Dissertations / Theses: 'Soil gases'

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McGinley, Susan. "Measuring Soil Gases." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622349.

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Bottoms, Emily L. "Soil greenhouse gas emissions and soil C dynamics in bioenergy crops." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=194783.

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The second generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus x giganteus and short rotation coppice (SRC) willow are the two main bioenergy crops in the UK and have become an integral part of legislation to provide an alternative to fossil fuels and to reduce national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reach emission targets, it is estimated that approximately 350,000 ha of land could be made available for bioenergy crops by 2020. Despite the promise of these crops, there have been very few field-studies regarding soil GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emissions and many of the published studies are life cycle analyses or modelled fluxes from soils using default values from the IPCC. The first aim of this research was to quantify the in situ soil GHG budget and to establish the drivers of these GHG fluxes for Miscanthus and SRC willow. The second aim of this research was to provide a more in-depth understanding of C cycling under Miscanthus i.e. litter and roots through two field experiments. Overall, the results from this work confirm minimal emissions of CH4 and N2O from soil under Miscanthus and SRC willow. CO2 flux was found to be the major efflux from soils and it was found in Miscanthus, that the majority of this flux was derived from below ground respiration. Litter played an important part in providing nutrients to the soil, which is vital in systems that are not fertilised. Litter also contributed to SOM accumulation on the soil surface and may promote long-term C sequestration. The results from this work combined with other literature would suggest that these second generation crops offer advantages to first generation crops, but more field-based studies are required to say if they can offer the large-scale GHG savings needed to be a viable alternative to fossil fuels.

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Nkongolo, Nsalambi Vakanda. "Quantification of greenhouse gas fluxes from soil in agricultural fields." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1474.

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Field studies were conducted at Lincoln University of Missouri (USA) and Hokkaido University (Japan) to: (i) study the relationships between greenhouse gases emissions and soil properties, (ii) assess the influence of agricultural practices on greenhouse gas fluxes and soil properties and (iii) improve the quantification of greenhouse gases from soil in agricultural fields using geospatial technologies. Results showed that besides soil temperature (T), soil thermal properties such as thermal conductivity (K), resistivity (R) and diffusivity (D) and soil pore spaces indices such as the pore tortuosity factor and the relative gas diffusion coefficient (Ds/Do) are controlling factors for greenhouse gases emissions. Soil thermal properties correlated with greenhouse gases emissions when soil temperature could not. The study has found that predicted Ds/Do and correlate with greenhouse gas fluxes even when the air-filled porosity and the total porosity from which they are predicted did not. We have also showed that Ds/Do and can be predicted quickly from routine measurements of soil water and air and existing diffusivity models found in the literature. Agricultural practices do seriously impact greenhouse gases emissions as showed by the effect of mechanized tillage operations on soil physical properties and greenhouse gas fluxes in a corn and soybean fields. In fact, our results showed that tractor compaction increased soil resistance to penetration, water, bulk density and pore tortuosity while reducing air-filled porosity, total pore space and the soil gas diffusion coefficient. Changes in soil properties resulted in increased CO2, NO and N2O emissions. Finally, our results also confirmed that greenhouse gas fluxes vary tremendously in space and time. As estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are influenced by the data processing approach, differences between the different calculation approaches leads to uncertainty. Thus, techniques for developing better estimates are needed. We have showed that Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), computer mapping and geo-statistics are technologies that can be used to better understand systems containing large amounts of spatial and temporal variability. Our GIS-based approach for quantifying CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil in agricultural fields showed that estimating (extrapolating) total greenhouse gas fluxes using the “standard” approach – multiplying the average flux value by the total field area – results in biased predictions of field total greenhouse gases emissions. In contrast, the GIS-based approach we developed produces an interpolated map portraying the spatial distribution of gas fluxes across the field from point measurements and later process the interpolated map produced to determine flux zones. Furthermore, processing, classification and modeling enables the computation of field total fluxes as the sum of fluxes in different zones, therefore taking into account the spatial variability of greenhouse gas fluxes.

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Goeschel, Tyler. "Quantifying Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Soil Carbon Storage To Determine Best Management Practices In Agroecosystems." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/644.

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Intensive agriculture, coupled with an increase in nitrogen fertilizer use, has contributed significantly to the elevation of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Rising GHG emissions usually mean a decrease in soil carbon. Currently, soil C is twice that of all standing crop biomass, making it an extremely important player in the C cycle. Fortunately, agricultural management practices have the potential to reduce agricultural GHG emissions whilst increasing soil C. Management practices that impact GHG emissions and soil C include various tillage practices, different N fertilization amounts and treatments (synthetic N, cattle manure, or a combination of both), the use of cover crops, aeration, and water levels. Employing agricultural best management practices (BMPs) can assist in the mitigation and sequestration of CO2, N2O and soil C. Measuring soil carbon storage and GHG emissions and using them as metrics to evaluate BMPs are vital in understanding agriculture's role in climate change. The objective of this research was to quantify soil carbon and CO2 and N2O emissions in agroecosystems (dairy, crop, and meat producing farms) under differing management practices. Three farms were selected for intensive GHG emissions sampling: Shelburne Farm in Shelburne, VT, a dairy in North Williston, VT, and Borderview Farm in Alburgh, VT. At each site, I collected data on GHG (CO2 and N2O) emissions and soil carbon and nitrogen storage to a depth of 1 meter. Soil emissions of CO2 and N2O were taken once every two weeks (on average) from June 2015 through November, 2015 using static flux chambers and a model 1412 Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) gas analyzer (Innova Air Tech Instruments, Ballerup, Denmark). Fluxes were measured on 17 dates at Shelburne Farms, 13 dates at the Williston site, and 13 dates in the MINT trial. Gas samples were taken at fixed intervals over a 10-14 minute time frame, with samples normally taken every one or two minutes. I also measured soil carbon to a depth of 1m in six BMPs at Borderview Farm. Overall, I found that manure injection increased N2O and CO2 emissions, but decreased soil C storage at depth. Tillage had little to no impact on N2O emissions, except at Shelburne Farms, where aeration tillage decreased N2O emissions (marginally significant, P < 0.1). No-till did, however, decrease CO2 emissions relative to other conservation tillage practices (strip and vertical tillage) but we were unable to detect a significant change in soil C due to tillage practices. At Borderview farm, N2O emissions increased with soil NO3 and soil moisture, while CO2 emissions increased with soil temperature and nitrate. At Williston, CO2 emissions only increased with temperature; at Shelburne CO2 emissions increased with nitrate. N2O fluxes at Shelburne and Williston were not associated with any of the measured covariates.

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Miller, Gemma A. "The impacts of agricultural land management on soil carbon stabilisation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25437.

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Soil is the largest terrestrial carbon (C) store, containing an estimated ~1500 Gt C in the upper 1 m of soil. The long term storage of soil organic C (SOC) requires that it is somehow protected from microbial decomposition – or ‘stabilised’ – in the soil matrix. Three mechanisms are commonly identified as factors controlling the stability of SOM: chemical recalcitrance, physical protection in aggregates and adsorption to soil mineral surfaces. The stability of SOC in the soil matrix can be influenced by management practices and changes in soil structure can lead to loss of SOC and increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is, therefore, important to understand the impact that management practices have on SOC stability and to manage soils in such a way as to optimise the volume of SOC which is locked away for climatically significant periods of time. Two methods are generally used to estimate SOC stability: indirectly by measuring CO2 fluxes as a proxy for SOC microbial decomposition, or directly through physical fractionation of soil in to pools with different levels of physical and chemical protection. Both methods were employed in this thesis. Arable and grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents and with or without inorganic fertiliser application and GHG fluxes from them were monitored. Soil texture, mineral N concentration and soil C concentration were found to be the most important measured variables controlling GHG fluxes of the UK agricultural soils in this study. The results were generally in support of those found in the literature for a wide range of soils, conditions and locations; however, N2O emissions from the two Scottish soils appeared to be more sensitive to inorganic N fertilisation at the higher moisture content than the other soils, with the N2O emissions being exceptionally high in comparison. Although incubations of whole soils are useful in measuring the impacts of soil management practices on GHG emissions under controlled conditions they do not identify the mechanisms controlling the stability of SOC. Dividing SOM into functional pools may identify different C stabilising mechanisms and improves soil C models. A large number of operationally defined separation methods have been used to fractionate SOM into biologically meaningful pools of different stability. Direct comparisons of different fractionation methods using radiocarbon (14C) dating and spectroscopic analyses has not previously been undertaken. Average 14C ages and chemical composition of SOM fractions isolated from a grassland soil using three published and frequently applied fractionation methods were compared. (1) a density separation technique isolating three fractions (2) a combined physical and chemical separation isolating five fractions (3) a hot-water extraction method isolating two fractions. The fractions from Method 1 had the most distinct average 14C ages, the fractions from Method 2 fell into two age groups, and both Method 3 fractions were dominated by modern C. The average 14C ages of the labile fractions from Method 1 and 2 were higher than the mineral bound fractions, although they made up a relatively small proportion of the total SOC. This was a surprising result, and spectroscopic analysis confirmed that these fractions had greater relative contents of aliphatic and aromatic characteristics than the mineral bound fractions. The presence of black C in a whole soil sample and one of the labile fractions from Method 2 was confirmed by hydrogen pyrolysis. The availability of archived soils from an abandoned long term tillage treatment experiment and the ability to relocate the plots provided a unique opportunity to assess the resilience of SOC stocks to land management practices several years after the conversion from arable to grassland. SOC stability was assessed by soil fractionation of archived (1975) and freshly collected (2014) soil samples. The mass corrected SOC stocks from the four different treatments (deep plough, shallow plough, chisel plough and direct drill) were higher in 2014 than 1975 across the whole profile (0 – 36 cm). Reductions were observed at some depths for some treatments but the overall effect was an evening out of SOC stocks across all plots. The fractionations (using Method 2), revealed that there was a relative increase in the mass of the sand and aggregate fraction but a decrease in the relative proportion of SOC stored in this fraction (physically protected). There was also a significant increase in the C:N ratio of the silt and clay fraction (chemical adsorption). This suggests that reduced disturbance of agricultural soils leads to preferential physical stabilisation of fresh SOM but also increased adsorption of older material to mineral surfaces. The labile fractions were sensitive to land-use change in all tillage treatment plots, but were more sensitive in the low impact tillage plots (chisel plough and direct drill) than the inversion tillage plots (deep plough and shallow plough). It is well established that tillage disrupts aggregation. However, a direct measurement of the level of SOM physical protection in the soil matrix due to aggregation has not previously been undertaken. The soil was fractionated using Method 1 (fractions with distinctly different 14C ages) and isolated soil fractions were incubated separately, recombined and mixed in to whole soil at three different temperatures. The C respiration rate of the isolated intra-aggregate fraction was generally consistently as high as the whole soil. This supports the theory that there is a labile component of soil which is protected from decomposition by physical protection within aggregates. Therefore, the lack of any priming effect with the addition of labile fractions to the whole soil, and indeed the suppression of emissions relative to the whole soil, was unusual. Fractions and whole soils incubated at 25 and 35 °C had a wider range of Q10 (temperature sensitivity) values than those incubated at 15 and 25 °C, however, median values were surprisingly similar (range from 0.7 to 1.9). Overall, the results from this thesis highlight the importance of the soil structure in stabilising C. Disrupting aggregates leaves a proportion of otherwise stable C susceptible to loss through microbial decomposition, particularly when the entire soil matrix is disrupted. It also provided some unexpected results which warrant future investigation; in particular, further direct measurement of physical stabilisation of SOM in soils of different type, from different climates and different land uses would be useful.

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Parmar, Kim. "Impacts of land use change to short rotation forestry for bioenergy on soil greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16159.

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Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) for bioenergy could be used to meet biomass requirements and contribute to achieving renewable energy targets. As an important source of biomass it is important to gain an understanding of the implications of large-scale application of SRF on the soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange. This study examined the effects of land use change (LUC) from grassland to SRF on soil fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and the important drivers in action. Examining soils from a range of sites across the UK, CO2 emission potentials were reduced under SRF with differences between coniferous and broadleaved transitions; these changes were found to be related to changes in soil pH and microbial biomass. However, there were limited effects of SRF tree species type on CH4 and N2O fluxes. A detailed study at an experimental SRF site over 16 months demonstrated a reduction in CH4 and net CO2 emissions from soils under SRF and revealed intriguing temporal dynamics of N2O under Sitka spruce and common alder. A significant proportion of the variation in soil N2O fluxes was attributed to differences between tree species, water table depth, spatial effects, and their interactions. The effects of microtopography (ridges, troughs, flats), and its interactions with water table depth on soil GHG fluxes under different tree species was tested using mesocosm cores collected in the field. Microtopography did not significantly affect soil GHG fluxes but trends suggested that considering this spatial factor in sampling regimes could be important. N2O fluxes from Sitka spruce soils did not respond to water table depth manipulation in the laboratory suggesting that they may also be determined by tree-driven nitrogen (N) availability, with other research showing N deposition to be higher in coniferous plantations. An N addition experiment lead to increased N2O emissions with greatest relative response in the Sitka spruce soils. Overall, LUC from rough grassland to SRF resulted in a reduction in soil CH4 emissions, increased N2O emissions and a reduction or no change in net CO2 emissions. These changes in emissions were influenced both directly and indirectly by tree species type with Sitka spruce having the greatest effect on N2O in particular, thus highlighting the importance of considering soil N2O emissions in any life cycle analysis or GHG budgets of LUC to SRF for bioenergy. This research can help inform decisions around SRF tree species selection in future large-scale bioenergy planting.

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Bicalho, Elton da Silva. "Soil greenhouse gas emissions and their relations to soil attributes in a sugarcane area /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/135903.

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Orientador: Newton La Scala Júnior
Abstract: The production of the main soil greenhouse gases (GHG: CO2, CH4 and N2O) is influenced by agricultural practices that causes changes in soil phys¬ical, chemical and biological attributes, directly affecting their emission to the atmos¬phere. The aim of this study was to investigate the infield soil CO2 emissions (FCO2) and the soil CO2, CH4 and N2O production potentials (PCO2, PCH4 and PN2O, respec¬tively) in laboratory conditions, and their relationship to soil attributes in a mechanically harvested sugarcane area. The experimental area consisted of a 50 × 50-m radially symmetrical grid containing 133 points spaced at minimum distances of 0.5 m in the center of the sample grid. It was carried out eight evaluations of FCO2, soil temperature and soil moisture over a period of 19 days. Soil physical and chemical attributes were determined by sampling at a depth of 0-10 cm. The quantification of PCO2, PCH4 and PN2O consisted of laboratory incubation and determination of gas concentration by gas chromatography. FCO2 presented an infield average emission value of 1.19 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1, while GHG production in laboratory was 2.34 µg C-CO2 g−1 d−1 and 0.20 ng N-N2O g−1 d−1 for PCO2 and PN2O, respectively. No significant production or oxidation was observed for CH4. The factor analysis showed the formation of two independent processes that explained almost 72% of the total variance observed in the data. The first process was related to the transport of FCO2 and its relation to soil p... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumo: A produção dos principais gases de efeito estufa (GEE: CO2, CH4 e N2O) é influenciada por práticas agrícolas que causam alterações nos atributos físi¬cos, químicos e biológicos do solo, afetando diretamente sua emissão para a atmos¬fera. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a emissão de CO2 do solo (FCO2) em con¬dições de campo e a produção potencial de CO2, CH4 e N2O do solo (PCO2, PCH4 e PN2O, respectivamente) em condições de laboratório, além de suas relações com os atributos do solo em uma área de cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente. A área experimental constituiu-se de um gradeado simétrico radialmente de 50 × 50 m con-tendo 133 pontos espaçados em distâncias mínimas de 0,5 m no centro da malha amostral. Foram conduzidas oito avaliações para FCO2, temperatura e umidade do solo durante um período de 19 dias. Os atributos físicos e químicos do solo foram determinados por meio de amostragem na profundidade de 0-10 cm. A quantificação de PCO2, PCH4 e PN2O consistiu de incubação em laboratório e determinação da con¬centração dos gases por meio de cromatografia gasosa. FCO2 apresentou um valor de emissão média de 1,19 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1, enquanto a produção de GEE em laborató¬rio foi de 2,34 µg C-CO2 g−1 d−1 e 0,20 ng N-N2O g−1 d−1 respectivamente para PCO2 e PN2O. Não foi observada produção ou oxidação significativa de CH4. A análise de fatores mostrou a formação de dois processos independentes que explicaram quase 72% da variância total observada nos dados. O primeiro proce... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Mata, Ricardo Manuel Reis. "Assessment of the environmental impact of yeast waste application to soil: an integrated approach." Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12979.

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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
The yeast production industry (e.g. distillery, brewing, baking industries) has been growing globally over the last years generating a large amount of sub-products. Laboratory experiments, under controlled conditions, were performed to investigate the impact of yeast waste application to a sandy texture soil. Experimental treatments were: surface application of yeast and decanted-yeast (CMSs and CMSds), surface application of yeast and decantedyeast followed by incorporation in the 0-5 cm soil layer (CMSm and CMSdm), surface application of ammonium nitrate (AN) (not applied in short-term experiment) and a control (soil only) (CTR). The amount of yeast applied was 2 g in the short-term experiment and equivalent to 170 kgN.ha-1 in the long-term experiment. A short-term (38-day period) leaching experiment was performed with 5 weekly irrigation events (5 treatments × 3 replications) to assess N, P, K losses. Results showed that yeast application increased NH4+, PT and KT leaching relative to control while decreased NO3- leaching relative to a high initial content of control, during first irrigation events. Incorporation treatments increased NH4+, NO3- and PT losses earlier. KT losses were higher in surface treatments. A long-term leaching experiment (73-day period) with 6 irrigation events every two weeks was then performed (6 treatments × 4 replicates) to assess N, P losses. A two parallel incubation experiment (6 treatments × 3 replicates) were simultaneously performed to measure GHG emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4) and to assess the N mineralization in each treatment. Results showed that yeast application increased initial NH4+ concentration in leachates and soil relative to control and NO3- increased afterwards. N2O and CO2 increased significantly relative to control on the first days after yeast application. AN treatment emissions were very similar to control but had a small increase of N2O. CH4 emissions were insignificant. The global warming potential (GWP) of yeast and AN were 6× and 2× times higher than control, respectively
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Bradford, Mark Alexander. "The response of methane oxidation to environmental change." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286477.

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Begum, Khadiza. "Modelling soil organic carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in Bangladesh agriculture." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237655.

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Soil organic carbon (SOC) is important not only for improving soil quality but also for contributing to climate change mitigation in agriculture. However, net greenhouse gas (GHG) balances, including methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), need to be considered, as practices that increase SOC might increase GHG emissions. Sustainable use of soil resources needs to be assessed over long time periods and across spatial scales; biogeochemical models are useful tools to estimate GHG emissions and corresponding mitigation potentials. A process-based, ecosystem model DayCent that simulates soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics from diverse agroecosystems, has been applied to observe SOC sequestration, GHG emissions and yield in a contrasting climatic region UK and Bangladesh agriculture. The study mainly focus on determination of GHG mitigation potentials under improved management practices in rice based cropland Bangladesh. We hypothesized that alternative management would increase SOC and reduce net GHG emissions. As crop yield is the most important variable for Bangladesh, it was includes in the simulations. Since site test simulations under different management using the DayCent model were satisfactory, the model was used to simulate GHG covering 64 districts of Bangladesh, considering climate, soil and SOC content for the period 1996-2015. An integrated management scenario consisting of irrigation, tillage with residue management, reduced mineral nitrogen fertilizer and manure application increased annual SOC stocks, and offset net GHG emissions while maintaining yield. The model outcome suggests that the “4 per mille” target is feasible for Bangladesh. It is also possible to contribute to the GHG reduction target by 2030 set by policy makers.

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Mayer, Simon [Verfasser], and Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Aeschbach. "Dynamics of reactive and inert gases in soil air and groundwater in the context of noble gases as environmental tracers / Simon Mayer ; Betreuer: Werner Aeschbach." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1180739159/34.

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Longe, Timothy A. "Colloidal gas aphrons: generation, flow characterization and application in soil and groundwater decontamination." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81014.

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This study examines the fundamental properties of Colloidal Gas Aphrons, CGA, relevant to its application in soil and groundwater decontamination. It also presents the results of laboratory experiments on the applicability of CGA in treating soils contaminated with organic chemicals. CGA is a collection of spherical, 10 to 100 micron-sized gas bubbles dispersed in an aqueous surfactant solution with a volumetric gas fraction (quality) of at most 0.74. It is characterized by its quality, bubble size, stability and apparent viscosity. The stability can be described by the half life, the time needed for 50% of its liquid phase to separate by gravitational drainage. CGA is a non-Newtonian fluid. The apparent viscosity is higher than that of its liquid or gas phase and increases with increase in quality. At quality above 0.6, CGA is a pseudoplastic fluid and can be modelled by the power law. In this quality range, apparent viscosity decreases with increase in shear rate. Measured apparent viscosity can be as high as 25 centipoise at low shear rates for a CGA quality of 0.72. But at low quality, CGA is best described by the Bingham fluid model. CGA flow through porous media follows the discontinuous fluid flow model with the liquid phase advancing faster than the gas phase. The presence of CGA bubbles causes considerable reduction of effective mobility compared to water flow. The bubbles act to reduce the effective flow area by first blocking the wider pores and re-directing flow to narrower pores. The tenacity of the bubbles in the presence of adequate surfactant molecules account for its flow characteristics in porous media. CGA is more effective in flushing hydrophobic organics from saturated sand-packed columns compared with surfactant flushing. CGA provides the surface active agent needed to lower the interfacial tension of the non-wetting phase and at the same time creates enough viscous force to mobilize any trapped fluid. Its ability to preferentially block large pores in a heterogeneous media and direct fluid flow to smaller pores also contributes to the demonstrated effectiveness as a soil flushing agent.
Ph. D.

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Pareja, Sánchez Evangelina. "The role of sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate greenhouse gases and to sequester soil carbon under newly irrigated Mediterranean agroecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667558.

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Les àrees del secà mediterrànies es transformen en regadiu per estabilitzar o millorar el rendiment dels cultius. L’ocupació gradual del riego ha permès augmentar l’ús del nitrogen i la intensitat del laboreo. Per tant, l'objectiu principal d'aquest estudi va ser la d’evaluar els efectes dels diferents sistemes de conreu i les dosis de fertilitzants de N en les emissions de GEH (metà, CH4; diòxid de carboni, CO2, òxid nitrós, N2O) a l'atmosfera, així com, el segrest de C del sòl, l'estructura de la superfície del sòl i la productivitat del cultiu en una àrea recentment transformada a regadiu. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu, es va dur a terme un estudi en NE Espanya en un experiment de llarga durada (LTE) de conreu i dosis de fertilització N establert el 1996 sota la producció d'ordi (Hordeum vulgare L.) en secà, posteriorment, es transformar en monocultiu blat de moro (Zea mays L.) amb reg per aspersió en 2015. Aquest estudi es va realitzar durant tres campanyes consecutives de cultiu de blat de moro (és a dir, els anys 2015, 2016 i 2017). Es van comparar tres tipus de conreu (conreu convencional, CT, conreu reduït, RT, No conreu, NT) i tres dosis de fertilització mineral N (0, 200, 400 kg N ha-1) en un disseny de blocs a l'atzar amb tres repeticions. El 2015, es va crear un experiment adjacent (experiment a curt termini, STE) amb el mateix disseny que el LTE però amb una gestió anterior diferent basada en NT. En el LTE, les emissions de CO2, CH4 i N2O del sòl es van quantificar durant tres anys. A més, es va calcular el factor d'emissió de N2O (EF) i les emissions de N2O a escala de rendiment. També, es va calcular la taxa anual del segrest de SOC (ΔSOCrate) (0-40 cm de profunditat) per a cada tractament en tres períodes diferents (P1-, P2-, P3-) en condicions de secà (-R) i condicions de regadiu (-I) (P1-R, de 1996 a 2009; P2-R, de 2009 al 2015; P3-I, de 2015 a 2017). A més, en LTE i STE superfície del sòl (0-5 cm) es van mesurar macroagregats secs i estables en l’aigua i la seva concentració de C, així com altres fraccions del sòl (concentració total de SOC i concentració de C làbil). Així mateix, es va analitzar la resistència a la penetració en la superfície del sòl (PR) i la infiltració d'aigua durant la segona temporada de cultiu de blat de moro (és a dir, l'any 2016). Ingualment, en els dos camps experimentals, es va mesurar anualment la biomassa aèria, el rendiment de gra, els components de rendiment i l'eficiència d'ús d'aigua i nitrogen (WUE i NUE, respectivament). En els agroecosistemes Mediterranis recentment transformats a regadiu, una reducció de la dosi de fertilització N juntament amb una reducció en el conreu, és una estratègia òptima en termes de manteniment de la productivitat dels cultius. A més, la reducció del conreu millora l'estat estructural del sòl, per tal de proporcionar al sòl suficient resistència i assegurar un desenvolupament òptim dels cultius. Si bé la reducció del conreu genera més emissions de GEH del sòl a l'atmosfera, aquestes es compensen amb un major rendiment de blat de moro i segrest de SOC.
Las áreas de secano Mediterráneas se transforman en regadio para estabilizar o aumentar el rendimiento de los cultivos. La ocupación gradual del riego lleva a un aumento en el uso de nitrógeno y la intensidad del laboreo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de este estudio fue la evaluar los efectos de los diferentes sistemas de laboreo y las dosis de fertilizantes de N en las emisiones de GEI (metano, CH4; dióxido de carbono, CO2, óxido nitroso, N2O) a la atmósfera, así como, el secuestro de C del suelo, la estructura de la superficie del suelo y la productividad del cultivo en un área recientemente transformada a regadío. Para lograr ese objetivo, se llevó a cabo un estudio en NE España en un experimento de larga duración (LTE) de laboreo y dosis de fertilización N establecido en 1996 bajo la producción de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) en secano, posteriormente, se transformó en monocultivo maíz (Zea mays L.) con riego por aspersión en 2015. Este estudio se realizó durante tres campañas consecutivas de cultivo de maíz (es decir, los años 2015, 2016 y 2017). Se compararon tres tipos de laboreo (laboreo convencional, CT, laboreo reducido, RT, No laboreo, NT) y tres dosis de fertilización mineral N (0, 200, 400 kg N ha-1) en un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En 2015, se creó un experimento adyacente (experimento a corto plazo, STE) con el mismo diseño que el LTE pero con una gestión anterior diferente basada en NT. En el LTE, las emisiones de CO2, CH4 y N2O del suelo se cuantificaron durante tres años. Además, se calculó el factor de emisión de N2O (EF) y las emisiones de N2O a escala de rendimiento. También, se calculó la tasa anual de secuestro de SOC (∆SOCrate) (0-40 cm de profundidad) para cada tratamiento en tres periodos diferentes (P1-, P2-, P3-) en condiciones de secano (-R) y condiciones de regadio (-I) (P1-R, de 1996 a 2009; P2-R, de 2009 a 2015; P3-I, de 2015 a 2017). Además, en LTE y STE superficie del suelo (0-5 cm) se midieron macroagregados secos y estables en agua y su concentración de C, así como otras fracciones del suelo (concentración total de SOC y concentración de C lábil). Asimismo, se analizaron la resistencia a la penetración en la superficie del suelo (PR) y la infiltración de agua durante la segunda temporada de cultivo de maíz (es decir, el año 2016). Ingualmente, en ambos campos experimentales, se midió anualmente la biomasa aerea, el rendimiento de grano, los componentes de rendimiento y la eficiencia de uso de agua y nitrógeno (WUE y NUE, respectivamente). En los agroecosistemas Mediterráneos recientemente transformados a regadio, una reducción de la dosis de fertilización N junto con una reducción en el laboreo, es una estrategia óptima en términos de mantenimiento de la productividad de los cultivos. Además, la disminución del laboreo mejora el estado estructural del suelo, a fin de proporcionar al suelo suficiente resistencia y asegurar un desarrollo óptimo de los cultivos. Si bien la reducción del laboreo genera mayores emisiones de GEI del suelo a la atmósfera, estas se compensan con un mayor rendimiento de maíz y secuestro de SOC.
Mediterranean rainfed areas are transformed into irrigation to stabilize or increase crop yields. The gradual occupation of irrigation leads to an increase in nitrogen use and intensity of tillage. Therefore, the main objective of this study was the identification of the effect of different tillage systems and N fertilizer rates on GHG emissions (methane, CH4; carbon dioxide, CO2; nitrous oxide, N2O) to the atmosphere, as well as, soil C sequestration, soil surface structure and crop productivity when converting rainfed lands to irrigated. In order to achieve that objective a study was carried out in NE Spain in a long-term (LTE) tillage and N rate field experiment established in 1996 under rainfed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) conditions which was converted to irrigation with maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture as cropping system in 2015. This study was conducted during three consecutive maize growing seasons (i.e. years 2015, 2016, and 2017). Three types of tillage (conventional tillage, CT; reduced tillage, RT; no-tillage, NT) and three mineral N fertilization rates (0, 200, 400 kg N ha-1) were compared in a randomized block design with three replications. In 2015, an adjacent experiment (short-term experiment, STE) with the same layout as the LTE but with different previous management based on NT was set up. In the LTE, soil CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions were quantified during three years. Also, N2O emission factor (EF) and yield-scaled N2O emissions were determined. In addition, annual SOC sequestration rate (∆SOCrate) (0-40 cm depth) was calculated for each treatment in three different periods (P1-, P2-, P3-) under rainfed (-R) conditions and irrigated (-I) conditions (P1-R, from 1996 to 2009; P2-R, 2009 to 2015; P3-I, from 2015 to 2017). Moreover, in LTE and STE soil surface (0-5 cm) dry and water-stable macroaggregates and their C concentration, as well as other soil fractions (total SOC concentration and labile C concentration) were measured. Also soil surface penetration resistance (PR), and water infiltration were analyzed during the second maize growing season (i.e. year 2016). In addition, in both experimental fields, above ground biomass, maize grain yield, yield components and water and nitrogen use efficiency (WUE and NUE, respectively) were measured annually. In Mediterranean agroecosystems recently transformed to irrigated land, a reduction in N fertilization rate together with a reduction in tillage are optimum strategies in terms of maintenance of crop productivity. In addition, reductions of tillage improve the structural state of the soil, in order to provide the soil enough resilience and ensure an optimum development of crops. Although the reduction of tillage generates higher GHG emissions from the soil to the atmosphere, this is compensated by a greater maize yield and SOC sequestration.

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14

Aini, Fitri Khusyu. "Forest conversion to smallholder plantations : the impacts on soil greenhouse gas emissions and termite diversity in Jambi, Sumatra." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230506.

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Ongoing conversion of forests in Sumatra to agricultural lands might affect the biodiversity of soil fauna, such as termites, and emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). To assess the impact of such forest conversions, this study was conducted in Jambi, Sumatra in an undisturbed forest (FR), a disturbed forest (DF), a one year old rubber plantation (RB1), a twenty year old rubber plantation (RB20) and an oil palm plantation (OP). The plantations belonged to smallholders and were not usually fertilized. The effect of fertilizer was assessed by applying N fertilizer and taking a series of intensive measurements. The N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes were measured using static chamber methods and termite species richness was assessed using a standard semi quantitative transect method. Forest conversion to smallholder plantations did not significantly affect the N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes, but the diversity and relative abundance of termites was decreased. this implies that the ecosystem services regulated by termites might decline. The application of N fertilizer at the conventional rate (141 kg N ha-1 y-1), with an emission factor of 3.1 % in the oil palm plantation, increased N2O emissions to twice as high as that in the undisturbed forest. The annual N2O and CH4 fluxes from termites amounted to 0.14, 0.21, 0.88, 2.47 and -0.56 kg ha-1 y-1 N2O-N and 0.85, 1.65, 3.80, 0.97 and 2.30 kg ha-1 y-1 CH4-C in the FR, DF, RB1, RB20 and OP, respectively. Further research is needed to understand the interannual variability of the N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes from soils and termites. Understanding the key drivers and underlying processes which regulate them would help to control the biodiversity loss and the change of N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes from soils and termites.

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15

Frazão, Leidivan Almeida. "Greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon dynamics in the Brazilian oil palm production." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-23032012-171050/.

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Oil palm has been considered one of the most favorable oilseeds to biodiesel production in Brazil. The crop has been cultivated in the north and northeast regions under commercial plantations and agroforestry systems. As the oil palm is a perennial crop, it is important to understand how the intensive cultivation affects the dynamic of soil organic matter in the long term. The goal of this work was to determinate the greenhouse gas emissions associated to the main production steps and the changes on soil organic carbon under oil palm plantations. Soil and greenhouse gas samples were collected in traditional production areas in Brazil. Commercial plantations derived from pasture and Amazon rain forest were selected in Pará State (Agropalma farm), while areas derived from Atlantic rain forest and agroforestry system were selected in Bahia State (Opalma farm and Lamego). At first, changes on soil carbon stocks were evaluated in the commercial plantations and agroforestry systems. The variability of soil carbon dynamics in the production areas can be explained by several aspects such as temporal and spatial variations, and prior land use. The soil carbon stocks, after corrections for differences in density and clay content, decreased till 46% in areas derived from pasture and increased 18% in an area derived from Amazon rain forest. The soil carbon stocks increased till 23% in areas derived from Atlantic rain forest and decreased 30% when agroforestry system was adopted. The soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from N fertilizer application were 10 times higher in the seedlings production than in juvenile and mature plantations, however this step represents 3.8% of the plant cycle. In general, the observed greenhouse gas emissions at different stages of oil palm production are not large than other agricultural crops in Brazil. The decomposition of plant residues also contributed to greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The carbon footprint associated to oil palm production at Agropalma farm was approximately 0.7 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of crude palm oil produced, and 70% this value is associated with the management of effluent in the anaerobic ponds emitting a large amount of methane to the atmosphere. The correct treatment of the effluent can result in reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, and consequently, decreasing the carbon footprint associated to palm oil production in the Amazon region. The results founded in this study may be used to improve the biodiesel life cycle assessment derived from palm oil produced in Brazil.
A palma (dendê) tem sido apontada como uma das oleaginosas mais viáveis para a produção de biodiesel no Brasil. Esta cultura tem sido cultivada nas regiões norte e nordeste em plantios comerciais e sistemas agroflorestais. Como é uma planta perene, é importante entender como o cultivo intensivo pode alterar a dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo a longo prazo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as emissões de gases do efeito estufa nas principais fases do sistema produtivo e as mudanças nos estoques de carbono do solo sob cultivo da palma. Amostras de solos e gases do efeito estufa foram coletadas em áreas tradicionais de produção no Brasil. No Pará (fazenda Agropalma) foram selecionadas áreas derivadas de pastagem e Floresta Amazônica, enquanto na Bahia (fazenda Opalma e Lamego) foram selecionadas áreas derivadas de Mata Atlântica. Primeiramente foram avaliadas as mudanças nos estoques de carbono do solo sob sistemas comerciais e agroflorestais de cultivo. Os resultados indicaram que a variabilidade na dinâmica do carbono do solo em áreas de plantio de palma pode ser explicada por vários fatores, como as variações temporais e espaciais, e uso da terra anterior à instalação dos palmares. Os estoques de carbono do solo, após as correções pelas diferenças na densidade e teores de argila do solo, decresceram até 46% nas áreas derivadas de pastagem e aumentaram 18% na área derivada de Floresta Amazônica. Os estoques de C do solo aumentaram até 23% nos plantios comerciais derivados de Mata Atlântica e decresceram 30% quando foi adotado o sistema agroflorestal. As emissões de óxido nitroso (N2O) pelo solo derivadas da aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados foram 10 vezes maiores na produção de plântulas do que nos plantios jovens e adultos, entretanto, esta fase representa apenas 3,8% do ciclo de vida da planta. De forma geral, as emissões de gases do efeito estufa nos diferentes estágios de produção não foram maiores do que para outras culturas no Brasil. A decomposição dos resíduos culturais também contribuiu para as emissões de gases do efeito estufa para a atmosfera. A pegada de carbono associada a produção do óleo de palma pela Agropalma foi aproximadamente 0,7 kg CO2 equivalente por kg de óleo produzido, dos quais 70% estão associadas ao manejo de efluentes industriais nas lagoas anaeróbicas, que emitem uma grande quantidade de metano (CH4) para a atmosfera. O manejo correto do efluente pode resultar nas reduções das emissões de gases do efeito estufa, e consequentemente, diminuir a pegada de carbono associada a produção do óleo de palma na região Amazônica. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo poderão ser usados para fazer avaliações mais complexas como a avaliação do ciclo de vida do biodiesel derivado do óleo de palma no Brasil

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16

Kreba, Sleem. "LAND USE IMPACT ON SOIL GAS AND SOIL WATER TRANSPORT PROPERTIES." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/31.

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The consequences of land use choices on soil water and gas transport properties are significant for gas and water flux in agricultural environments. Spatial and temporal patterns and associations of soil water and soil gas characteristics and processes in different land uses are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to 1) characterize soil structure under crop and grass systems, 2) quantify spatial patterns and associations of soil physical characteristics in crop and grass systems, and 3) quantify spatial and temporal patterns and associations of CO2 and N2O fluxes. The research was conducted in a 60 by 80 m field divided into grass and crop systems. Sixty sampling points were distributed in four transects with 5- and 1-m spatial intervals between measurement points. Gas fluxes were measured, at two-week time intervals, 22 times during a year. Pore size distribution was more homogeneous and more continuous pores were found in the grass than in the crop system. The spatial variability of most selected soil physical characteristics was more structured in the crop than in the grass system, which reflected the impact of land use and soil structure on their spatial patterns. CO2 flux was dependent for a longer distance in the grass than in the crop system, however, the two land-use systems exhibited similar spatial ranges of N2O flux. Gas fluxes were temporally dependent for a longer period in the grass than in the crop system. The spatial associations between CO2 and N2O fluxes and selected biochemical and physical factors depended on the flux sampling season and land use. Soil temperature was the dominant controlling factor on the temporal variability of CO2 and N2O fluxes but not on the spatial behavior. Considering the spatial and temporal ranges and dependency strength of soil variables helps identify efficient sampling designs that can result in better time and resource management. Spatial and temporal relationships between the selected soil variables also improve understanding soil management and sampling soil variables. This study provides the baseline and recommendations for future investigations specifically for sampling designs, soil management, and predictions of different soil processes related to gas fluxes.

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17

Debouk, Haifa. "Assessing the effect of global change on plant functional structure, greenhouse gases, and soil functions in grasslands." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/436894.

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L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és investigar el paper dels grups funcionals de plantes (GFP) en relació a l’estabilitat de la comunitat vegetal, els fluxos de GEH i les funcions del sòl, i com aquestes interaccions es regulen pel clima. La composició de GFP va influenciar els GEH i les funcions del sòl però les variables ambientals van regular aquest efecte. L’escalfament va afavorir la dominància d’espècies oportunistes i de creixement ràpid en detriment d’espècies més conservatives, causant una reducció en la diversitat específica. La composició i l’estructura funcional van tenir una major influencia en la productivitat i l’estabilitat de la comunitat que la diversitat específica. Els GEH es van reduir amb l’altitud, i incrementar durant l’estiu. La interacció entre GFP va afavorir l’assimilació de CH4 i N2O en comparació a la dominància d’un sòl GFP. Les interaccions entre GFP van també afavorir les funcions de sòl relacionades amb el cicle del N.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue investigar el efecto de los grupos funcionales de plantas sobre la estabilidad de la vegetación, los flujos de GEI y las funciones del suelo, y cómo las condiciones climáticas regulan sus interacciones. La estructura funcional de las plantas en pastos influyó la estabilidad de la vegetación, los flujos de GEI, la actividad y fertilidad del suelo, y ese efecto está regulado por el clima. El calentamiento causó la dominancia de especies oportunistas sobre las más conservadoras; reduciendo así la riqueza específica. Los rasgos funcionales tuvieron una mayor influencia en la productividad y estabilidad de las comunidades frente al efecto de la diversidad. Los flujos de GEI aumentaron en verano y disminuyeron con la altitud. La interacción entre grupos funcionales incrementó la absorción de CH4 y N2O respecto a grupos individuales. Las interacciones entre grupos funcionales favorecieron también las funciones de suelo relacionadas con el ciclo de N.
The main objective of this thesis is to investigate how plant functional types (PFT) affect vegetation stability, greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and soil functions, and how these interactions are regulated by climatic conditions. We found that plant functional structure strongly influences vegetation stability, GHG fluxes, and soil activity and fertility in grassland, but this relationship is regulated by climate. Warming lead to the dominance of acquisitive fast growing species over conservative species; thus reducing species richness. The functional traits structure in grasslands had greater influence on the productivity and stability of the community under warming, compared to diversity effects. GHG fluxes decreased with altitude- the colder the grassland site the lower the fluxes-, and increased during summer. The interaction between PFTs enhanced CH4 and N2O uptake compared to single PFTs. Also, PFT evenness and pairwise interactions between PFTs enhanced soil functions related to the N cycle.

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18

Battaglia, Martin. "Crop residue management effects on crop production, greenhouse gases emissions, and soil quality in the Mid-Atlantic USA." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86483.

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Cellulosic biomass-to-bioenergy systems can provide environmental and economic benefits to modern societies, reducing the dependence on fossil-fuels and greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously improving rural economies. Corn (Zea mays L.) stover and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) residues have particular promise given these crops are widely grown and their cellulosic fractions present a captured resource as a co-product of grain production. Annual systems also offer the ability to change crops rapidly in response to changing market demands. However, concerns exist about residue removal effects on soil health, greenhouse gases emissions and subsequent crop productivity. The carbon footprint and the crop yield productivity and soil health responses resulting from the removal of crop residues has been studied extensively over the last 20 years, but this research has been largely conducted in the Corn Belt. To investigate the impact of crop residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA, combinations of corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) and wheat straw (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Mgha-1) were soil applied in a corn-wheat/soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation in Virginia's Coastal Plain. Corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) was applied in a continuous corn cropping system in the Ridge/Valley province. For each system, residues were applied following grain harvest over two production cycles. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete design with four replications. The highest rates of stover retention resulted in greater greenhouse gas emissions in year 1, but not year 2 of these studies and did not affect overall global warming potentials. Stover application also increased soil carbon but had little effect on other measures of soil quality. Stover K levels were greater with high rates of stover retention. Overall, these studies indicate little effect of residue removal or retention (above typical residue production rates) on subsequent crop production, greenhouse gas emissions, or soil health measures in the short term. This study is one of the first to assess residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA and is the first study to investigate the impacts that managing more than one crop residue in a multi-crop system. Longer-term research of this type may be warranted both to determine the consequences of residue management and to start building a regionally-specific body of knowledge about these practices.
Ph. D.

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19

Parkes, Stephen. "The isotopic signature of nitrous oxide emitted from agricultural soils measured by FTIR spectroscopy." School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/129.

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Agriculture contributes 16% to Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions, of which 23% are the result of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Global N2O emissions from agricultural activities have increased substantially since the beginning of the industrial revolution. This has been driven by the increase in the amount of nitrogen added to agricultural soils, stimulating the N2O-producing nitrification and denitrification processes. Currently there is a poor quantitative understanding of N2O emissions from nitrification and denitrification and their controlling parameters. This is difficult to quantify since N2O emissions from nitrification and denitrification occur simultaneously. As N2O produced from these microbial processes have different stable isotopic signatures, stable isotope measurements have shown promise as a method to partition N2O emissions. Additionally, the intramolecular 15N site preference of N2O presents a further stable isotopic measurement which can be used for studies of N2O emissions from nitrification and denitrification. In this thesis, the absolute intramolecular 15N site preference of N2O measured using high resolution FTIR. The FTIR system was fully calibrated for site preference measurements of 15N enriched N2O sample. In addition, using the FTIR system the absolute site preference value for the N2O working standard used as a reference for isotopic measurements was determined. Using this absolute site preference value, it was possible to determine a value of 19.9 (±2.1)‰ for the absolute site preference of tropospheric N2O. The absolute site preference value of the N2O working standard was used to report measurements of field collected N2O samples on the absolute scale. To determine the intramolecular site preference of N2O produced from nitrification and denitrification, a 2 week field campaign was completed at a dairy farm in south eastern Australia. Soil plots were treated with 15N-labelled NH4 + or NO3 -, either at application rates of 100 or 50 kg-N.ha-1, followed by irrigation. Following treatment, daily measurements were made of the N2O emissions, isotopic composition of N2O, soil mineral nitrogen concentrations and 15N composition, as well as soil moisture. From the interpretation of the collected data, intramolecular site preference signatures of -17 (±5)‰ was determined for nitrification and a range of 0.5 to 12.3‰ was attributed to denitrification. Using the 15N measurements of N2O, it was possible to estimate the N2O emissions produced from nitrification and denitrification. For all treatments, emissions produced from denitrification far outweighed those from nitrification. These measurements indicated that the reduction of N2O to N2 was a key process controlling N2O emissions. Additionally, there was a clear relationship between the intramolecular site preference of N2O, and the amount of N2O reduced to N2. This relationship was used to estimate that for treatments receiving NH4 +, 5 – 22% of the applied nitrogen was emitted as N2.

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20

Pavei, Mariana Addison. "Decomposição de resíduos culturais e emissão de gases do efeito estufa em sistemas de manejo do solo em Ponta Grossa (PR)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-21092007-110006/.

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Dentre os ecossistemas terrestres, o solo constitui um dos principais reservatórios de carbono (C). As práticas de preparo agrícola alteram esse compartimento, acelerando o processo de oxidação da matéria orgânica do solo, o que favorece a emissão de gases do efeito estufa. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em um experimento de longa duração localizado na Fundação ABC em Ponta Grossa (PR) sob diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo: plantio convencional (PC), preparo mínimo (PM), plantio direto (PD) e plantio direto escarificado (PDE), dispostos em blocos ao acaso. Os objetivos foram, determinar: a) os estoques de C e nitrogênio (N) do solo; b) a quantidade e qualidade dos resíduos culturais; e c) quantificar as trocas gasosas de CO2 e N2O entre o solo-atmosfera. As amostragens foram realizadas de outubro de 2003 a novembro de 2004 na sucessão aveia branca/soja/trigo. Os estoques de C e N do solo foram determinados após a colheita das culturas e não apresentaram diferença estatística entre épocas de cultivo e tratamentos. O PD apresentou os maiores estoques médios de C e N, e o PC os menores valores. As taxas de seqüestro de C, na camada 0-20 cm nos tratamentos estudados em comparação ao PC (15 anos de implantação), foram de: 0,55; 0,66 e 0,46 Mg ha-1ano-1 para PM, PD e PDE, respectivamente. As massas secas e os estoques de C e N dos resíduos culturais foram maiores na época da colheita das culturas, e superiores nos tratamentos PD e PDE. Os teores de C dos resíduos não tiveram diferença estatística entre as médias dos tratamentos. Os resíduos de soja apresentaram, em todos os tratamentos, maior teor de N e menor de hemicelulose. As variações no Quociente holocelulose/lignocelulose (QCL), Índices ligno-celulósico (ILC) e de decomponibilidade (ID) foram pequenas, evidenciando pouca variação entre os resíduos da rotação. As médias diárias das emissões de CO2 do solo variaram de 24 a 248 mg m-2 h-1 aumento progressivo, de novembro/03 (semeadura da soja) a fevereiro/04, devido ao crescimento das raízes que incrementou a taxa de respiração do solo. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre as emissões de CO2 e N2O com o ciclo diário da temperatura. As médias anuais de emissão de CO2 e N2O foram iguais nos horários 8:00, 12:00h e 17:00h. Os fluxos de N2O variaram de 3 a 53 µg m-2, e a maior freqüência observada com saturação de água no solo em torno de 60%, após as adubações nitrogenadas em junho/2004 no PC e PM e em julho/2004 no PD e PDE. O revolvimento do solo pela gradagem e incorporação dos resíduos culturais no PC e PM, não alteraram significativamente as emissões de CO2 e N2O. Os tratamentos estudados não apresentaram diferença nas médias anuais de emissão de CO2 e N2O do solo. Dentre todas as variáveis estudadas, comparando os tratamentos PC, PM, PD e PDE, o PD destacou-se por apresentar maior estoques de C e N no solo em relação aos demais tratamentos.
Between the terrestrial ecosystems, the soil is one of the most important pools of carbon (C). Agricultural tillage practices alter the contents of this element, accelerating the process of organic matter oxidation, inducing greenhouse gases emissions. The present research was carried out in a long-term experiment located at Fundação ABC in Ponta Grossa (Paraná State, Brazil) under different soil management systems: conventional (CT), minimum (MT), no-till (NT) and no-till harrowed (NTH), randomly displayed in blocks. The objectives were to determine: a) soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks; b) quantity and quality crop residues; c) quantify the CO2 and N2O gasses fluxes from the soil to the atmosphere. Sampling activities were performed between October 2003 and November 2004 in the succession white oat/soybean/wheat. Soil C and N stocks were determined after the crops were harvested and showed the same distribution of soil C and N for all treatments, no significant statistically difference among cultural seasons and treatments was observed. NT system presented the highest mean soil C and N stock values, and the CT had the smaller values. Soil C sequestration rates in the 0-20 cm, in the treatments in comparison with the CT with 15 years of adoption, were 0,55; 0,66 and 0,46 Mg ha-1year-1 for MT, NT and NTH, respectively. Dry matter and C and N stocks of crop residues were higher in the harvest season, and presented high values for NT and NTH. Carbon contents in crop residues were maintained in the same magnitude and showed no significant statistically difference. Soybean residues just presented, in all treatments, higher N concentration and smaller hemicelulose contents. The holocelulose/lignocelulose quotient (HLQ), ligno-celulosico (LCI) and decomposition (DI) indexes were small, evidencing in this work, little variation between the crop residues analised. The soil CO2 CO2 daily average emissions varied from 24 to 248 mg m-2 h-1 and presented a progressive increase of November/03 (sow of the soy) to February/04, indicating that the soil respiration passed to be constituted of the organism soil and root plants. Correlation was not observed between the emissions of CO2 and N2O with the daily cycle of the temperature. The same annual averages of emission of CO2 and N2O were observed in the schedules 8:00, 12:00 and 17:00 hours. The N2O flow varied from 3 to 53 g m-2, and the largest frequency observed with water filled pore space around 60 %, and after the nitrogen fertilization in June 2004 in CT and MT and in July 2004 in NT and NTH. Soil tillage with plow and incorporation of the cultural residues in CT and MT, didn't alter the emissions of CO2 and N2O significantly. The studied treatments didn\'t present difference in the annual averages of emission of CO2 and N2O of the soil during 2003 and 2004 years. Between the studied variables, comparing the treatments CT, MT, NT and NTH, NT system stranded out from the other treatments by present higher soil C and N stocks.

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McGowan, Andrew R. "Biofuel cropping system impacts on soil C, microbial communities and N₂O emissions." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20510.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Agronomy
Charles W. Rice
Substitution of cellulosic biofuel in place of gasoline or diesel could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation. However, emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) could have a large impact on the GHG balance of cellulosic biofuel, thus there is a need to quantify these responses in cellulosic biofuel crops. The objectives of this study were to: (i) measure changes in yield, SOC and microbial communities in potential cellulosic biofuel cropping systems (ii) measure and characterize the temporal variation in N₂O emissions from these systems (iii) characterize the yield and N₂O response of switchgrass to N fertilizer and to estimate the costs of production. Sweet sorghum, photoperiod-sensitive sorghum, and miscanthus yielded the highest aboveground biomass (20-32 Mg ha⁻¹). The perennial grasses sequestered SOC over 4 yrs, while SOC stocks did not change in the annual crops. Root stocks were 4-8 times higher in the perennial crops, suggesting greater belowground C inputs. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) abundance and aggregate mean weight diameter were higher in the perennials. No consistent significant differences were found in N₂O emissions between crops, though miscanthus tended to have the lowest emissions. Most N₂O was emitted during large events of short duration (1-3 days) that occurred after high rainfall events with high soil NO₃₋. There was a weak relationship between IPCC Tier 1 N₂O estimates and measured emissions, and the IPCC method tended to underestimate emissions. The response of N₂O to N rate was nonlinear in 2 of 3 years. Fertilizer induced emission factor (EF) increased from 0.7% at 50 kg N ha⁻¹ to 2.6% at 150 kg N ha⁻¹. Switchgrass yields increased with N inputs up to 100-150 kg N ha⁻¹, but the critical N level for maximum yields decreased each year, suggesting N was being applied in excess at higher N rates. Yield-scaled costs of production were minimized at 100 kg N ha-1 ($70.91 Mg⁻¹). Together, these results show that crop selection and fertilizer management can have large impacts on the productivity and soil GHG emissions biofuel cropping systems.

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Silva, Ana Paula da. "Avaliação dos processos responsáveis pela emissão do N2O, num organossolo em Manguariba - RJ." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/4769.

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Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ
O aquecimento global provocado por gases como CO2, N2O e o CH4 resultantes de atividades agrícolas e por solos alagados tem motivado inúmeros estudos em diversos países, procurando quantificar a contribuição de diferentes sistemas na emissão desses gases. Os objetivos desse estudo foram elucidar o mecanismo de produção do gás do efeito estufa, óxido nitroso (N2O) em uma área de floresta secundária baixa localizada em Manguariba - Rio de Janeiro e determinar se estas emissões ocorrem acompanhadas por processos de nitrificação ou desnitrificação. Para que isso fosse possível, foram realizadas quatro campanhas de amostragens seguidas de experimentos de incubação do solo em laboratório e análises químicas deste solo antes e após as incubações. Medidas de variação de pressão em câmaras sob condições controladas de temperatura foram realizadas empregando-se um manômetro tubo em “U” em quatro experimentos e um barômetro/sensor/datalogger em outros dois experimentos. As concentrações de N2O, bem como as de CH4 no solo, foram determinadas antes e após as incubações por cromatografia gasosa. Na primeira campanha de amostragem foram coletadas também amostras de água em um curso de água que pode ser uma fonte de nitrogênio para este solo, pois em época de chuvas a água poluída com esgoto doméstico, deste riacho chega até os pontos de amostragem. Foram determinadas as concentrações de amônio e nitrato em amostras do solo, antes e após incubações, e na água do riacho. Através dos dados gerados pelas análises químicas determinamos as taxas líquidas de nitrificação, mineralização/assimilação ocorridas durante o período de incubação do solo e correlacionamos essas taxas com a produção de óxido nitroso. A nitrificação a uma taxa constante se mostrou dominante no experimento onde houve a maior produção de N2O. Nos demais experimentos a nitrificação permaneceu dominante, porém seguida por desnitrificação em outros dois experimentos, nos quais a produção do gás foi muito pequena e até mesmo nula, indicando a redução do óxido nitroso a N2. A desnitrificação ocorreu de forma dominante em apenas um dos experimentos e possivelmente foi seguida por nitrificação, pois houve uma pequena produção de N2O durante esta incubação.
The global warming caused by greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4 and N2O resulting from agricultural activities and flooded soils has motivated numerous studies in many countries, seeking to quantify the contribution of different systems on greenhouse gas emissions. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the mechanism of production of greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) in a secondary forest area located in downtown Manguariba (Rio de Janeiro) and determines if these emissions occur accompanied by processes of nitrification and denitrification. To make this possible, there were four sampling campaigns followed by incubation experiments of soil in the laboratory and chemical analyses of soil before and after incubations. Measures of barometric pressure variation in PVC chambers under controlled temperature were carried out using a variation of a pressure gauge manometer tube into "U" for four incubation experiments and a sensor which measures the pressure variation barometer / sensor / datalogger (Baro Diver) during the third and fourth experiments. N2O concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. In the first year of sampling, samples of water were taken from a tributary of the Rio Guandu, which can be a source of sewage pollution for this soil, because in the rainy season the water in this tributary reaches the sampling points. Chemical analysis was performed for determination of NH4 + and for analysis of nitrate ions. Data generated by the chemical analysis determined the rate of net nitrification, mineralization / assimilation which occurred during the incubation periods and correlated these rates with the production of nitrous oxide. Nitrification at a constant rate proved to be dominant in the experiment where there was a greater production of N2O. In other experiments, however, nitrification remained dominant followed by denitrification in two other experiments, in which gas production was very small and even zero, indicating the reduction of nitrous oxide to N2. Denitrification was very dominant in only one experiment and was followed by nitrification possibly because there was a small N2O production during this incubation. The experiment with the barometer / sensor / datalogger (Baro Diver) was carried out to confirm what would be the dominant process along these incubations. With this sensor we observed nitrification-dominant production of nitrous oxide. There were no correlations between the flow of N2O emitting in situ and flow generated during the incubation periods. We also observed that the effluent water from the Rio Guandu sample showed high concentrations of nitrate and ammonia and can be considered as a source of inorganic N to this soil

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Mascarenhas, Yoná Serpa. "Emissão de gases de efeito estufa em arroz irrigado em várzea tropical." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/9022.

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The flooded rice crop (Oryza sativa L.) emits both N2O and CH4, which can contribute significantly to total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Application of nitrogen fertilizers is normally necessary to achieve optimum yields, however over application may increase the risks of pollution and N2O and CH4 emissions in flooded rice system. A study in field conditions was carried out at the Palmital Farm, Embrapa Experimental Station Rice and Beans, in Gleysol Haplic, in order to verify the greenhouse gas emissions, the carbon stock and the physical properties of the soil in a system of production of flooded rice in tropical lowlands under different sources and doses of N. The treatments resulted from the factorial combination: (common urea (UC) and protected urea (UP)), and three nitrogen doses (30, 70, 150 kg ha-1) plus the control. Unformed and deformed soil samples were collected at depths 0-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20; 20-30; 30-40 and 40-50 cm, to determine the physical properties of the soil. Gas collection was carried out in the 2014/2015 harvest, in the off-season 2015, and in the 2015/2016 harvest. The concentrations of N2O and CH4 were determined by gas chromatography. For the determination of nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4 +) in the non-flooded period, soil samples were collected, soil solutions were collected in the flooded period, Eh and soil pH were determined. Nitrogen management affected the physical quality of Gleysol Haplic studied, but did not interfere in the productivity of flooded rice. The carbon and total nitrogen stocks decreased as the depth increased in the soil profile, with an increase in the layer of 10-20 cm. The results indicate that N2O fluxes remained low, regardless of applied N rates, when the soil was flooded, but they showed emission peaks in the non-flooded period, especially after precipitation or in the drainage period for the rice harvest. For the CH4 emissions the highest flows occurred at the end of the vegetative stage (growth) of the rice and after drainage when the soil was low aeration. The N2O and CH4 fluxes did not present a linear relation with the NH4 +, Eh and soil pH values. Emissions of N2O and CH4 did not show significant differences between sources and doses of N. Emissions of N2O increased with the incorporation of green manure, while CH4 emissions were potentiated with the incorporation of rice crop residues. The 64 kg ha-1 dose presented the best efficiency of N fertilizer to cultivate BRS Catiana with the lowest emission intensity.
O cultivo de arroz inundado (Oryza sativa L.) emite tanto N2O como CH4, que podem contribuir significativamente para as emissões totais de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) dos sistemas. A aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados, normalmente é necessária para atingir ótimos rendimentos, no entanto, aplicação em excesso, pode aumentar os riscos de poluição e de emissões de N2O e CH4 em sistema de arroz irrigado por inundação. Um estudo em condições de campo foi realizado na Fazenda Palmital, Estação Experimental da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em Gleissolo Háplico, com o intuito de determinar as emissões de GEE, o estoque de carbono e as propriedades físicas do solo em sistema de produção de arroz irrigado por inundação em várzeas tropicais sob diferentes fontes e doses de N. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação fatorial: (ureia comum (UC) e ureia protegida (UP)), e três doses nitrogênio (30, 70, 150 kg ha-1), mais a testemunha. Coletaram-se amostras indeformadas e deformadas de solo nas profundidades 0-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20; 20-30; 30-40 e 40-50 cm, para determinação das propriedades físicas do solo. As coletas dos gases foram realizadas na safra 2014/2015, na entressafra 2015, e na safra 2015/2016. As concentrações de N2O e CH4 foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. Para determinação de nitrato (NO3-) e amônio (NH4+) no período não inundado foram coletadas amostras de solo e no período inundado foram coletadas soluções do solo, das quais também foram determinados o Eh e o pH do solo. O manejo do nitrogênio afetou a qualidade física do Gleissolo Háplico estudado, porém não interferiu na produtividade do arroz irrigado por inundação. Os estoques de carbono (C) e de N total diminuíram com o aumento da profundidade do perfil do solo, com maior incremento na camada 10-20 cm. Os resultados indicam que os fluxos de N2O permaneceram baixos, independentemente das taxas de N aplicadas, quando o solo estava inundado, mas apresentaram picos de emissões no período não inundado, especialmente após precipitações ou após o período de drenagem para a colheita do arroz. Para as emissões de CH4, os maiores fluxos ocorreram no final da fase vegetativa do arroz e após a drenagem, quando o solo se encontrava com baixa aeração. Os fluxos de N2O e CH4 não apresentaram relação linear com os teores de NH4+, Eh e pH do solo. As emissões de N2O e CH4 não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as fontes e doses de N. As emissões de N2O elevaram-se com a incorporação de adubo verde, enquanto as emissões de CH4 foram potencializadas com a incorporação dos restos culturais do arroz. A dose 64 kg ha-1 apresentou a melhor eficiência de uso de N fertilizante para cultivar BRS Catiana com a menor intensidade de emissão.

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Oliveira, Bruna Gonçalves de. "Vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar: fluxos de gases de efeito estufa e comunidades de archaea presente no sedimento do canal de distribuição." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-08022011-151022/.

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A preocupação mundial com as possíveis mudanças climáticas, decorrentes do aumento da concentração de gases do efeito estufa (GEE), resultam na busca por fontes de energia renovável. Dentre estas fontes, a produção do etanol vem se destacando globalmente. O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de etanol, baseado na cana-de-açúcar como matéria-prima. A produção deste biocombustível atua na redução das emissões de GEE, como substituinte de derivados de petróleo e fornecimento de energia, através da queima do bagaço. No entanto, é necessário quantificar o off-set do etanol em relação ao petróleo em todas as fases de produção. Importante resíduo da indústria sucroenergética é a vinhaça, gerada em elevadas quantidades e usualmente aplicada no solo em fertirrigação. Muitos estudos relatam os benefícios que a vinhaça proporciona ao solo, porém, pouco se sabe sobre os possíveis impactos que causa no ambiente, sobretudo no que se refere às emissões de GEE. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as emissões de GEE provenientes da vinhaça no canal de distribuição e após aplicação no solo e detectar as comunidades de archaeas presentes no sedimento do canal condutor, verificando a influência de fatores bióticos e abióticos nas emissões e comunidades microbianas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Usina Iracema, localizada em Iracemápolis, SP. Amostragens de GEE foram realizadas em diferentes pontos do canal de distribuição e em áreas de cana queimada e crua. Amostras de sedimento foram coletadas no canal para detecção das comunidades de archaeas por DGGE. As emissões de C-CO2 e C-CH4 provenientes da vinhaça no canal de distribuição foram influenciadas pela composição físico-química deste resíduo. Apesar de apresentar emissões significativas, o C-CO2 não foi computado no cálculo das emissões totais, pois é reassimilado pela fotossíntese. As emissões de N-N2O foram muito baixas, demonstrando que a vinhaça não fornece condições favoráveis à formação deste GEE. Ao converter os fluxos de N-N2O e C-CH4 em CO2 eq. observou-se que o C-CH4 contribuiu com aproximadamente 99% das emissões totais oriundas da vinhaça presente no canal. A fertirrigação do solo potencializou as emissões de CCO2 e N-N2O e não influenciou as emissões de C-CH4. As emissões de N-N2O provenientes da aplicação de nitrogênio na forma de vinhaça no solo resultaram em fatores de emissão de 0,68 e 0,44 % (kg N-N2O/kg N), respectivamente para cana queimada e crua. Após conversão dos fluxos de N-N2O e C-CH4 em CO2 eq. verificou-se que a aplicação da vinhaça no solo aumentou as emissões em 46,0 e 30,9 kg de CO2 eq. ha-1, respectivamente para cana queimada e crua. Considerando a aplicação de 200 m3 ha-1, observou-se que a vinhaça emitiu 493,9 e 489,1 kg de CO2 eq. ha-1, respectivamente para cana queimada e crua. A contabilização das emissões totais de GEE oriundas da vinhaça indicou que 90% das emissões são resultantes do canal de distribuição. A técnica de DGGE demonstrou mudanças nas estruturas das comunidades de archaea total e mcrA de acordo com os pontos de amostragem, exibiu forte relação com as condições encontradas nesses pontos e com a produção de C-CH4.
The global growing concern about an eventual climate change due to the increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) concentrations spur on the search for renewable energy sources. Among the possibilities, ethanol is getting global prominence. Brazil is the greatest producer of ethanol derived from sugar-cane. The production of this biofuel helps to reduce GHG emission replacing the use of petroleum and producing energy by bagasse burning. However, it is necessary to quantify its effective off-set analyzing all steps of production. The main residue of the sugar- ethanol industry is the vinasse, which is generated in high quantity and is usually applied to soil as fertirrigation. Several studies mention the benefits of vinasse application to soil cultivated with sugarcane, but few is known about possible impacts on environment, especially in what concerns GHG emissions. The objective of this work was to evaluate GHG emissions from the vinasse during its flux in distribution channels and after its application to soil by aspersion. Besides, the structure of archaea community of the sludge deposited at the channels bottom was investigated, evaluating the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on GHG emission rates and microbial community. The study was developed at Usina Iracema, located in Iracemápolis (SP). GHG samples were taken at six different points along the vinasse distribution channel and after its application at sites where sugar cane is harvest preceded or not by straw burning. Samples from sedimented sludge were collected from the channel and archaeas communities were assessed by DGGE analyses. Emissions rates of CO2-C and CH4-C from vinasse were influenced by the physical-chemical composition of this residue. Although significant emission rates of CO2- C have been measured, they were not included in total emission calculations, since this gas is reabsorbed by photosynthesis. N2O-N emissions were very low, demonstrating that the vinasse does not promote favorable conditions to its building. The conversion of N2O-N and CH4-C fluxes into CO2 eq demonstrated that methane represents about 99% of total emission of vinasse while into the distribution channel. The soil fertirrigation with vinasse increased CO2-C and N2ON emissions, but did not influence C-CH4 emission rate. Nitrous oxide originated by N content in vinasse applied to soil represented 0.68 and 0.44 % (kg N2O-N.kg N-1), respectively, from areas were harvest was or was not preceeded by burning. N2O-N and CH4-C fluxes converted to CO2 eq showed that vinasse application increased emissions by 46.0 e 30.9 kg of CO2 eq. ha-1 respectively, at areas were harvest was or was not preceded by burning. Considering that vinasse is usually applied in rates of 200 m3 ha-1 the areas were harvest was or was not preceded by burning could emit a total of 493.9 and 489.1 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 respectively. In the final account, 90% of total GHG emission from vinasse was originated from the distribution channel. The DGGE technique demonstrated changes in total and functional community structure of archaeal according to sampling point. They were also strongly correlated to environmental conditions end C-CH4 production.

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Costa, Caio Tavora Rachid Coelho da. "Comunidade bacteriana, atributos do solo e fluxo de gases em solo sob Cerrado e cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-14042010-090012/.

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O cultivo de cana-de-açúcar possui grande importância econômica, e está se expandindo principalmente para a região de Cerrado no Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Com o objetivo de entender a influência do cultivo e manejo da cana-de-açúcar nos atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos do solo de Cerrado, foram estudadas uma área com cana sem queima, uma área de cana com queima e um fragmento de vegetação nativa, no município de Porteirão, GO (17° 55\' 35\" S 50° 08\' 36\" O). A estrutura da comunidade bacteriana total (rDNA 16s) e funcional (microrganismos nitrificantes e desnitrificantes) do solo, assim como os diversos fatores físico-químicos foram analisados. Ocorreram alterações significativas em diversos atributos. Os manejos com queima e sem queima sofreram modificações distintas, resultando em áreas com características bem diferentes entre si. As principais alterações observadas, em pelo menos um dos tratamentos, foram relacionadas com os seguintes atributos do solo: aumento de densidade e temperatura, redução da agregação, teores e estoques de C e N, enriquecimento dos valores de 13C e 15N, redução do potencial de desnitrificação, mudanças qualitativas e quantitativas no teor de N mineral e nas taxas líquidas de mineralização e nitrificação do N. Os fluxos de gases sofreram poucas modificações em nível de tratamento, sendo os fluxos de CH4 e N2O muito baixos nas áreas estudadas. Ocorreram significativas mudanças na estrutura das comunidades de bactérias totais, nitrificantes e desnitrificantes, mas os grupos responderam de formas diferentes às mudanças ocorridas no solo. Os fatores físico-químicos em conjunto, especialmente aqueles relacionados à agregação do solo, mineralogia, fertilidade e temperatura, direcionaram as mudanças na estrutura da comunidade bacteriana total do solo. Porém as mudanças na estrutura dos grupos funcionais, não se explicaram somente por esse padrão, e mostraram a importância da interação biológica na estruturação das comunidades. Os fluxos dos gases provenientes do solo, o potencial de desnitrificação e a ciclagem de C e N de uma forma geral, correlacionaram com as mudanças nas comunidades de bactérias totais e/ou funcionais, mostrando influência da microbiota nesses fatores. Já as taxas líquidas de mineralização e nitrificação do N do solo não correlacionaram, sugerindo uma maior influência de outros fatores.
The sugarcane crop plays an important role on Brazilian economy, and is passing through an expansion process concentrated mainly on the Cerrado (savannah) biome (Middle West region of Brazil). In order to understand the influence of sugarcane cultivation and management on soil chemical, physical and biological properties, we studied two sugarcane areas, with (burnt cane) and without burning before harvest (green cane), and a fragment with native vegetation located at the municipality of Porteirão (Goias state, Brazil) (17 ° 55 \'35 S \"N 50 ° 08\' 36\" W). We analyzed the structure of total (16S rDNA) and functional (nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms) soil bacterial community, as well as some physical and chemical factors. Significant changes were observed in several attributes. The management with and without burning responded differently to soil changes, resulting on areas with distinct properties. The changes observed in at least one of the treatments were mainly related to the following soil properties: density and temperature increase, reduction of aggregation, C and N levels, enrichment of 13C and 15N values, denitrification potential reduction, qualitative and quantitative changes in mineral N content and on net mineralization and net nitrification of N. Soil greenhouse gases flows have undergone little change in level of treatment, and the flow of CH4 and N2O where very low in studied areas. There were significant changes on structure of total, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria community, but the groups responded differently to soil changes. The direction of changes in total soil bacterial community structure where given by the interaction of physical-chemical factors together, especially those related to soil aggregation, mineralogy, fertility and temperature. But changes in the structure of functional groups, were not explained only by that standard, and showed great importance of biological interactions on community structure. The flow of greenhouse gases from the soil, the denitrification potential and cycling of C and N in general, correlated with changes in total and/or functional bacterial communities, showing the influence of the microorganisms in these factors. However, the net rates of mineralization and nitrification of soil N did not correlate, suggesting that others factors were involved.

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Franco, Luesma Samuel. "Impacto del manejo del suelo y del sistema de riego y su gestión sobre las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero bajo condiciones mediterráneas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669966.

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El reg i el maneig del sòl són pràctiques agrícoles que poden afectar als processos de producció, consum, transport i emissió de gasos d’efecte hivernacle (GEH) del sòl. Per tant, resulta necessari avaluar i documentar l’impacte d’aquestes pràctiques sobre les emissions d’aquests GEH. L’objectiu general d’aquesta Tesi doctoral ha sigut el de quantificar l’efecte del sistema de maneig del sòl i el sistema de reg i la seva gestió sobre la producció, transport i emissió de GEH del sòl a l’atmosfera en sistemes de monocultiu de panís sota condicions mediterrànies. Per assolir aquest objectiu, entre els anys 2015 i 2017 es van establir 2 assajos de campo a la finca experimental de la Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC) ubicada a la depressió central de la vall del riu Ebre. Al primer assaig experimental, es va avaluar l’impacte del sistema de reg (aspersió vs. inundació) sobre la producció i transport de diòxid de carboni (CO2), metà (CH4) i òxid nitrós (N2O) a través del perfil del sòl, així com l’efecte del sistema de reg (aspersió vs. inundació) i del sistema de maneig del sòl (conreu convencional vs. sembra directa) del sòl juntament amb la gestió de les restes de collita (mantingudes en superfície vs. retirades) i la interacció entre ambdues pràctiques agrícoles sobre les emissions de CO2, CH4 i N2O del sòl a l’atmosfera. Al segon assaig de camp es va estudiar l’efecte del moment del reg (dia vs. nit) i de la freqüència de reg (alta vs. baixa) sobre les emissions de CO2, CH4 i N2O del sòl a l’atmosfera en un sistema de reg per aspersió. El sistema de reg per aspersió va mostrar una major concentració i emissió de CO2 del sòl enfront al sistema de reg per inundació, presentant a la vegada una reducció del 50 i del 42% de la concentració i la emissió de N2O del sòl, respectivament. A més, el sistema de reg per aspersió va reduir en un 51% les emissions de N2O per unitat de rendiment. Així mateix, la aplicació nocturna de reg per aspersió va donar a lloc a una reducció de les emissions de CO2 del sòl, i a un augment de les emissions de N2O enfront a l’aplicació diürna. No obstant, no es van observar diferències entre moments d’aplicació del reg per aspersió quan les emissions de N2O es van expressar per unitat de rendiment degut a l’increment dels rendiments sota el moment d’aplicació nocturn. En ambdós sistemes de reg i al llarg de tot el perfil del sòl, la aplicació de compostos fertilitzants NPK va incrementar la concentració de CH4. No obstant, les emissions de CH4 del sòl a l’atmosfera no es van veure afectades pel sistema de reg ni el seu maneig, observant-se únicament diferències de CH4 al perfil del sòl entre sistemes de reg a 0,40 m de profunditat. Els sistemes de sembra directa van reduir en un 30% les emissions de CO2 del sòl a la atmosfera respecte als sistemes de conreu convencional, sense donar a lloc un increment de les emissions de N2O. A més, tot i que tots els sistemes de maneig del sòl van mostrar un consum net de CH4, els sistemes de sembra directa, especialment mantenint les restes de collita, van afavorir un major consum de CH4 enfront als sistemes de conreu convencional. Els resultats d’aquesta Tesi doctoral han demostrat que els sistema de reg per aspersió, i concretament aplicat durant la nit, juntament amb el sistema de sembra directa mantenint el rostoll al camp són estratègies viables per a la reducció de les emissions de gasos d’efecte hivernacle del sòl sense penalització sobre els rendiments de cultiu sota condicions mediterrànies.
El riego y el manejo del suelo son prácticas agrícolas que pueden afectar a los procesos de producción, consumo, transporte y emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) del suelo. Por tanto, resulta necesario evaluar y documentar el impacto de estas prácticas sobre las emisiones de estos GEI. El objetivo general de esta Tesis doctoral ha sido cuantificar el efecto del sistema de manejo del suelo y el sistema de riego y su gestión sobre la producción, transporte y emisión de GEI del suelo a la atmósfera en sistemas de monocultivo de maíz bajo condiciones mediterráneas. Para alcanzar este objetivo, entre los años 2015 y 2017 se establecieron 2 ensayos de campo en la finca experimental de la Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC) ubicada en la depresión central del valle del río Ebro. En el primer ensayo experimental, se evaluó el impacto del sistema de riego (aspersión vs. inundación) en la producción y transporte de dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) y óxido nitroso (N2O) a través del perfil del suelo, así como el efecto del sistema de riego (aspersión vs. inundación) y del sistema de manejo (laboreo convencional vs siembra directa) del suelo junto con la gestión de los restos de cultivo (mantener en la superficie vs. retirarlo) y la interacción entre amabas prácticas agrícolas sobre las emisiones de CO2, CH4 y N2O del suelo a la atmósfera. En el segundo ensayo de campo se estudió el efecto del momento de riego (día vs. noche) y de la frecuencia de riego (alta vs. baja) sobre las emisiones de CO2, CH4 y N2O del suelo a la atmósfera en sistema de riego por aspersión. El sistema de riego por aspersión mostró una mayor concentración y emisión de CO2 del suelo frente al sistema de riego por inundación, presentando a su vez una reducción del 50 y del 42% de la concentración y la emisión de N2O del suelo, respectivamente. Además, el sistema de riego por aspersión redujo en un 51% las emisiones de N2O por unidad de rendimiento. Asimismo, la aplicación nocturna del riego por aspersión resultó en una reducción de las emisiones de CO2 del suelo, y en un aumento de las emisiones de N2O frente al momento de aplicación diurno. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias entre momentos de aplicación del riego por aspersión cuando las emisiones de N2O se expresaron por unidad de rendimiento debido al incremento en los rendimientos bajo el momento de aplicación nocturno. En ambos sistemas de riego y a lo largo de todo el perfil del suelo, la aplicación de compuestos fertilizantes NPK incrementó la concentración de CH4. Sin embargo, las emisiones de CH4 del suelo a la atmósfera no se vieron afectadas por el sistema de riego ni su manejo, observándose únicamente diferencias en la concentración de CH4 en el perfil del suelo entre sistemas de riego a 0,40 m de profundidad. Los sistemas de siembra directa redujeron en un 30% las emisiones de CO2 del suelo a la atmosfera respecto de los sistemas de laboreo convencional, sin dar lugar a un incremento de las emisiones de N2O. Además, pese a que todos los sistemas de manejo del suelo mostraron un consumo neto de CH4, los sistemas de siembra directa, especialmente manteniendo los restos de cultivo, favorecieron un mayor consumo de CH4 frente a los sistemas de laboreo convencional. Los resultados obtenidos en esta Tesis doctoral han demostrado que el sistema de riego por aspersión, y concretamente aplicado durante la noche, junto con el sistema de siembra directa manteniendo el rastrojo en el campo son estrategias viables para la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del suelo sin penalización sobre los rendimientos de cultivo bajo condiciones mediterráneas.
Irrigation and soil management are agricultural practices that can affect the soil production, consumption, transport and emission process of greenhouse gases (GHG). Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact of these practices on the soil GHG emissions. The general aim of this PhD Thesis was to quantify the effect of the soil management system and the irrigation system and its management on the production, transport and emission of soil GHG emissions in maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture systems under Mediterranean conditions. To achieve this objective, between the years 2015 and 2017, two field trials were established in the experimental farm of the Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC) located in the central depression of the Ebro river valley. In the first experimental trial, the impact of the irrigation system (sprinkler vs. flood) on the production and transport of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) through the soil profile was assessed. Moreover, in the same field trail, the effect of the irrigation system (sprinkler vs. flood) and the soil management system (conventional tillage vs. no tillage), together with the management of the crop stover (maintaining on the surface vs. removing it) and the interaction between both agricultural practices on the soil CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions was investigate. In the second field trial, the effect of irrigation time (day vs. night) and the irrigation frequency (high vs. low) on the soil CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions under sprinkler irrigation was studied. Sprinkler irrigation system showed a higher soil CO2 concentration and emission compared with flood irrigation system, presenting at the same time a reduction of the 50 and 42% of soil N2O concentration and emission, respectively. In addition, the sprinkler irrigation system reduced by 51% N2O emissions per unit of yield. Likewise, nighttime sprinkler irrigation resulted in a reduction of soil CO2 emissions, but in an increase of N2O emissions compared with the daytime application. However, no differences were observed between sprinkler irrigation time when soil N2O emissions were expressed per unit of yield due to the increase in grain yields under nighttime irrigation. In both irrigation systems and along the entire soil profile, the application of NPK fertilizer compounds resulted in an increase of the soil CH4 concentration. However, soil CH4 emissions were not affected by the irrigation system or its management, showing only differences between irrigation systems in the soil in the soil profile concentration at 0.40 m deep. No tillage systems reduced soil CO2 emissions by 30% compared with conventional tillage systems without leading to an increase in soil N2O emissions. In addition, although all soil management systems showed a net CH4 consumption, no tillage systems, especially maintaining the crop stover, favored a higher consumption of CH4 compared to conventional tillage systems. The results obtained in this PhD Thesis have shown that the sprinkler irrigation system and specifically nighttime application together with the no-tillage system maintaining the crop stover in the field are feasible strategies to reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions without penalty on crop yields under Mediterranean conditions.

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Frazão, Leidivan Almeida. "Conversão do Cerrado em pastagem e sistemas agrícolas: efeitos na dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-18092007-113334/.

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A mudança de uso da terra no Cerrado acarreta em alterações na dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Práticas de manejo com revolvimento das camadas de solo aceleram a decomposição da MOS, favorecendo as emissões de gases do efeito estufa do solo para atmosfera. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as mudanças na dinâmica da MOS de um Neossolo Quartzarênico submetido a diferentes usos e sistemas de manejo, utilizando como referência o sistema nativo (Cerrado). O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Comodoro - MT (13º50\'00\" a 13º50\'03\" S e 59º37\'18\" O). Foi empregado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com sete áreas de estudo. As coletas foram realizadas em julho de 2005 e fevereiro de 2006 e as áreas amostradas foram: Cerrado nativo (CER); pastagem (CAP22); plantio convencional com a cultura da soja (CS1), sucessão de culturas arroz-soja (CAS3) e sucessão arroz-soja-sorgo ou milheto (CAS/Sor3 e CAS/M3); e plantio direto (CAP13S/M5). Foram estudadas as seguintes variáveis: atributos físicos e químicos do solo, estoques de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) do solo, teores de C e N nas frações granulométricas da MOS, quantidades de N inorgânico, C e N microbiano do solo, quociente metabólico (qCO2) e fluxos de gases do solo (CO2, N2O e CH4). Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que os sistemas com plantio convencional e plantio direto avaliados apresentaram melhoria nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo em relação a pastagem (CAP22), com menor compactação do solo e aumento na disponibilidade de fósforo, cálcio e magnésio. Foram obtidos maiores estoques de C e N em CAS/Sor3 e CAS/M3, áreas com maiores teores de argila. A área CAP13S/M5 também mostrou maiores teores de argila, porém baixos estoques de C e N, resultado atribuído ao uso da terra por treze anos com pastagem sem reforma e ao pouco tempo de implantação do sistema plantio direto. Analisando as frações granulométricas da MOS verificou-se maiores teores de C e N na fração menor que 50 \'mü\'m. As maiores quantidades de N inorgânico em relação ao CER foram observados na área CAS/M3, e com exceção desta área, a forma predominante de N inorgânico foi o amônio. Foram obtidas maiores quantidades de C e N microbiano na época úmida, quando todas as áreas estavam com cobertura vegetal. Entre as áreas de estudo, as maiores quantidades de C e N microbiano foram obtidos em CAP22. Os fluxos de C-CO2, com exceção da área CAS/Sor3, foram maiores na época úmida, enquanto que os fluxos de N-N2O e C-CH4 foram semelhantes entre as épocas de estudo. Os fluxos de gases em C equivalente não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as áreas de estudo devido ao alto desvio padrão verificado para cada gás. A mudança de uso da terra promove alterações na dinâmica da MOS, porém neste estudo não foi possível distinguir qual o melhor sistema de uso para o Neossolo Quartzarênico devido ao pouco tempo de implantação dos sistemas plantio convencional e plantio direto, e a degradação da pastagem (apesar do maior tempo de implantação)
Land-use changes of Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) result in alterations of the soil organic matter (SOM). Managements practices with tillage accelerate the SOM decomposition, enhancing greenhouse gases emissions from the soil to the atmosphere. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the changes in the SOM dynamics of a Typic Quartzipisamment submitted to different uses and managements systems, using as reference the native system (Cerrado). The present study was conducted in areas located at Comodoro (Mato Grosso state, Brazil) (from 13º50\'00\" till 13º50\'03\" S and 59º37\'18\" W). At each site, samples were taken randomly within seven areas. Sampling activities were performed in July 2005 and February 2006 and the sample sites consist of an area of \"Cerrado\" (CER); pasture (CAP22); conventional tillage with soybean (CS1), rice-soybean succession (CAS3) and rice-soybean-sorghum or millet (CAS/Sor3 and CAS/M3) successions; and a field with no-tillage system (CAP13S/M5). Studied variables were: physical and chemical attributes, C and N stocks, isotopic composition of 13C/12C and 15N/14N, C and N content in the SOM fractions, quantity of inorganic N, microbial C and N biomass, metabolic quotient (qCO2), and the soil gases fluxes (CO2, N2O and CH4). The results of this study showed that all evaluated fields under conventional or no-tillage systems result in physical and chemical attribute improvement in relation to the pasture (CAP22), with soil compaction decrease, pH increase and improvement of the availability in phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. The C and N stocks were higher in areas CAS/Sor3 and CAS/M3, corresponding to the highest clay content. The area CAP13S/M5 showed similar clay content, but smaller C and N stocks, this result was attributed to the land-use: thirteen years as pastures without reform and also the short time of no-tillage implantation. Analyzing the SOM fractions, it was verified higher C and N contents in the 50 \'mü\'m fraction. The higher quantities of inorganic N in relation to the CER were found in area CAS/M3, and with exception of this area, ammonium was the predominant form of inorganic N. Higher quantities of the microbial C and N were obtained during the wet season, when all areas presented a cover crop. Among areas, the higher quantities of microbial C and N were obtained in CAP22. The fluxes of C-CO2, excepting area CAS/Sor3, were higher during the wet season, while the fluxes of N-N2O and C-CH4 were similar between seasons studied, because high standard deviations were calculated for each gas. The land use promoted alterations in SOM dynamic, however it was not possible to differentiate the best land use for this Typic Quartzipisamment, mainly due to the short time of no-tillage implantation, and the degradation of the pasture (although of the implantation time was higher)

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Cidin, Ana Carolina Martins. "Estoque de carbono em solos brasileiros e potencial de contribuição para mitigação de emissões de gases de efeito estufa." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8586.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
In recent years, Brazil has proposed policies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GEE). In this context, the aim of this study was to estimate the carbon stock (EC) from different Brazilian soils under different agricultural uses and propose strategies that contribute to mitigation of GEE emissions. The research was conducted in four stages: i) organization of a soil database; ii) development of a pedotransfer function (PTF) for the estimation of bulk density (DS) and evaluate the effect on estimate of EC; iii) estimation of the EC; and iv) evaluation of potential EC by Brazilian agriculture. Data from 38.456 soil samples were performed and, after standardization, they formed a database with 10.445 data samples corresponding to 5.823 data for the 0-30 cm layer. These data covered all Brazilian states, all classes of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification and nine types of land use: annual crop in no-tillage system (SPD), annual crop in conventional tillage system, perennial crop, planted forest, integrated crop-livestock (ILP) system, integrated crop-livestock-forest (ILPF) system, pasture, uncovered soil and native vegetation. Many samples had no DS record, then 12 PTF for DS estimation were developed using 974 soil samples. The performance of PTFs was assessed by R2, and in the validation, the accuracy of prediction was measured based on the mean error (ME), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the root mean squared error (RMSE). All functions overestimated DS values and one of them (PTF 5) presented the best performance. The evaluation of the estimated EC was made with 926 samples layer 0-30 cm, using observed data DS (ECobs), estimated data DS from the PTF5 (ECest) and estimated data DS from the null model (ECnull), in which the DS was given by the mean value of DS observed. Based on the calculation of ME, MAE, the RMSE and comparison with ECobs values, it was found that the ECnull values were overestimated and dispersed. It was concluded at this stage that the null model was not a reliable alternative and PTF5 was applied in 4.540 samples from 0-30 cm layer with missing DS. The estimated DS values ranged from 0,10 kg dm-3 at 1,92 kg dm-3 with a mean of 1,39 kg dm-3 and standard deviation of 0,19 kg dm-3. The coefficient of variation was less than 15% configuring a homogeneous data. It was made the EC calculation for 5.823 EC data for the layer 0-30 cm and these values were grouped by types of land use and soil types. In grouping by type of land use, the lowest EC values were observed in annual crop and native vegetation (0,10 Mg ha-1) and the largest maximum values were observed in annual crop, pasture and native vegetation, with 297,3 Mg ha-1, 259,9 Mg ha-1 and 253,6 Mg ha-1 respectively. In grouping by type of soil, it was observed that a minimum value of 0,10 Mg ha-1 in an Argisol while maxima were observed in a Cambisol (297,3 Mg ha-1) and an Argisol (265,8 Mg ha-1). Three scenarios were developed to estimate the potential increase of EC, from changes in management practices and land use. In a scenario where 18% of the areas of annual crops adopt SPD, the increase in EC was 73,6 Gg. If 15 million hectares of degraded pastures were recovered with ILP system in 20% of the area, and ILPF system in 10% of the area, the potential for increasing the EC would be 88.13 Gg. These values could represent an addition of 59,6 Gg of CO2, which could offset the 472,1 Gg CO2 emitted by the Brazilian agricultural sector in 2010, according to estimates by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. It concludes that: i) the absence of DS data, using a simple PTF is more appropriate than the use of the null model; ii) the detected errors in the estimation of DS by PTF not propagate the EC calculation; iii) the proposed changes would offset emissions from the Brazilian agricultural sector; and iv) the estimates presented highlight the role of the agricultural sector in mitigating GEE emissions.
Nos últimos anos, o Brasil tem proposto políticas para diminuir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estimar o estoque de carbono (EC) de diferentes solos brasileiros com diferentes usos agrícolas e propor estratégias que contribuam para mitigação das emissões de GEE. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em quatro etapas: i) organização de um banco de dados de solos; ii) desenvolvimento de função de pedotransferência (PTF) para a estimativa de densidade do solo (DS) e avaliação do efeito na estimativa de EC; iii) estimativa do EC; e iv) potencial de EC pela agricultura brasileira. Foram levantados dados de 38.456 amostras de solos que, após padronização, constituíram um banco com dados de 10.445 amostras, que corresponderam a 5.823 dados para a camada 0-30 cm. Esses dados recobriram todos os estados brasileiros, todas as classes do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos e nove tipos de uso do solo: cultura anual em sistema de plantio direto (SPD), cultura anual sem SPD, cultura perene, floresta plantada, integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF), pastagem, solo descoberto e vegetação nativa. Como muitas amostras não apresentavam registro de DS, 12 PTF foram desenvolvidas em um subconjunto de 974 amostras do banco de dados, sendo 664 amostras utilizadas para o desenvolvimento das PTFs e 310 utilizadas para teste. O desempenho de cada PTF foi avaliado através do R2, e na validação, a acurácia da predição foi medida pela comparação dos valores estimados com os observados, com base no cálculo de erro médio (ME), do erro absoluto médio (MAE) e da raiz quadrada do erro quadrático médio (RMSE). Todas as PTFs testadas superestimaram os valores de DS, porém, a PTF5 apresentou o melhor desempenho. A avaliação da estimativa de EC foi feita com 926 amostras da camada 0-30 cm, usando-se dados de DS observados (ECobs), dados de DS estimados a partir da PTF5 (ECest) e dados de DS estimados a partir do modelo nulo (ECnulo), no qual a DS é dada pelo valor médio das DS observadas. Com base no cálculo do ME, da MAE, da RMSE e da comparação com os valores de ECobs, constatou-se que os valores de ECnulo foram superestimados e dispersos. Concluiu-se nesta etapa que o modelo nulo não era uma alternativa confiável e a PTF5 foi aplicada em 4.540 amostras de camada 0- 30 cm com DS faltante. Os valores de DS estimados variaram de 0,10 kg dm-3 a 1,92 kg dm-3, com média de 1,39 kg dm-3 e desvio padrão de 0,19 kg dm-3. O coeficiente de variação foi menor que 15%, configurando dados homogêneos. Foi feito o cálculo de EC para 5.823 dados de EC referentes à camada 0-30 cm e esses valores foram agrupados por tipos de uso do solo e por classes de solo. No agrupamento por tipos de uso do solo, os menores valores de EC foram observados em cultura anual e vegetação nativa (0,10 Mg ha-1) e o maiores valores máximos foram observados em cultura anual, pastagem e vegetação nativa, com 297,3 Mg ha- 1, 259,9 Mg ha-1 e 253,6 Mg ha-1 respectivamente. No agrupamento por tipos de solo, observou-se que um valor mínimo de 0,10 Mg ha-1 em um Argissolo enquanto que valores máximos foram observados em um Cambissolo (297,3 Mg ha-1) e em um Argissolo (265,8 Mg ha-1). Foram elaborados três cenários para estimar o potencial de aumento de EC, a partir de mudanças nas práticas de manejo e de uso do solo. Em um cenário de adoção de SPD em 18 % das áreas de culturas anuais, o aumento do EC seria de 73,6 Gg. Se 15 milhões de hectares de pastagens degradadas forem recuperados com ILP, em 20% da área, e com ILPF, em 10% da área, o potencial de aumento do EC seria de 88,13 Gg. Esses valores somados representariam 593,6 Gg de CO2, que poderiam compensar os 472,1 Gg de CO2 emitidos pelo setor agropecuário brasileiro em 2010, conforme estimativas do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Conclui-se que: i) na ausência de dados de DS, o uso de uma PTF simples é mais indicado do que o uso do modelo nulo; ii) os erros detectados na estimativa de DS por meio de PTF não se propagam no cálculo de EC; iii) as mudanças propostas compensariam emissões do setor agrícola brasileiro; e iv) as estimativas apresentadas ressaltam o papel do setor agropecuário na mitigação das emissões de GEE.

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NÃbrega, Gabriel Nuto. "Blue carbon em solos de manguezais do semiÃrido: importÃncia, mÃtodos de quantificaÃÃo e emissÃo de gases C-CO2." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10321.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho foi dividido em trÃs capÃtulos e teve por objetivos: 1) Quantificar o estoque de blue carbon nos solos do CearÃ; 2) Avaliar os mÃtodos de quantificaÃÃo de carbono orgÃnico dos solos (COS) nos manguezais; 3) Avaliar a emissÃo de gases de efeito estufa (CO2 e CH4) oriunda dos solos dos manguezais cearenses. No primeiro capÃtulo, foram feitas associaÃÃes das unidades fitoecolÃgicas (UF) com os tipos de solos cearenses por meio de tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento, combinando as informaÃÃes da densidade do solo e dos teores de carbono nas classes de solo contidas em cada UF. Os resultados mostram que a massa de carbono contido no solo cearense Ã estimada em 374.123.384,15 Mg. Os manguezais contribuem com 0,35 % da massa de carbono, uma vez que suas Ãrea nÃo ultrapassa 0,1% do CearÃ. Por outro lado, os dados do estoque de carbono (EC) indicam que os manguezais armazenam 8.241,39 Mg C km-2 , equivalente a 3 vezes o EC das demais UF. Este resultado poderia ser ainda mais importantes caso os manguezais cearenses estivessem sob um menor impacto antrÃpico. No segundo capÃtulo, os teores de COS foram quantificados por meio de diferentes mÃtodos quÃmicos (variaÃÃes do mÃtodo Walkley & Black), reflectÃncia espectral e termogravimetria cujos resultados foram comparados com os obtidos por meio do analisador elementar (AE). No tocante Ãs anÃlises quÃmicas, a secagem das amostras favoreceu a acurÃcia do mÃtodo quÃmico, uma vez que esta promoveu a oxidaÃÃo dos compostos reduzidos causadores de interferÃncia. A utilizaÃÃo de fontes externas de aquecimento acarretou em maior interferÃncia no mÃtodo quÃmico e, sob uma concentraÃÃo de H2SO4 6 M, o mÃtodo quÃmico apresentou-se viÃvel para a quantificaÃÃo do COS em manguezais. A utilizaÃÃo da tÃcnica de reflectÃncia espectral apresentou correlaÃÃes fracas com os valores de carbono via AE, o que impossibilitou a utilizaÃÃo deste mÃtodo, fazendo necessÃrio um estudo mais aprofundado para a adequaÃÃo deste mÃtodo ao estudo do COS em manguezais. Os resultados obtidos pela termogravimetria apresentaram a correlaÃÃo mais forte com AE (r = 0,927), caracterizando como o mÃtodo mais adequado para a quantificaÃÃo do COS, desde que utilizado um fator de correÃÃo (f = 0,27) para a conversÃo dos valores de matÃria orgÃnica do solo em COS. No Ãltimo capÃtulo, foram quantificados os fluxos mÃdios de CO2 e CH4 correlacionando os valores de fluxo com os atributos do solo. Os fluxos de CO2 variaram entre 16,4Â3,7 e 44,4Â2,2 mg m-2 h-1. A maior emissÃo de CO2 foi determinada pelas condiÃÃes edÃficas (maior EC, maior concentraÃÃo de carbono orgÃnico dissolvido e menor grau de piritizaÃÃo). Em mÃdia, os emissÃes de CO2 em solos de mangue corresponde a apenas 2% da emissÃo causada pela agricultura. As concentraÃÃes de CH4 estiveram abaixo do limite de detecÃÃo do equipamento utilizado e, portanto, o fluxo mÃdio de metano nÃo pode ser quantificado. O baixo fluxo de metano estÃ relacionado Ã abundÃncia de aceptores de elÃtrons mais energÃticos que impendem a metanogÃnese, alÃm da presenÃa de microrganismos que oxidam o CH4 antes deste alcanÃar a atmosfera
This work was divided into three chapters and aimed to: 1) Quantify the blue carbon soils stock at CearÃ state (NE-Brazil); 2) Evaluate the methods for quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) in the mangroves; and 3) evaluate the greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) emission from mangrove soils. In the first chapter, associations of the phytoecological units (PU) with soil types from CearÃ were processed through geoprocessing techniques, combining the information of soil bulk density and carbon content in the soil classes contained in each PU. Results show that the carbon mass in the soils are estimated in 374,123,384.15 Mg. The mangrove contribute to 0.35 % of the carbon mass, since their area does not exceed 0.1% of the state. On the other hand, the carbon stock (CS) data indicate that mangroves store 8241.39 Mg C km-2, equivalent to 3 times the CS mean of the remaining states. This result could be even more important if the mangroves were under less human impact. The second chapter SOC contents were quantified by different chemical (variations in the Walkley & Black), spectral reflectance and thermogravimetric methods and the results were compared with those obtained using elemental analyzer (EA). Regarding chemical analysis, the use of dried samples favored the accuracy of the chemical method, since it promoted the oxidation of the reduced compounds which causes interference. The use of external heating sources resulted in a greater interference in the chemical method and, in a 6M H2SO4 concentration, the chemical method presented viable to quantify COS in mangroves. The spectral reflectance technique showed weak correlations with carbon values obtained by AE, precluding the use of this method and making necessary further studies to the suitability of this method to quantify SOC in mangroves. The results obtained by thermogravimetry showed the strongest correlation with AE (r = 0.927), characterized as the most suitable method for the quantification of SOC, since a correction factor (f = 0.27) is applied for the conversion of soil organic matter values in SOC. In the last chapter, the average CO2 and CH4 flow were quantified and the values were correlated with soil attributes. CO2 fluxes ranged from 16.4 Â 3.7 to 44.4 Â 2.2 mg m-2 h-1. The highest CO2 emission was determined by soil conditions (higher EC, higher concentration of dissolved organic carbon and lower degree of pyritization). The CO2 emissions in mangrove soils corresponds to only 2% of the flow caused by agriculture. The CH4 concentrations were below the detection limit of the equipment used, and thus the average flow of methane cannot be quantified. The low methane flow is related to the abundance of electron acceptors more energetic which prevent methanogenesis and to the presence of microorganisms that oxidize CH4 before it reach the atmosphere.

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Novais, Sarah Vieira. "Biochars in the mitigation of greenhouse gases and on phosphorus removal and reuse." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-10052018-170240/.

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Measures aimed at mitigating environmental impacts, especially the anthropic ones, are being progressively studied. Increasing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are among the biggest environmental problems in the world, with agriculture one of the major contributors to this impact. Water eutrophication from land misuse and agricultural systems also fits into such a scenario of concern. Biochar, the product of the pyrolysis of organic materials, appears as a recover of a list of environmental problems, among them the mitigation of GHG and the recovery of eutrophic or wastewater. In this sense, biochars of sugarcane straw (BCS) and poultry manure (BPM) were used in GHG emission tests in soils with contrasting textures. To do so, two pyrolysis temperatures (350 and 650 °C), three doses (12.5, 25 and 50 Mg ha-1), two texture classes (sandy and clayey) and two pH values (original pH and pH 5.5) were used. These same biochars were submitted to doping processes pre-pyrolysis with Mg2+ and post-pyrolysis with Al3+ for the adsorption of phosphorus (P). Desorption and adsorption experiments in competition with other anions by the exchange sites were done. The potential GHG mitigation of both biochars has been proven in the gas emission tests. The increase of the pyrolysis temperature (350 to 650 °C) further increases the gas mitigation, and the acidification of the original pH of the biochar causes a similar effect. The benefits of pyrolyzing such organic materials are best seen in sandy soil, with the production of biochar from these residues being an environmentally safe way of depositing these materials, at least with regard to the emission of GHG. Both biochars do not have P adsorption capacity without passing through chemical modification, and the doping process, with Mg or Al, granted this ability. The pre-doping process with Mg2+ generated a P maximum adsorption capacity (PMAC) of 250.8; 163.6; 17.7; 17.57 mg g-1 for the pyrolyzed BPM at 350 and 650 °C and for the BCS also pyrolysed at 350 and 650 °C, respectively. The post-doping process with Al3+ generated a PMAC of 701.6 and 758.9 mg g-1 for BPM and BCS, both of which were pyrolysed at 350 °C, respectively. The superior PMAC of the Al doped biochars was attributed to the fact that the cation that makes the bridge (Al3+) is trivalent, with high affinity for P. The high adsorption of Al by the biochars corroborates with such a statement. Both biochars, produced by the two doping processes, had a desorption of P around 80 % of the adsorbed value, allowing the inference that these products have the capacity to be used in nutrient reuse, mitigating another environmental problem: the use of the finite reserves of P. With the positive results coming from the pyrolysis of the materials in this thesis, we certify the biochar potential as a GHG mitigator, recovery for waters and a potential slow release fertilizer in P reuse.
Medidas que visam a mitigação de impactos ambientais, especialmente os antrópicos, estão sendo cada vez mais estudadas. A crescente emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) está entre os maiores problemas mundiais, sendo a agricultura um dos grandes contribuintes para este impacto. A eutrofização de águas, ocasionada pelo mau uso do solo e dos sistemas agrícolas, também se encaixa em tal cenário de preocupação. O biocarvão, produto da pirólise de materiais orgânicos, aparece como recuperador de uma lista de problemas ambientais, dentre eles a mitigação de GEE e a recuperação de águas eutrofizadas ou residuárias. Neste sentido, biocarvões de palha de cana-de-açúcar (BPC) e de dejeto de galinha (BDG), foram utilizados em ensaios de emissão de GEE em solos com texturas contrastantes. Para tal, duas temperaturas de pirólise (350 e 650 °C), três doses (12,5; 25 e 50 Mg ha-1), duas classes texturais (arenoso e argiloso) e dois pHs (pH original e pH 5.5), foram utilizados. Estes mesmos biocarvões foram submetidos a processos de dopagem pré-pirólise com Mg2+ e pós-pirólise com Al3+ para a adsorção de fósforo (P). Ensaios de dessorção e de adsorção em competição com outros ânions pelo sítio de troca foram feitos. O potencial mitigador de GEE de ambos os biocarvões foi comprovado nos ensaios de emissão de gases. O aumento da temperatura de pirólise (350 para 650 °C) eleva ainda mais a mitigação dos gases, sendo que a acidificação do pH original do biocarvão causa efeito semelhante. Os benefício de se pirolisar tais materiais orgânicos são melhores vistos no solo arenoso, sendo a produção de biocarvão a partir destes resíduos uma forma ambientalmente segura de deposição destes materiais, ao menos no que se diz respeito a emissão de GEE. Ambos os biocarvões não possuem capacidade de adsorção de P sem passar por modificação química, sendo que o processo de dopagem, seja ele com Mg ou Al, concedeu tal habilidade. O processo de pré-dopagem com Mg2+ gerou uma capacidade máxima de adsorção de P (CMAP) de 250,8; 163,6; 17,7; 17,6 mg g-1 para o BDG pirolisado a 350 e 650 °C e para o BPC também pirolisado a 350 e 650 °C, respectivamente. O processo de dopagem por pós-pirólise com Al3+ gerou uma CMAP de 701,6 e 758,9 mg g-1 para o BDG e BPC, ambos pirolisados a 350 °C, respectivamente. A superior CMAP dos biocarvões dopados com Al foi atribuída ao fato de o cátion que faz a ponte (Al3+) ser trivalente, com elevada afinidade pelo P. A elevada adsorção de Al pelos biocarvões corrobora com tal afirmação. Ambos os biocarvões, produzidos pelos dois processos de dopagem, tiveram uma dessorção de P em torno de 80 % do valor adsorvido, permitindo a inferência de que estes produtos possuem a capacidade de serem utilizados no reuso de nutrientes, mitigando outro problema ambiental: o uso das reservas finitas de P. Com os resultados positivos advindos da pirolisação dos materiais nesta tese, constatamos o potencial do biocarvão como mitigador de GEE e recuperador de águas.

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Silva, Moreira Cindy. "Stocks de carbone du sol dans les zones de reboisement : bases pour projets de mécanisme pour un développement propre." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20228/document.

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Malgré l'importance de la séquestration du carbone (C) dans les sols forestiers, il existe actuellement peu de projets Mécanisme pour un Développement Propore (MDP) qui tiennent compte de la gestion de ce compartiment dans l'atténuation du réchauffement climatique. La cause principale est que l'accréditation du carbone séquestré dans le sol représente de plus grands défis et des risques par rapport aux autres composantes des écosystèmes forestiers.Connaissant les difficultés économiques et les problèmes environnementaux impliqués dans l'adoption d'un tel projet et l'importance des forêts dans l'atténuation du changement climatique, l'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les performances des méthodes dedétermination des stocks de carbone du sol dans deux projets de reboisement, ainsi que pour leurs situations de références (c'est-à-dire utilisation des terres avant la plantation, des pâturages naturels, ainsi que la végétation native) comme base pour diminuer le rapport coût bénéfice des projets MDP dans le secteur forestier. Pour atteindre l'objectif principal, cestravaux de recherches ont consisté à l'étude de: (i) la variabilité spatiale du C du sol dans une zone de reboisement avec des espèces indigènes, établi dans le bassin amazonien dans le MatoGrosso à Cotriguaçu (Zone I) et une chronoséquence de plantations d'Eucalyptus, située dansl'état de São Paulo à Avare (zone II); (ii) la taille des parcelles et la distance idéale de séparation des échantillons à partir de l'étude de la dépendance spatiale du C, (iii)l'estimation de la teneur en C et la densité du sol (Ds) par spectroscopie dans le proche(NIRS) et moyen (MIRS) infrarouge, afin de réduire les coûts sans affecter la qualité des résultats analytiques : et (iv) du calcul des stocks de C du sol pour ces deux projets et l'estimation du bilan C du projet MDP menées dans la zone II, en utilisant l'outil EX-ACT («EX-Ante Carbon-balance Tool»). Les résultats ont confirmé l'existence d'une variabilité spatiale importante du C du sol, ainsi qu'une forte dépendance spatiale pour tous les traitements étudiés. L'analyse du nombre optimal d'échantillons de sol a montré que la collecte de cinq points par parcelle est aussi précise qu'un échantillonnage plus dense. La taille optimale des parcelles a été estimée de 361 à 841 m2 dans les plantations de la zone I et de 900 à 3721 m2 pour la Zone II. La performance de la spectroscopie MIRS et NIRS pourestimer la teneur en C des sols a été jugée très satisfaisante, surtout quand les modèles ont été étalonnés à partir de sous populations constituées de 10 à 50% de l'ensemble des données.Les résultats de l'estimation de Ds ont été légèrement moins satisfaisants que ceux pour le Cdu sol. Les stocks de C dans le sol calculés pour la zone I étaient supérieurs à ceux de la zone II. Si on ne considère que le compartiment du sol, il apparaît que le potentiel de génération de crédits C est plus important dans le reboisement à partir d'espèces indigènes dans un sol argileux que pour un reboisement d'eucalyptus dans un sol sableux. Le bilan C du projet de la zone I a montré un potentiel de séquestration de près de trois millions de tonnes d'équivalentCO2 en 40 ans. Il est espéré que cette étude qui montre des possibilités de réduction des coûts liés aux calculs des stocks de C du sol contribuera à une meilleure prise en compte de ce compartiment dans les projets MDP forestiers
Considering the great importance of carbon sequestration (C) in forest soils, there are fewCDM projects that include this compartment as an agent of global warming mitigation. Thisoccurs because the quantification of soil C stocks represents a bigger challenge whencompared to other components of forest ecosystems. Considering the economic difficultiesand environmental issues involved in adopting this type of project and the importance offorests in mitigating climate change, the objective of this study was to evaluate theperformance of methods for obtaining soil C stocks in two forestry areas and their respectivebaselines (land use prior to planting, i.e. pastures and native vegetation) as a basis forreducing the cost-benefit ratio of CDM projects. To achieve the main objective, this researchwas composed of the following steps: (i) estimating the spatial variability of soil C in an areareforested with native species, established in Cotriguaçú, MT (Area I) and a Eucalyptuschronosequence, located in Avaré, SP (Area II), (ii) determining the optimal amount of soilsamples and the plot size from the soil C spatial dependence range in the reforestation areas,(iii) estimating soil C content and bulk density (BD) by Near and Mid Infrared ReflectanceSpectroscopy (NIRS and MIRS, respectively) to reduce analytical costs without affecting thequality of the results, and (iv) calculating soil C stocks in both areas and estimating the carbonbalance of a CDM Project conducted in Area II, using EX-ACT ("Ex-Ante Carbon BalanceTool"). The results confirmed the existence of significant soil C spatial variability in bothareas and a strong spatial dependence at all plots. The analysis of the optimal number of soilsamples indicated that the sampling procedure with five points per plot is as accurate asintensive sampling. The optimum size of plots ranged from 361-841 m2 at Area I plantationsand from 900-3721 m2 at Area II. The performance of MIRS and NIRS to estimate the soilcarbon content was very satisfactory, especially when the models were calibrated withamounts between 5-10% of the total data set. The estimations of BD were slightly less precisethan those of soil C content. The soil C stocks obtained at Area I were higher than Area II.Considering only the soil compartment, it is clear that the potential for C credit generation in areforestation with native species on a clayey soil is higher than in a reforestation witheucalyptus on a sandy soil. The C balance of the CDM project conducted in Area I is expectedto sequester almost three million tones of CO2 eq in 40 years. We hope this study contributesto the increased inclusion of soil in CDM projects, by confirming the feasibility of reducingthe costs associated with both sampling and analytical procedures

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Borges, Clovis Daniel. "Monitoramento quantitativo e temporal de genes de origem microbiana associados às emissões de gases do efeito estufa sob diferentes usos da terra." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-17092015-121053/.

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A agropecuária brasileira apresenta relevante papel sócio-econômico para o país, e constantemente busca novas tecnologias para alcançar uma agricultura sustentável. Com as mudanças que vêm ocorrendo no uso da terra, principalmente nas regiões tropical e subtropical, o Brasil vem sendo apontado como um grande emissor dos gases do efeito estufa. A conversão de florestas em sistemas agrícolas pode levar a um rápido aumento dos fluxos de CO2, CH4 e N2O no ambiente, além de potencializar o efeito estufa e ameaçar os diferentes ecossistemas. Em busca de sistemas mais conservacionistas, que possam mitigar o efeito estufa, os sistemas convencional, plantio direto, integração lavoura-pecuária e pastagem com histórico bem definido, foram selecionados nesse estudo para melhor compreensão e discernimento das possíveis mudanças oriundas dos sistemas avaliados no bioma do Cerrado. Em um segundo momento avaliamos o potencial da elevada concentração de CO2 aquecimento das parcelas em sistema sob temperature freeair controlled enhancement e carbon dioxide free-air enrichment (T-FACE) para avaliar as alterações funcionais e composição microbiana do solo. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: determinar a quantidade de células total dos genes 16S rRNA bactéria, archaea e dos genes funcionais amoA, nirS, nirK, cnorB, nosZ, presentes em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo. Bem como, possíveis alterações na comunidade microbiana do solo sob elevada concentração de CO2 e aquecimento das parcelas. Para acessar o número de cópias dos genes foi utilizado o PCR quantitativo, a estrutura da comunidade microbiana foi determinada pela técnica de T-RFLP e a composição microbiana pelo sequenciamento de terceira geração. Os resultados dos sistemas de plantio direto e integração lavoura-pecuária revelaram importante capacidade de controlarem as emissões de N2O. Notoriamente, o número de cópias do gene nosZ teve sua densidade incrementada nos dois sistemas de plantio direto e integração lavoura-pecuária, este gene apresenta alto potencial para monitorar a desnitrificaçnao completa do N2O a N2. Adicionalmente, a elevada concentração de CO2 e elevada temperatura incrementaram o número de cópias dos genes nifH, AOB e nosZ ao longo do experimento. A análise da diversidade dos grupos taxinômicos e funcional revelou que a diversidade funcional foi alterada nas parcelas com maior emissão de N2O, apresentando maior abundância de genes (2-3 vezes) envolvidos na desnitrificação, acarretando possivelmente essas maiores emissões de N2O pela microbiota do solo.
Agriculture activities have large an important socio-economic role for a country, and are constantly searching for new technologies to achieve sustainable agriculture. Changes have occurred in land use, especially in tropical and subtropical regions and Brazil has been considered as a large emitter of greenhouse gases from agricultural systems. The conversion of forests to agricultural systems can lead to a fast increase of CO2 streams, CH4 and N2O for atmosphere, which enhances the greenhouse effect and threaten the ecosystem. In search of more conservation systems that can mitigate the greenhouse gas, the conventional, no-tillage, integrated crop-livestock and pasture systems with well defined historical management were selected in this study to better understand and decifer the possibles changes resulting in the biome Cerrado. In a second study, it was evaluated the potential of high concentration of CO2 and warming plots on system under increased temperature free-air controlled enhancement e carbon dioxide freeair enrichment (T-FACE) to assess the functional changes and microbial composition in the soil. The objectives of this study were to determine the total amount of the 16S rRNA Bacteria, Archaea and the functional genes amoA, nirS, nirK, cnorB, nosZ present under different soil management and evaluate the possible changes in the soil microbial community under high CO2 concentration and warming in the plots. To access the number of copies genes we used quantitative PCR, with the microbial community structure determined by T-RFLP and the microbial composition by Illumina next-generation sequencing. No-tillage and integrated crop-livestock revealed important capability to control N2O emissions. Notably, the high number of nosZ gene copies was found under no-tillage and integrated crop-livestock systems. This gene has a high potential to monitor the oxidation of N2O to N2. In addition, high CO2 concentration and elevated temperature increased 2-3 folds the number of copies of the nifH genes, and AOB nosZ throughout the experiment. The analysis of the diversity of functional taxonomic groups revealed that functional diversity has changed in plots with high N2O emissions, and showed a greater abundance of genes involved in denitrification, which possibly has stimulated the emissions of N2O from soil microbiota.

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Janegitz, Moniki Campos 1987. "Emissão de gases de efeito estufa e estoque de carbono no solo em função do manejo e correção de acidez /." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137829.

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Orientador: Ciro Antonio Rosolem
Banca: Carlos Alexandre Crusciol
Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes
Banca: Adonis Moreira
Banca: Cristiano Alberto de Andrade
Resumo: Uma opção viável para mitigação de gases de efeito estufa, na agricultura, é aumentar o aporte orgânico no sistema, através de plantas. A prática da calagem em solos ácidos é indispensável para a melhoria da acidez e contribui para o aumento de produção de grãos e biomassa; por outro lado, resulta em emissão de carbono para a atmosfera. O uso do calcário ou silicato associado ao gesso pode ser eficiente em melhorar o balanço de carbono no sistema, quando comparado apenas com a aplicação isolada desses corretivos, por proporcionar maior crescimento radicular. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a emissão de gases de efeito estufa, bem como alterações no estoque de carbono no perfil do solo, em função da correção da acidez. O experimento foi conduzido em Botucatu, SP, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, em duas áreas pareadas, uma em semeadura direta e outra em sistema convencional de cultivo, tendo como cultura de verão a soja, seguida de safrinha com milho + braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Comum), no primeiro ano, e milheto + braquiária, no segundo ano. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha, calcário, silicato, gesso + calcário, gesso + silicato. Amostras de solo deformadas e indeformadas foram coletadas até 1m de profundidade antes da aplicação dos tratamentos e na semeadura ...
Abstract: Economically viable options to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases include increasing the stocks of croplands. The use of liming acid soils is essential to correct soil acidity and contributes to high production resulting in carbon emission in the atmosphere. The use of lime or silicate application with gypsum may improve the balance of soil carbon through increased root growth compared to the use of lime only. The main objective of this work is to study changes in the carbon storage in the soil profile as well as changes in carbon emission affected by soil acidity amelioration. The experiment was carried out in an Oxisol in Botucatu, São Paulo at the Lageado Experimental Farm under no tillage and another in a conventional system area. Crop cultivation was soybean in the summer and corn+Urucloa in the winter in the first year, and millet+Urocloa in second year cultivation. The experimental design was a randomized block with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were: control, lime, silicate, gypsum+ lime and gypsum+ silicate. Deformed and under formed soil samples of both experimental areas were taken at a depth of one meter before treatment applications and in soybean sown in November. In the first year, soil samples were collected at depths from 0 to 0.6 m. Soil fertility, carbon content, organic matter physical fractionation and bulk density were evaluated. Contribution and the persistence of the amount of straw produced in each crop and input of carbon was also evaluated. Leaf analysis, root quantification, grain yield and carbon content in the grains and roots were also analyzed. CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes were determined from the soil using static chambers and were measured after the treatment applications, soybean planting in the summer and winter crops, in March 2013 and 2014 under corn+Urochloa and millet+Urochloa. Gas fluxes were measured for 22 months, totaling 80 ...
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Belizario, Maísa Honorio. "Estoque de carbono do solo e fluxo de gases de efeito estufa no cultivo do café." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-07052013-103343/.

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O café é uma das principais culturas exploradas no Brasil, e está entre as mais importantes commodities agrícolas de exportação. A demanda por produtos agrícolas sustentáveis é cada vez maior, questão especialmente importante para a competitividade dos produtos de exportação. Portanto, conhecer os impactos das emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) é fundamental para qualquer cultura agrícola, assim como estudar o seu manejo para detectar alternativas mitigadoras. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o estoque de carbono no solo e o fluxo de gases de feito estufa no cultivo do café. Para tal foram avaliados o estoque de carbono do solo devido à conversão do uso da terra sob vegetação de Cerrado para a cultura do café; o uso de corretivo agrícola e sua influencia no fluxo de CO2, assim como a influência do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados na emissão de N2O. O carbono (C) do solo foi determinado para o solo original de cerrado (controle) e em áreas convertidas há 37, 15 e 8 anos, além de duas áreas que receberam adição 22.684 e 16.845 kg ha-1de composto orgânico em 2006 (CRI) e 2010 (CRII), respectivamente. O estoque de C no solo foi maior na área Café 37 (91,34 Mg C ha-1) e o menor para o Cerrado (66,87 Mg C ha-1) a 0-30cm. As áreas com Café 15, 8 anos, CRI e CRII não apresentaram diferença entre si, com estoque de carbono no solo de 85,21, 85,75, 73,29 e 76,95, Mg C ha-1 respectivamente. Após a conversão do solo para a produção de café, há um aumento considerável no estoque de C, porém ao longo do tempo este valor tende a decrescer, provavelmente por conta de práticas de manejo. O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente exigido em grande quantidade pela cultura do café e é apontado dentre os fertilizantes que mais contribuem com a emissão de GEE na agricultura. A fim de se conhecer o fluxo de emissão das diferentes alternativas de adubação nitrogenada, avaliou-se o nitrato de cálcio (NC), nitrato de amônio (NA), ureia (UR) e ureia-NBPT (NBPT®), para dose única (100 kg ha-1) e parcelada (2 x 50 kg ha-1). A ureia em dose única foi a fonte de maior emissão (125,12 mg N-N2O m-2) e o nitrato de cálcio parcelado foi a de menor (1,93mg N-N2O m-2). O uso da calagem é essencial para corrigir a fertilidade de solos ácidos, como é o caso da maioria dos solos de cerrado. A calagem é uma importante fonte emissora de CO2 na atividade agrícola. Para se conhecer o fluxo de emissão da calagem, avaliou-se uma área com calcário recém aplicado e outra área após 5 anos da calagem. Os fluxos acumulados foram de 64,7 e 58,7 g de C-CO2 m-2, respectivamente. A área que recebeu calcário recentemente obteve maior emissão por efeitos indiretos. Buscando atender a exigências de sustentabilidade avaliou-se a emissão do sistema de produção por cada saca de café (60 kg). Para tal foram utilizados dados de combustível, fertilizantes nitrogenados, adubo orgânico, calcário e eletricidade. A fazenda emitiu um total de 2.698 t CO2 equivalente de GEE durante dois anos agrícolas. A fonte que mais contribuiu foi o uso óleo diesel (1.407 t CO2eq) e a menor foi a eletricidade (41 t CO2eq). Para produzir uma saca de café foram emitidos 0,68 kg de CO2eq kg-1 de café.
The coffee is one of the main crops grown in Brazil, and is its most important agricultural export commodities. The demand for sustainable agricultural products is increasing, especially important issue for the competitiveness of export products. Therefore, knowing the impacts of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) is critical for any crop, as well as studying their management to detect mitigation alternatives. The aim of this study was to determine the soil carbon stock and flow of greenhouse gases made in the cultivation of coffee. The studies comprised the evaluation of the conversion of land use Cerrado vegetation for coffee, use of liming and its influence on the flux of CO2, as well as the influence of the use of nitrogen fertilizers on N2O emission. Carbon (C) of the soil was determined for the original Cerrado soil (control) and in areas converted for 37, 15 and 8 years, and also two areas who received addition of 22.684 e 16.845 kg ha-1 organic compound in 2006 and 2010, respectively. The highest levels of carbon were to coffee 37 to 0-5 cm in Li, and the layers 5-10, 10-20 cm in Eli C stocks in the soil was higher in the coffee 37 (91.34 Mg C ha-1) and the lowest for the Cerrado (66.87 Mg C ha-1) at 0-30cm. Areas with coffee 15, 8, and CRI CRII did not differ among themselves, with soil carbon stock of 85.21, 85.75, 73.29 and 76.95 Mg C ha-1, respectively. After the conversion of land for coffee production, there is a considerable increase in the stock of C, but over time this value tends to decrease, probably due to management practices. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient required in large quantity by the coffee culture and is named among the fertilizers that contribute most to GHG emissions in agriculture. In order to meet the emission flux of alternative nitrogen fertilization was evaluated calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea (UR) and urea NBPT (NBPT®), full dose (100 kg ha-1) and split dose (2 x 50 kg ha-1). Urea full dose was increased emission source (125.12 mg N2O-N m-2) and calcium nitrate was less parceled (1.93 mg N2O-N m-2). The use of lime is essential to correct the fertility of acid soils, a situation typical of most Cerrado soils. Liming is an important emission source of CO2 in agricultural activity. To know the flow of issuance of liming, evaluated a limestone area with freshly applied and another 5 years after liming. The accumulated flows were 64.7 and 58.7 g CO2-C m-2, respectively. The area was limed recently gained greater flow issue. Seeking to meet the requirements of sustainability evaluated the issue of the production system for every bag of coffee (60 kg). For such data were used fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, limestone and electricity. For such data were used fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, limestone and electricity. The farm issued a total of 2.698 t of CO2 equivalent GHG during a two crop years. The source that contributed most was the use of diesel (1.407 t CO2eq) and the lowest was electricity (41 t CO2eq). To produce a bag of coffee were issued 0.68 kg CO2eq kg-1 coffee.

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Barreto, Renata da Costa. "Quantificação de carbono e emissões de gases do efeito estufa sob diferentes tratamentos do solo no cerrado brasileiro." Niterói, 2018. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/5936.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ
Atualmente, há uma preocupação mundial com o aumento dos gases do efeito-estufa (GEE’s) na atmosfera, devido ao seu papel nas rápidas mudanças no balanço de energia terrestre. Práticas de mudança do uso do solo estão cada vez mais frequentes, o que pode tornar possível o aumento ou diminuição de emissões dos GEE’s para a atmosfera. Estudos da qualidade de carbono (C) em solos e a distribuição deste em compartimentos mostram aspectos relacionados à sua acumulação no solo. Já as medidas de respiração do solo, emissões de gás carbônico (CO2), indicam a taxa de oxidação do C. Estima-se que 70% da região do Cerrado é agricultável, sendo 9 milhões de hectares cultivados sob sistemas de plantio direto. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar os efeitos das operações e atividades do cultivo agrícola, tais como a semeadura e colheita, no estoque de C no solo e nas emissões líquidas de GEE’s, em dois tipos de tratamento do solo (Plantio Direto, PD, e Plantio Convencional, PC) em um experimento situado em Rio Verde, sudoeste de Goiás, região do Cerrado brasileiro. O solo da mata nativa também foi avaliado como referência às áreas agrícolas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físicos, químicos do solo, a distribuição dos agregados do solo, a biomassa microbiana, o estoque de C e nitrogênio (N) e as emissões de CO2 e óxido nitroso (N2O) através de medições dos fluxos (in situ) e em incubações em laboratório de amostras de solo total e de agregados do solo. Os resultados de Diâmetro Médio Ponderado (DMP) mostraram uma melhor agregação dos solos agrícolas, indicando que a presença do cultivo promoveu a incorporação da Matéria Orgânica do Solo (MOS). Os estoques de C total, as emissões de CO2 efetivamente iguais em solos sob PC e PD, a pouca diferença nos seus estados de agregação e a ausência de aumento de C estabilizado em agregados do solo sob PD, indicam que este solo não responde bem ao PD. A emissão de N2O e o estoque de N nos solos e em seus agregados também foram avaliada
Currently, there is a global concern with the increase of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere due to its role in the rapid changes in energy balance. Practice change of land use are becoming more frequent, which may make it possible to increase or decrease in emissions of GHGs to the atmosphere. Studies on the quality of carbon (C) in soils and distribution of aggregates show features related to its accumulation in the soil. Since the measures soil respiration, carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), indicate the rate of oxidation of C. It is estimated that 70% of the Cerrado region is susceptible to agriculture, being 9 million hectares under notillage. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of the operations and activities of farming, such as sowing and harvest on carbon storage in soil and net emissions of GHGs in two types of soil treatment (No-tillage, PD, and conventional tillage-PC) in an experiment located in Rio Verde, Goias, Brazilian Cerrado. The soil of the native forest was also evaluated by reference to agricultural areas. We evaluated the physical, chemical properties and the distribution of aggregates on soil, microbial biomass, carbon and nitrogen (N) storage, the emissions of CO2 and nitrous oxide (N2O) through-flow measurements (in situ) and laboratory incubations of bulk soil samples and soil aggregates. The results of mean weight diameter (MWD) showed a better aggregation of agricultural soils, indicating that the presence of the crop may have improved the quality of the soil, promoted the incorporation of soil organic matter (SOM). C stocks total CO2 emissions effectively equal in soils under CT and NT, the little difference in their states of aggregation and the absence of increased C stabilized the soil aggregates in NT indicate that this soil does not respond well to the NT in terms of accumulation and preservation of C. The N2O emissions and N stocks were also evaluated. In addition to lower emissions of N2O in soils under NT and CT, the soil under native forest in Rio Verde also had low emissions, even immediately after rain events, suggesting that the soil in the region have little tendency to emit N2O. The largest stock of N was observed in aggregates of soil under CT, but these values were not reflected in the analysis of the stock of total nitrogen.

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Escobar, Luisa Fernanda. "Emissão de gases de efeito estufa em sistemas de manejo em solo do planalto médio do Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5477.

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Agriculture is directly linked to atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) through basic processes that occur in the soil-plant system. Agricultural soils can act as a source or sink of GHG depending on the management practices adopted. The objective of this research was to evaluate the GHG flux in different soil management systems. This project was constituted by two studies, conducted in long-term (22 years) experiment in a Rhodic Hapludox located in FUNDACEP research center, Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil. A study was conducted during 2006-2007 to evaluate the C-CO2 flux in a no-till soybean cropping system. Data were collected by an automatic meteorological station mounted in micrometeorological tower two meters above the ground. Turbulent variables were measured by a three-dimensional sonic anemometer Campbell-3D (wind and temperature components) and by an infrared gas analyzer Licor 7500 (H2O e CO2). Eddy covariance method was employed to measure the C-CO2 exchange that resulted of the interaction between atmosphere and the soybean cropping system. Soil temperature was measured using two sensors (thermopar) installed in the soil and for moisture measurement were used two sensors ECH2O. Results confirmed the high photosynthetic activity during daylight, with high values of C-CO2 influx. Low values of total C-CO2 influx were verified, with the culture responding to environmental conditions and to phenologic stage. Soybean cropping system liquid C-CO2 balance was estimated in -7,1 g C m-2. This result suggests a low soybean potential in increasing soil organic matter, even under no-till system. A second study was conducted during winter soil tillage operations (May 2007), using the closed camera method, to evaluate N2O, CH4 and CO2 flux in different soil management systems (conventional tillage, no-till system with soybean and maize residues). The analysis was made through gaseous chromatography. GHG emissions were affected by cropping system and were not affected by soil tillage. Highest N2O emissions occurred in the no-till system with soybean residues. The no-till system with maize residues had similar N2O emissions to conventional tillage system, this result was explained due to low nitrate soil content. The three systems evaluated acted as a CH4 sink. CO2 emissions were higher in the no-till system.
A agricultura está diretamente relacionada à concentração atmosférica de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) através dos processos básicos que ocorrem no sistema solo-planta. Os solos agrícolas podem atuar como fonte ou dreno destes gases dependendo das práticas de manejo utilizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o fluxo de GEE em diferentes sistemas de manejo de solo. O projeto foi constituído de dois estudos, desenvolvidos em experimento de longa duração (22 anos) sob Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico situado na Fundação Centro de Experimentação e Pesquisa Fecotrigo (FUNDACEP), Cruz Alta, RS. Com o objetivo de avaliar o fluxo de C-CO2 no sistema solo-soja sob plantio direto (PD), desenvolveu-se um estudo durante a safra agrícola de 2006/2007. Os dados foram coletados por uma estação meteorológica automática montada em torre micrometeorológica de dois metros de altura. Variáveis turbulentas foram medidas por um anemômetro sônico tridimensional Campbell-3D (componentes de vento e temperatura) e por um analisador de gás infravermelho Licor 7500 (H2O e CO2). O método da covariância dos vórtices ( eddy covariance ) foi utilizado para medir o fluxo de C-CO2 que é resultante da interação entre a atmosfera e a cultura de soja. A temperatura do solo foi avaliada utilizando-se dois sensores de temperatura (termopares) inseridos no interior do solo e para a medição da umidade do solo foram utilizados dois sensores ECH2O (Decagon Devices, Inc, USA). Os resultados confirmaram a elevada atividade fotossintética durante o período diurno, com elevados valores de influxo de C-CO2. Foram verificados baixos valores de influxo de C-CO2 total, com a cultura respondendo às condições ambientais e ao estádio fenológico. O balanço de C líquido da cultura da soja indicou baixo potencial em proporcionar incrementos nos teores de matéria orgânica do solo mesmo sob PD. Com o objetivo de avaliar o fluxo de N2O, CH4 e CO2 em diferentes sistemas de manejo de solo (preparo convencional, plantio direto com resíduos de soja e milho) desenvolveu-se um estudo durante os preparos de inverno (maio de 2007) usando o método da câmara fechada. A análise foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa (cromatógrafo Shimadzu GC 2014). As emissões de GEE foram pouco influenciadas pelo preparo do solo no período outono-inverno. As maiores emissões de N2O ocorreram no PD quando na presença de resíduos de soja. Os três sistemas avaliados atuaram como dreno de CH4. As emissões de CO2 foram maiores sob PD do que sob PC.

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Selhorst, Adam Louis. "Carbon Sequestration By Home Lawn Turfgrass Development and Maintenance in Diverse Climatic Regions of the United States." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306499049.

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Neto, Marcos Siqueira. "\"Estoque de carbono e nitrogênio do solo com diferentes usos no Cerrado em Rio Verde (GO)\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64132/tde-11042007-113740/.

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A mudança do uso da terra modifica os ciclos dos elementos no solo, com alterações nos fluxos dos gases do efeito estufa (GEE). O tempo de implantação do sistema plantio direto associado a uma planta de cobertura (SPD) pode recuperar o estoque de carbono (C) no solo e mitigar o aumento da temperatura global devido à elevação da concentração dos gases do efeito estufa. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações nos estoques de C e N do solo com o tempo de implantação do SPD tomando como referência absoluta a condição original (Cerradão) e, também com referencia relativa áreas com mudança do uso da terra, uma sob pastagem, e outra sob plantio convencional. O estudo foi realizado em áreas situadas no município de Rio Verde-GO (17º50\' a 18º20\' S e 51º43\' a 50º19\' O), em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico com teores de argila entre 50 e 70 %. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualisados com parcelas subdivididas, constando de doze áreas, estas divididas em três sub-áreas cada qual com seis pontos de amostragem e cinco profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm). As áreas amostradas foram três sob Cerradão (CE, 2CE e 3CE); uma sob pastagem (PA), uma sob plantio convencional (PC), e sete em SPD com uma área de conversão do plantio convencional para o SPD (PD 0) e áreas com 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 e 12 anos de implantação do sistema (PD 4, PD 5, PD 7, PD 8, PD 10, PD 12). As variáveis estudadas foram: os atributos físicos e químicos, os estoques de C e N e a composição isotópica do 13C/12C e 15N/14N. Os fluxos dos GEE (CO2, N2O e CH4) foram determinados no CE, PA PC e PD com 8, 10 e 12 anos, além das quantidades de N-inorgânico e C e N-microbiano. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que o SPD promoveu melhoria nos atributos físicos como a redução da compactação do solo, e nos atributos químicos como o aumento do pH e da disponibilidade de K, P, Ca e magnésio nas camadas superficiais do solo. Os estoques de C e N foram maiores nas áreas sob Cerradão (80 e 4 Mg ha-1, respectivamente para o C e N). Os menores valores nos estoques de C foram reportados no PD 0, PC e PA (54; 62 e 64 Mg ha-1, respectivamente). O tempo de implantação do SPD aumentou o estoque de C no solo, de modo que no PD 12 foi encontrado estoque de C igual as áreas sob Cerradão. A taxa anual de acúmulo de C no SPD foi calculada em 1,26 Mg ha-1 ano-1 (0-40 cm). As quantidades médias de C e N-microbiano e N-inorgânico foram encontradas no CE, o Nnitrato correspondeu a 60 % do total em todas as áreas. A maior emissão total em Cequivalente foi observado na PA (160 kg ha-1 ano-1), no CE foi de 135 kg ha-1 ano-1, enquanto que para o PC e SPD as emissões foram de 121 e 129 kg ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. O seqüestro de C no solo sob SPD para a situação avaliada foi de 1,13 Mg ha-1 ano-1. O SPD mostrou neste estudo, que é uma prática agrícola que melhora as condições do solo, promovendo o aumento no estoque de C sem o aumento nas emissões de N2O e CH4 podendo tornar-se uma alternativa para mitigar as emissões dos GEE, garantindo a sustentabilidade do sistema produtivo
The land-use change transforms the elements cycles in the soil, with alterations in the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The time of implementation of the no-tillage system associated with a cover crop (NT) can recover the carbon (C) stocks in the soil and thus mitigate the global temperature increase due increasing GHG concentration. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the alterations of the soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following implementation time of no-tillage (NT) system taking as absolute reference the original condition (Cerradão) and, also, as relative reference, areas with other land use change, one under pasture, and other under conventional tillage. The study was done in areas located at Rio Verde (Goias state, Brazil) (17°50\' to 18°20\' S and 51°43\' to 50°19\' W), in a Oxisol (very clayed Red Dystrofic typic Latosol) with clay contents in the range 50 - 70 %. At each site, samples were taken randomly with subdivided parcels; these sites were divided in three sub-areas with six sampling locations and five depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm.). The sampled sites were three under ?Cerradão? (CE, 2CE and 3CE); one pasture (PA), one conventional tillage (CT), and seven situations under no-tillage system with an area recently converted from conventional tillage to no-tillage (NT 0), and areas with 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 12 years of implementation of the no-tillage (NT-4, NT-5, NT-7, NT-8, NT-10 and NT- 12). The variables studied were: physical and chemical attributes, the C and N stocks and the isotopic composition of 13C/12C and 15N/14N. The GHG emissions (CO2, N2O and CH4) were measured in CE, PA, CT and NT with 8, 10, and 12 years together with the quantity of inorganic-N and microbial C and N. The results of this study showed that these no-tillage systems guaranteed the physical attribute improvement with the decrease of the soil compaction and in the chemical attributes with increase of pH and of the availability of K, P, Ca and magnesium in the soil superficial layers. The carbon and nitrogen stocks were higher in ?Cerradão? (80 and 4 Mg ha-1, respectively to C and N). The lowest values in the carbon stocks were reported in NT-0, CT and PA (54; 62 and 64 Mg ha-1, respectively). The implementation time of no-tillage (NT) system increased the carbon stock in the soil, leading to carbon stock in the NT-12 area in the same level of the ?Cerradão? areas. The annual soil C accumulation in the NT system was calculated in 1,26 Mg ha-1 yr?1 (0-30 cm). For all areas, the average quantities of C and microbial-N and inorganic-N were found in CE, nitrate-N corresponded 60 % of the total. The highest total emission in C-equivalent was observed in PA (160 kg ha-1 yr-1), in CE it was 135 kg ha-1 yr-1, and amounted 121 and 129 135 kg ha-1 yr-1 for the CT and NT respectively. The carbon sequestration in the soil under (NT) for the studied situations was 1,13 Mg ha-1 yr-1. The No-tillage (NT) system studied showed to be an agricultural practice that improves the soil condition, promoting the increase of carbon stock without the increase of N2O and CH4 emissions, being thus an alternative to diminish the GHG emissions, and guaranteeing the sustainability of the productive system

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Diniz, Tatiana Rosa. "Fluxos de gases de efeito estufa do solo na sucessão vegetação nativa/pastagem na região Sudeste do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-19122016-143512/.

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A pecuária é considerada uma das principais fontes de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) no Brasil. Sua participação no inventario nacional de emissões de GEE está relacionada tanto à conversão da vegetação nativa em pastagens, com a perda de biomassa vegetal e modificações nas propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, quanto à participação dos próprios animais, através da eructação e da deposição de dejetos. A quantificação das emissões de GEE em sistemas agropecuários possibilita avaliar o grau de impacto dessa atividade sobre o ambiente. Grande parte dos estudos realizados para a quantificação das emissões dos dejetos do gado foi desenvolvido em regiões de clima temperado, porém faltam informações para as condições tropicais. No Brasil os fatores de emissão obtidos são menores que o valor default de 2% proposto pelo IPCC. Em vista ao grau de incerteza associado ao valor default para os dejetos animais, confirma-se a necessidade da determinação de fatores de emissão específicos, com o objetivo de conferir maior precisão aos inventários nacionais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram (i) avaliar os sistemas vegetação nativa e pastagem quanto aos fluxos de GEE provenientes das respectivas fontes: solo, fezes e urina do gado, com a finalidade de verificar suas contribuições específicas no total de GEE emitidos; (ii) determinar os fatores de emissão dos dejetos animais para a região edafoclimática da região sudeste do Brasil. Esse estudo foi realizado durante as estações seca e chuvosa, para avaliar também o efeito da sazonalidade na emissão de GEE. Foi utilizado câmaras estáticas fixadas ao solo para quantificação dos fluxos de CO2, CH4 e N2O, por um período de trinta dias em cada estação. Os fluxos diários de emissão de GEE provenientes dos dejetos apresentaram pico de emissão logo após sua aplicação, que perduraram apenas durante os primeiros dez dias amostrados. Os fatores de emissão do N2O calculados neste estudo também foram inferiores ao default, de 0,05% para a urina e 0,001% para as fezes na estação seca, e de 0,4% e 0,004% na estação chuvosa, respectivamente. O fator de emissão do CH4 calculado para as fezes do gado foi de 0,012 kg CH4 cabeça-1 ano-1 na estação seca e 0,004 kg CH4 cabeça-1 ano-1 na estação chuvosa. Os fluxos acumulados de CH4 e N2O gerados nesse estudo foram convertidos em CO2 equivalente, para efeito de comparação, para a contabilização da contribuição total de cada fonte na emissão de GEE. O solo sob vegetação nativa emitiu um total de 274 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, enquanto que na pastagem esse valor foi de 657 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, sem contabilizar os dejetos. Os dejetos contribuíram com 9.853 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, e quando somado um valor default para a eructação do gado, esse valor aumentou para 27.878 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1. Os resultados demonstram que a pastagem emite uma quantidade 2,5 maior de GEE para a atmosfera quando comparado com uma área de vegetação nativa. Além disso, verificou-se a influência da sazonalidade na emissão dos GEE e a importante contribuição dos dejetos no total das emissões contabilizadas para o sistema pastagem
Livestock is considered one of the main sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in Brazil. Its contribution is related either to conversion of native vegetation in pasture areas, with changes in physical and chemical soil properties, consequently changing the GHG fluxes into the atmosphere, or by the decomposition of livestock manure. Most studies conducted to quantify emissions from livestock manure have been developed in temperate regions with still a lack of information for tropical conditions. In Brazil, emission factors obtained were lower than the default value of 2% proposed by IPCC. Due to the uncertainty degree associated with the default value for animal manure, confirms the need for determination of specific emission factors, in order to give greater precision to national inventories. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the systems native vegetation and pasture as the GHG fluxes from the respective sources: soil, faeces and cattle urine, in order to verify their specific contributions in the total GHG emissions; (ii) and determine the emission factors of animal manure. This study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons, to evaluate the effect of seasonality in GHG emissions. Static chambers fixed to the ground were used to quantify CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes for a period of thirty days in each season, with five replicates for each treatment. On each day of collection, sampling was performed at regular intervals (0, 10 and 20 minutes after chamber closure). The GHG emission daily flows from manure showed a peak of emission immediately after application, which lasted only during the first ten days sampled. The N2O emission factors calculated in this study were lower than the default, 0.05% for urine and 0.001% for faeces in the dry season, and 0.4% and 0.004% in the rainy season, respectively. The CH4 emission calculated factors for the cattle faeces were 0.012 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 in the dry season and 0.004 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 in the rainy season. The cumulative flows of CH4 and N2O generated in this study were converted into CO2 equivalent, for comparison, accounting for the total contribution of each source of GHG emissions. The soil under native vegetation issued a total of 274 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, while in the pasture this value was 657 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, not counting the manure. The manure contributed 9853 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, and when coupled with a default value for cattle belching, this value increased to 27,878 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1. The results demonstrate that the pasture emits 2.5-fold greater quantity of GHG when compared to a native vegetation area. In addition, there was the influence of seasonality on GHG emissions and the important contribution of waste in total emissions accounted for pasture system

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Junior, Elizio Ferreira Frade. "Atributos químicos, microbiológicos e emissões de CO2, CH4 e N2O do solo em experimento de corte e queima controlada na Amazônia Ocidental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-21032018-110158/.

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Nas últimas décadas as mudanças climáticas foram evidenciadas pelo aumento da temperatura global, diminuição dos estoques de carbono terrestres, associados ao aumento nas emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). A floresta Amazônica é o maior bioma tropical do mundo e desenvolve serviços ambientais estratégicos no planeta. Entretanto, há mais de duas décadas que o desmatamento na Amazônia impulsiona as emissões globais de GEE, diminuindo o armazenamento de carbono do solo com alterações na dinâmica nas populações microbianas e nos ciclos biogeoquimicos pela mudança de uso da terra. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as alterações temporais dos atributos químicos do solo, quantificar as emissões de CO2, CH4 e N2O e verificar as alterações na estrutura bacteriana do solo após o corte e queima de vegetação nativa na Amazônia. O estudo foi desenvolvido em área de vegetação nativa no norte do estado de Rondônia, região sul da Amazônia no Brasil. A área de estudo consistiu-se de quatro hectares, onde foi realizado o corte e queima em 2,25 hectares. Foram realizadas amostragens para avaliação da fertilidade do solo e estoques de carbono (C) e nitrogenio (N) nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm. As coletas foram realizadas em vegetação nativa e aos 2, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 e 365 dias após corte e queima. Foram determinados os atributos pH, Al, H+Al, Ca, Mg, K, P, C, N e calculados os valores de soma de bases, CTC, V % e m %. As coletas para quantificar as emissões dos GEE foram realizadas simultaneamente na área de vegetação nativa e no hectare central da área de corte e queima aos 19, 31, 48, 61 e 81 dias após corte e 2 , 4, 6, 8, 15, 31, 45, 61, 88, 122, 153, 180, 240 e 350 dias após queima, com amostragens aos 0, 20, 40 e 60 minutos. Os atributos microbiológicos do solo foram avaliados pela técnica de T-RFLP com amostragens realizadas simultaneas nas duas áreas, aos 32 e 62 dias após o corte e aos 2, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, e 360 dias após queima da biomassa vegetal. Foi verificado rápido aumento da fertilidade do solo e diminuição da acidez e teores de Al+3 após a queima, entretanto esse efeito foi pouco persistente, retornando ao status inicial do solo após um ano. Houve redução de 30 % nos estoques de C e N do solo no final do estudo, evidenciando os efeitos deletérios da mudança do uso da terra nos atributos químicos do solo. Foi registrado redução de 50 % das emissões de CO2 equivalente após o corte, comparada à vegetação nativa e reduções nas emissões de GEE de 35 % após um ano de estudo. Verificou-se na camada superficial, alterações significativas na estrutura da comunidade bacateriana do solo em decorrência do impacto do fogo e das alterações nos atributos químicos em função da deposição superficial de cinzas no solo, entretanto não foi verificada alterações significativa nas camadas abaixo de 5 cm. Este estudo forneceu importantes informações para o entendimento dos impactos e as alterações causadas pelo processo de conversão florestal tropical pelo corte e queima de vegetação nativa na Amazônia.
In recent decades, climate change has been evidenced by the increase in global temperature and the decrease in terrestrial carbon stocks, associated with an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical biome in the world and develops strategic environmental services on the planet. However, for more than two decades, deforestation in Amazon has driven global GHG emissions, reducing soil carbon storage with changes in microbial populations dynamics and in biogeochemical cycles due to land use change. The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal alterations of soil chemical attributes, quantify CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions and verify changes in soil bacterial structure, due to the slash and burn of the native vegetation in Amazon. The study was developed in an area of native vegetation in the north of Rondônia state, southern region of Amazon in Brazil. The study area consisted of 4 hectares, where it was cut and burned in 2.25 hectares. Samples were collected to evaluate soil fertility and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks at the depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40- 50, 50-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm. These samples were collected in native vegetation at 2, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 and 365 days after cutting and burning. The attributes pH, Al, H + Al, Ca, Mg, K, P, C, N were determined and the values of base sum, CEC, base saturation and aluminum saturation were calculated. The samples to quantify GHG emissions were carried out simultaneously in the native vegetation area and in the central hectare of the cutting and burning area at 19, 31, 48, 61 and 81 days after cutting and 2, 4, 6, 8, 15, 31, 45, 61, 88, 122, 153, 180, 240 and 350 days after burning, with samples at 0, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. The microbiological attributes of the soil were evaluated by T-RFLP technique with simultaneous samplings in the two areas, at 32 and 62 days after cutting and at 2, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 360 days after plant biomass burning. A rapid increase in soil fertility and a decrease in acidity and Al+3 contents after burning were verified, however this effect was not persistent, returning to the initial soil status after one year. There was a 30 % reduction in soil C and N stocks at the end of the study, evidencing the deleterious effects of land use change on soil chemical attributes. Also, a 50 % reduction in CO2 emissions after cutting, compared to native vegetation and, a 35 % reduction in GHG emissions after one year of study, were observed. We verified in the surface layer, significant alterations in the soil bacteria structure due to the fire impact and the changes in the chemical attributes, such as surface deposition of ashes. However, we did not verified significant changes in the layers lower than 5 cm. Our study provided important information for understanding the impacts and changes of the tropical forest conversion process by slash and burning native vegetation in Amazon.

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Silva, Jaqueline Trombetta da. "Emissões de metano e de óxido nitroso em área de arroz irrigado influenciadas por sistemas de preparo do solo." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3218.

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Os sistemas de preparo do solo e manejo da cobertura vegetal em área de produção de arroz irrigado por alagamento apresentam peculiaridades e potenciais distintos de emissão de metano e óxido nitroso do solo. Considerando uma área de arroz irrigado, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de sistemas de preparo do solo na emissão dos gases de efeito estufa metano e óxido nitroso, a fim de estabelecer sistemas com potenciais de mitigar a emissão desses gases. O experimento de campo foi realizado na Estação Experimental Terras Baixas da Embrapa Clima Temperado, Capão do Leão, RS. Foram avaliados três sistemas de preparo do solo: preparo convencional - ausência de manejo da palha e do solo no período de outono-inverno e preparo do solo na primavera, antes da semeadura do arroz; rolo-faca - manejo da palha com rolo-faca imediatamente após a colheita do arroz e semeadura direta na primavera; e preparo antecipado - preparo do solo no outono, dessecação e revolvimento do solo, por meio de gradagem superficial. As emissões de CH4 e N2O foram avaliadas nos períodos de entressafra e safra. As coletas dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE) foram realizadas, semanalmente, pelo método da câmara estática fechada. Com base nas emissões de CH4 e de N2O foi calculado o potencial de aquecimento global parcial (PAGp = CO2 equivalente). O sistema de preparo convencional foi mais eficiente que os demais em mitigar as emissões de GEE ao longo do ano. O sistema de preparo antecipado apresentou as maiores emissões de CH4, as quais se concentraram na época de cultivo do arroz. O período de safra representou a maior parte do PAGp anual (safra+entressafra). Devido à alta emissão de CH4, o sistema de preparo antecipado foi responsável pelo maior PAGp, seguido do manejo com rolo-faca, em função da elevada emissão de N2O e do sistema convencional, com menor PAGp anual. Os sistemas rolo-faca e convencional reduziram o PAGp em função das menores emissões de CH4 ao longo do ano. Embora os sistemas de manejo de solo e da cobertura vegetal apresentem potenciais distintos de emissão, vários fatores associados ao ambiente e às práticas de manejo regulam a produção e emissão de CH4 e N2O, estes fatores devem ser considerados caso a caso, na estimativa do potencial emissor e mitigador desses gases de efeito estufa.
The different soil tillage systems and cover crop management in areas of flooded irrigated rice show distinct peculiarities and potential of soil methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Considering an area of irrigated rice, this work aimed to evaluate the influence of soil tillage systems in the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide in order to establish systems with potential to mitigate these gases emissions. The field experiment was performed in the Lowlands Experimental Station at Embrapa Temperate Climate, Capão do Leão, RS. Three management systems were evaluated: conventional tillage - no straw management and soil tillage during autumn-winter and soil tillage in the spring, before rice sowing; knife roller - straw management with knife roller immediately after rice harvesting and no-till in the spring; and advance preparation – soil tillage in autumn, desiccation and soil disturbance by shallow disking. Emissions of CH4 and N2O were evaluated in the pre-harvest and harvest periods. The sampling of greenhouse gases (GG) was conducted weekly through the closed static chamber method. The partial global warming potential (PGWp = CO2 equivalent) was calculated based on CH4 and N2O emissions. Conventional tillage was more effective than the other systems to mitigate GG over the year. The advance preparation system showed the highest CH4 emissions, which were concentrated in the period of rice cultivation. The harvest period accounted for the largest portion of the annual PGWp (harvest+pre-harvest). Due to the high emission of CH4, the advance preparation system was responsible for the largest PGWp, followed by knife roller management, because of the high emission of N2O and by the conventional system, with lower annual PGWp. The knife roller and conventional systems reduced the PGWp due to lower CH4 emission throughout the year. Although soil and cover crop management systems show distinct emission potentials, several factors associated with the environment and management practices regulate the production and emission of CH4 and N2O. These factors must be considered case by case to estimate the transmitter and mitigation potential of these greenhouse gases.

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Martins, Luiz Felipe Borges. "Alterações nos fluxos de gases do solo e na ciclagem de carbono e nitrogênio após aquecimento do solo em áreas de Mata Atlântica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-08082011-085628/.

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O aquecimento global é considerado um dos mais sérios problemas ambientais da atualidade mundial e suas consequências afetam de maneira severa diversos biomas já ameaçados, principalmente em ecossistemas tropicais. O estado de conservação de todos os biomas brasileiros é uma questão de grande preocupação e por esta razão, a Mata Atlântica, um dos ecossistemas florestais que mais sofreu redução em seu vasto domínio, ainda é um bioma extremamente rico em biodiversidade, com altos níveis de endemismo, apesar do intenso desmatamento e fragmentação. Diante de sua importância biogeoquímica, os objetivos principais do presente estudo foram compreender de que maneira o fenômeno de elevação da temperatura global afeta as emissões naturais de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) provenientes do solo e de que modo o acréscimo da temperatura influencia na ciclagem de nutrientes como carbono e nitrogênio. Para isso, o solo foi aquecido artificialmente em 5ºC para se avaliar o comportamento das emissões sob maiores temperaturas. O estudo foi realizado no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, no Núcleo Santa Virgínia, onde predomina a formação de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altimontana. As amostras foram coletadas quatro vezes ao ano em campanhas de 10 dias, durante os meses de setembro e novembro de 2009 e janeiro e agosto de 2010. O sistema de aquecimento funcionou de maneira satisfatória como esperado e o aumento da temperatura ocorreu por radiação térmica de maneira lenta e gradativa. O aumento da temperatura não resultou em diferenças significativas na umidade do solo para os diferentes tratamentos. O aquecimento resultou em um aumento expressivo das emissões de CO2 e N2O, porém não apresentou diferenças para os fluxos de CH4. O aumento do fluxo dos gases pode representar uma tendência da diminuição do estoque (substrato) de carbono disponível no solo ao longo do tempo. A variação de CO2 a curto prazo pode ter sido consequência do aumento da respiração radicular e de heterótrofos presentes na rizosfera. Para o N2O a maior temperatura pode ter intensificado o metabolismo da microbiota desnitrificadora, resultando assim em maiores emissões de N2O para a atmosfera. O consumo de CH4 não apresentou diferenças significativas durante os períodos amostrados. Estudos que manipulam a temperatura do solo permitem um maior conhecimento dos processos envolvidos na emissão de gases pela atividade microbiana, mas infelizmente não permitem uma conclusão precisa a respeito do comportamento do sistema solo-atmosfera por completo devido aos inúmeros fatores que afetam esses processos de maneiras distintas. É preciso aprofundar nossos conhecimentos da dinâmica desses processos para um melhor entendimento de como a futura interação do ciclo global do C responderá às mudanças climáticas, e como será possível antecipar os efeitos negativos dessas interações que ocorrem na natureza, principalmente entre o C e o N do solo e da atmosfera.
The global warming is considered one of the most serious environmental problem of nowadays and its severe consequences affects already threatened biomes, particularly in tropical ecosystems. The conservation status of all biomes is a matter of great concern, and for this reason, the Atlantic forest, one of the most threatened ecosystems of the Planet, is still extremely rich in biodiversity, with high endemic levels, despite the intense deforestation and fragmentation. Given its biogeochemistry importance, the main objectives of this study were to understand how the phenomenon of rising global temperatures affects natural emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from soil, and how the warming influences the cycling of nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen. For this, the soil was artificially heated at 5ºC to evaluate the emissions response at higher temperatures. The study was conducted at Serra do Mar State Park Núcleo Sta. Virgínia, were the formation of montane Rain Forest predominates. Gas samples were collected four times a year on 10 days campaigns during the months of September and November 2009 and January and August 2010. The heating system worked satisfactorily as expected and the temperature was increased by thermal radiation in a slow and gradual way. The temperature increase resulted in no significant differences in soil moisture for the different treatments. The higher temperature resulted in a significant increase in emissions of CO2 and N2O, but no difference was noticed to the flows of CH4. The higher emissions of gases may represent a trend of decrease in the pool of readily available carbon in the soil over time. The short-term variation of CO2 may have been a consequence of increased root respiration and heterotrophic microbiota in the rhizosphere. For the N2O results, the temperature may have enhanced the metabolism of denitrifying microbiota, thus resulting in higher emissions of N2O to the atmosphere. The consumption of CH4 showed no significant differences during the studied periods. Studies that manipulate the soil temperature allow a better understanding of the involved processes in the emission of gases by microbial activity, but unfortunately do not allow a precise conclusion about the response of the soilatmosphere system altogether because there are many factors that affects these processes in distinct ways. We need to further improve our knowledge on the dynamics of these processes for a better understanding of how the future interaction between the global carbon cycle responds to climate change, and how we anticipate the negative effects of those interactions that occur in nature, mainly between C and N present in the soil and in the atmosphere

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43

Guimarães, Tiara Moraes [UNESP]. "Emissão de gases do efeito estufa e estoque de carbono no sistema solo-planta em área com aplicação superficial de calcário e gesso em experimento de longa duração." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137954.

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A calagem destaca-se entre as práticas agrícolas mais eficientes em resolver os problemas relacionados à acidez do solo, entretanto resulta em emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), principalmente CO2. É possível que o aumento no desenvolvimento radicular no perfil do solo e da biomassa aérea, decorrente da aplicação de corretivos de acidez, como o calcário, e de condicionadores, como o gesso agrícola, promova maior retorno de C ao solo na forma de resíduos, o que pode favorecer a fixação do CO2 da atmosfera no solo. Desta forma objetivou-se avaliar a emissão de gases de efeito estufa, bem como possíveis alterações no estoque de carbono do solo, em função da correção da acidez do solo utilizando calcário e gesso em sistema semeadura direta (SSD), além da emissão de carbono equivalente por unidade de massa de grãos produzida pelo feijoeiro. O presente trabalho é parte de um experimento de longa duração, instalado em 2002/03, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, em Botucatu (SP). Após a colheita do trigo em julho de 2014 semeou-se em outubro do mesmo ano milheto para produção de palha, e posteriormente a dessecação da área foi realizada a semeadura da cultura do feijão, no início de dezembro de 2014. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com 4 repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro doses de calcário (0, 1000, 2000 e 4000 kg ha-1) e as subparcelas por duas doses de gesso agrícola (0 e 2100 kg ha-1). Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: carbono orgânico total e nitrogênio total do solo, estoque de C e N do solo, C e N da biomassa microbiana do solo e teor de C e N na matéria seca. Foram determinados os fluxos de CO2; CH4 e N2O por meio de câmaras estáticas, nos períodos 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30 dias após a semeadura do milheto e 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 21; 30; 60; 90 dias após a semeadura do feijão, totalizando 15 períodos de amostragens. Observou-se que as maiores emissões de CO2 estão relacionadas com o teor de CBMS, que é um indicativo de imobilização/mineralização de C pelos microrganismos. Sendo assim quanto maior o teor de CBMS, maior a imobilização de nutrientes no solo, maior a taxa de respiração e consequentemente maior emissão de CO2. A aplicação de gesso agrícola aumenta a oxidação de CH4 no solo, favorecendo assim a mitigação de GEE. A emissão de N2O está relacionada com a maior acidificação do solo e com o teor de água no solo.
Liming stands out among the most efficient agricultural practices in solving the soil acidity-related problems, however results in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly CO2. It is possible that the increase in root development in the soil profile and biomass, resulting from the application of soil correctives such as limestone and conditioners such as agricultural gypsum, promote greater return of C to the soil in the form of waste, which can promote the fixation of CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil. Thus aimed to evaluate the emission of greenhouse gases, and possible changes in the stock of soil carbon, depending on soil acidity correction using lime and phosphogypsum in no-tillage, in addition to carbon emissions equivalent per unit mass of grain produced by bean plants. This work is part of a long-term experiment, installed in 2002/03, at Lageado Experimental Farm, belonging to the College of Agricultural Sciences - UNESP in Botucatu (SP). After the wheat harvest in July 2014 the millet was sown in October of that year to produce straw, and after the desiccation of the area its was held the sowing of bean crop in early December 2014. The experimental design was performed in randomized block, in a split plot scheme, with four repetitions. The plots consisted of four liming rates (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 kg ha-1) and the subplots of two rates of phosphogypsum (0 to 2100 kg ha-1). The following evaluations were performed: total organic carbon and total soil nitrogen, stock of C and N of the soil, C and N microbial biomass of the soil and the contents of C and N in the dry matter. It were determined the CO2 streams; CH4 and N2O by static chambers in the periods 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30 days after sowing of millet and 1; 3; 5; 8; 15; 30; 60; 90 days after sowing the beans, totaling 15 sampling periods. It was observed that the higher CO2 emissions are related to the CMBS content, which is indicative of immobilization / mineralization of the C by the microorganisms. Thus higher the CMBS content, higher the immobilization of the nutrients in the soil, higher the rate of breathing and consequently higher emissions of CO2. The application of gypsum increases the CH4 oxidation in the soil, favoring the mitigation of greenhouse gases. The N2O emission is related to the higher soil acidification and the water content in the soil.

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Pereira, Paulo Ricardo Brum. "Distribuição espacial do carbono no solo e avaliação dos fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa (CO2, CH4 e N2O) em áreas de vegetação de Cerrado, Pinus spp e Eucalyptus spp na Estação Experimental de Mogi Mirim (IF/SMA-SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-18112010-170343/.

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Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal do carbono no solo produzindo um mapa, sobre esse tema para toda a área da Estação Experimental de Mogi Mirim (EE Mogi Mirim), juntamente com a análise dos fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa (CO2, N2O e CH4) e a relação desses dois fenômenos com as variáveis do solo nos diferentes usos da terra. Para se alcançar objetivo proposto com relação aos estoques de carbono e avaliação das variáveis do solo foi feita a coleta e o prepara das amostras nas profundidades de 00 até 30 cm, foi feito o georreferenciamento e determinação dos teores de carbono, densidade do solo, calculo dos estoques de carbono e determinação da cor do solo. Por sua vez para o estudo e entendimento dos fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE), comparou-se um talhão considerado sem perturbação (Talhão 41) e a partir desse talhão avaliou-se comparativamente em uma seqüência com ambientes com histórico de uso da terra representativo da área com manejos. Os fluxos dos gases CO2, N2O e CH4 foram medidos utilizando-se câmaras estáticas. Nos resultados obtidos foi aplicada a estatística descritiva clássica e geoestatistica para avaliar a freqüência e distribuição dos dados. Resultados relativos as variáveis do solo mostram que praticamente a grande maioria tende a diminuir com a profundidade (Ca, soma das bases, CTC, acidez potencial e carbono). Por sua vez o pH é sempre muito alto nas 3 camadas e a saturação por bases e o magnésio são muito baixos e permanecem inalterados em todas as profundidades. A variabilidade espacial dos estoques de carbono possui características isotrópicas. Especificamente na profundidade 00 - 10 cm, o modelo teórico que melhor se ajustou foi o exponencial, na profundidade 10 - 20 cm foi o esférico e na profundidade 20 - 30 cm foi o exponencial. Os estoque de C na profundidade 00 10 cm, tiveram como média 22.8 ton C/ ha-1, sendo o maior valor de 42.9 ton C/há-1 e o menor valor de 10.3 ton C/há-1. Na profundidade 10 - 20cm, a média do estoque de carbono foi de 14.9 ton C/há-1, sendo o maior valor de 31.5 ton C/há-1 e o menor valor de 6.99 ton C/há-1. Na profundidade 20 -30 cm, a média do estoque de carbono foi de 11.45 ton C/há-1, sendo o maior valor de 25.28 ton C/há-1 e o menor valor de 6.3 ton C/há-1. Os resultados das análises dos fluxos do gás carbônico, como um todo mostra que a respiração do solo variou entre 75.3 e 164.4mgC m-2 h-1. Relativo aos fluxos de N2O os valores médios para as emissões variaram entre 8,85 e 51,94 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1, enquanto que a absorção variou, entre -1,32 e - 4,59 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1. Os resultados dos fluxos do gás metano médio ficaram entre 4,63 e 31,51 mgC m-2 h-1, enquanto que os valores de oxidação média ficaram entre -5,41 e -22,79 mgC m-2 h-1
The aim here is to evaluate the spacial and transient variability of carbon in soil, producing a map about this subject for all the area of the Experimental Station of Mogi Mirim (Estação Experimental de Mogi Mirim EE Mogi Mirim), with the emissions analyzes of greenhouse gases effect (CO2, N2O e CH4), and the relation between these phenomenon with the soil variables in different uses of the land. In order to reach the proposed objective related to the carbon storages, and the variable evaluation of the soil, a sample collect and preparation were made at a depth from 00 to 30cm. It was also made the georeferencial and the carbon levels determination, density of soil, the estimate of carbon storages, and the determination of soil color. The study and understanding of the greenhouse gas emissions (GGF), a área considered without disturbing, and from it a comparative evaluation in a sequence of environments with historical land use representative of the management area. The CO2, N2O and CH4 gas emissions were measured by using static chambers. In the results obtained, it was applied the classic statistic description and geostatistics to evaluate the frequency and the distribution of data. Results related to the soil variables show that the major trend to decrease, according to the depth (Ca, sum of bases, CTC, potential acidity, and carbon). On the contrary, the pH is always very high in 3 layers, and the saturation for bases and the magnesium are very low, maintaining unchangeable in all depths. The variability of the carbon storages have isotropic characteristics. Specifically in depth 00 - 10cm, the theorical model that better adjusted was the exponential; in depth 10 - 20cm, it was the spherical, and in depth 20 - 30cm it was the exponential. The carbon storage in depth 00-10cm had as na average 22.8ton C / ha-1, being the highest value of 42.9 ton C/ha-1, and the lowest value of 10.3 ton C/ha-1. In depth 10 - 20 cm, the average of carbon storage was 14.9 ton C/ha-1, being the highest value of 31.5 ton C/ha-1, and the lower value of 6.99 ton C/ha-1. In depths of 20 - 30cm, the average of carbon storage was of 11.45 ton C/há-1, being the highest value of 25.28 ton C/ha-1, and the lowest of 6.3 ton C/ha-1 The analyze results of carbon gás emissions as a whole, shows that the soil breath varied between 75.3 e 164.4 . mgC m-2 h-1 . Regard to N2O emissions, the average values to emissions varied between 8.85 and 51.94 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1, while the absorption varied, between -1.32 e - 4.59 \'mü\'gN m-2 h-1. The results of average methane gas were between 4.63 e 31.51 mgC m-2 h-1, while the average oxidation values were between -5.41 e -22.79 mgC m-2 h-1

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Dominical, Luma Danielly. "Reúso agrícola em planta forrageira: impacto pela irrigação com efluente tratado de abatedouro no fluxo de gases e na solução do solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-13032019-154424/.

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O reúso da água é uma prática amplamente estudada e recomendada por diversos pesquisadores como alternativa viável para suprir as necessidades hídricas e, parte das demandas nutricionais das plantas. No Brasil, esta atividade está em processo de desenvolvimento. Sua implantação está condicionada a especificidades locais, respeitando as legislações dos recursos hídricos, proteção ao meio ambiente e saúde pública. Além de fatores como qualidade do efluente tratado e seleção de culturas a serem irrigadas, faz-se necessário aplicar práticas adequadas de manejo, para conservação das propriedades físico-químicas e biológicas do sistema solo, planta e atmosfera. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação do comportamento dos íons na solução do solo e no solo, do fluxo de gases do efeito estufa e da produtividade da água da cultura, em um sistema de produção irrigado com efluente de abatedouro tratado por sistema anaeróbio, no cultivo de capim coastcross para feno, em diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo estes: T1 - irrigação com água superficial e adição de 100% de adubação nitrogenada (AN) recomendada; T2, T3, T4 e T5 - irrigação com efluente tratado de abatedouro e adição de 0; 33%; 66% e 100 % de AN, respectivamente. Sendo a AN 50 kg ha-1 corte-1 de nitrogênio, na forma de ureia. O solo foi avaliado quimicamente nas profundidades de 0-0,20 m e 0,20-0,40 m, para os parâmetros de fertilidade e sódio trocável. A solução do solo foi obtida por pasta de saturação para posterior análise dos íons Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, SO4-, NO2-, NO3- e NH4+. A produtividade da água foi determinada pela relação entre produção de massa seca do capim e lâmina de irrigação mais precipitação pluviométrica. A coleta de gases do solo foi realizada por câmaras estáticas e os gases analisados foram gás carbônico, metano e óxido nitroso, por cromatografia gasosa, para determinação do fluxo de gases do solo. Os dados foram avaliados nas estações inverno-primavera (ano 2017) e verão-outono (ano 2018). Os resultados comprovam o potencial do uso de efluentes tratados de abatedouro na irrigação do capim coastcross, como forma complementar ao tratamento anaeróbio. O manejo adotado concentrou os elementos químicos do solo na camada 0-0,20 m, profundidade efetiva do sistema radicular do capim. O aporte de sais ao solo ocorreu nos tratamentos com efluente, no período inverno-primavera, as precipitações ocorridas no período seguinte (verão) foram suficientes para lixiviar os sais para a camada inferior do solo. A análise de solução do solo comprovou o potencial de lixiviação de nitrogênio na forma de nitrato e nitrito, durante todo o período estudado, principalmente para o tratamento com efluente tratado de abatedouro e 100% da AN. Os tratamentos não influenciaram a produtividade da água. A avaliação do fluxo de gases de efeito estufa do solo comprovou a influência das variáveis climáticas e da umidade do solo, ao longo do tempo. O fluxo de CO2 foi maior na coleta de dezembro/2017, incrementado nos tratamentos com efluente. Considerando a dinâmica de solutos no solo, o potencial do aporte de nutrientes e o teor salino do efluente, assim como o fluxo de gases de efeito estufa do solo, o tratamento com efluente tratado de abatedouro, sem adubação nitrogenada, foi o tratamento mais adequado para as condições de desenvolvido do experimento.
Water reuse is a practice widely studied and recommended by several researchers as a viable alternative to meet water needs and part of the nutritional demands of plants. In Brazil, this activity is in the process of development. Its implementation is conditioned to local specificities, respecting the laws of water resources, protection of the environment and public health. In addition to factors such as the quality of the treated effluent and the selection of crops to be irrigated, it is necessary to apply appropriate management practices for the conservation of the physical-chemical and biological properties of the soil, plant and atmosphere system. In view of the above, the present work had the objective of evaluating the behavior of the ions in soil and soil solution, the greenhouse gas flow and the crop water productivity, in an irrigated production system with treated slaughterhouse effluent by anaerobic system, in the cultivation of coastcross grass for hay, at different doses of nitrogen fertilization. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with five treatments and four replications: T1 - irrigation with superficial water and addition of 100% of recommended nitrogen fertilization (AN); T2, T3, T4 and T5 - irrigation with treated effluent from slaughterhouse and addition of 0; 33%; 66% and 100% AN, respectively. Being the AN 50 kg ha-1 cut-1 of nitrogen, in the form of urea. The soil was chemically evaluated at depths of 0-0,20 m and 0,20-0,40 m, for fertility and exchangeable sodium parameters. The solution of the soil was obtained by saturation paste for later analysis of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, SO4-, NO2-, NO3- and NH4+ ions. The water productivity was determined by the relation between dry mass production of the grass and irrigation blade plus rainfall. Soil gas collection was performed by static chambers and the gases analyzed were carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides, all by gas chromatography, to determine the flow of soil gases. The data were evaluated in the seasons winter-spring (2017) and summer-autumn (2018). The results confirm the potential of the use of treated effluents from slaughterhouse on coastcross grass irrigation as a complementary form to the anaerobic treatment. The management adopted concentrated the chemical elements of the soil in the layer 0-0,20 m, effective depth of the grass root system. The contribution of salts in the soil occurred in the treatments with effluent, in the winter-spring period, the precipitations occurred in the following period (summer) were sufficient to leach the salts to the lower layer of the soil. The soil solution analysis showed the potential of nitrogen leaching in the form of nitrate and nitrite, during the whole studied period, mainly for treatment with slaughterhouse treated effluent and 100% AN. Treatments did not influence water productivity. The evaluation of the flow of greenhouse gases from the soil proved the influence of climatic variables and soil moisture over time. The CO2 flux was higher in the collection of December / 2017, increased in the treatments with effluent. Considering the dynamics of solutes in the soil, the nutrient supply potential and the saline content of the effluent, as well as the greenhouse gas flow of the soil, treatment with treated effluent from slaughterhouse, without nitrogen fertilization, was the most appropriate treatment for the developed conditions of the experiment.

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Miqueleto, Paula Brandão. "Caracterização de comunidades microbianas relacionadas ao metabolismo de hidrocarbonetos leves presentes em amostras de solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-02092010-151401/.

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Solos apresentam hidrocarbonetos gasosos em quantidades variáveis e acredita-se que as formações de reservatórios de óleo podem ser detectáveis indiretamente utilizando-se bactérias no solo capazes de degradá-los. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar comunidades microbianas envolvidas com o metabolismo desses hidrocarbonetos. As amostras de solo Np (área não petrolífera) e Solo P (área petrolífera) foram analisadas através da construção de bibliotecas do gene RNAr 16S de bactérias e arquéias e de genes catabólicos que codificam enzimas monooxigenases solúveis (SDIMO). As comunidades apresentaram estrutura diferente em relação aos grupos de bactérias e arqueias e análise dos genes catabólicos indicou maior riqueza e diversidade no solo P. A maior parte do clones se mostrou filogeneticamente mais próxima de sequências de enzimas de bactérias não cultivadas proveniente de amostras ambientais. Análises de cromatografia gasosa realizadas logo após a coleta detectaram maiores níveis de metano no solo P e maiores níveis de etano e propano no solo Np. A técnica de PCR quantitativo (Real Time PCR) mostrou um número maior de cópias do rRNA 16S no solo Np, mas não foi eficiente em quantificar os genes degradadores de gases leves presentes no solo.
Gaseous hydrocarbons occur in sub-surface soil in highly variable amounts and oil reservoirs formations are supposed to be indirectly detectable through soil microbial populations capable of consuming it. The goal of the present work was to characterize microbial communities involved in short-chain alkane metabolism in soils in and off sedimentary basin areas (named P and Np soil, respectively). Three clone libraries were constructed for each sample, one 16S rRNA gene library for each of the Domains Bacteria and Archaea, and one for the catabolic gene coding for the soluble di-iron monooxygenase (SDIMO) enzyme. Bacterial and archaeal communities structures were different between the samples. Analysis of the catabolic genes presented higher values of richness and diversity in soil P. The sequences from soil samples were more closely related to each other than to reference sequences. Short-chain hydrocarbon measures performed just after samples were collected showed higher levels of methane and lower levels of ethane and propane in soil P in comparison to soil Np. A real-time PCR method was not successful in yielding the catabolic gene quantification suggesting that such genes occur in very low abundance in the soil samples under study.

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Adjuik, Toby A. "Effects of Hydrochar, Digestate, Synthetic Fertilizer on Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Miscanthus x giganteus Grown as Advanced Biofuel Feedstock." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1557220009015982.

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Tavanti, Renan Francisco Rimoldi. "Indicadores de qualidade física e química de solo em sistemas de pecuária extensiva no Cerrado Brasileiro /." Ilha Solteira, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192282.

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Orientador: Rafael Montanari
Resumo: A qualidade do solo não é algo que se pode medir diretamente, no entanto, pode ser avaliada pelos atributos que caracterizam seu estado físico, químico e biológico. A escolha de atributos mais relevantes e a interpretação das medidas obtidas não é algo simples, devido aos efeitos da mudança de uso da terra e as interações entre eles e as condições climáticas e serviços ecossistêmicos de cada região. O objetivo desse estudo foi fornecer uma visão geral de alguns indicadores de qualidade física e química do solo no contexto de restauração de pastagens do Cerrado Brasileiro. A tese é disposta em capítulos, compondo além das considerações gerais apresentadas no Capítulo 1, os Capítulos 2 e 3, que são estudos científicos de avaliação da qualidade física e química do solo. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos no município de Selvíria – MS em duas áreas destinadas à pecuária extensiva de corte, subsidiadas pela planta forrageira Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Malhas experimentais de 2,7 e 1,4 hectares, com 70 e 65 pontos, respectivamente, foram instaladas nas áreas e amostras de solo de estrutura deformada e indeformada foram tomadas para avaliação dos atributos físicos e químicos. Também se avaliou os estoques de carbono orgânico total, suas frações granulométricas e a emissão de CO2 nas áreas, visando enxergar os efeitos da reforma sob o aporte de carbono e as emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Em uma das áreas avaliou-se a curva de retenção de água do solo e índice S em todos os... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Soil quality is not something that can be directly measured; however, it can be assessed by the attributes that characterize its physical, chemical and biological state. The choice of more relevant attributes and the interpretation of the measures obtained is not a simple matter, due to the effects of land use change and the interactions between them, the climatic conditions and ecosystem services of each region. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of some indicators of physical and chemical quality of the soil in the context of pasture restoration in the Brazilian Cerrado. The thesis is laid out in chapters, composing in addition to the general considerations presented in Chapter 1, Chapters 2 and 3, which are scientific studies to assess the physical and chemical quality of the soil. The experiments were carried out in the municipality of Selvíria – MS in two areas for extensive beef cattle, subsidized by the forage plant Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Experimental meshes of 2.7 and 1.4 hectares, with 70 and 65 points, respectively, were installed in the areas and soil samples of deformed and undeformed structure were taken to assess the physical and chemical attributes. The total organic carbon stocks, their particle size fractions and the CO2 emission in the areas were also evaluated, aiming to see the effects of the reform under the carbon input and the greenhouse gas emissions. In one of the areas, the soil water retention curve and S index were evaluated ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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49

Silva, Paulo Alexandre da. "Distribuição espacial da estabilidade do carbono do solo, descrita pelo fator K, em áreas de cana-de-açúcar na região central do Brasil /." Jaboticabal, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157195.

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Abstract:

Orientador: Alan Rodrigo Panosso
Coorientador: Newton La Scala Junior
Banca: Eduardo Barretto de Figueiredo
Banca; Glauco de Souza Rolim
Resumo: A constante de decaimento (k) pode ser usada na tomada de decisão das atividades de manejo do solo e também é um indicativo que descreve a variabilidade da estabilidade do carbono no solo, sendo essa dependente das interações dos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos. Sua mensuração é dada pela equação: k = Fm / Estc, em que: k = constante de decaimento (tempo-1); Fm = Emissão de carbono via CO2 (Mg ha-1 tempo-1); Estc = Estoque de carbono do solo (Mg ha-1). O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a estrutura da variabilidade espacial das perdas de carbono do solo, expressa pelo fator k, e sua relação com os atributos do solo, em áreas de cana--de-açúcar, na região Centro-Sul do Brasil. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em áreas de plantio comercial de cana-de-açúcar, nos municípios de Motuca (MOT), Guariba (GUA) e Pradópolis (PAD), no Estado de São Paulo, e Aparecida do Tabuado (APT) no Mato Grosso do Sul. As determinações da Fm foram registradas nas áreas de estudo pelo sistema LI-COR (LI-8100). A abordagem multivariada indicou que os dois primeiros componentes principais (CP1 e CP2) explicaram 55% e 68% da variabilidade total contida no conjunto de dados. Os atributos físicos do solo apresentaram correlações significativas com CP1 e indicaram um contraste entre a porosidade livre de água e a umidade do solo. Em CP2, as correlações dos atributos químicos indicaram uma ação conjunta entre a capacidade de troca de cátions e o teor de fósforo disponível do solo. As análises de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The decay constant (k) can be used in the decision making of the soil management activities and it is an indicative that describe the variability of soil carbon stability, which depends on the interactions of physical, chemical and biological attributes. Their measurement is given by the equation: k = Fm / Estc, where: k = decay constant (time-1 ); Fm = carbon emission via CO2 determined in the study areas (Mg ha1 ); Estc = is the soil carbon stock (Mg ha-1 ). The objective of this work was to determine the structure of the spatial variability of the soil carbon losses, expressed by the factor k, and it is relationship with the soil attributes in sugarcane areas, in the central region of the Brazil. The experiments were carried out in areas of commercial sugarcane plantation, in the municipalities of Motuca (MOT), Guariba (GUA) and Pradopolis - SP (PAD), in the State of Sao Paulo and Aparecida do Tabuado (APT) in Mato Grosso do Sul. The Fm determinations were recorded in the study areas by the LI-COR system (LI-8100). The multivariate approach indicated that the first two main components (CP1 and CP2) explained around 55% to 68% of the total variability contained in the dataset in the areas studied. The soil physical attributes showed significant correlations with CP1 and indicated a contrast between water free porosity and soil moisture. In CP2, the chemical attributes correlations indicated a joint action between the cation exchange capacity and the available soil phosphoru... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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50

Signor, Diana. "Estoques de carbono e nitrogênio e emissões de gases do efeito estufa em áreas de cana-de-açúcar na região de Piracicaba." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-21062010-104716/.

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Abstract:

A concentração atmosférica dos gases do efeito estufa (GEE), como dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O), tem aumentado significativamente desde o início da Revolução Industrial e a agricultura contribui de maneira expressiva para este aumento. O solo é um importante reservatório de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) e, em função do manejo, parte deste reservatório pode ser liberado para a atmosfera e contribuir para o aumento da concentração de GEE. Contudo, algumas práticas de manejo favorecem o aumento dos estoques de C e N no solo e são de grande importância para mitigar o aquecimento global. O sistema de colheita da cana-deaçúcar sem queima da palhada é uma prática que aumenta a deposição de resíduos sobre a superfície e afeta os estoques de C e N no solo, enquanto a adubação nitrogenada pode influenciar nas emissões de CO2 e N2O. A primeira etapa deste trabalho comparou os estoques de C e N totais e os teores de C na biomassa microbiana do solo em áreas de cana-de-açúcar colhidas com e sem queima da palhada. Nas profundidades 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm, os estoques de C e N foram maiores para o manejo sem queima. Na camada 0-30 cm, os estoques de C representaram 60 e 53 % e os de N representaram 55 e 50 % dos estoques totais acumulados na camada 0-100 cm, para as áreas sem queima e com queima, respectivamente. Em função da adoção do manejo sem queima a taxa de acúmulo de C no solo foi de 0,7 Mg ha-1 ano-1, enquanto o N apresentou uma taxa de redução de 0,25 Mg ha-1 ano-1. Os teores microbianos de C entre 0 e 20 cm de profundidade variaram de 184,20 a 349,27 mg kg-1 nas áreas sem queima e de 198,85 a 291,77 mg kg-1 nas áreas com queima. O tempo de adoção do sistema sem queima favoreceu o aumento do conteúdo de C microbiano no solo. A segunda etapa deste trabalho consistiu na avaliação das emissões de GEE em função da adubação nitrogenada em cana-de-açúcar. Foram realizados três experimentos, onde se comparou o efeito de duas fontes de N mineral: uréia e nitrato de amônio. Em condições de laboratório, testaram-se as doses de 60, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de N. Foram observadas influências das fontes e doses de N nas emissões de N2O, sendo as maiores emissões associadas à uréia. Em condições de campo, testando as doses de 60, 90, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de N, observou-se maiores emissões para o nitrato de amônio nas maiores doses. Um terceiro experimento, conduzido no campo, avaliou a influência destas mesmas fontes e doses de N nas emissões de CO2. Alterações nas emissões de CO2 foram observadas apenas em parcelas que receberam adição de uréia, embora a variabilidade dos dados tenha sido grande, comprometendo o ajuste da curva de regressão.
Concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), have increased since Industrial Revolution and the agricultural sector significantly contributes to the mentioned increase. Soils are important sinks of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and management practices could release part of these pools to the atmosphere and contribute to the increase of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. However, some management practices promote increase in soil C and N stocks and are very important in mitigating global warming. No burning sugarcane harvest system is a practice that increases straw deposition at the soil surface and affects soil C and N stocks, while nitrogen fertilization could influence CO2 and N2O emissions from soils. The first part of this work compared C and N stocks and microbial biomass C content in sugarcane areas harvested with and without straw burning. In the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers, C and N stocks were higher under no-burning system. In 0-30 cm layer, C stocks represented 60 and 53 % and N stocks accounted for 55 and 50 % of the total stocks accumulated in 0-100 cm depth, for areas under no-burning and burning systems, respectively. Due to no-burning adoption, soil C accumulation rate was 0.7 Mg ha-1 year-1, while N presented losses of 0.25 Mg ha-1 year-1. Carbon content in the microbial biomass for the 0-20 cm depth varied from 184.20 to 349.27 mg kg-1 at no-burning areas and from 198.85 to 291.77 mg kg-1 at burning sites. The period of time under no-burning favored an increase in the soil microbial C. The second part of this work consisted in the evaluation of GHG emissions from nitrogen fertilization under sugarcane cultivation. Three experiments were carried out, where the effects of two mineral N sources were compared: urea and ammonium nitrate. At laboratory conditions, the rates of 60, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 N were evaluated. Influences of sources and rates of N addition to the N2O emissions were observed and the greater emissions were associated with urea. At the field conditions, testing rates of 60, 90, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of N, showed greater emissions for ammonium nitrate at the bigger rates. A third experiment, carried out under field conditions, evaluated the influences of the same N sources and addition rates in the CO2 emissions. Alterations in the emissions were observed only in plots that received urea, despite the large data dispersion, which compromises the regression adjustment.

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