Academic literature on the topic 'Soil landscape maps'
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Journal articles on the topic "Soil landscape maps"
1
Grodzynskyi, M. "Representation of soils in the landscapes maps." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 39 (December 11, 2011): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2011.39.2169.
Full textAbstract:
Series (succession sequences) of soils that change each other over time and within the landscape units are proper objects for landscape mapping. The soil series give an idea of both retrospective state of a soil before its anthropogenic transformations and of tendencies of soil development in landscape complexes of various types. The names of soils as they are appeared in soil nomenclature of Soil science should not be duplicated in the legends of landscape maps. "Landscape" names for soils have to stress on their features and attributes that are of primary importance for vegetation, water, thermal and other ecological regimes of landscapes. The "landscape" names for different types of Albeluvisols and Phaeozems of Ukraine are suggested. Key words: soil, landscape, landscape map, landscape science.
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Bogdanova, M. D., M. I. Gerasimova, and V. A. Snytko. "Traditional approaches and new ideas of Maria Glazovskaya in thematic mapping." Geodesy and Cartography 947, no. 5 (June 20, 2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-947-5-54-62.
Full textAbstract:
Professor Maria Glazovskaya (1912–2016) – an outstanding geographer, geochemist and soil scientist, made a prominent contribution to the formation and development of several aspects of thematic mapping both in conceptual and methodological issues. These aspects, namely, soil, landscape- and soil-geochemical, as well as ecological mapping, were derived from the knowledge on soils combined with the concepts of geochemical migrations facilities for certain chemical elements in soils and landscapes. Methodology of compilation of such maps presumes purposeful interpretation of diverse soil and landscape features, their expert evaluation and forecast of response reactions of soils and landscapes to certain technogenic loads. Maria Glazovskaya proposed innovative approaches to thematic mapping enabling her to compile original maps. She introduced the principle of “prognostic information capacity of natural factors”, which means that properties of landscape components contain information appropriate for evaluating the resilience of natural systems. The ideas and methods proposed by Maria Glazovskaya are now implemented in basic and applied thematic mapping.
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Ellili-Bargaoui, Yosra, Brendan Philip Malone, Didier Michot, Budiman Minasny, Sébastien Vincent, Christian Walter, and Blandine Lemercier. "Comparing three approaches of spatial disaggregation of legacy soil maps based on the Disaggregation and Harmonisation of Soil Map Units Through Resampled Classification Trees (DSMART) algorithm." SOIL 6, no. 2 (August 14, 2020): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-371-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Enhancing the spatial resolution of pedological information is a great challenge in the field of digital soil mapping (DSM). Several techniques have emerged to disaggregate conventional soil maps initially and are available at a coarser spatial resolution than required for solving environmental and agricultural issues. At the regional level, polygon maps represent soil cover as a tessellation of polygons defining soil map units (SMUs), where each SMU can include one or several soil type units (STUs) with given proportions derived from expert knowledge. Such polygon maps can be disaggregated at a finer spatial resolution by machine-learning algorithms, using the Disaggregation and Harmonisation of Soil Map Units Through Resampled Classification Trees (DSMART) algorithm. This study aimed to compare three approaches of the spatial disaggregation of legacy soil maps based on DSMART decision trees to test the hypothesis that the disaggregation of soil landscape distribution rules may improve the accuracy of the resulting soil maps. Overall, two modified DSMART algorithms (DSMART with extra soil profiles; DSMART with soil landscape relationships) and the original DSMART algorithm were tested. The quality of disaggregated soil maps at a 50 m resolution was assessed over a large study area (6775 km2) using an external validation based on 135 independent soil profiles selected by probability sampling, 755 legacy soil profiles and existing detailed 1:25 000 soil maps. Pairwise comparisons were also performed, using the Shannon entropy measure, to spatially locate the differences between disaggregated maps. The main results show that adding soil landscape relationships to the disaggregation process enhances the performance of the prediction of soil type distribution. Considering the three most probable STUs and using 135 independent soil profiles, the overall accuracy measures (the percentage of soil profiles where predictions meet observations) are 19.8 % for DSMART with expert rules against 18.1 % for the original DSMART and 16.9 % for DSMART with extra soil profiles. These measures were almost 2 times higher when validated using 3×3 windows. They achieved 28.5 % for DSMART with soil landscape relationships and 25.3 % and 21 % for original DSMART and DSMART with extra soil observations, respectively. In general, adding soil landscape relationships and extra soil observations constraints allow the model to predict a specific STU that can occur in specific environmental conditions. Thus, including global soil landscape expert rules in the DSMART algorithm is crucial for obtaining consistent soil maps with a clear internal disaggregation of SMUs across the landscape.
4
Rinder, GE, E. Fritsch, and RW Fitzpatrick. "Computing procedures for mapping soil features at sub-catchment scale." Soil Research 32, no. 5 (1994): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940909.
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Procedures for detailed mapping of a large number of soil features in small landscape units displayed in either vertical cross section (i.e. soil toposequences) or horizontal plane (i.e. soil maps) are presented. Rom hand coloured drawings that display the soil-landscape features, an Apple Macintosh Computer, with Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Patterns and Textures programs, is used to produce high quality coloured maps ready for reproduction in any form (e.g. posters, publications, slides or overhead transparencies). The first step is to produce the detailed computer map with all soil features included. This detailed computer map is made up of the following three layers or bases: (i) a black linework and lettering base, (ii) a polygon base filled with black and white textures, and (iii) a polygon base filled with colours. The detailed computer map, saved as the master file, is very easily modified to generate more simplified and thematic maps by: (i) grouping soil features into larger soil components in order to display soil-landscapes in a more simplified form, (ii) deleting certain soil-landscape components in order to highlight specific soil features, and (iii) adding newly aquired information (e.g. chemical and hydrological data) to previous versions.
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Schmidt, Jochen, Phil Tonkin, and Allan Hewitt. "Quantitative soil - landscape models for the Haldon and Hurunui soil sets, New Zealand." Soil Research 43, no. 2 (2005): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04074.
Full textAbstract:
Limited resources and large areas of steeplands with limited field access forced soil and land resource surveyors in New Zealand often to develop generalised models of soil–landscape relationships and to use these to produce soil maps by manual interpretation of aerial photographs and field survey. This method is subjective and non-reproducible. Recent studies showed the utility of digital information and analysis to complement manual soil survey. The study presents quantitative soil–landscape models for the Hurunui and Haldon soil sets (New Zealand), developed from conceptual soil–landscape models. Spatial modelling techniques, including terrain analysis and fuzzy classification, are applied to compute membership maps of landform components for the study areas. The membership maps can be used to derive a ‘hard’ classification of land components and uncertainty maps. A soil taxonomic model is developed based on field data (soil profiles), which attaches dominant soil profiles and soil properties, including their uncertainties, to the defined land components. The method presented in this study is proposed as a potential technique for modelling land components of steepland areas in New Zealand, in which the spatial soil variation is dominantly controlled by landform properties. A soil map was developed that includes the uncertainty in the fundamental definitions of landscape units and the variability of soil properties within landscape units.
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Matasova, I. Y. "LANDSCAPE AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLACK SEA COAST OF RUSSIA." ECOLOGY ECONOMY INFORMATICS. GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND SPACE MONITORING 2, no. 5 (2020): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-123x-2020-2-5-147-154.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the use of landscape-geochemical mapping to study the spatial structure of the Black sea coast of Russia. Landscape-geochemical map of Black sea coast of Russia is done as a result of a complex study of the South of Russia summarizing large volume of various materials geological, soil, geobotanical, geological trends and the official in the field work process. Topographical and geological maps of scale 1:200000–1:500000 were the basis for drawing up the map of geochemical landscapes. Using these data, it was possible to establish the main factors of landscape differentiation and make auxiliary maps that characterize the taxonomic parameters: 1-plant communities and types of nature management developed in the region; 2 – types of geochemical conditions in soils; 3 – geomorphological features; 5-soil-forming rocks. All these factors are taken into account at various taxonomic levels and are clearly shown on the map of geochemical landscapes. The area of the research area is approximately 8,300 km2 . The variety of natural conditions and the wide development of anthropogenic activities caused the complex landscape and geochemical structure of the studied territory Most of the territory of the Black sea coast of Russia is occupied by biogenic landscapes (5717.2 km2 or 69 %). Technogenic landscapes on the black sea coast of Russia are developed everywhere, but their largest area is on the Taman Peninsula and the area from Anapa to Novorossiysk. The map made it possible to assess the natural differentiation and specifics of the technogenic transformation of the studied territory. The objectivity of using the landscape-geochemical map as a basis for a comprehensive study of the territory is confirmed by the results of studying the features of migration and concentration of chemical elements in soils and rocks.
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Odgers, Nathan P., Karen W. Holmes, Ted Griffin, and Craig Liddicoat. "Derivation of soil-attribute estimations from legacy soil maps." Soil Research 53, no. 8 (2015): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14274.
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It is increasingly necessary to apply quantitative techniques to legacy soil polygon maps given that legacy soil maps may be the only source of soil information over large areas. Spatial disaggregation provides a means of extracting information from legacy soil maps and enables us to downscale the original information to produce new soil class maps at finer levels of detail. This is a useful outcome in its own right; however, the disaggregated soil-class coverage can also be used to make digital maps of soil properties with associated estimates of uncertainty. In this work, we take the spatially disaggregated soil-class coverage for all of Western Australia and the agricultural region of South Australia and demonstrate its application in mapping clay content at six depth intervals in the soil profile. Estimates of uncertainty are provided in the form of the 90% prediction interval. The work can be considered an example of harmonisation to a common output specification. The validation results highlighted areas in the landscape and taxonomic spaces where more knowledge of soil properties is necessary.
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JONG, R. DE, and J. A. SHIELDS. "AVAILABLE WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY MAPS OF ALBERTA, SASKATCHEWAN AND MANITOBA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-015.
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Available water-holding capacity (AWC) maps of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba were derived from Soil Landscape maps (1:1 million scale) by substituting AWC classes for soil textural classes. The maps provide information required for the geographical interpretation of soil water and crop modelling analyses. Key words: Available water-holding capacity, maps, texture
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Yang, X., G. A. Chapman, J. M. Gray, and M. A. Young. "Delineating soil landscape facets from digital elevation models using compound topographic index in a geographic information system." Soil Research 45, no. 8 (2007): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07058.
Full textAbstract:
Soil landscapes and their component facets (or sub-units) are fundamental information for land capability assessment and land use planning. The aim of the study was to delineate soil landscape facets from readily available digital elevation models (DEM) to assist soil constraint assessment for urban and regional planning in the coastal areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The Compound Topographic Index (CTI) surfaces were computed from 25 m DEM using a D-infinity algorithm. The cumulative frequency distribution of CTI values within each soil landscape was examined to identify the values corresponding to the area specified for each unmapped facet within the soil landscape map unit. Then these threshold values and CTI surfaces were used to generate soil landscape facet maps for the entire coastal areas of NSW. Specific programs were developed for the above processes in a geographic information system so that they are automated, fast, and repeatable. The modelled facets were assessed by field validation and the overall accuracy reached 93%. The methodology developed in this study has been proven to be efficient in delineating soil landscape facets, and allowing for the identification of land constraints at levels of unprecedented detail for the coast of NSW.
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Miller, B. A., S. Koszinski, M. Wehrhan, and M. Sommer. "Comparison of spatial association approaches for landscape mapping of soil organic carbon stocks." SOIL 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2015): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-217-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be variable at small analysis scales, but consideration of its role in regional and global issues demands the mapping of large extents. There are many different strategies for mapping SOC, among which is to model the variables needed to calculate the SOC stock indirectly or to model the SOC stock directly. The purpose of this research is to compare direct and indirect approaches to mapping SOC stocks from rule-based, multiple linear regression models applied at the landscape scale via spatial association. The final products for both strategies are high-resolution maps of SOC stocks (kg m−2), covering an area of 122 km2, with accompanying maps of estimated error. For the direct modelling approach, the estimated error map was based on the internal error estimations from the model rules. For the indirect approach, the estimated error map was produced by spatially combining the error estimates of component models via standard error propagation equations. We compared these two strategies for mapping SOC stocks on the basis of the qualities of the resulting maps as well as the magnitude and distribution of the estimated error. The direct approach produced a map with less spatial variation than the map produced by the indirect approach. The increased spatial variation represented by the indirect approach improved R2 values for the topsoil and subsoil stocks. Although the indirect approach had a lower mean estimated error for the topsoil stock, the mean estimated error for the total SOC stock (topsoil + subsoil) was lower for the direct approach. For these reasons, we recommend the direct approach to modelling SOC stocks be considered a more conservative estimate of the SOC stocks' spatial distribution.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil landscape maps"
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Eldridge, Simon Michael, and n/a. "The impact of the scale of mapping on soil map quality." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060707.102807.
Full textAbstract:
It is generally assumed that increased map precision (ie map unit homogeneity) and map
purity (map unit accuracy) should result from increasing the scale of mapping of the soil
resource, since it should enable a more intricate breakdown of the landscape into
landform facet based units. This study compared the predictive success of a 1:1 OK scale
soil association map with the 1:25K and 1:1OOK scale soil landscape maps within the
Birrigai area of the Paddy's river catchment, south west of Canberra, A.C.T. The 1:25K
and the 1:100K scale soil landscape maps were also evaluated in a second larger
evaluation area in the Paddy's river catchment which allowed more of the larger soil
landscape map units to be evaluated. The 1:25K scale soil map was produced by
another author for the A.C.T Government, and was surveyed at a substantially lower
survey intensity than that for the 1:100K and 1:10K scale soil maps (ie only 0.05
observation sites / cm2 of published map). These maps were evaluated using a set of
randomly located independent evaluation sites in each evaluation area, and from these
calculating and comparing standard Marsman & de Gruijter(1986) measures of Map
Purity.
The strength of soil-landscape relationships within this catchment were determined from
a Fixed One Way Analysis of Variance, and from more simplistic graphical
comparisons of the means and standard deviations of the discrete soil data within these
landform based map units. Soil-landscape relationships for the Nominal scale soil data
(ie class type data) were evaluated by comparing the Marsman & de Gruijter(1986)
Homogeneity index ratings among the soil map units. Intensive survey traverses were
also carried out in selected soil landscapes to further evaluate the strength of soil
landscapes present.
The results revealed obvious improvements in map quality associated with increasing
map scale from 1:100,000 to 1:10,000, and these included increases in the predictive
success (Map Purity), reductions in the extent of map unit impurities, and planning
advantages associated with having individual land facets delineated on the 1:10,000
scale map. The respectable purity ratings achieved by the 1:100,000 scale soil
landscape map (ie average purity rating of 63%) was largely attributed to the flexibility
of the "soil material" approach to soil landscape mapping. The relatively poor
performance of the 1:25K consultancy soil landscape map demonstrated the fact that;
any benefit gained from the improved intricacy in the representation of map unit
delineation's with increased mapping scale, will be drastically reduced if it is not
matched by an associated increase in the intensity of field investigations.
Evaluations of the soil-landscape relationships found that the land facets of the Paddy's
river catchment generally failed to delineate areas that were both uniform and unique in
respect of their soil properties. Soil-landscape relationships were instead found to be
quite complex, applying to only certain land facets, and in regards to only certain soil
properties. Soil maps with units based on landsurface features were recommended on
the basis of the importance of other landscape factors other than soils to land capability
ratings, as well as on the useability of such maps. This study recommended the
adoption of a " >2 detailed soil profile observations / land facet in each map unit "
mapping standard to ensure a reasonable estimate of the variability and modal soil
conditions present, as well as a reliable confirmation of the perceived soil-landscape
relationships. The error usually associated with small scale mapping was effectively
reduced by rapid ground truthing, involving driving along the major roads dissecting the
map area and making brief observations of soil exposures on road batters, despite the
bias of the road network making such mapping improvements uneven across the map.
The major point to come from this study was the re-emphasising of the point that soil
spatial variability has to be accepted as a "real landscape attribute" which needs to be
accurately described and communicated to land users, and must not be considered as
some sort of soil mapping failure. The fact that individual facets of the landscape
rarely coincide with unique pockets of uniform and unique soils and soil properties must
be considered simply an on the ground reality of nature, and not some mapping failure.
It was thought that since other landscape factors (eg hillslope gradient) most often
dominate the determination of land use suitability and capability, it is better to
effectively describe the range and modal state of the soil conditions within such facets,
then to attempt to extrapolate possible soil boundaries using geostatistical techniques
which cut across such land facets, and may or may not correlate with real groupings of
soil properties, depending on the spatial resolution of the soil variability distribution in
the landscape. Even so the results of this investigation do put the validity of the
physiographic terrain class mapping model as a predictor of soil traits under question, at
least for the more complex landscape settings.
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Moraes, Fernanda Tonizza. "Zoneamento geoambiental do planalto de Poços de Caldas, MG/SP a partir de análise fisiográfica e pedoestratigráfica /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102877.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Jairo Roberto Jiménez-RuedaBanca: Juércio Tavares de Mattos
Banca: Maria Isabel Castreghini de Freitas
Banca: Pablo Vidal Torrado
Banca: Tomoyuki Ohara
Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo reunir informações sobre o meio físico e estabelecer o zoneamento geoambiental da região do Planalto de Poços de Caldas, localizado na divisa entre os estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, geoprocessamento e fotointerpretação de imagens de satélite aliadas a pesquisas de campo para o levantamento e caracterização dos solos através da análise fisiográfica e pedoestratigráfica integradas. As paisagens da área de estudo puderam ser divididas em planálticas e aluviais, tendo sido proposta uma evolução e datação relativa destas paisagens. Cada unidade fisiográfica que caracteriza uma paisagem apresenta uma seqüência pedoestratigráfica típica. De forma geral, a região apresenta solos residuais recobertos por materiais alóctones de composição e idades variadas. Propôs-se a utilização do termo regolítico como referente a volumes de materiais discordantes no perfil, sendo estas discordâncias associadas à ocorrência de deposição de materiais alóctones, predominantemente gravitacionais e secundariamente colúvio-aluvionais. Para os materiais autóctones, ou seja, formados a partir da própria rocha do embasamento, sem nunca terem sofrido ação de transporte, cunhou-se o termo saprolítico. Deve-se deixar explícito que os materiais regolíticos são também influenciados pelas condições pedogênicas do ambiente em que foram depositados sendo assim, os materiais regolíticos encontram-se "saprolitizados". Foram identificados três volumes regolíticos concrecionários e dois volumes saprolíticos residuais típicos da área de estudo. Após estas análises, foram estabelecidas seis zonas geoambientais em função da associação pedoestratigráfica reinante em cada unidade fisiográfica em conjunto com os tipos litológicos principais. As subzonas foram definidas em função da altimetria associada à morfoestrutura.
Abstract: The present work aimed to gather mesological information and establish the geoenvironmental zonning of Poços de Caldas plateau region, located on the border of Minas Gerais and São Paulo states. The adopted procedure was bibliographical research, photointerpretation of remote sensing images along with in situ research in order to describe types of soils and the landscape through a physiographical and pedostratigraphical approach. The landscape of the area was able to be divided into the plateaued and the alluvium kinds. It was also proposed the evolution and associated age of these areas. Each unit of the landscape has its own pedostratigraphical sequence. Over all, the area presents residual soils that were buried by alloctonous materials which present different origins and ages. It was proposed the use of the term regolithic to define the alloctonous sequences of soils. To name the authoctonous profiles, those which have never been transported, the term saprolithic was used. It is important to notice that regolithic materials also suffer influence of the environmental conditions they have been deposited under. Being so, regolithic materials is found in a "saprolithical" state. Three regolithic and two saprolithical typical profiles were identified in the studied area. After these analyses, it was established six geoenvironmental zones according to the dominant pedostratigraphical association in each physiographic unit, along with the main lithological type. Subzones were defined by morphostructural and morphometrical analyses. It was considered the primary aspects of each geoenvironmental zone and subzone, corroborating the efficiency of pedostratigraphical and physiographical method in order to establish these zones.
Doutor
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Moraes, Fernanda Tonizza [UNESP]. "Zoneamento geoambiental do planalto de Poços de Caldas, MG/SP a partir de análise fisiográfica e pedoestratigráfica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102877.
Full textAbstract:
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho teve por objetivo reunir informações sobre o meio físico e estabelecer o zoneamento geoambiental da região do Planalto de Poços de Caldas, localizado na divisa entre os estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, geoprocessamento e fotointerpretação de imagens de satélite aliadas a pesquisas de campo para o levantamento e caracterização dos solos através da análise fisiográfica e pedoestratigráfica integradas. As paisagens da área de estudo puderam ser divididas em planálticas e aluviais, tendo sido proposta uma evolução e datação relativa destas paisagens. Cada unidade fisiográfica que caracteriza uma paisagem apresenta uma seqüência pedoestratigráfica típica. De forma geral, a região apresenta solos residuais recobertos por materiais alóctones de composição e idades variadas. Propôs-se a utilização do termo regolítico como referente a volumes de materiais discordantes no perfil, sendo estas discordâncias associadas à ocorrência de deposição de materiais alóctones, predominantemente gravitacionais e secundariamente colúvio-aluvionais. Para os materiais autóctones, ou seja, formados a partir da própria rocha do embasamento, sem nunca terem sofrido ação de transporte, cunhou-se o termo saprolítico. Deve-se deixar explícito que os materiais regolíticos são também influenciados pelas condições pedogênicas do ambiente em que foram depositados sendo assim, os materiais regolíticos encontram-se “saprolitizados”. Foram identificados três volumes regolíticos concrecionários e dois volumes saprolíticos residuais típicos da área de estudo. Após estas análises, foram estabelecidas seis zonas geoambientais em função da associação pedoestratigráfica reinante em cada unidade fisiográfica em conjunto com os tipos litológicos principais. As subzonas foram definidas em função da altimetria associada à morfoestrutura.
The present work aimed to gather mesological information and establish the geoenvironmental zonning of Poços de Caldas plateau region, located on the border of Minas Gerais and São Paulo states. The adopted procedure was bibliographical research, photointerpretation of remote sensing images along with in situ research in order to describe types of soils and the landscape through a physiographical and pedostratigraphical approach. The landscape of the area was able to be divided into the plateaued and the alluvium kinds. It was also proposed the evolution and associated age of these areas. Each unit of the landscape has its own pedostratigraphical sequence. Over all, the area presents residual soils that were buried by alloctonous materials which present different origins and ages. It was proposed the use of the term regolithic to define the alloctonous sequences of soils. To name the authoctonous profiles, those which have never been transported, the term saprolithic was used. It is important to notice that regolithic materials also suffer influence of the environmental conditions they have been deposited under. Being so, regolithic materials is found in a “saprolithical” state. Three regolithic and two saprolithical typical profiles were identified in the studied area. After these analyses, it was established six geoenvironmental zones according to the dominant pedostratigraphical association in each physiographic unit, along with the main lithological type. Subzones were defined by morphostructural and morphometrical analyses. It was considered the primary aspects of each geoenvironmental zone and subzone, corroborating the efficiency of pedostratigraphical and physiographical method in order to establish these zones.
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Shannak, Sa'D Abdel-Halim. "Investigating Rainwater Harvesting as a Stormwater Best Management Practice and as a Function of Irrigation Water Use." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8840.
Full textAbstract:
Stormwater runoff has negative impacts on water resources, human health and environment. In this research the effectiveness of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) systems is examined as a stormwater Best Management Practice (BMP). Time-based, evapotranspiration-based, and soil moisture-based irrigation scheduling methods in conjunction with RWH and a control site without RWH were simulated to determine the effect of RWH as a BMP on a single-family residence scale. The effects of each irrigation scheduling method on minimizing water runoff leaving the plots and potable water input for irrigation were compared. The scenario that reflects urban development was simulated and compared to other RWH-irrigation scheduling systems by a control treatment without a RWH component. Four soil types (sand, sandy loam, loamy sand, silty clay) and four cistern sizes (208L, 416L, 624L, 833L) were evaluated in the urban development scenario.
To achieve the purpose of this study; a model was developed to simulate daily water balance for the three treatments. Irrigation volumes and water runoff were compared for four soil types and four cistern sizes. Comparisons between total volumes of water runoff were estimated by utilizing different soil types, while comparisons between total potable water used for irrigation were estimated by utilizing different irrigation scheduling methods.
This research showed that both Curve Number method and Mass-Balance method resulted in the greatest volumes of water runoff predicted for Silty Clay soil and the least volumes of water runoff predicted for Sand soil. Moreover, increasing cistern sizes resulted in reducing total water runoff and potable water used for irrigation, although not at a statistically significant level. Control treatment that does not utilize a cistern had the greatest volumes of predicted supplemental water among all soil types utilized, while Soil Moisture-based treatment on average had the least volume of predicted supplemental water.
Books on the topic "Soil landscape maps"
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Vos, Peter, Michiel Meulen, Henk Weerts, and Bazelmans, eds. Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724432.
Full textAbstract:
The landscape of the Netherlands has been changing constantly since the end of the last ice age, some 11,700 years ago. Where we walk today was once a polar desert, a river delta or a shallow sea. The end of the last ice age marked the beginning of a new geological period - the Holocene, the relatively warm geological epoch in which we are still living today. The Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands contains special maps, supplemented by archaeological and historical information. These maps show the geographical situation for thirteen different points in time since the last ice age, based on tens of thousands of drill samples and the latest geological, soil and archaeological research. This magnificent atlas also paints a surprising picture of the position we humans have occupied in the landscape. It addresses such questions as: How did we take advantage of the opportunities offered by the landscape? And how did we mould the landscape to suit our own purposes? The Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands will change once and for all the way you look at the Dutch landscape.
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Dubuffet, Jean. Dubuffet: Fondation Pierre Gianadda, Martigny, Suisse, 4 mars-10 juin 1993. Martigny, Suisse: La Fondation, 1993.
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Dubuffet, Jean. Dubuffet: Sols et terrains, 1956-1960 : ouvrage réalisée à l'occasion de l'exposition organisée du 12 janvier au 5 mars 1988. Paris: Baudoin Lebon, 1988.
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Gaining ground: A history of landmaking in Boston. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2003.
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Parlange, Marc B., and Jan W. Hopmans. Vadose Zone Hydrology. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109900.001.0001.
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The vadose zone is the region between ground level and the upper limits of soil fully saturated with water. Hydrology in the zone is complex: nonlinear physical, chemical, and biological interactions all affect the transfer of heat, mass, and momentum between the atmosphere and the water table. This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to vadose zone hydrology, bringing together insights from soil science, hydrology, biology, chemistry, physics, and instrumentation design. The chapters present state-of-the-art research, focusing on new frontiers in theory, experiment, and management of soils. The collection addresses the full range of processes, from the pore-scale to field and landscape scales.
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A, Shields J., and Canada Agriculture Canada, eds. Soil landscapes of Canada: Procedures manual and user's handbook. Ottawa, Ont: Available from Communications Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1991.
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Seasholes, Nancy S., and Bud Ris. Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. MIT Press, 2018.
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Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. MIT Press, 2018.
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Seasholes, Nancy S., and Bud Ris. Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. MIT Press, 2018.
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Seasholes, Nancy S., and Bud Ris. Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston. MIT Press, 2018.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Soil landscape maps"
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Schaetzl, R. J., and B. A. Miller. "Use of Soil Maps and Surveys to Interpret Soil-Landform Assemblages and Soil-Landscape Evolution." In Geopedology, 251–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19159-1_15.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Use of Soil Surveys for Landscape Architecture." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0003.
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Modern soil survey reports, published since about 1959, have a wealth of information that could be useful for landscape architects. Characteristics of each specific soil are detailed in the text of the soil survey. Distinct kinds of soils for a specific site can be identified from the soil designation on the aerial photographs at the back of the report. Considerable specific information is provided in tables, including data on temperature, precipitation, freeze dates in spring and fall, woodland management and productivity, recreational development capabilities, wildlife habitat potentials, building site development possibilities, sanitary disposal potentials, engineering properties, value of materials for construction, water management limitations, physical and chemical properties of specific soils, and soil and water features. Modern soil survey reports consist of text, tables, soil maps, and often a glossary. These reports are available free to the public and are usually found in county extension services offices, soil conservation district offices, or state agricultural colleges. The text of a soil survey report describes the general nature of the county as to location in the state, climate, physiography, relief and drainage, geology, farming, natural resources, industries, history of settlement, and how the survey was conducted. Soil associations and individual soils are described in detail. Formation of soils is usually discussed in relation to the factors of soil formation. A glossary of terms is often provided for the nonscientific person. The whole county or counties in the report is shown on a soil association map, which is designed to be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land use. The county is divided into large areas, each of which contains an association of several soils grouped by similar management. Usually from 5 to 15 soil associations are shown with a legend describing each of the specific associations. This type of information could be used for zoning purposes, county management, or other governmental activities. Aerial photos are provided on sheets showing the location of each individual soil in the county. Comprising about half of the soil survey report, this is one of the most useful sections.
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White, Robert E. "Soil and Wine." In Soils for Fine Wines. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141023.003.0011.
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The concept of terroir as a complex interaction among soil, climate, biology, and human intervention is introduced in section 1.1. The belief that the soil in a particular vineyard imparts a distinctive character to the resulting wine is strong in Europe, but less so in the New World. The special character or personality of a wine may be confined to just one small block, less than 0.5 ha, for example, the “core block” within L’Enclos of Château Latour in the Bordeaux region (Bordelais) of France. Alternatively, a special character may be attributed more widely to wines from an appellation (the commune Pauillac) or to a subregion such as the Haut-Médoc. But soil is very variable in the landscape (chapter 1), so that as the vineyard area increases, the character of a wine is less and less likely to show a distinctive and defining influence of the soil. Soil variation, in combination with a variation in the mesoclimate (section 1.3.2), will mask a clear, intense expression of the underlying terroir. The grape variety, cultural practices, and the wine maker will then dominate the wine character. Thus, the true influence of terroir can only be satisfactorily studied for small areas. As pointed out in section 8.2.1, soil information is typically collected at a low sampling density over large areas to produce general-purpose soil classifications. The resulting soil maps are necessarily of a small scale (e.g., 1:1,000,000), which means the information about small areas (1–10 ha) is unlikely to be very accurate (see box 8.1). Hence, intensive soil surveys, with at least 6 soil pits per ha, are necessary to study the soil factor in terroir when soil variation can be mapped at a large scale (1:5,000). Further, with more widespread use of precision viticulture technology, as discussed in section 5.3.5, the variation in specific soil properties (e.g., depth to an impeding B horizon and soil strength) can be measured at intervals of about 2 m and mapped at a very large scale (>1:1,000). At a small scale (representing a large area), we can make generalizations, such as that soils on limestone or chalk in Burgundy, Champagne, and the Loire Valley in France are highly regarded for producing distinctive wines.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Nature of Soil Erodibility." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0008.
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Inherent properties of a soil determine the extent to which that soil will erode. These properties are soil texture, soil structure, soil permeability, and the amount of soil organic matter. Soil texture consists of a mixture of soil particle sizes of sand, silt, and clay. Soil texture is also related to water movement into the soil [infiltration] and water movement through a soil (permeability). Sand grains are large and difficult to move; however, they are easily detached. Clay particles often stick together and therefore are difficult to detach; however, once detached the clays remain suspended and are easily carried and separated from the original soil mass by water. Silt is intermediate in size between sand and clay, but silt is both easily detached and easily transported. Thus, any soil that has large amounts of silt will erode easily. Infiltration. Water moves into and within a soil through the large macropores and only a very limited amount in the small micropores. Sandy soils have many large pores allowing water to move into the soils by infiltration. Conversely, clay soils have many microspores through which water passes only very slowly. Therefore, during a moderate storm, runoff and erosion would be greater from a soil with more fine textured clays than from a soil where coarse texture dominates. Permeability. Once water enters a soil, it flows within the soil. The extent of internal movement of water in a soil is the permeability of that soil. A soil aggregate is a soil granule or soil crumb consisting of a number of soil grains, that is, silt or clay, held together by a cementing substance. Aggregation is the condition of a soil having many individual aggregates. Soils that have many large stable aggregate are more permeable and are difficult to detach and erode. An aggregate has stability when it is not broken easily by water. Soil aggregates help keep the soil receptive to rapid infiltration of water and keep water from moving over the soil and eroding it.
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Assylbekova, Aizhan, and Natalya Tsychuyeva. "Sustainability of Agriculture Territories in South Kazakhstan." In Toward Sustainability Through Digital Technologies and Practices in the Eurasian Region, 71–89. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2551-7.ch005.
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The increasing anthropogenic impact on the soil and vegetation cover, insufficient effective land management, and climatic changes, the degradation process of soils and agrolandscapes is accelerated, and as a result, lands have low productivity, and agrolandscapes have poor environmental sustainability. In this regard, on the basis of modern digital technologies of remote sensing and geoinformation systems (GIS), an initial study in Karasai district of Almaty region in Kazakhstan was conducted, which is aimed at the timely identification areas of degradation agrolandscapes for the adoption of preventive measures. Based on spatial analysis of remote sensing data and field data, a soil-geomorphological map and landscape map of the region was compiled on a scale of 1:100000, which covers several taxonomic units: classes, subclasses, and types of landscapes. The territory of the Karasai region is a complex biogeosystem, as the analyzed territory consists of 52 types of landscape. This data allows a modern analysis of the agrolandscapes of the region.
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Holliday, Vance T. "Soil Surveys and Archaeology." In Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195149654.003.0007.
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Soil survey and mapping is one of the most fundamental and best-known applications of pedology. The preparation of soil maps began in the 19th century (Yaalon, 1997), but systematic county-based soil surveys began in the 20th century in the United States (Simonson, 1987, p. 3). The production of soil maps based on systematic soil surveys has been one of the primary driving forces in pedologic research in both academic and governmental settings in the United States and worldwide through much of the 20th century (Simonson, 1987, 1997; Yaalon and Berkowicz, 1997). For example, soil survey and mapping has been a primary function of the USDA since 1899 (Simonson, 1987, p. 3; Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993, p. 11). Soil maps have been prepared for a variety of uses at scales ranging from a few hectares to those of continental and global magnitude. Published soil surveys contain a wealth of data on landscapes as well as soils, but are generally an underused (and likely misunderstood) resource in geoarchaeology, probably because of their agricultural and land-use orientation. This chapter presents a discussion of what soil surveys are (and are not) and potential as well as realized applications in archaeology. Much of the discussion focuses on the county soil surveys published by the USDA because they are so widely available, although applications of other kinds and scales of soil maps that have been applied in archaeology or that have archaeological applications also are discussed. Many countries in the world have national soil surveys whose primary mission is the mapping and inventorying of the nation’s soil resource. In the United States, soil survey is a cooperative venture of federal agencies, state agencies (including the Agricultural Experiment Stations), and local agencies, coordinated by the National Cooperative Soil Survey (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993, p. 11). The principal federal agency involved in soil survey is the National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS; formerly the Soil Conservation Service, SCS) of the USDA. The mapping of soils by the NRCS/USDA is probably the agency’s best-known activity. Its many published county soil surveys are its most widely known and widely used product.
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Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, Mark D. Willis, Chester P. Walker, Satoru Murata, and Marieka Brouwer Burg. "From Urban Core to Vacant Terrain." In Approaches to Monumental Landscapes of the Ancient Maya, 85–108. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066226.003.0005.
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In Chapter 5, Eleanor Harrison-Buck and colleagues describe their use of drones to quickly and economically map roughly 7 km2 of plowed fields at the site of Saturday Creek in the middle Belize River Valley. They argue that Saturday Creek was a central node on the landscape from Preclassic to Colonial times, serving as an important crossroads between east-west and north-south transportation routes. The authors consider the dense settlement around the site core of Saturday Creek to be part of a larger monumental landscape and consider activities taking place in the vacant terrain on the fringes of the peri-urban settlement—what they refer to as the “heterotopia” (borrowing from Foucault). These spaces were separate from the settlement, but integral to its operation and included environments such as the pine ridge that served as an important transportation corridor, vast tracts of wetlands with ditched and drained agricultural fields, and broad floodplains with rich alluvial soils, which were likely places of cacao cultivation. The authors conclude that these “heterotopian” spaces in the monumental landscape are important to consider in settlement studies because they played a vital role in maintaining long-term, dense populations in urban and peri-urban centers like Saturday Creek.
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Woodward, Jamie. "Editorial Introduction." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0017.
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The nine chapters in Part II build on the physical, biological, and theoretical frameworks set out in Part I, but with a focus on process regimes and change in specific environments. With its emphasis on much larger spatial scales, Part I showed how the Mediterranean basin is a product of long-term interactions between all components of the Earth system. It showed how these interactions drive landscape and ecosystem processes and environmental change. The chapters in Part II examine Mediterranean-wide patterns too, but explore process interactions in sharper resolution and across scales ranging from individual soil profiles, hillslopes, and habitats to larger landscape elements including lake basins, river valleys, dune systems, and coastal plains. Much of the region is dominated by mountains and many process interactions are especially vivid in the Mediterranean because of the erosive energy available in steep and active tectonic settings, and the presence of soft rocks vulnerable to mass movements and water erosion. Abrupt transitions from uplands to lowlands— and the differential response to tectonic uplift of hard and soft rock terrains—are notable features. The seasonally dry climate can leave bare slopes exposed to high intensity rains, and river sediment yields are typically much higher than in adjacent regions. It can be argued that the Quaternary records of these interactions are more varied and better preserved than in any other part of the world. Recent major advances include the development of high resolution proxy climate data from speleothems and robust dating frameworks for fluvial, glacial, and palaeoecological records. These records have provided important new insights into the tempo of climate, landscape, and ecosystem change in the Mediterranean region and beyond. A variety of sedimentary archives also provide insights into the changing nature and intensity of human action in the Mediterranean landscape during the course of the Pleistocene and Holocene and this is a core theme of Part II. The region is unique because of the very early and widespread impact of humans in landscape and ecosystem change—and the richness of the archaeological and geological archives in which it is chronicled.
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Chandra Pande, Vinod. "Farm-Forestry, Smallholder Farms and Policy Support – The Way Ahead." In Agroforestry - Small Landholder’s Tool for Climate Change Resiliency and Mitigation. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96942.
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Farm forestry, interchangeably used for the term agroforestry, encompasses growing trees and/or shrubs on farms, mainly to support agricultural production and supplement farm income on smallholder farms. This, as a bonus, also provides for ecosystem services viz., protection of soil and water resources, biodiversity enhancement, carbon sequestration, and improvement in landscape values to the farm holding. In Indian context, this encompasses raising trees mainly on bunds or field boundaries on small holdings or sometimes intercropped in an agroforestry type configuration, if holding size is bigger. The techno-economic viability of this system has been extensively assessed and wide adoption, therefore, warrants a conducive policy support at local and community level. Governments have framed enabling policies towards this goal; however, desired outcome is still awaited. This study attempts to map out the present development and suggest the measures required at local and community level to make the government policies more fruitful. Policies framed at macro level need recalibration to suit local and community specific requirements in the changing climatic conditions for wider adoption and sustenance.
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Caine, Nel. "Geomorphic Systems of Green Lakes Valley." In Structure and Function of an Alpine Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117288.003.0009.
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There are at least three justifications for the examination of the geomorphology of the area in which ecosystem studies are conducted. First, the present landscape and the materials that make it up provide the substrate on which ecosystem development occurs and may impose constraints, such as where soil resources are limited, on that development. Second, the nature of the landscape and the geomorphic processes acting on it often define a large part of the disturbance regime within which ecosystem processes occur (Swanson et al. 1988). Third, the processes of weathering, erosion, sediment transport, and deposition that define geomorphic dynamics within the landscape are themselves ecosystem processes, for example, involving the supply of resources to organisms. In this last context, it is noteworthy that drainage basins (also called watersheds or catchments) were recognized as units of scientific study during a similar time period in both geomorphology and ecology (Slaymaker and Chorley 1964; Bormann and Likens 1967; Chorley 1969). The drainage basin concept, the contention that lakes and streams act to integrate ecological and geomorphic processes, remains important in both sciences and underlies the studies in Green Lakes Valley reviewed here. Over the past 30 years, Niwot Ridge and the adjacent catchment of Green Lakes Valley have been the subject of much research in geomorphology. Building on the studies of Outcalt and MacPhail (1965), White (1968), and Benedict (1970), work has emphasized the study of present-day processes and dynamics, especially of mass wasting in alpine areas. These topics have been reviewed by Caine (1974, 1986), Ives (1980), and Thorn and Loewenherz (1987). Studies of geomorphic processes have been conducted in parallel with work on Pleistocene (3 million to 10,000 yr BP) and Holocene (10,000 yr BP to present) environments in the Colorado Front Range (Madole 1972; Benedict 1973) that have been reviewed by White (1982). This chapter is intended to update those reviews in terms that complement the presentation of ecological phenomena such as nitrogen saturation in the alpine (chapter 5) as well as to refine observations and conclusions of earlier geomorphic studies.
Conference papers on the topic "Soil landscape maps"
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Costa, Wilian F., Michel J. M. Bieleveld, Raphael G. Chinchilla, and Antonio M. Saraiva. "Segmentation of land use maps for precision agriculture." In VIII Workshop de Computação Aplicada à Gestão do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wcama.2017.3438.
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We present a multilayer image segmenter adapted to be used for Precision Agriculture (PA). PA depends strongly on the application of information technologies to divide and group geographic areas based on land use, soil data, metrological data and agricultural resources for planning and implementation of activities to increase output by using optimal strategies for each segment. We implemented a modified Baatz algorithm in the statistical language R and speed sensitive code was implemented in C++. The code will be made publicly available under the GNU Lesser Public License. We show the merit of our approach at the hand of a landscape and discuss the obtained segments generated by our tool.
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Kutlakhmedov, Yu, V. Davydchyk, A. Jouve, and N. Grytsiuk. "Evaluation the Efficacy of the Turf-Cutter Soil Decontamination Technology." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1167.
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Abstract The testing begun in the framework of the CEC project ECP-4 “Decontamination technologies and strategies” have allowed to develop and to test new technology of the polluted soils decontamination by removal of the thin turf layer by the vibrating blade of the special machine (Turf-Cutter). The experiments were conducted at the radioactively contaminated soils of Ukraine and Belarus during 1992–2000. The machine “TURF HARVESTER” (USA) was used in the experiment. The first testing of the method was conducted on the well turfed radioecological polygon “Buryakovka”, 4 km from the Chernobyl NPP, with levels of contamination: 100 Ci/km2 by Cs-137, 80 Ci/km2 by Sr-90, 7 Ci/km2 by Pu-239. As the preliminary researches have shown, about 95% of the radionuclides were concentrated in the upper layer of the unploughed soil. In an outcome of tests on a selected plot the decontamination factor (Fd) 25–40 for different radionuclides was obtained. After removal of turf and opening the soil surface, the wind soil erosion and secondary resuspension the radionuclides was expect. It has not taken place, as special researches on an evaluation of the wind resuspension of radionuclides by the soil particles after the turf harvesting. This can be explained as follows. The vibrating blade does not decondence and decompose the soil layer remaining. At the same time, the thin turf and soil layer removal saves the vegetation regenerating organs and roots, which allows the grass restoration and surface fixation within one month after the experiment. The second test of a method was conducted on a polygon “Chistogalovka”, 3 km of the NPP. A high level of the radioactive contamination (150 Ci/km2 by Cs-137) and the weak turf cover of the rugged sand surface characterized the polygon. The turf removal at this polygon has allowed to receive Df = 10–15. Another testing was made at the Belorussian part of the Zone, which have demonstrated the possibility of the selected turf removal under the spotty radioactive contamination. The field gamma-spectrometer “Corad”, produced by the Kurchatov Institute (Russia), was used for the operative definition the highly contaminated spots. The selected removal of the mostly contaminated spots decreased the mass of the turf removed by 70%, obtaining the Df = 5–7. Next testing was conducted at the village Miliach (Rivne Province, Dubrovitsa district, Ukraine) at the pasture “Stav” with the contamination level by Cs-137 about 5 Ci/km2. This pasture was not influenced by any post-accident countermeasures. After the radioactive turf removal (Df = 15–20), the fodder grass was sow. The grass contamination was 15 times less, comparing to the control. The experimental fattening of 10 cows by a grass, skewed on the decontaminated plot, within 10 days, was carried on. A comparison the contamination of the milk from the experimental cows, which were fed by a grass of the turf-harvested plot, and the milk of the control cows, has shown the milk Df about 11 in 1993. The data obtained show high efficiency of the decontamination technology for the polluted soils based on the turf removal by the vibrating blade. Decontamination factor about 7–15 for the sandy and dusty-sandy soils with a weak turf layer up to 20–40 for the organic and wet silty soils with a strong turf layer was obtained. Important thing is, the best Dfs were obtained for the soils, which are critical on the intensity of the root uptake of the radionuclides. The high ecological and radioecological safety of the Turf-Cutter technology of the soil decontamination is also to be considered. The thin turf and soil layer removal does not deteriorate dramatically the migration situation and at the same time does not avoid the damaged ecosystem self-restoration. The volume of the matter harvested is comparatively low, because of the thin cutting. Being stored in the walls 2,5 m height, it occupies less 5% of the territory decontaminated, and the risk of migration the radionuclides outside the storage sites is comparative to those of the primary soil layouts. The field testing of the Turf-Cutter technology show correlation of its efficacy to the soil types, vegetation cover and the landscape conditions of the contaminated territory. It allowed, using some elements of the GIS-technologies and cartographic modeling, to prepare special evaluation and zonification the territories contaminated on the efficacy of the Turf-Cutter technology, and to identify the areas best for it’s mostly effective application. Following investigations confirm stable, long-term character of the improvements carried out. The sampling of 2000 at Miliach experimental plot shows the decontamination factor 10–11 for the grass and about 8 for milk. Moreover, as the Cs-137 still remains at the upper part of the soil profile, the Turf-Cutter technology is still actual for the territories of the post-Chernobyl radioactive contamination. Obviously, it can be suitable also for the removal of any other surface pollutant from the soil.
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Krupowicz, Wioleta, and Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska. "Possible Applications of Spatial Analyses in Designing the Agricultural Road Network with Particular Consideration of the Environmental and Landscape Aspects." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.208.
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The development of the agricultural road network is a complex activity based on a broad range of criteria necessary to be taken into account during analyses and desk studies. The analyses and design solutions cannot be unilateral, considering only technical and economic aspects. Elements of environmental protection and management of agricultural landscape, as well as solutions in the scope of protection of soils and waters are necessary in this type of design works, and result from solutions accepted for implementation in reference to the rural areas of all Member States of the European Union. Such a multi-aspect process requires the use of tools in an environment which technologically permits the development of multi-variant solutions to a given problem, and selection of a single, most appropriate proposal. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) currently constitute such an environment. Their undeniable advantages include their analytical possibilities which can be formalised in the form of developed models of spatial analyses – creating sets of new, ready to use tools supporting the decision making process in the scope of determination of the optimal course of agricultural roads. Additional advantages are the possibility of integration of data obtained from various sources, and presentation to stakeholders (e.g. residents, farmers, local authorities, entrepreneurs, and investors) of the obtained solutions in the form of maps, almost in real time, as well as possibility of making optimum decisions with their active participation. Easier access to GIS technology and systematically growing level of awareness regarding measurable benefits from the application of this type of solutions should also be emphasised. The article presents examples of spatial analyses allowing for relatively fast obtaining of spatial information necessary for efficient design-related decision making for the purpose of improvement of the system of agricultural roads with particular consideration of environmental and landscape aspects.
Reports on the topic "Soil landscape maps"
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Wells, Aaron, Tracy Christopherson, Gerald Frost, Matthew Macander, Susan Ives, Robert McNown, and Erin Johnson. Ecological land survey and soils inventory for Katmai National Park and Preserve, 2016–2017. National Park Service, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287466.
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This study was conducted to inventory, classify, and map soils and vegetation within the ecosystems of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM) using an ecological land survey (ELS) approach. The ecosystem classes identified in the ELS effort were mapped across the park, using an archive of Geo-graphic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) datasets pertaining to land cover, topography, surficial geology, and glacial history. The description and mapping of the landform-vegetation-soil relationships identified in the ELS work provides tools to support the design and implementation of future field- and RS-based studies, facilitates further analysis and contextualization of existing data, and will help inform natural resource management decisions. We collected information on the geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetation characteristics of ecosystems using a dataset of 724 field plots, of which 407 were sampled by ABR, Inc.—Environmental Research and Services (ABR) staff in 2016–2017, and 317 were from existing, ancillary datasets. ABR field plots were located along transects that were selected using a gradient-direct sampling scheme (Austin and Heligers 1989) to collect data for the range of ecological conditions present within KATM, and to provide the data needed to interpret ecosystem and soils development. The field plot dataset encompassed all of the major environmental gradients and landscape histories present in KATM. Individual state-factors (e.g., soil pH, slope aspect) and other ecosystem components (e.g., geomorphic unit, vegetation species composition and structure) were measured or categorized using standard classification systems developed for Alaska. We described and analyzed the hierarchical relationships among the ecosystem components to classify 92 Plot Ecotypes (local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the variation in soils, vegetation, and disturbance properties observed at the field plots. From the 92 Plot Ecotypes, we developed classifications of Map Ecotypes and Disturbance Landscapes that could be mapped across the park. Additionally, using an existing surficial geology map for KATM, we developed a map of Generalized Soil Texture by aggregating similar surficial geology classes into a reduced set of classes representing the predominant soil textures in each. We then intersected the Ecotype map with the General-ized Soil Texture Map in a GIS and aggregated combinations of Map Ecotypes with similar soils to derive and map Soil Landscapes and Soil Great Groups. The classification of Great Groups captures information on the soil as a whole, as opposed to the subgroup classification which focuses on the properties of specific horizons (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Of the 724 plots included in the Ecotype analysis, sufficient soils data for classifying soil subgroups was available for 467 plots. Soils from 8 orders of soil taxonomy were encountered during the field sampling: Alfisols (<1% of the mapped area), Andisols (3%), Entisols (45%), Gelisols (<1%), Histosols (12%), Inceptisols (22%), Mollisols (<1%), and Spodosols (16%). Within these 8 Soil Orders, field plots corresponded to a total of 74 Soil Subgroups, the most common of which were Typic Cryaquents, Typic Cryorthents, Histic Cryaquepts, Vitrandic Cryorthents, and Typic Cryofluvents.
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Douglas, Thomas A., Christopher A. Hiemstra, Stephanie P. Saari, Kevin L. Bjella, Seth W. Campbell, M. Torre Jorgenson, Dana R. N. Brown, and Anna K. Liljedahl. Degrading Permafrost Mapped with Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Airborne Imagery and LiDAR, and Seasonal Thaw Measurements. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41185.
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Accurate identification of the relationships between permafrost extent and landscape patterns helps develop airborne geophysical or remote sensing tools to map permafrost in remote locations or across large areas. These tools are particularly applicable in discontinuous permafrost where climate warming or disturbances such as human development or fire can lead to rapid permafrost degradation. We linked field-based geophysical, point-scale, and imagery surveying measurements to map permafrost at five fire scars on the Tanana Flats in central Alaska. Ground-based elevation surveys, seasonal thaw-depth profiles, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements were combined with airborne imagery and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) to identify relationships between permafrost geomorphology and elapsed time since fire disturbance. ERT was a robust technique for mapping the presence or absence of permafrost because of the marked difference in resistivity values for frozen versus unfrozen material. There was no clear relationship between elapsed time since fire and permafrost extent at our sites. The transition zone boundaries between permafrost soils and unfrozen soils in the collapse-scar bogs at our sites had complex and unpredictable morphologies, suggesting attempts to quantify the presence or absence of permafrost using aerial measurements alone could lead to incomplete results. The results from our study indicated limitations in being able to apply airborne surveying measurements at the landscape scale toward accurately estimating permafrost extent.