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1
Walia, Maninder K., and Warren A. Dick. "Gypsum and carbon amendments influence carbon fractions in two soils in Ohio, USA." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 4, 2023): e0283722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283722.
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Carbon sequestration as influenced by management practices such as soil amendments is not yet fully understood. Gypsum and crop residues can improve soil properties, but few studies have focused on their combined effect on soil C fractions. The objective of this greenhouse study was to determine how treatments affected different forms of C, i.e., total C, permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), and inorganic C in 5 soil layers (0–2, 2–4, 4–10, 10–25, and 25–40 cm). Treatments were glucose (4.5 Mg ha-1), crop residues (13.4 Mg ha-1), gypsum (26.9 Mg ha-1) and an untreated control. Treatments were applied to two contrasting soil types in Ohio (USA)—Wooster silt loam and Hoytville clay loam. The C measurements were made one year after the treatment applications. Total C and POXC contents were significantly higher in Hoytville soil as compared to Wooster soil (P < 0.05). Across both Wooster and Hoytville soils, the addition of glucose increased total C significantly by 7.2% and 5.9% only in the top 2 cm and 4 cm layers of soil, respectively, compared to the control treatment, and residue additions increased total C from 6.3–9.0% in various soil layers to a depth of 25 cm. Gypsum addition did not affect total C concentrations significantly. Glucose addition resulted in a significant increase in calcium carbonate equivalent concentrations in the top 10 cm of Hoytville soil only, and gypsum addition significantly (P < 0.10) increased inorganic C, as calcium carbonate equivalent, in the lowest layer of the Hoytville soil by 32% compared to the control. The combination of glucose and gypsum increased inorganic C levels in Hoytville soils by creating sufficient amounts of CO2 that then reacted with Ca within the soil profile. This increase in inorganic C represents an additional way C can be sequestered in soil.
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Naorem, Anandkumar, Somasundaram Jayaraman, Ram C. Dalal, Ashok Patra, Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao, and Rattan Lal. "Soil Inorganic Carbon as a Potential Sink in Carbon Storage in Dryland Soils—A Review." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081256.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool has been extensively studied in the carbon (C) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. In dryland regions, however, soil inorganic carbon (SIC) has received increasing attention due to the high accumulation of SIC in arid soils contributed by its high temperature, low soil moisture, less vegetation, high salinity, and poor microbial activities. SIC storage in dryland soils is a complex process comprising multiple interactions of several factors such as climate, land use types, farm management practices, irrigation, inherent soil properties, soil biotic factors, etc. In addition, soil C studies in deeper layers of drylands have opened-up several study aspects on SIC storage. This review explains the mechanisms of SIC formation in dryland soils and critically discusses the SIC content in arid and semi-arid soils as compared to SOC. It also addresses the complex relationship between SIC and SOC in dryland soils. This review gives an overview of how climate change and anthropogenic management of soil might affect the SIC storage in dryland soils. Dryland soils could be an efficient sink in C sequestration through the formation of secondary carbonates. The review highlights the importance of an in-depth understanding of the C cycle in arid soils and emphasizes that SIC dynamics must be looked into broader perspective vis-à-vis C sequestration and climate change mitigation.
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Knowles, T. A., and B. Singh. "Carbon storage in cotton soils of northern New South Wales." Soil Research 41, no. 5 (2003): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02023.
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Soil carbon is an important component of the global carbon cycle with an estimated pool of soil organic carbon of about 1500 Gt. There are few estimates of the pool of inorganic carbon, but it is thought to be approximately 50% of the organic carbon pool. There is no detailed study on the estimation of the soil carbon pool for Australian soils.In order to quantify the carbon pools and to determine the extent of spatial variability in the organic and inorganic carbon pools, 120 soil cores were taken down to a depth of 0.90 m from a typical cotton field in northern NSW. Three cores were also taken from nearby virgin bushland and these samples were used as paired samples. Each soil core was separated into 4 samples, i.e. 0–0.15, 0.15–0.30, 0.30–0.60, and 0.60–0.90 m. Soil organic carbon was determined by wet oxidation and inorganic carbon content was determined using the difference between total carbon and organic carbon, and confirmed by the acid dissolution method. Total carbon was measured using a LECO CHN analyser. Soil organic carbon of the field constituted 62% (0–0.15 m), 58% (0.15–0.30 m), 60% (0.30–0.60 m), and 67% (0.60–0.90 m) of the total soil carbon. The proportion of inorganic carbon in total carbon is higher than the global average of 32%. Organic carbon content was relatively higher in the deeper layers (>0.30�m) of the studied soils (Vertosols) compared with other soil types of Australia. The carbon content varied across the field, however, there was little correlation between the soil types (grey, red, or intergrade colour) and carbon content. The total soil carbon pool of the studied field was estimated to be about 78 t/ha for 0–0.90 m layer, which was approximately 58% of the total soil carbon in the soil under nearby remnant bushland (136 t/ha). The total pool of carbon in the cotton soils of NSW was estimated to be 44.8 Mt C, where organic carbon and inorganic carbon constitute 34.9 Mt C and 9.9 Mt C, respectively. Based on the results of a limited number of paired sites under remnant vegetation, it was estimated that about 18.9 Mt of C has been lost from Vertosols by cotton cropping in NSW. With more sustainable management practices such as conservation tillage and green manuring, some of the lost carbon can be resequestered, which will help to mitigate the greenhouse effect, improve soil quality and may increase crop yield.
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Baldock, J. A., B. Hawke, J. Sanderman, and L. M. Macdonald. "Predicting contents of carbon and its component fractions in Australian soils from diffuse reflectance mid-infrared spectra." Soil Research 51, no. 8 (2013): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13077.
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Quantifying the content and composition of soil carbon in the laboratory is time-consuming, requires specialised equipment and is therefore expensive. Rapid, simple and low-cost accurate methods of analysis are required to support current interests in carbon accounting. This study was completed to develop national and state-based models capable of predicting soil carbon content and composition by coupling diffuse reflectance mid-infrared (MIR) spectra with partial least-squares regression (PLSR) analyses. Total, organic and inorganic carbon contents were determined and MIR spectra acquired for 20 495 soil samples collected from 4526 locations from soil depths to 1 m within Australia’s agricultural regions. However, all subsequent MIR/PLSR models were developed using soils only collected from the 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depth layers. The extent of grinding applied to air-dried soil samples was found to be an important determinant of the variability in acquired MIR spectra. After standardisation of the grinding time, national MIR/PLSR models were developed using an independent test-set validation approach to predict the square-root transformed contents of total, organic and inorganic carbon and total nitrogen. Laboratory fractionation of soil organic carbon into particulate, humus and resistant forms was completed on 312 soil samples. Reliable national MIR/PLSR models were developed using cross-validation to predict the contents of these soil organic carbon fractions; however, further work is required to enhance the representation of soils with significant contents of inorganic carbon. Regional MIR/PLSR models developed for total, organic and inorganic carbon and total nitrogen contents were found to produce more reliable and accurate predictions than the national models. The MIR/PLSR approach offers a more rapid and more cost effective method, relative to traditional laboratory methods, to derive estimates of the content and composition of soil carbon and total nitrogen content provided that the soils are well represented by the calibration samples used to build the predictive models.
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JAIN, N. K., H. N. MEENA, R. S. YADAV, and R. S. JAT. "Biomass production, carbon sequestration potential and productivity of different peanut (Arachis hypogaea)-based cropping systems and their effect on soil carbon dynamics." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 1044–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i7.81548.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2011-12 and 2012-13 at Junagadh (Gujarat) with fourteen treatment combinations comprising cropping systems, tillage, crop residues incorporation and green manuring with three replications. Results revealed that maximum biomass production (30.05 t/ha) and carbon sequestration potential (12.63 t/ha) were recorded under peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)+pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]-Sesbania cropping system. On the other hand, maximum peanut-pod equivalent yield (3.64 t/ha) was obtained under peanutwheat(ZT)-Sesbania which was significantly higher by 102.2 per cent compared to sole peanut. The inorganic soil carbon was significantly altered in peanut-based cropping systems whereas soil organic carbon (SOC) was found non-significant both in plough and sub-soil layers. The highest labile soil carbon was recorded under peanut-wheat (ZT)-Sesbania cropping system (0.77 g/kg) under plough soil layer. On the other hand, the highest non-labile soil carbon was found in peanut-wheat (ZT) (7.07 to 8.03 g/kg) with and without plant residues incorporation at both soil depths (i.e. plough and sub-soil layers). The inorganic carbon increased appreciably (3 to 57%) with increase in soil depth. In contrary, values of organic, labile and non-labile soil carbons, showed declining trend with the increase in soil depth under these cropping systems. In general, the highest values of all soil carbon fractions were observed in peanut-wheat (ZT) at all the soil depths except 15-30 cm for inorganic carbon. The highest MBC (441 mg/kg), SOC stock (17.3 t/ha) and CMI (188.8) were registered under peanut-wheat (ZT)-Sesbania while MQ was higher in peanut-wheat (CT) (4.90%).
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Ling, Ling, Yan Jiao, Wenzhu Yang, and Yan Wang. "Research Progress and Trend Analysis of Soil Inorganic Carbon Sink Based on Citespace." E3S Web of Conferences 406 (2023): 04022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340604022.
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To comprehensively understand the research status and development trend of soil inorganic carbon development, this study comprised 441 inorganic carbon pool papers from 1991-2022 in the Web of Science database based on CiteSpace software, and conducted Visualization analysis to explore the research hotspots, research status and development trend in this field. The results show that number of publications has increased year by year, and the clustering results show that the research topics mainly involve terrestrial biosphere, coastal forest ecosystem, forest soil, changed temperature hutrient. The hotspots of research include the blue carbon, soil carbon sequestration and dissolution processes of inorganic carbon. In addition, development trend include the effects of land use change, temperature, organic matter and other changes. soil inorganic carbon sinks, carbon dioxide uptake and the application of isotope technology are the ongoing concerns in this field, which will be the hotspot of soil inorganic carbon sink research in the future period.
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Urmi, Tahmina Akter, Md Mizanur Rahman, Md Moshiul Islam, Md Ariful Islam, Nilufar Akhtar Jahan, Md Abdul Baset Mia, Sohela Akhter, Manzer H. Siddiqui, and Hazem M. Kalaji. "Integrated Nutrient Management for Rice Yield, Soil Fertility, and Carbon Sequestration." Plants 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010138.
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Reliance on inorganic fertilizers with less or no use of organic fertilizers has impaired the productivity of soils worldwide. Therefore, the present study was conducted to quantify the effects of integrated nutrient management on rice yield, nutrient use efficiency, soil fertility, and carbon (C) sequestration in cultivated land. The experiment was designed with seven treatments comprising of a zero input control, recommended inorganic fertilizers (RD), poultry manure (PM) (5 t ha−1) + 50% RD, PM (2.5 t ha−1) + 75% RD, vermicompost (VC) (5 t ha−1) + 50% RD, VC (2.5 t ha−1) + 75% RD, and farmers’ practice (FP) with three replications that were laid out in a randomized complete block design. The highest grain yield (6.16–6.27 t ha−1) was attained when VC and PM were applied at the rate of 2.5 t ha−1 along with 75% RD. Uptake of nutrients and their subsequent use efficiencies appeared higher and satisfactory from the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The addition of organic fertilizer significantly influenced the organic carbon, total carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, soil pH, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, and magnesium contents in post-harvest soil, which indicated enhancement of soil fertility. The maximum value of the organic carbon stock (18.70 t ha−1), total carbon stock (20.81 t ha−1), and organic carbon sequestration (1.75 t ha−1) was observed in poultry manure at the rate of 5 t ha−1 with 50% RD. The soil bulk density decreased slightly more than that of the control, which indicated the improvement of the physical properties of soil using organic manures. Therefore, regular nourishment of soil with organic and inorganic fertilizers might help rejuvenate the soils and ensure agricultural sustainability.
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Asanopoulos, Christina H., Jeff A. Baldock, Lynne M. Macdonald, and Timothy R. Cavagnaro. "Quantifying blue carbon and nitrogen stocks in surface soils of temperate coastal wetlands." Soil Research 59, no. 6 (2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr20040.
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Coastal wetlands are carbon and nutrient sinks that capture large amounts of atmospheric CO2 and runoff of nutrients. ‘Blue carbon’ refers to carbon stored within resident vegetation (e.g. mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrasses) and soil of coastal wetlands. This study aimed to quantify the impact of vegetation type on soil carbon stocks (organic and inorganic) and nitrogen in the surface soils (0–10 cm) of mangroves and tidal marsh habitats within nine temperate coastal blue carbon wetlands in South Australia. Results showed differences in surface soil organic carbon stocks (18.4 Mg OC ha–1 for mangroves; 17.6 Mg OC ha–1 for tidal marshes), inorganic carbon (31.9 Mg IC ha–1 for mangroves; 35.1 Mg IC ha–1 for tidal marshes), and total nitrogen (1.8 Mg TN ha–1 for both) were not consistently driven by vegetation type. However, mangrove soils at two sites (Clinton and Port Augusta) and tidal marsh soils at one site (Torrens Island) had larger soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. These results highlighted site-specific differences in blue carbon stocks between the vegetation types and spatial variability within sites. Further, differences in spatial distribution of SOC within sites corresponded with variations in soil bulk density (BD). Results highlighted a link between SOC and BD in blue carbon soils. Understanding the drivers of carbon and nitrogen storage across different blue carbon environments and capturing its spatial variability will help improve predictions of the contribution these ecosystems to climate change mitigation.
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Xiong, Yufei. "Soil Inorganic Carbon Research Progress in China." Landscape and Urban Horticulture 1, no. 1 (2018): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/lsuh.2018.11004.
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MI, NA, SHAOQIANG WANG, JIYUAN LIU, GUIRUI YU, WENJUAN ZHANG, and ESTEBAN JOBBÁGY. "Soil inorganic carbon storage pattern in China." Global Change Biology 14, no. 10 (May 27, 2008): 2380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01642.x.
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Guan, Wei, Yanmei Xiong, and Baowen Liao. "Soil inorganic carbon in mangroves of tropical China: patterns and implications." Biology Letters 14, no. 11 (November 2018): 20180483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0483.
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Soil inorganic carbon (IC) is neglected in most blue carbon studies despite the globally significant role of the calcium carbonate cycle in ocean C balance and climate change. We sampled soils to 1 m depth from seven mangrove reserves in Hainan Island, China. Only 45 out of 509 samples were rich in IC (greater than 10 mg cm −3 ). Most of the IC-rich samples were found at the outer part of Qinglan Bay, which is adjacent to the largest coral reef zone of Hainan Island. Soil IC concentration ranged from 0 to 66 g kg −1 (or 0–67 mg cm −3 ), accounting for 0–92% of total C. IC concentration increased with soil depth where it was abundant. Soil pH was low (2.36–6.59) in IC-depleted soils, but increased to 5.67–7.99 in IC-rich soils. Soil total C stock and IC stock in mangroves of Hainan amounted to 0.76×10 6 and 0.12×10 6 Mg, respectively, with IC accounting for 16% of total C. Our study finds that carbonate concentrations can be high in mangrove soils but their spatial distribution indicates they are largely allochthonous in origin. Evidence of carbonate dissolution in mangroves suggests mangroves may increase total alkalinity to buffer acidification in seawater.
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Shi, Y., F. Baumann, Y. Ma, C. Song, P. Kühn, T. Scholten, and J. S. He. "Organic and inorganic carbon in the topsoil of the Mongolian and Tibetan grasslands: pattern, control and implications." Biogeosciences 9, no. 6 (June 27, 2012): 2287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2287-2012.
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Abstract. Soil carbon (C) is the largest C pool in the terrestrial biosphere and includes both inorganic and organic components. Studying patterns and controls of soil C help us to understand and estimate potential responses of soil C to global change in the future. Here we analyzed topsoil data of 81 sites obtained from a regional survey across grasslands in the Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau during 2006–2007, attempting to find the patterns and controls of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) and soil organic carbon (SOC). The averages of inorganic and organic carbon in the topsoil (0–20 cm) across the study region were 0.38% and 3.63%, ranging between 0.00–2.92% and 0.32–26.17% respectively. Both SIC and SOC in the Tibetan grasslands (0.51% and 5.24% respectively) were higher than those in the Inner Mongolian grasslands (0.21% and 1.61%). Regression tree analyses showed that the spatial pattern of SIC and SOC were controlled by different factors. Chemical and physical processes of soil formation drive the spatial pattern of SIC, while biotic processes drive the spatial pattern of SOC. SIC was controlled by soil acidification and other processes depending on soil pH. Vegetation type is the most important variable driving the spatial pattern of SOC. According to our models, given the acidification rate in Chinese grassland soils in the future is the same as that in Chinese cropland soils during the past two decades: 0.27 and 0.48 units per 20 yr in the Inner Mongolian grasslands and the Tibetan grasslands respectively, it will lead to a 30% and 53% decrease in SIC in the Inner Mongolian grasslands and the Tibetan grasslands respectively. However, negative relationship between soil pH and SOC suggests that acidification will inhibit decomposition of SOC, thus will not lead to a significant general loss of carbon from soils in these regions.
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Ansong Omari, Richard, Dorothea Bellingrath-Kimura, Yoshiharu Fujii, Elsie Sarkodee-Addo, Kwame Appiah Sarpong, and Yosei Oikawa. "Nitrogen Mineralization and Microbial Biomass Dynamics in Different Tropical Soils Amended with Contrasting Organic Resources." Soil Systems 2, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2040063.
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The use of location-specific and underutilized organic residues (OR) as soil amendments in small-holder agro-ecosystems is promising. Six ORs (Leucaena leucocephala, Centrosema pubescens, Gliricidia sepium, Pueraria phaseoloides, Azadirachta indica, and Theobroma cacao) were amended to three tropical soils each at 24 mg g−1 dry soil in 120-day incubation study to estimate their nitrogen (N) mineralization and microbial biomass carbon (C) dynamics. Inorganic N contents varied among ORs, soil type and incubation days. Regardless of soil type, Gliricidia had the highest inorganic N among the studied ORs. Mineralization rate of 1.4 to 1.5 mg N kg−1 soil day−1 was observed for Lego and Tec soils, respectively, and was twice higher than Nya soil. However, Nya soil released higher inorganic N than Tec and Lego soils, implying high N mineralization efficiency in the former. Consistent soil pH increase was respectively observed for Theobroma and Pueraria treatments in all soils. Moreover, Theobroma and Pueraria amendments showed the highest soil microbial biomass C (MBC) at the end of the incubation. The assessed soil properties likely affected by the dominant edaphic factors and management influenced differences in MBC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) while OR quality indices controlled N mineralization. Thus, we conclude that soil properties and OR type are important factors for optimal utilization of organic resources.
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Ma, Xinyu, Lu Gong, Yuxin Yang, Zhaolong Ding, and Xinzhu Li. "Mineralization and Fixed Stable Carbon Isotopic Characteristics of Organic Carbon in Cotton Fields with Different Continuous Cropping Years." Agronomy 13, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030804.
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The oasis carbon pool in arid zones is an important part of the global carbon pool. There is a soil organic carbon (SOC)–soil–CO2–soil inorganic carbon (SIC) balanced system in the soil, which facilitates the change from soil organic carbon to soil inorganic carbon. A small change in the soil carbon pool can affect the overall global carbon balance, thus affecting the conversion of soil carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, the change from soil organic carbon to soil inorganic carbon (SIC) was obtained by measuring the δ13C values of SIC and CO2 in combination with stable carbon isotope techniques in cotton fields with different continuous cropping years, in the Alar Reclamation Area. Additionally, this was combined with redundancy analysis to reveal the effects of different physicochemical factors on the change amount. The results showed that the soil inorganic carbon content along the soil profile showed an increasing trend, while the soil organic carbon content was the opposite; the δ13C of SIC in the 0–20 and 60–80 cm soil layers were the highest in the 10a continuous cotton field soil, which were −22.24 and −21.86‰, respectively, and significantly different to other types (p < 0.05). The fixed carbon values in the barren, 5a, 10a, 20a, and 30a continuous cotton fields were 0.53, 0.17, 0.11, 0.13 and 0.33 g·kg−1, respectively; the corresponding amounts of CO2 fixed from soil respiration were 0.33, 0.11, 0.08, 0.05, and 0.25 g·kg−1; the amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere were 0.20, 0.06, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.09 g·kg−1; and the oxidative decomposition of CO2 by SOC were 0.17, 0.06, 0.04, 0.26, and 0.12 g·kg−1, respectively, indicating that the contribution of SOC was more in the barren field and 30a cotton field. Comparing the sources of fixed CO2, we found that the amount of fixed soil from barren fields and 30a was high from atmospheric CO2, while the contribution of SOC was low. Furthermore, the amount of fixed CO2 of 20a from SOC was high, and the atmospheric contribution was low. The main physicochemical factors that affecting the amount of soil SOC changed to SIC were soil water content, readily available carbon dioxide, and microbial biomass carbon.
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Aumtong, Suphathida, Chakrit Chotamonsak, Paweenuch Pongwongkam, and Kanchana Cantiya. "Chemical Fertilization Alters Soil Carbon in Paddy Soil through the Interaction of Labile Organic Carbon and Phosphorus Fractions." Agronomy 13, no. 6 (June 12, 2023): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061588.
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The influence of long-term chemical fertilization in paddy soils is based on the interaction between labile carbon and phosphorus fractions and the manner in which this influences soil organic carbon (SOC). Four soil depths (0–30 cm) were analyzed in this study. Easily oxidized organic carbon components, such as permanganate oxidized carbon (POXC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and other physicochemical soil factors were evaluated. The correlation and principal component analyses were used to examine the relationship between soil depth and the parameter dataset. The results showed that Fe-P concentrations were greater in the 0–5 cm soil layer. DOC, inorganic phosphate fraction, and other soil physiochemical characteristics interacted more strongly with SOC in the 0–5 cm soil layer, compared to interactions in the 10–15 cm layer, influencing soil acidity. An increase in DOC in the 0–5 cm soil layer had a considerable effect on lowering SOC, consistent with P being positively correlated with POXC, but negatively with SOC and water-soluble carbon (WSC). The changes in SOC could be attributed to the relationship between DOC and inorganic phosphate fractions (such as Fe-P) under specific soil pH conditions. An increase in soil DOC could be caused by changes in the P fraction and pH. The DOC:Avai. P ratio could serve as a compromise for the C and P dynamic indicators. The soil depth interval is a critical element that influences these interactions. Agricultural policy and decision-making may be influenced by the P from chemical fertilization practices, considering the yields and environmental effects.
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Thaysen, E. M., D. Jacques, S. Jessen, C. E. Andersen, E. Laloy, P. Ambus, D. Postma, and I. Jakobsen. "Inorganic carbon fluxes across the vadose zone of planted and unplanted soil mesocosms." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2014): 4251–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-4251-2014.
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Abstract. The efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from soils influences atmospheric CO2 concentrations and thereby climate change. The partitioning of inorganic carbon fluxes in the vadose zone between emission to the atmosphere and to the groundwater was investigated. Carbon dioxide partial pressure in the soil gas (pCO2), alkalinity, soil moisture and temperature were measured over depth and time in unplanted and planted (barley) mesocosms. The dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) percolation flux was calculated from the pCO2, alkalinity and the water flux at the mesocosm bottom. Carbon dioxide exchange between the soil surface and the atmosphere was measured at regular intervals. The soil diffusivity was determined from soil radon-222 (222Rn) emanation rates and soil air Rn concentration profiles, and was used in conjunction with measured pCO2 gradients to calculate the soil CO2 production. Carbon dioxide fluxes were modelled using the HP1 module of the Hydrus 1-D software. The average CO2 effluxes to the atmosphere from unplanted and planted mesocosm ecosystems during 78 days of experiment were 0.1 ± 0.07 and 4.9 ± 0.07 μmol carbon (C) m−2 s−1, respectively, and largely exceeded the corresponding DIC percolation fluxes of 0.01 ± 0.004 and 0.06 ± 0.03 μmol C m−2 s−1. Post-harvest soil respiration (Rs) was only 10% of the Rs during plant growth, while the post-harvest DIC percolation flux was more than one third of the flux during growth. The Rs was controlled by production and diffusivity of CO2 in the soil. The DIC percolation flux was largely controlled by the pCO2 and the drainage flux due to low solution pH. Plant biomass and soil pCO2 were high in the mesocosms as compared to a standard field situation. Our results indicate no change of the cropland C balance under elevated atmospheric CO2 in a warmer future climate, in which plant biomass and soil pCO2 are expected to increase.
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Dong, Lili, and Meng Kou. "Soil Aggregate Stability and Carbon Density in Three Plantations in the Loess Plateau, China." Forests 13, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071096.
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Afforestation plays an important role in mitigating soil erosion and improving soil quality in the Loess Plateau. However, there is no consistent conclusion about the effect of tree species on soil properties. Robinia pseudoacacia, Pinus tabulaeformis, and Malus pumila plantations were selected as the research objects. Soil indices such as the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and inorganic carbon (SIC), carbon density, soil aggregate stability, and bulk density were selected to study the effects of different plantations on soil properties. The mean weight diameter (MWD) was calculated to evaluate soil aggregate stability. The results showed that: (1) MWD of R. pseudoacacia was 22%–67% lower than that of P. tabuliformis across the 0–80 cm soil layers. MWD of M. pumila was 27%–45% and 57%–78% lower than that of R. pseudoacacia and P. tabuliformis across 0–50 cm layers. (2) SOC of P. tabuliformis was 61%–127% and 67%–148% higher than that of R. pseudoacacia and M. pumila, respectively, while SIC was 55%–82% and 12%–14% lower than that of R. pseudoacacia and M. pumila. (3) Soil carbon density, including soil organic carbon density and inorganic carbon density, of P. tabuliformis was 36%–49% and 3%–31% lower than that of R. pseudoacacia and M. pumila, respectively. (4) Aggregate organic carbon increased with increasing aggregate size, while inorganic carbon decreased. Water-stable aggregates with larger sizes had higher soil organic carbon and lower carbonate calcium. (5) The inorganic carbon in soil was both a binder and a dispersant of soil aggregates, which depends on its content. P. tabuliformis should be planted in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau in China, because this species was able to increase soil organic matter and improve soil structure compared with the other two species.
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Wagner, S. W., J. D. Hanson, Alan Olness, and W. B. Voorhees. "A Volumetric Inorganic Carbon Analysis System." Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, no. 3 (May 1998): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030021x.
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Pan, Junxiao, Jinsong Wang, Dashuan Tian, Ruiyang Zhang, Yang Li, Lei Song, Jiaming Yang, Chunxue Wei, and Shuli Niu. "Biotic factors dominantly determine soil inorganic carbon stock across Tibetan alpine grasslands." SOIL 8, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-687-2022.
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Abstract. The soil inorganic carbon (SIC) pool is a major component of soil carbon (C) pools, and clarifying the predictors of SIC stock is urgent for decreasing soil C losses and maintaining soil health and ecosystem functions. However, the drivers and their relative effects on the SIC stock at different soil depths remain largely unexplored. Here, we conducted a large-scale sampling to investigate the effects and relative contributions of abiotic (climate and soil) and biotic (plant and microbe) drivers on the SIC stock between topsoils (0–10 cm) and subsoils (20–30 cm) across Tibetan alpine grasslands. Results showed that the SIC stock had no significant differences between the topsoil and subsoil. The SIC stock showed a significant increase with altitude, pH and sand proportion, but declined with mean annual precipitation (MAP), plant aboveground biomass (PAB), plant coverage (PC), root biomass (RB), available nitrogen (AN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and bacterial abundance (BA) and fungal gene abundance (FA). For both soil layers, biotic factors had larger effects on the SIC stock than abiotic factors did. However, the relative importance of these determinants varied with soil depth, with the effects of plant and microbial variables on SIC stock weakening with soil depth, whereas the importance of climatic and edaphic variables increased with soil depth. Specifically, BA, FA and PC played dominant roles in regulating SIC stock in the topsoil, while soil pH contributed largely to the variation of SIC stock in the subsoil. Our findings highlight differential drivers over SIC stock with soil depth, which should be considered in biogeochemical models for better simulating and predicting SIC dynamics and its feedbacks to environmental changes.
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Wang, Jingjing, Jie Tang, Zhaoyang Li, Wei Yang, Ping Yang, and Yunke Qu. "Corn and Rice Cultivation Affect Soil Organic and Inorganic Carbon Storage through Altering Soil Properties in Alkali Sodic Soils, Northeast of China." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041627.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) play essential roles in carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems; however, the effects of crop cultivation on them are still poorly understood, especially in alkali sodic soils widely distributed in semiarid regions. Alkali sodic soils from cornfields and paddies with cultivation years of 5, 15, and 25 were analyzed here to assess the response of soil properties and soil carbon pools to crop cultivation. Soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentages decrease in accordance with cultivation years, while enzyme activity (amylase, invertase, and catalase) shows a contrary trend. Soil pH and exchangeable sodium percentages are negatively correlated with SOC, but positively correlated with SIC. Redundancy analysis reveals an obvious relationship between SOC and invertase activity. The percentage of δ13CSOC found here is approximately –24.78‰ to –22.97‰ for cornfields and approximately –26.54‰ to –23.81‰ for paddies, suggesting that crop cultivation contributes to SOC sequestration and stocking, increasing with cultivation years. The percentage of δ13CSIC found here is approximately 1.90‰ to 3.73‰, proving that lithogenic inorganic carbon is the major SIC, where the stock decreases with increasing cultivation years. Significant total carbon stock loss is observed in cornfields, while it is preserved at 120 Mg ha−1 in paddies. We conclude here from the results that corn and rice cultivation reduce alkali sodic conditions in soil, thereby improving soil enzymes and favoring SOC stocking, but reducing SIC stocks.
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Choudhary, Mahipal, Nishant K. Sinha, Monoranjan Mohanty, Somasundaram Jayaraman, Nikul Kumari, Bikram Jyoti, Ankur Srivastava, et al. "Response of Contrasting Nutrient Management Regimes on Soil Aggregation, Aggregate-Associated Carbon and Macronutrients in a 43-Year Long-Term Experiment." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032679.
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The present investigation evaluated the effect of continuous application (>43 years) of organic and inorganic fertilisers on soil aggregate stability, aggregate size distribution, aggregate-associated carbon and its fractions, and total macro-nutrient content under the soybean–wheat cropping system in vertisols of the semi-arid region. Seven contrasting treatments consisted of T1 (50% NPK), T2 (100% NPK), T3 (150% NPK), T4 (100% NP), T5 (100% N), T6 (100% NPK + FYM) and T7 Control (crop raised without addition of any nutrient). The highest and lowest percentage of large macroaggregates (11.3%) was found in T6 and T7 treatments. The NPK + FYM (T6) treatments substantially increased the proportion of the macroaggregate fractions (>2 mm and 2–0.25 mm) than other treatments. However, different manure and fertilisation treatments did not affect the proportion of silt + clay aggregates. Long-term application of 100% NPK + FYM increased mean weight diameter (MWD) and stable water aggregates (WSA) by 35.7 and 6.01% over control. The aggregate-associated SOC followed the trend of large macroaggregates > microaggregates > small macroaggregates > silt + clay fractions. Application of long-term manure plus inorganic fertiliser (T6) has also increased Walkley Black soil organic carbon (WBSC), permanganate oxidisable carbon (KMnO4-C), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), carbon mineralisation (CM), total soil carbon (TSC), total soil N (TSN), total soil phosphorus (TSP) and total soil potassium (STK) by 82.1, 71.6, 182, 42.4, 23.9, 41.6, 117 and 18.4%, respectively, over control (T7). The lowest metabolic quotient (MetQ) value of 5.13 mg CO2–C mg−1 MBC h−1 was obtained in the control treatment (T7). The lowest MetQ was recorded in the integrated application of manure + inorganic fertiliser, i.e., 100% NPK + FYM (T6). Similarly, microbial quotient (MiQ) was also higher in treatment T6 (100% NPK + FYM) and lower in T7 (control). It is concluded that the application of inorganic fertiliser alone is insufficient to maintain soil health and sustainability so, combined application of manure plus inorganic fertilisation is the most important nutrient management practice for long-term soil sustainability because it maintains SOC levels in soils for long periods and ultimately ensures the soil health of soybean–wheat cropping systems in the vertisols of semi-arid regions.
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JONG, E. DE, D. F. ACTON, and H. B. STONEHOUSE. "ESTIMATING THE ATTERBERG LIMITS OF SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN SOILS FROM TEXTURE AND CARBON CONTENTS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-057.
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The soil water contents at the liquid and plastic limits (the Atterberg limits) are widely used in the classification of soils for engineering purposes. Approximately 500 soil samples (129 Ap horizons and 417 B and C horizons) collected over several years as part of the ongoing soil survey program in Saskatchewan were analyzed for texture and Atterberg limits. On about half of the samples water retention (−33 kPa and −1500 kPa matric potential and air dryness), and organic and inorganic C were also determined. The relationship between the Atterberg limits and soil properties was explored through correlation and regression analysis. Clay and organic matter content explained most of the observed variation in the Atterberg limits of the Ap horizons. Clay was the most important independent variable in the B and C horizons, while inorganic C had only a relatively small impact. Key words: Atterberg limits, texture, organic and inorganic C
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Thaysen, E. M., D. Jacques, S. Jessen, C. E. Andersen, E. Laloy, P. Ambus, D. Postma, and I. Jakobsen. "Inorganic carbon fluxes across the vadose zone of planted and unplanted soil mesocosms." Biogeosciences 11, no. 24 (December 17, 2014): 7179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-7179-2014.
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Abstract. The efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from soils influences atmospheric CO2 concentrations and thereby climate change. The partitioning of inorganic carbon (C) fluxes in the vadose zone between emission to the atmosphere and to the groundwater was investigated to reveal controlling underlying mechanisms. Carbon dioxide partial pressure in the soil gas (pCO2), alkalinity, soil moisture and temperature were measured over depth and time in unplanted and planted (barley) mesocosms. The dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) percolation flux was calculated from the pCO2, alkalinity and the water flux at the mesocosm bottom. Carbon dioxide exchange between the soil surface and the atmosphere was measured at regular intervals. The soil diffusivity was determined from soil radon-222 (222Rn) emanation rates and soil air Rn concentration profiles and was used in conjunction with measured pCO2 gradients to calculate the soil CO2 production. Carbon dioxide fluxes were modeled using the HP1 module of the Hydrus 1-D software. The average CO2 effluxes to the atmosphere from unplanted and planted mesocosm ecosystems during 78 days of experiment were 0.1 ± 0.07 and 4.9 ± 0.07 μmol C m−2 s−1, respectively, and grossly exceeded the corresponding DIC percolation fluxes of 0.01 ± 0.004 and 0.06 ± 0.03 μmol C m−2 s−1. Plant biomass was high in the mesocosms as compared to a standard field situation. Post-harvest soil respiration (Rs) was only 10% of the Rs during plant growth, while the post-harvest DIC percolation flux was more than one-third of the flux during growth. The Rs was controlled by production and diffusivity of CO2 in the soil. The DIC percolation flux was largely controlled by the pCO2 and the drainage flux due to low solution pH. Modeling suggested that increasing soil alkalinity during plant growth was due to nutrient buffering during root nitrate uptake.
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Chen, Shuiqing, Jusheng Gao, Huaihai Chen, Zeyuan Zhang, Jing Huang, Lefu Lv, Jinfang Tan, and Xiaoqian Jiang. "The role of long-term mineral and manure fertilization on P species accumulation and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms in paddy red soils." SOIL 9, no. 1 (February 16, 2023): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-9-101-2023.
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Abstract. Understanding soil phosphorus (P) transformation and turnover under various fertilization managements is important for evaluating sustainable P fertility and potential bioavailability in agriculture managements. Thus, long-term fertilization experiments (∼ 38 years) with the application of different inorganic and organic fertilizers in paddy red soils were conducted to determine the effect of different fertilizer applications on P pool accumulation and microbial communities, especially for phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs). Long-term inorganic P (IP) fertilization increased the concentrations of total P (TP) (∼ 479 mg kg−1), available P (AP) (∼ 417 mg kg−1) and inorganic P (∼ 18 mg kg−1), but manure fertilization accelerated the accumulation of organic P, especially for orthophosphate monoesters (e.g., myo-IHP, ∼ 12 mg kg−1). Long-term mineral fertilization decreased bacterial richness, evenness and complexation of bacterial networks. In contrast, long-term manure fertilization and rhizosphere accumulated more amounts of total carbon, total nitrogen, and organic carbon, as well as regulated the soil pH, thus improving the separation of bacterial communities. Furthermore, PSM compositions were greatly influenced by fertilization managements and rhizosphere. For example, inorganic P fertilization increased the abundance of Thiobacillus (i.e., the most abundant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in this study) and shifted the community structure of PSB. Correspondingly, the concentrations of inorganic and total P were the key factors for the variation of the PSB community structure. These findings are beneficial for understanding the variation of inorganic and organic P pools and the microbial community, especially for PSMs under long-term inorganic and/or organic fertilization.
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Wang, F. L., and A. K. Alva. "Transport of soluble organic and inorganic carbon in sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-074.
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Leaching of water soluble soil carbon plays an important role in downward transport of soil nutrients and pollutants and may be influenced by soil and management factors. We examined the leaching of water soluble carbon from two sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization by adapting an intermittent leaching-incubation technique using packed soil columns (94 × 10 cm). After 30 d, cumulative amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (SOC) leached from the Candler and Wabasso sand for various treatments in mg C column−1 were: 77 and 302 (NH4NO3), 64 and 265 (control), and 45 and 239 (isobutylidene diurea, IBDU), respectively. The IBDU and NH4NO3 treatments increased the leaching of water-soluble inorganic carbon (SIC), which ranged from 2 to 38 mg C column−1 over 30 d. At the end of eight cycles of leaching/incubation, the total carbon content increased at depth (control and NH4NO3 treatment) in the Candler sand, but decreased in the Wabasso sand. In the first leaching event, the average rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand was 26 mg C column−1 d−1 which dropped rapidly to about 5 mg C column−1 d−1 towards the end of the experiment. The rate of SOC leaching from the Candler sand was much lower (<8 mg C column−1 d−1) than the rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand. Compared with the unamended treatments, application of NH4NO3 increased and IBDU decreased the leaching of SOC in both soils. These effects of N application were considerable during the initial two to three leaching events only. Our results suggest that the initial rainfalls that follow a dry period may be critical for transporting SOC from the upper layer of these sandy soils. Key words: C leaching, sandy soil, intermittent leaching condition, isobutylidene
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Richardson, Alan E., Clive A. Kirkby, Samiran Banerjee, and John A. Kirkegaard. "The inorganic nutrient cost of building soil carbon." Carbon Management 5, no. 3 (May 4, 2014): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2014.923226.
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Monger, H. Curtis, Rebecca A. Kraimer, Sa’eb Khresat, David R. Cole, Xiujun Wang, and Jiaping Wang. "Sequestration of inorganic carbon in soil and groundwater." Geology 43, no. 5 (May 2015): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g36449.1.
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Bai, S. G., Y. Jiao, W. Z. Yang, P. Gu, J. Yang, and L. J. Liu. "Review of progress in soil inorganic carbon research." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 100 (December 2017): 012129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/100/1/012129.
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Niu, Ziru, Fangjiao An, Yongzhong Su, Tingna Liu, Rong Yang, Zeyu Du, and Shiyang Chen. "Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Aggregate Size Distribution and Nutrient Accumulation in Aeolian Sandy Soil." Plants 11, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070909.
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Soil aggregates are the material basis of soil structure and important carriers of nutrients. Long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can affect the composition of soil aggregates to varying degrees, which in turn affects the distribution and storage of soil nutrients. We report the results of a 15-year long-term field-based test of aeolian sandy soil and used the wet sieve method to analyze the stability of water-stable aggregates, as well as the distribution characteristics of nutrients in different particle size aggregates. Our results show that long-term application of organic fertilizer (M3) and combined organic–inorganic treatments (NPK1-M1, NPK1-M2, and NPK1-M3) help to increase the amount of organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and cation exchange in the macro-aggregates, and the improvement rates are 92–103%, 8–28%, and 74–85%, respectively. The organic content of the fertilizers also promotes the formation of macro-aggregates, and the stability of aggregates increase from 0.24 to 0.45. In contrast, the application of inorganic fertilizers (NPK1, NPK2, and NPK3) has no marked effect on the formation and stability of macro-aggregates; the application of inorganic fertilizers can merely maintain the organic carbon content of the soil. Correlation analysis shows that the application of organic fertilizers and chemical (inorganic) fertilizers containing phosphorus and potassium can markedly increase the content and reserves of available phosphorus and potassium across all aggregate sizes, and there is a significant positive correlation between these parameters and the amount of applied fertilizer (p < 0.05). Aggregates of various sizes in aeolian sandy soils in arid areas have the potential for greater nutrient storage. Therefore, organic fertilizers can be used in the agricultural production process to improve soil structure and fertility.
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Cosby, B. J., R. C. Ferrier, A. Jenkins, B. A. Emmett, R. F. Wright, and A. Tietema. "Modelling the ecosystem effects of nitrogen deposition: Model of Ecosystem Retention and Loss of Inorganic Nitrogen (MERLIN." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 31, 1997): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-137-1997.
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Abstract. A catchment-scale mass-balance model of linked carbon and nitrogen cycling in ecosystems has been developed for simulating leaching losses of inorganic nitrogen. The model (MERLIN) considers linked biotic and abiotic processes affecting the cycling and storage of nitrogen. The model is aggregated in space and time and contains compartments intended to be observable and/or interpretable at the plot or catchment scale. The structure of the model includes the inorganic soil, a plant compartment and two soil organic compartments. Fluxes in and out of the ecosystem and between compartments are regulated by atmospheric deposition, hydrological discharge, plant uptake, litter production, wood production, microbial immobilization, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification. Nitrogen fluxes are controlled by carbon productivity, the C:N ratios of organic compartments and inorganic nitrogen in soil solution. Inputs required are: 1) temporal sequences of carbon fluxes and pools- 2) time series of hydrological discharge through the soils, 3) historical and current external sources of inorganic nitrogen; 4) current amounts of nitrogen in the plant and soil organic compartments; 5) constants specifying the nitrogen uptake and immobilization characteristics of the plant and soil organic compartments; and 6) soil characteristics such as depth, porosity, bulk density, and anion/cation exchange constants. Outputs include: 1) concentrations and fluxes of NO3 and NH4 in soil solution and runoff; 2) total nitrogen contents of the organic and inorganic compartments; 3) C:N ratios of the aggregated plant and soil organic compartments; and 4) rates of nitrogen uptake and immobilization and nitrogen mineralization. The behaviour of the model is assessed for a combination of land-use change and nitrogen deposition scenarios in a series of speculative simulations. The results of the simulations are in broad agreement with observed and hypothesized behaviour of nitrogen dynamics in growing forests receiving nitrogen deposition.
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DUTTA, DEBASHIS, D. K. SINGH, N. SUBASH, N. RAVISANKAR, VINOD KUMAR, A. L. MEENA, R. P. MISHRA, SHWETA SINGH, VAIBHAV KUMAR, and A. S. PANWAR. "Effect of long-term use of organic, inorganic and integrated management practices on carbon sequestration and soil carbon pools in different cropping systems in Tarai region of Kumayun hills." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 4 (April 24, 2018): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i4.79066.
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A study was undertaken during 2004-05 to 2013-14 to study the influence of different management options including cropping systems on carbon sequestration and soil carbon pools under Typic haplaquoll soil condition. Complete organic management (as per National Programme for Organic Production standards) with supply of 100% nutrient through organic sources, integrated crop management (nutrient and pests) with supply of 50% nitrogen through organic and 50% through inorganic and inorganic crop management with 100% nitrogen through inorganic sources while in sub plots four cropping systems namely Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-Sesbania, Basmati rice-lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.)-Sesbania, Basmati rice-vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.)- Sesbania and Basmati rice-Brassica napus- Sesbania cropping system were tested in strip plot design at G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The three main plot treatments consisted of 100% organic, 50% organic + 50% inorganic and 100% inorganic fertilizer. Parameters such as bulk density, soil organic carbon, labile carbon pool, water soluble carbon, dehydrogenase activity were studied in all the treatments besides cropping systems equivalent yield. Bulk density varied from 1.24 to 1.44 Mg/m3 in 0-15 cm soil under different nutrient management practices and the same increased with the increase in depth. Soil organic carbon (SOC) did not vary significantly among different cropping systems in 0-15 cm soil. The soil organic carbon content ranged from 10.70 to 11.13 g/kg under different cropping systems. The labile carbon pools and water soluble carbon content decreased with the increase of soil depth. The labile carbon pool (2450.21 mg/kg), water soluble carbon (21.39 mg/kg) and dehydrogenase activity (319.44 mg TPF/day/g soil) was higher in 0-15 cm soil depth with organic management of basmati rice-wheat- Sesbania systems compared to other systems and management practices. Among the management practice, basmati rice equivalent yield was higher in organic management (7130 kg/ha) in the year 2014. Among the cropping systems, Basmati rice-lentil- Sesbania (green manuring) (7865 kg/ha) system recorded higher equivalent yield compared to other systems. The carbon sequestration (15.36 Mg/ha) was higher in basmati rice-brassica-Sesbania cropping system with organic management practice and the sequestration rate was at par with basmati rice-wheat-Sesbania cropping systems. Therefore, either basmati rice-wheat-sesbania or basmati rice-Brassica napus-Sesbania cropping system with organic or integrated management is better for sequestering higher C in the soil than the present rice-wheat system with inorganic management.
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Shi, Y., F. Baumann, Y. Ma, C. Song, P. Kühn, T. Scholten, and J. S. He. "Organic and inorganic carbon in the topsoil of the Mongolian and Tibetan grasslands: pattern, control and implications." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 2 (February 15, 2012): 1869–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-1869-2012.
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Abstract. Soil carbon (C) is the largest C pool in terrestrial biosphere and includes both inorganic and organic components. Studying patterns and controls of soil C help us to understand and estimate potential responses of soil C to global change in the future. Here we analyzed topsoil data of 81 sites obtained from a regional survey across grasslands in the Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau during 2006–2007, attempting to find the patterns and controls of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) and soil organic carbon (SOC). The average of SIC and SOC in the topsoil (0–20 cm) across the study region were 0.38% and 3.63%, ranging between 0.00–2.92% and 0.32–26.17%, respectively. Both SIC and SOC in the topsoil of the Tibetan grasslands (0.51% and 5.24%, respectively) were higher than those of the Inner Mongolian grasslands (0.21% and 1.61%). Regression tree analyses showed that the spatial pattern of SIC and SOC were controlled by different factors. Chemical and physical processes of soil formation drive the spatial pattern of SIC, while biotic processes drive the spatial pattern of SOC. SIC was controlled by soil acidification and other processes depending on soil pH. Vegetation type is the most important variable driving the spatial pattern of SOC. According to our models, given the acidification rate in Chinese grassland soils in the future is the same as that in Chinese cropland soils during the past two decades: 0.27 and 0.48 units per 20 yr in the Inner Mongolian grasslands and the Tibetan grasslands, respectively, it will lead to 30% and 53% decrease in SIC in the Inner Mongolian grasslands and the Tibetan grasslands, respectively. However, negative relationship between soil pH and SOC suggests that acidification will inhibit decomposition of SOC, thus will not lead to a significant general loss of carbon from soils in these regions.
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Xu, Tongtong, Minna Zhang, Shiwen Ding, Bai Liu, Qing Chang, Xuan Zhao, Ying Wang, Jianyong Wang, and Ling Wang. "Grassland degradation with saline-alkaline reduces more soil inorganic carbon than soil organic carbon storage." Ecological Indicators 131 (November 2021): 108194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108194.
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Dudhaiya, Aashvi, Fatima Haque, Hugo Fantucci, and Rafael M. Santos. "Characterization of Physically Fractionated Wollastonite-Amended Agricultural Soils." Minerals 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100635.
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Wollastonite is a natural silicate mineral that can be used as an agricultural soil amendment. Once in the soil, this mineral undergoes weathering and carbonation reactions, and, under certain soil and field crop conditions, our previous work has shown that this practice leads to accumulation of inorganic carbon (calcium carbonate). Mineral carbonation is the carbon sequestration approach with the greatest potential for sequestration capacity and permanency. Agricultural lands offer vast areas onto which such minerals can be applied, while benefiting crops. This work illustrates a technique to separate wollastonite-containing soils into different fractions. These fractions are characterized separately to determine organic and inorganic content, as well as to determine the chemical and mineral composition. The aim is to detect the fate of wollastonite in agricultural soils, and the fate of weathering/carbonation products in the soil. The soils used in the study were collected from soybean and potato farmlands in Southern Ontario, and from an experimental pilot plot. Soil fractionation was done using sieving, and soil fractions were analyzed by a calcimeter, X-ray diffraction, and loss-on-ignition. Acid digested samples were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Carbonates and wollastonite were enriched by fractionation.
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Xu, Nai Zheng, and Hong Ying Liu. "Spatial Distribution of Soil Inorganic Carbon in Urbanized Territories." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.188.
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Soil carbon stock changes induced by land-use change play an essential role in the global greenhouse effect and carbon circulation. This paper studies the spatial characteristics of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) distribution in urbanized territories of main cities in Jiangsu Province, China, based on the data of regional geochemical survey. Urbanization process in study area has been quickened greatly since the 1980s. The SIC density in urban area is 0.64±0.70 kg m-2, which mean density is 1.33 times of that in suburban and 1.52 times of that in countryside, and SIC distribution in urbanized area shows accumulation and obvious spatial variability. By comparison of SIC distribution in the central urban area, urbanized area during 1980-2000, 2000-2005 and suburban, the SIC obviously accumulates in central urban area, furthermore, the SIC density increases with urban land use duration extending and urban ecosystem evolving. This paper provides the characteristics of SIC distribution and evolution during the course of urbanization, which may be useful for assessing the impact of land-use and urban development on SIC pools in urban ecosystem.
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Deiss, Leonardo, Anibal de Moraes, and Vincent Maire. "Environmental drivers of soil phosphorus composition in natural ecosystems." Biogeosciences 15, no. 14 (July 26, 2018): 4575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4575-2018.
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Abstract. Soil organic and inorganic phosphorus (P) compounds can be influenced by distinctive environmental properties. This study aims to analyze soil P composition in natural ecosystems, relating organic (inositol hexakisphosphate, DNA and phosphonates) and inorganic (orthophosphate, polyphosphate and pyrophosphate) compounds with major temporal (weathering), edaphic and climatic characteristics. A dataset including 88 sites was assembled from published papers that determined soil P composition using one-dimensional liquid state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of NaOH-EDTA extracts of soils. Bivariate and multivariate regression models were used to better understand the environmental properties influencing soil P. In bivariate relationships, trends for soil P compounds were similar for mineral and organic layers but with different slopes. Independent and combined effects of weathering, edaphic and climatic properties of ecosystems explained up to 78 % (inositol hexakisphosphates) and 89 % (orthophosphate) of variations in organic and inorganic P compounds across the ecosystems, likely deriving from parent material differences. Soil properties, particularly pH, total carbon, and carbon-to-phosphorus ratios, over climate and weathering mainly explained the P variation. We conclude that edaphic and climatic drivers regulate key ecological processes that determine the soil P composition in natural ecosystems. These processes are related to the source of P inputs, primarily determined by the parent material and soil forming factors, plant and microbe P cycling, the bio-physico-chemical properties governing soil phosphatase activity, soil solid surface specific reactivity, and P losses through leaching, and finally the P persistence induced by the increasing complexity of organic and inorganic P compounds as the pedogenesis evolves. Soil organic and inorganic P compounds respond differently to combinations of environmental drivers, which likely indicates that each P compound has specific factors governing its presence in natural ecosystems.
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Aravena, Ramon, S. L. Schiff, S. E. Trumbore, P. J. Dillon, and Richard Elgood. "Evaluating Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Cycling in a Forested Lake Watershed Using Carbon Isotopes." Radiocarbon 34, no. 3 (1992): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220006392x.
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Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is the main acid buffer in forested lake watersheds in Canada. We used carbon isotopes (13C, 14C) to evaluate the production and cycling of DIC in an acid-sensitive lake watershed of the Precambrian Shield. Soil CO2, groundwater and stream DIC were characterized chemically and isotopically. Soil CO2 concentration profiles reflect both changes in production and in losses due to diffusion. δ13C soil CO2 profiles (δ13C values of −23‰ in summer, slightly enriched during the fall and −25%‰ during the winter) are a reflection of the isotopic composition of the sources and changes in isotopic fractionation due to diffusion. Carbon isotopic composition (13C, 14C) of the groundwater and stream DIC clearly indicate that weathering of silicates by soil CO2 is the main source of DIC in these watersheds. 14C data show that, in addition to recent groundwater, an older groundwater component with depleted 14C activity is also present in the bedrock. The carbon isotope pattern in the groundwater also implies that, besides the main springtime recharge events, contributions to the groundwater may also occur during late winter/early spring.
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Ramnarine, R., C. Wagner-Riddle, K. E. Dunfield, and R. P. Voroney. "Contributions of carbonates to soil CO2 emissions." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, no. 4 (May 2012): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2011-025.
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Ramnarine, R., Wagner-Riddle, C., Dunfield, K. E. and Voroney, R. P. 2012. Contributions of carbonates to soil CO 2 emissions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 599–607. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released in soil as a by-product of microbial and root respiration, but soil carbonates may also be a source of CO2 emissions in calcareous soils. Global estimates of inorganic carbon range from 700 to 900 Pg as carbonates stored in soils, representing a significant potential source of CO2 to the atmosphere. While previous studies have focused on the total CO2 efflux from the soil, our goal was to identify the various sources and their contribution to total CO2 emissions, by measuring the isotopic signature of the CO2 emitted from the soil. Calcareous Luvisolic silt loam soil samples were obtained from conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) plots in southern Ontario, Canada. Soil samples (root- and residue-free) were laboratory-incubated for 14 d and the isotopic signature of the CO2 (δ13CCO2) released was analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Isotopic measurement was essential in quantifying the abiotic CO2 production from carbonates, due to the unique δ13C signature of carbonates and soil organic matter. A two-end member mixing model was used to estimate the proportion of CO2 evolved from soil carbonates and soil organic matter decomposition. Analysis of emitted CO2 collected after the 14-d incubation indicate that the proportion of CO2 originating from soil inorganic carbon was 62 to 74% for CT soil samples, and 64 to 80% for NT soil samples. Further work is recommended in the quantification of CO2 emissions from calcareous soils, and to determine the transferability of laboratory results to field studies.
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Liu, Ting, Liang Wang, Xiaojuan Feng, Jinbo Zhang, Tian Ma, Xin Wang, and Zongguang Liu. "Comparing soil carbon loss through respiration and leaching under extreme precipitation events in arid and semiarid grasslands." Biogeosciences 15, no. 5 (March 16, 2018): 1627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1627-2018.
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Abstract. Respiration and leaching are two main processes responsible for soil carbon loss. While the former has received considerable research attention, studies examining leaching processes are limited, especially in semiarid grasslands due to low precipitation. Climate change may increase the extreme precipitation event (EPE) frequency in arid and semiarid regions, potentially enhancing soil carbon loss through leaching and respiration. Here we incubated soil columns of three typical grassland soils from Inner Mongolia and the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and examined the effect of simulated EPEs on soil carbon loss through respiration and leaching. EPEs induced a transient increase in CO2 release through soil respiration, equivalent to 32 and 72 % of the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in the temperate grasslands (Xilinhot and Keqi) and 7 % of NEP in the alpine grasslands (Gangcha). By comparison, leaching loss of soil carbon accounted for 290, 120, and 15 % of NEP at the corresponding sites, respectively, with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, biogenic DIC + lithogenic DIC) as the main form of carbon loss in the alkaline soils. Moreover, DIC loss increased with recurring EPEs in the soil with the highest pH due to an elevated contribution of dissolved CO2 from organic carbon degradation (indicated by DIC-δ13C). These results highlight the fact that leaching loss of soil carbon (particularly in the form of DIC) is important in the regional carbon budget of arid and semiarid grasslands and also imply that SOC mineralization in alkaline soils might be underestimated if only measured as CO2 emission from soils into the atmosphere. With a projected increase in EPEs under climate change, soil carbon leaching processes and the influencing factors warrant a better understanding and should be incorporated into soil carbon models when estimating carbon balance in grassland ecosystems.
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Liu, Yiren, Hongqian Hou, Jianhua Ji, Zhenzhen Lv, Xiumei Liu, Guangrong Liu, and Zuzhang Li. "Long-term fertiliser (organic and inorganic) input effects on soil microbiological characteristics in hydromorphic paddy soils in China." Soil Research 57, no. 5 (2019): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18141.
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This study investigated long-term fertilisation effects on soil microbiological characteristics of hydromorphic paddy soils. The study was conducted in 30-year-old experimental plots with various treatments involving chemical fertiliser (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) alone or in combination with manure in relation to a control in a rice–rice–fallow system at the farm at Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science. The soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and nitrogen (SMBN), microbial enzyme activity, and microbial community structure were analysed. Changes in levels of SMBC and SMBN in response to combinations of organic–inorganic fertilisers were significantly higher than for inorganic fertiliser treatment. Furthermore, activities of microbial enzymes (sucrase, urease, proteinase, acid phosphatase, and catalase) were significantly higher in combined than in inorganic fertiliser and control treatments. Additionally, the richness and evenness of soil bacteria were decreased by long-term fertilisation, especially inorganic, whereas the Shannon–Weiner and richness indexes of soil fungi were higher. Long-term fertilisation with high doses of combined organic–inorganic input significantly increased microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and fungal community diversity. However, the same input decreased bacterial community diversity. This study will be useful for improving fertilisation management in hydromorphic paddy soils.
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Niu, Ziru, Yongzhong Su, Juan Li, Fangjiao An, and Tingna Liu. "Effect of Attapulgite Application on Aggregate Formation and Carbon and Nitrogen Content in Sandy Soil." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 17, 2023): 12511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612511.
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Clay minerals are the main cementing substances for sandy soils to form aggregates. The clay mineral attapulgite clay is abundant in Northwest China, and its special colloidal properties and crystal structure make it excellent in improving soil physicochemical properties. Using attapulgite as soil conditioner, the effects of different application rates of attapulgite on the formation and stability of sandy soil aggregates were studied through field experiments for two consecutive years. The results showed that the application of 6000 kg·hm−2 attapulgite soil in sandy soil farmland for two consecutive years reduced the soil bulk density by 0–20 cm, from 1.55 g·cm−3 to 1.47 g·cm−3, a decrease of 3.6%; the soil pH was increased by 3.7% from 8.59 to 8.84. The soil organic carbon, inorganic carbon and total nitrogen in the whole soil increased by 4.52%, 5.23% and 6.22%, respectively. The mass fraction of macro-aggregates of 2–0.25 mm and micro-aggregates of 0.25–0.053 mm as well as the contents of organic carbon, inorganic carbon and total nitrogen increased by 3.5%, 5.2%, 8.7%, 5.6% and 6.7%, respectively, thus improving the stability of aggregates. However, low application rates (1500 kg·hm−2 and 3000 kg·hm−2) of attapulgite had no significant effect on soil physical and chemical properties. Attapulgite, as a kind of highly adsorptive clay mineral, can be directly applied to sandy soil to increase soil cementitious substances, promote the formation of soil aggregates and increase the carbon and nitrogen fixation capacity of sandy soil. The improvement effect on the formation and stability of aggregates will gradually accumulate with the years of application. Therefore, in the future, the effects of adding attapulgite on the growth of various crops under various types of soil and climatic conditions should be carried out to obtain more systematic conclusions.
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Buragohain, Smrita, Banashree Sarma, Dhruba J. Nath, Nirmali Gogoi, Ram S. Meena, and Rattan Lal. "Effect of 10 years of biofertiliser use on soil quality and rice yield on an Inceptisol in Assam, India." Soil Research 56, no. 1 (2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17001.
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In the present study, field experiments were performed over 10 consecutive years (2006–15) to assess the effects of biofertiliser and enriched biocompost on soil quality, total organic carbon (TOC) and rice yields in an Inceptisol. Experiments were conducted in a randomised block design with four replicates and five treatments: unfertilised control (T1); recommended doses of inorganic fertiliser (T2); biofertiliser with reduced (50%) inorganic N and P fertilisers (T3); reduced (50%) inorganic N and P fertilisers with 1 t ha–1 enriched biocompost (T4); and reduced (75%) inorganic N and P fertilisers with 2 t ha–1 enriched biocompost (T5). T3 improved soil chemical and biological properties with enhanced soil quality index (40%), total P (23%), total K (42%) and fungal (38%) and bacterial (44%) colony counts. T5 significantly improved the carbon pool index (29%) and available nutrients (N, P and K at rates of 37%, 22% and 10% respectively) and increased soil pH (11%), resulting in a higher sustainable yield index (39%) of rice. Fraction 2 (labile carbon) of TOC, total P, available K, microbial biomass carbon and phosphate-solubilising bacteria were key indicators to assess the suitability of these fertilisers in rice cultivation in north-east India.
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Dhamu, Vikram Narayanan, Sriram Muthukumar, and Shalini Prasad. "Electrochemical Sensor Mediated Assessment of Carbonate Moieties in Soil Matrix." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 61 (October 9, 2022): 2253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02612253mtgabs.
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Carbon sequestration is a major global phenomenon that is particularly relevant now with the effect of climate change monitoring and regenerative agriculture. It refers to different practices that contribute to the absorption and storage of carbon in the soil. While the impact of sequestration of carbon is majorly from organic sources, the effect from soil inorganic carbon accumulation is not trivial especially in arid and semi-arid regions where the inorganic carbon (IC) share in sequestration is significant. Movement of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into soil resources via photosynthesis and root respiration with the subsequent formation of bicarbonate in soil, which exists as bicarbonate in solution phase in groundwater sources or precipitates into CaCO3 in soil phase. Current soil carbon monitoring is either based on extensive soil sampling for analyzing in the laboratory or using proximal sensing methods, which are less accurate. Thus, implementation of novel soil sensors for accurate in-situ measurements could fundamentally improve soil carbon assessment and monitoring. Comparatively, the level and depth of assessing inorganic carbon in soil is significantly lower than that of soil organic carbon (SOC) monitoring. Electrochemistry as a transduction mode is highly viable in this regard due to its ease of applicability in various environments including the complex-soil matrix is a vital component that holds together the Earth’s ecosystem. The key mechanism of releasing the inorganic carbon relies on capturing the different pools that encompass the inorganic/ mineral carbon in soil including- carbonate ions in soil from Calcium (Calcite) which is the major pool of the IC in soil contributing to around 90% of this source and Magnesium (Dolomite). The other minor fraction that is present in the IC pool arises from Bicarbonates (HCO3-). In this sensor development study, we have designed a modified 3-electrode system which is functionalized with a correlated ion-capture film that is functional to changes in carbonate moieties in the soil electrolyte test system. Then this composite sensor was introduced into test soil setups with varying carbonate content to measure the sensor response- wherein, cyclic voltammetry (DC based) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy was used to determine signal output as a function of increasing dose. It was seen that the peak current around 0.4-0.5V on the positive axis was modulated to increase with carbonate content (% or ppm) and correspondingly- changes in the Rct (charge-transfer resistance) and Zw (Warburg impedance) along with the capacitive element shift was noticeable in the EIS spectra. The experimental cycle was performed using an in-house designed portable potentiostat device which was integrated into a probe head setup that could be inserted into soil for testing. The results from these experiments yielded linearity metrics from regression fits as R2 > 0.97 and measurable sensing range from 0.01% (100 ppm) to 1% (10,000 ppm). Therefore, a first-of-a-kind sensor system was developed for determining carbonate content in real soil samples using an electrochemical mode which will be subsequently tested in-field to survey field deployable and point-of-use capability of the system. Figure 1
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Yang, Yuanhe, Jingyun Fang, Chengjun Ji, Wenhong Ma, Shenshen Su, and Zhiyao Tang. "Soil inorganic carbon stock in the Tibetan alpine grasslands." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24, no. 4 (December 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003804.
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Islam, R., L. Rahman, D. Islam, A. Kashem, A. Satter, SM Bokhtiar, B. Hossain, and M. Rahman. "Assessment of carbon stock and nutrient contents in soils of Northern and Eastern piedmont plains of Bangladesh." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i2.40258.
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Under the changing climate documentation of soil carbon and nutrients is indispensable for sustainable crop production which is scarce in the agro-ecological zone (AEZ) of Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains in Bangladesh. Therefore, the study was conducted collecting and analyzing a total of 240 soil samples considering 0-20 cm soil depth from two upazilas viz. Purbadhola and Akhaura under the mentioned AEZ to quantity carbon stock and nutrient contents of soils. Organic carbon stocks in soils of Purbadhola and Akhaura upazila were 45.97 and 97.04 Gg, respectively, while in the Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains was 8.56 Tg. The soil pH was very strongly acidic to slightly acidic (4.4-5.8), organic carbon contents (0.53-1.31%) were very low to medium, while the overall soil fertility rated as very low to medium. Balanced fertilization using organic and inorganic sources in general and liming for upland crops might improve fertility and productive capacity of soils in the study area. The study opens up avenues to find out means and ways of increasing carbon contents in soils of Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains and might help the policy makers to debate on future global carbon trading issues.
SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 61-72 (2018)
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Suzin Lazeris, Tatiana, Jéssica Pereira de Souza, Fabiane Machado Vezzan, Caroline Lima de Matos, and Glaciela Kaschuk. "Carbon and phosphorus biogeochemical cycles in native forest and horticultural areas in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Brazil." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 17, no. 3 (May 27, 2021): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2021.v17.n3.a434.
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This study was carried out to understand the dynamics of carbon and phosphorus biogeochemical cycles in native forest and horticultural areas. Soilsamples were collected from native forest and horticultural areas, in four municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Brazil, and evaluated for: carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of soil microbial biomass (MBC, MBN and MBP, respectively), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), inorganic phosphorus (iP), organic phosphorus (oP) and available phosphorus (aP. Soil suspensions diluted at 10-4were spread on plates and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were counted. The analyses showed that horticultural areas soils accumulated 43% more TP whereas they lost 23% of TOC and 19% of TN comparing to native areas. 69% of TP in the native areas was organic (oP) whereas 59% of TP in the horticultural areas was inorganic (iP). Horticultural areas had lower numbers of colony forming unities of PSB than native areas. PSB was positively correlated with the ratio of MBC to TOC (qMic), which in turn, was negatively correlated with TOC and TN. Changes in the soil P fractions suggested a shift inthe soil community bacterial structure and in the values of soil microbial biomass of the two different soil ecosystems. The excessive P addition may stimulate soil microbial attack to soil organic matter reserves, whichmay have consequences for maintenance of soil quality and agriculture sustainability
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Li, Huan, Zhenmin Hu, Qing Wan, Bing Mu, Guifei Li, and Yiyang Yang. "Integrated Application of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizer Enhances Soil Organo-Mineral Associations and Nutrients in Tea Garden Soil." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061330.
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Soil quality is one of the main factors that affect the growth and quality of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantations. The formation of the organo-mineral complex is one of the critical factors that influence the evolution of soil fertility. This study used chemical analyses and spectroscopy to study the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer on the soil nutrients and organo-mineral complex in tea garden soil. SR-FTIR analysis revealed that clay minerals were connected as nuclei with the capacity to bind carbon, and that this interaction was aided by organic fertilization. Specifically, the O-H has the quickest reaction to aliphatic-C, next by Si-O, Fe-O, and Al-O in OM70. The soil pH of organic and inorganic fertilization treatments are obviously lower than the no fertilization (CK) treatment. Furthermore, OM70 and OM100 had notably higher pH values in fertilized soil. Organic fertilization (OM70) treatment significantly increased Soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorous, potassium (AP, AK), as well as the concentration of total and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ in soils when compared to no fertilization (CK) and inorganic fertilization (NPK). Together, these results can provide the scientific theoretical basis for the study on the understanding of the sequestration of SOM and confirmed the feasibility of organic fertilization in improving soil fertility and supporting organo-mineral interactions, thereby making a contribution to carbon storage in tea plantation ecosystems.
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Civeira, Gabriela. "Soil inorganic carbon in Pampean agroecosystems: distribution and relationships with soil properties in Buenos Aires province." Soil Research 54, no. 7 (2016): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15167.
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Changes in contents of soil organic carbon and soil inorganic carbon (SOC and SIC, respectively) could have a great effect on the global carbon balance. Quantifying SIC at regional level is essential in climate change models. The spatial distribution of SIC depends on climate, soil particle size, soil type, landscape position and SOC fraction, among other factors. This study compared the SIC storage in soil profiles at different depths in different soil great groups and landscape positions in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The objectives were to: (i) quantify SIC content and distribution in the soil profile (depths of 0–20, 20–100 and 0–100 cm) for different soil types and landscape positions; (ii) identify relationships between the distribution of SIC and edaphic properties; and (iii) analyse the relationship between SIC and SOC in soils of the area. The analysis was based on 150 soil profiles of Argiudolls, Hapludolls, Natraquolls and Haplustolls from Buenos Aires province. The data on SIC were expressed by soil great group, landscape position (summit, shoulder slope and toe slope) and depth in the soil profile (0–20, 20–100 and 0–100 cm). In the whole profile (0–100 cm) the order of decrease for SIC was Haplustolls > Hapludolls > Natraquolls > Argiudolls. Concentrations of SIC for landscape positions were shoulder slope > toe slope > summit. pH was positively correlated with SIC content within the 100-cm soil depth and in the AC horizon in Haplustolls (P < 0.05), and with SIC content in the C horizons in Hapludolls and Haplustolls. Silt was positively correlated with SIC in Haplustolls. There were changes in the contents of SIC due to increased SOC. Landscape position and great group determined the distribution of SIC in these Pampean agroecosystems. These results may be useful to predict SIC responses to land use change at local and regional levels.
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Chmiel, Stanisław, Stanisław Hałas, Sławomir Głowacki, Joanna Sposób, Ewa Maciejewska, and Andrzej Trembaczowski. "Concentration of soil CO2 as an indicator of the decalcification rate after liming treatment." International Agrophysics 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2015-0085.
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Abstract This paper presents the results of investigation of decalcification of acid sandy and loamy sand soils by infiltration waters, and potential Ca-leaching after liming treatment. For this purpose, monthly measurements were made of the concentration of CO2 in the soil air, dissolved inorganic carbon in the soil waters, and their ionic composition. The determined dissolved inorganic carbon ranged from 5.9 to 10.6 mg dm−3 and from 9.9 to 16.5 mg dm−3 for the sandy and loamy sand soil, respectively. The Ca concentration in soil waters was determined as 5.9-12.4 mg dm−3 in sandy soil and 14.2-19.8 mg dm−3 in soil loamy sand. The calculated rate of decalcification amounted to 23.0 kg ha−1 year−1 in soil sandy and 19.4 kg ha−1 year−1 in loamy sand soil. The potential Ca-leaching is predicted as 124 kg ha−1 year−1 for S and 87 kg ha−1 year−1 for loamy sand soil. At the treatment level of 3 000 kg ha−1 4 year−1 of CaO, ~20% of the Ca-fertilizer can be leached after the liming treatment. The results of the CO2 concentration in the soil air may be useful in estimation of Ca-leaching from soils developed by slightly clayey sands and clayey sands in zones with a moderate climate.
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Sherrod, L. A., G. Dunn, G. A. Peterson, and R. L. Kolberg. "Inorganic Carbon Analysis by Modified Pressure-Calcimeter Method." Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, no. 1 (January 2002): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.2990.
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