanic reactions occurred at lime contents above the LSO and thus resulted in a 45-fold increase in strength and durability. The results are significant for reducing the detrimental effect of the leaching-induced deterioration of flexible pavements founded on tropical floodplains.
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Cheng, Yongzhen, and Xiaoming Huang. "Effect of Mineral Additives on the Behavior of an Expansive Soil for Use in Highway Subgrade Soils." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010030.
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Black cotton soil (BCS) forms a major soil group in Kenya and is characterized by high shrink/swell potential when exposed to water. A comprehensive series of laboratory tests were performed on BCS treated with lime (0–9%), volcanic ash (VA, 0–25%), and their combinations in order to study the physical–mechanical properties and mineralogical changes of the stabilized BCS. Moreover, a test road which replaced the BCS with the lime–VA-stabilized BCS was constructed to investigate the moisture change and soil movement in the BCS foundation. The results revealed that BCS stabilized with combinations of lime and VA shows larger California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values when compared with a single stabilizer. BCS stabilized with 3% lime + 15% VA meets the performance requirements of roadbed materials in accordance with JTG D30-2015. The increase of pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in the stabilized soil promotes chemical reactions between the stabilizers and BCS to form new cementing agents, which are confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) findings. The replacement of BCS with 3% lime + 15% VA-stabilized BCS shows an obvious effect on controlling the moisture change and soil movement in the foundation BCS. This research provides a low-cost strategy for making use of the vast resources of BCS in Kenya obtained from foundation excavation.
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McCarthy, Michael J., Laszlo J. Csetenyi, Anisha Sachdeva, and Ravindra K. Dhir. "Fly ash influences on sulfate-heave in lime-stabilised soils." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 165, no. 3 (August 2012): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.10.00016.
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