Journal articles on the topic 'Soil elutriate'
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1
Barra Caracciolo, Anna, Paola Grenni, Livia Mariani, Jasmin Rauseo, Martina Di Lenola, Valerio Muzzini, Enrica Donati, et al. "Mesocosm Experiments at a Tunnelling Construction Site for Assessing Re-Use of Spoil Material as a By-Product." Water 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020161.
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Mechanized excavation of tunnels with Earth Pressure Balance-Tunnel Boring Machines requires the use of foaming agents. The latter contain the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) as the main compound. The re-use as a by-product of excavated soil containing foaming agents (spoil material) can pose a risk for soil and particularly for aquatic ecosystems if they are close to the spoil material final destination site. This work reports the chemical results (SLES residual concentrations) and ecotoxicological effects (battery of five tests) of 28 day-mesocosm studies performed at a tunnelling construction site. The soil mesocosms were set up with two different lithologies, which contained four different foaming agent products at the highest amounts used for excavation. The decrease in SLES concentrations and the ecotoxicological tests were performed in soil and its water extract (elutriate) at different times (0, 7, 14, 28 d). Elutriates were prepared in order to simulate a possible SLES leaching from soil to water. The results showed a decrease in SLES over time and different ecotoxicological responses depending not only on the initial amount of each product, but also on the soil lithology and organism tested (aquatic or terrestrial). This study showed how only site-specific ecotoxicological evaluations can ensure a safe management of the spoil material, making possible the re-use of soil and avoiding production of waste.
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Zhang, W., Y. Xiao, X. Wang, and Y. Lv. "Soil nematode community characteristics around the Gangue hill of Fushun West Open-pit mine." Helminthologia 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-011-0018-2.
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AbstractDiversity and nematode abundance were investigated in soils collected around the Gangue hill of Fushun West open-pit mine to evaluate soil pollution, due to heavy metals contents, using nematodes as bioindicators. Nematodes were collected from soil samples using elutriate-sievingflotation and centrifugation methods. The species richness and ecological indices were analyzed. On the base of chemical and nematological analysis, the results indicated that the area around the Gangue hill of Fushun West Openpit mine was polluted by heavy metal, but the degree of pollution was not very serious. According to the results obtained from single-factor analysis, cadmium soil content was ten times higher than the background; 29 genera of nematodes were identified and Acrobeloides, Cervidellus and Mesorhabtidis were the dominant genera in almost all sampling sites. The dominant genera were different as the distances to the Gangue hill changed. In particular, in the investigated areas bacterivores and plant-parasites nematodes were more diffuse than fungivores and omnivorepredators. Copper soil content was significantly correlated with plant parasitic trophic group and with total number of nematodes, thus suggesting that nematode communities studies are important scientific basis for understanding the healthy development of soil ecosystem.
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Antunes, Sara C., Joana L. Pereira, Anabela Cachada, Armando C. Duarte, Fernando Gonçalves, José P. Sousa, and Ruth Pereira. "Structural effects of the bioavailable fraction of pesticides in soil: Suitability of elutriate testing." Journal of Hazardous Materials 184, no. 1-3 (December 2010): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.025.
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Nam, Sun-Hwa, and Youn-Joo An. "Review of the Extraction Methods of Soil Extracts, Soil Elutriates, and Soil Suspensions for Ecotoxicity Assessments." Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment 19, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7857/jsge.2014.19.3.015.
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Bravim, Nara Priscila Barbosa, Anatércia Ferreira Alves, and José Fábio França Orlanda. "Biodegradation of atrazine, glyphosate and pendimetaline employing fungal consortia." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): e1549119679. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9679.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the bioremediation of soils artificially contaminated with atrazine, glyphosate and pendimethalin by fungal consortia in biodegradation processes in microcosms. Biodegradation was evaluated from microbial respiration over a period of 15 days and genotoxicity analysis in Allium cepa roots exposed to elutriate samples at zero and 50 μg mL-1 concentrations of the herbicides after the biodegradation process. The results were submitted to analysis of variance, the Tukey test and the Fischer test (p<0.05%) for comparison of means. The Aspergillus fumigatus - Penicillium citrinum consortium had a larger capacity to degrade atrazine but metabolism was inhibited in the presence of glyphosate and pendimethalin. There was a delay in the mitotic index in the meristematic cells of the Allium cepa roots exposed to the elutriates in the 50 μg mL-1 atrazine and pendimethalin concentration. There was a cellular alteration in the metaphase phase of the cells exposed to the elutriates at the 50 μg mL-1 concentration of the three herbicides. The changes occurred were low, indicating that there was degradation of part of the herbicides.
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Been, Thomas, Thea van Beers, Petra van Bekkum, and Annelies Beniers. "A scaled-up Seinhorst elutriator for extraction of cyst nematodes from soil." Nematology 9, no. 3 (2007): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854107781351990.
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AbstractIn order to process large soil samples containing potato cyst nematodes, the Seinhorst (1964) cyst elutriator was scaled up to process both sandy and marine-clay soils in batches of up to 2.5 kg. Several modifications were implemented. To maintain the required upward current of 3.01 min−1, an inflow of 8.01 min−1 was necessary in the enlarged, 7.5 cm diam. sedimentation tube. Also water inflow is now regulated using a flow meter with pressuriser. Several experiments were undertaken, using artificial sandy soil and marine-clay soil, both naturally infested with potato cyst nematodes. In the final experiment, using the 8.01 min−1 inflow for 4 min, there was a loss of 0.65% and 0.74% of cysts, and eggs and juveniles, respectively. This indicates that the yield (99%) of the scaled-up elutriator matches that of the original Seinhorst elutriator and, therefore, is suitable for statutory and scientific research.
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Patrolecco, Luisa, Tanita Pescatore, Livia Mariani, Ludovica Rolando, Paola Grenni, Antonio Finizio, Francesca Spataro, et al. "Environmental Fate and Effects of Foaming Agents Containing Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate in Soil Debris from Mechanized Tunneling." Water 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082074.
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A wide use of foaming agents as lubricants is required in mechanized tunneling. Their main component, the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES), can remain in residual concentrations in soil debris, influencing their potential reuse as by-product. This study aimed at evaluating the environmental fate and effects of a foaming product used for conditioning soils collected from real excavation sites, in the presence/absence of an anti-clogging polymer, both containing SLES. Soil microcosm experiments were set-up and incubated for 28 days. Over time, soils and their water extracts (elutriates) were collected to perform both ecotoxicological tests (Vibrio fischeri, Lepidium sativum, Eisenia foetida, Hetereocypris incongruens, Danio rerio) and SLES analysis. The results showed that, just after conditioning, SLES did not exert any hazardous effect on the organisms tested except for the bacterium V. fischeri, which was the most sensitive to its presence. However, from day seven the toxic effect on the bacterium was never observed thanks to the SLES decrease in the elutriates (<2 mg/L). SLES degraded in soils (half-lives from 9 to 25 days) with higher disappearance rates corresponding to higher values of microbial abundances. This study highlights the importance of site-specific studies for assessing the environmental reuse of spoil materials.
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Wiles, Lori J., Douglass H. Barlin, Edward E. Schweizer, Harold R. Duke, and Douglas E. Whitt. "A New Soil Sampler and Elutriator for Collecting and Extracting Weed Seeds from Soil." Weed Technology 10, no. 1 (March 1996): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0004567x.
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A soil sampler, elutriator, and associated sample flushing device were designed and constructed for an intensive study of weed seedbanks. This equipment was used in 1993 to collect and process 4980 soil samples. The sampler was durable, core size was consistent, and sampling was efficient. Cores were approximately 200 cm3and two people could take 120 cores/h. The elutriator separated weed seeds from 36 of these cores at a time. Washing required 60 to 75 min depending on soil texture. Seeds as small as 0.3 mm in diam were recovered and almost 100% of the seeds were recovered from samples spiked with barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, and witchgrass. The flushing device was used to transfer sample contents from strainers of the elutriator to propyltex bags for drying and storing. Equipment like this, plus improved technology for identifying and counting seeds, is needed to make weed seedbank studies more feasible.
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Baun, Anders, Kasper B. Justesen, and Niels Nyholm. "Algal tests with soil suspensions and elutriates: A comparative evaluation for PAH-contaminated soils." Chemosphere 46, no. 2 (January 2002): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00097-2.
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Fritz, J. I., I. H. Franke-Whittle, S. Haindl, H. Insam, and R. Braun. "Microbiological community analysis of vermicompost tea and its influence on the growth of vegetables and cereals." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 58, no. 7 (July 2012): 836–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w2012-061.
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Vermicompost, the digestion product of organic material by earthworms, has been widely reported to have a more positive effect on plant growth and plant health than conventional compost. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different vermicompost elutriates (aerated compost teas) on soils and plant growth. The teas were analyzed by chemical, microbiological, and molecular methods accompanied by plant growth tests at laboratory and field scale. The number of microorganisms in the teas increased during the extraction process and was affected by substrate addition. The vermicompost tea found to increase plant growth best under laboratory tests was applied to cereals (wheat and barley) and vegetables ( Raphanus sativus , Rucola selvatica , and Pisum sativum ) in a field study. The results revealed no effects of tea application on plant yield; however, sensoric tests indicated an improvement in crop quality. The soils from laboratory and field studies were investigated to detect possible microbial or chemical changes. The results indicated that minor changes to the soil microbial community occurred following tea application by foliar spray in both the laboratory-scale and field-scale experiments.
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Hentati, Olfa, Nelson Abrantes, Ana Luísa Caetano, Sirine Bouguerra, Fernando Gonçalves, Jörg Römbke, and Ruth Pereira. "Phosphogypsum as a soil fertilizer: Ecotoxicity of amended soil and elutriates to bacteria, invertebrates, algae and plants." Journal of Hazardous Materials 294 (August 2015): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.03.034.
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Spurlock, T. N., C. S. Rothrock, and W. S. Monfort. "Evaluation of Methods to Quantify Populations of Rhizoctonia in Soil." Plant Disease 99, no. 6 (June 2015): 836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0446-re.
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The best method to quantitatively determine populations of Rhizoctonia in soil from soybean fields undergoing rice and soybean rotations was determined for use in a large-scale spatial study to be done over multiple fields and years. The methods evaluated were the toothpick-baiting method, the multiple-pellet soil sampler, and the pour-plate method using elutriated organic matter from soil or surface residue. The toothpick-baiting method was calibrated using the multiple-pellet soil sampler and determined to assay an approximate soil volume of 15.43 cm3. The radius of isolation with the toothpick-baiting technique was approximately 1 cm. In 2009 and 2010, the toothpick method was determined to be the most reliable method for assaying soils, with the most isolates across space and greater recovery of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, R. solani AG11, and R. oryzae, the major Rhizoctonia spp. in these fields, when quantified as propagules per volume of soil or organic matter. In 2011, the recovery of these three groups of Rhizoctonia did not differ statistically when the toothpick-baiting method was compared with the multiple-pellet soil sampler after the volume of soil assayed by the pellet sampler was increased to be similar to that of the toothpick method. However, the labor involved in assaying a similar volume of soil with the multiple-pellet soil sampler was limiting for a large-scale spatial study. The toothpick-baiting method was preferred over the other methods because it was determined to be thorough, inexpensive, nondestructive, and rapid. Additionally, the use of the toothpick-baiting method allows for the determination of the depth of inoculum of isolated fungi for intact soil cores. The mean depth of activity of R. solani AG1-IA, R. solani AG11, and R. oryzae was 1.15, 1.55, and 1.47 cm respectively.
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Doherty, Francis G. "A Review of the Microtox® Toxicity Test System for Assessing the Toxicity of Sediments and Soils." Water Quality Research Journal 36, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 475–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.027.
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Abstract Use of Microtox for screening sediment or soil samples from contaminated systems either alone or in combination with a battery of other tests is supported by an ever-increasing number of comparative studies demonstrating its utility, sensitivity, rapidity and affordability. Organic solvent extracts and direct solidphase material provide an assessment of the potential toxicity exerted by both dissolved and bound contaminants. In contrast, tests utilizing pore water or elutriates may be limited to assessing the contribution of dissolved contaminants only. Each approach is limited in the scope of its applications. The apparent toxicity of elutriates can be a function of extraction solvent and overall procedure. The apparent toxicity of solid-phase samples is influenced by sample color and composition — more specifically, the ratio of clay to silt. However, in general, the results obtained through in laboratory testing with the Microtox test system are often consistent with the results of both sediment invertebrate in laboratory toxicity tests and macroinvertebrate field surveys. There is also evidence that toxicity assessments obtained with the Microtox test system are related to analytically derived concentrations of certain classes of contaminants.
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Flesch, Felix, Pia Berger, Daniel Robles-Vargas, Gustavo Emilio Santos-Medrano, and Roberto Rico-Martínez. "Characterization and Determination of the Toxicological Risk of Biochar Using Invertebrate Toxicity Tests in the State of Aguascalientes, México." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081706.
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Following a quantitative analysis of adequate feedstock, comprising 11 woody biomass species, four biochars were generated using a Kon-Tiki flame curtain kiln in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Despite the high quality (certified by European Biochar Certificate), the biochars contain substantial quantities of hazardous substances, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals, which can induce adverse effects if wrongly applied to the environment. To assess the toxicity of biochars to non-target organisms, toxicity tests with four benthic and zooplanktonic invertebrate species, the ciliate Paramecium caudatum, the rotifer Lecane quadridentata, and the cladocerans Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa were performed using biochar elutriates. In acute and chronic toxicity tests, no acute toxic effect to ciliates, but significant lethality to rotifers and cladocerans was detected. This lethal toxicity might be due to ingestion/digestion by enzymatic/mechanic processes of biochar by cladocerans and rotifers of toxic substances present in the biochar. No chronic toxicity was found where biochar elutriates were mixed with soil. These data indicate that it is instrumental to use toxicity tests to assess biochars’ toxicity to the environment, especially when applied close to sensitive habitats, and to stick closely to the quantitative set-point values.
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Wall, Gerard W. "Simple filtration system improves efficiency of a hydropneumatic root elutriator." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31, no. 7-8 (April 2000): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620009370491.
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Pudasaini, Sarita, Daniel Wilkins, Lewis Adler, Greg Hince, Tim Spedding, Catherine King, and Belinda Ferrari. "Characterization of polar metabolites and evaluation of their potential toxicity in hydrocarbon contaminated Antarctic soil elutriates." Science of The Total Environment 689 (November 2019): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.389.
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De Goede, Ron G. M., and Bart Verschoor. "The nematode extraction efficiency of the Oostenbrink elutriator-cottonwool filter method with special reference to nematode body size and life strategy." Nematology 2, no. 3 (2000): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100509204.
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AbstractThe Oostenbrink elutriator-cottonwool filter method is widely used to extract nematodes from soil or litter samples. Nevertheless, its extraction efficiency with respect to nematode body dimensions and life strategy has hardly been investigated. In this study, losses in the elutriator, through the sieves and on the cottonwool filter were estimated by adding known numbers of nematodes to sterile soil samples or to clean water. No significant losses were observed in the elutriator, but through the sieves losses of 20-35% were measured. A strong relationship (y = 1 2.0998e0.0075L) was found between extraction efficiency of the sieves and nematode body length. Through the filter losses of 32-50% were measured, but due to mortality or inactivation of nematodes in the inoculum these losses were possibly overestimated. Soil did not significantly affect the extraction efficiency of the sieves and filter, but nematodes were more efficiently extracted from small (50 g) than from large samples (250 g). The recovery of nematodes from fresh soil samples after an extraction time of 1, 2 and 3 days through the cottonwool filter was 59, 73 and 82% compared to the total after 7 days of extraction. Nematode body width, the presence of tail glands, c-ratio and life strategy (cp-group) all seem to affect the extraction rate through the filter. The recovery was related to nematode body length and extraction time by the equation y = exp( L * exp( 0.63737 * T 5.82756)). The estimated total extraction efficiency of the Oostenbrink elutriator-cottonwool filter method after 1 day of extraction appeared to be 49% for 330 μm long nematodes and was lower for all other sizes.La méthode d'Oostenbrink (élutriateur et filtre en ouate de coton) est largement utilisée pour l'extraction des nématodes à partir d'échantillons de sol et de litière. Cependant, son efficacité en fonction de la taille des nématodes et de leur stratégie de comportement a rarement été étudiée. Au cours du présent travail les pertes dans l'élutriateur, au travers des tamis et sur les filtres de coton ont été estimées en ajoutant un nombre connu de nématodes à des échantillons de sol ou à de l'eau pure. Aucune perte significative n'a été enregistrée dans l'élutriateur, mais des pertes de 20 à 35% ont été mesurées en ce qui concerne les tamis. Une relation solide (y = 1 - 2,0998e-0,0075L) a été trouvée entre l'efficacité des tamis et la taille du nématode. Concernant les filtres, des pertes de 32 à 50% ont été mesurées mais, en raison de la mortalité ou de l'inactivation des nématodes de l'inoculum, ces pertes ont pu être surestimées. Le sol lui-même n'influence pas significativement l'efficacité de l'extraction, mais cette dernière est meilleure avec des petits (50 g) qu'avec des grands (250 g) échantillons. La récupération des nématodes à partir d'échantillons de sol frais après un temps d'extraction de 1, 2 et 3 jours était de 59, 73 et 82%, ce en comparaison du nombre total extrait après 7 jours. Le diamètre du corps du nématode, la présence de glandes caudales, le rapport c ainsi que la stratégie de comportement (groupe cp) paraissent affecter l'extraction au travers du filtre. La récupération est fonction de la taille du nématode et du temps d'extraction suivant la formule: y = exp(- L * exp(- 0,63737 * T - 5,82756)). L'efficacité totale de l'extraction par cette méthode d'Oostenbrink apparait, pour une durée d'1 jour, être de 49% pour des nématodes longs de 330 μm, et se révèle plus faible pour toutes les autres tailles.
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WINFIELD, A. L., M. A. ENFIELD, and J. H. FOREMAN. "A column elutriator for extracting cyst nematodes and other small invertebrates from soil samples." Annals of Applied Biology 111, no. 1 (August 1987): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1987.tb01449.x.
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Berry, E. E., E. J. Anthony, and D. P. Kalmanovitch. "The Uses and Morphology of Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion Wastes From Canada’s First Industrial AFBC Boilers." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 109, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231340.
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The literature of FBC solid wastes has been critically evaluated and solid wastes from Canada’s first atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) boilers at the Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Summerside, Prince Edward Island have been investigated in order to determine possible uses for AFBC wastes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe, and chemical and physical tests were employed to determine the suitability of the material for pollution control, construction, and other uses. SEM and ancillary techniques have shown that the chemical and physical properties of the bed material and the elutriated streams are significantly different. Agricultural use, pollution control, soil stabilization (where freezing and thawing are not significant problems), asphaltic concrete, and specialized construction applications such as low strength backfill appear to be potential uses for FBC solid wastes.
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Riedl, Simon A. B., Matthias Völkl, Anja Holzinger, Julia Jasinski, Valérie Jérôme, Thomas Scheibel, Heike Feldhaar, and Ruth Freitag. "In vitro cultivation of primary intestinal cells from Eisenia fetida as basis for ecotoxicological studies." Ecotoxicology 31, no. 2 (November 17, 2021): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02495-2.
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AbstractThe earthworm Eisenia fetida is a commonly used model organism for unspecific soil feeders in ecotoxicological studies. Its intestinal cells are the first to encounter possible pollutants co-ingested by the earthworm, which makes them prime candidates for studies of toxic effects of environmental pollutants on the cellular as compared to the organismic level. In this context, the aim of this study was to demonstrate the suitability of preparations of primary intestinal E. fetida cells for in vitro ecotoxicological studies. For this purpose, a suitable isolation and cultivation protocol was established. Cells were isolated directly from the intestine, maintaining >85% viability during subsequent cultivations (up to 144 h). Exposure to established pollutants and soil elutriates comprising silver nanoparticles and metal ions (Cu2+, Cd2+) induced a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of the cells. In case of microplastic particles (MP particles), namely 0.2, 0.5, 2.0, and 3.0 µm diameter polystyrene (PS) beads as well as 0.5 and 2.0 µm diameter polylactic acid (PLA) beads, no active uptake was observed. Slight positive as well as negative dose and size dependent effects on the metabolism were seen, which to some extent might correlate with effects on the organismic level.
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Rodríguez-Ruiz, Amaia, Francesco Dondero, Aldo Viarengo, and Ionan Marigómez. "Toxicity assessment of diesel- and metal-contaminated soils through elutriate and solid phase assays with the slime moldDictyostelium discoideum." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35, no. 6 (March 29, 2016): 1413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.3276.
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Eisenback, J. D., Nina Hopkins, and P. M. Phipps. "First Report of the Reniform Nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cotton in Virginia." Plant Disease 88, no. 6 (June 2004): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.6.683b.
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In Virginia during September 2002, the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira (1), was found for the first time following a grower's concern about poor growth and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. Fiber Max 989BR. The infested field was planted with cotton each year for the last eight growing seasons. The field was located on Hall Road in Southampton County, Virginia at coordinates 77°16′28.8926″W, 36°37′10.6428″N near the town of Branchville. The soil was loamy sand, which is typical of sandy textured soils in the region. Rainfall from May to September at a nearby weather station was nearly 50% below normal, which may have contributed to the suppression of plant growth. The vermiform nematodes were extracted with a North Carolina State University model semiautomatic elutriator and centrifugation/sugar flotation. Populations were 30 to 150 per 500 cm3 of soil in areas with noticeable stunting. Cultures were established on cotton cv. Delta Pine 64 and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rutgers) and were maintained in a greenhouse. Reproduction was moderate on cotton and high on tomato. Identifications were based on morphology and measurements of vermiform females and males: immature female length (L) = 407 ± 22 (376 to 418) μm, stylet L = 18.5+1.7 (17.0 to 21.3) μm; and male L = 351 ± 17 (339 to 367) μm. Voucher specimens were placed and are maintained in the Virginia Tech Nematode Collection. Reference: (1) M. B. Linford and J. M. Oliveira. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 7:35, 1940.
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Leguízamo, María Claudia, and Julio C. Parada. "Nematodos del suelo en el sistema maíz–soya y en hábitats naturales adyacentes de la Altillanura colombiana (Meta)." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 9, no. 1 (July 6, 2008): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol9_num1_art:105.
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<p>Se describe la estructura de la comunidad de nematodos en muestras de suelos de la Altillanura colombiana procedentes de hábitats cultivados con arroz y el sistema maíz-soya, y hábitats naturales de bosque nativo adyacentes a los agroecosistemas mencionados. A tal fin, se colectaron 240 muestras de suelo, 86% de áreas cultivadas y 14% en áreas naturales; para la extracción de los nematodos se utilizó el elutridador Oostenbrink y para su identificación, claves morfológicas que incluyeron caracteres morfométricos y diagnósticos. Los taxa identificados se asignaron a grupos tróficos a nivel de Familia. A partir de las poblaciones obtenidas, se calcularon los índices de diversidad de Shanon, de riqueza de Simpson, de madurez total (mMI), de madurez (IM), de parásitos de plantas, la relación fungívoros/bacterióvoros, y los porcentajes de dorylaimidos y criconematidos, los cuales muestran diferencias entre hábitats naturales y cultivados. Los resultados permiten determinar posibles condiciones de pérdida de estructura en la cadena trófica del cultivo de arroz, ligera inestabilidad en suelos de parches de hábitat naturales, y una posible recuperación de la cadena trófica en el sistema maíz–soya. Este trabajo constituye el primer registro de nematodos de vida libre en suelos de la Orinoquía colombiana y propone la caracterización de poblaciones de nematodos en los estudios de calidad de hábitat como fundamento de procesos de recuperación de suelos. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Soil nematodes of the corn-soy rotation system and adjacent natural habitats of the Colombian well drained savannahs (Meta department) </strong></p><p>The structure of the soil nematode community in the Colombian well drained upland savannas cropped with rice, a corn soy bean rotation system, and natural adjacent habitats of native forest is described. In all, 240 soil samples were collected, 86% from cultivated areas and 14% from natural areas. Extractions were performed using an Oostenbrink elutriator and identifications with the help of key morphological, taking into account morphometry and diagnostic characters. Taxa identified, were assigned to trophic groups at the family level. Shannon diversity, richness Simpson, maturity index (MI), total maturity index (mIM), plant parasitic index, fungi/bacteria eaters relationship and % of dorylaimid and criconematid were calculated, which show the differences between cultivated and natural habitat. The results, allow for inferences of possible conditions of structure loss in the rice cropping system; some instability in soil patches of natural habitat, and possible recovery within the system corn – soybeans rotation system trophic chains. This work is the first record of free-living nematodes in the soils of the Colombian well drained savannas as a tool for the recovery of degraded soils. </p><p> </p>
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Hirmann, Doris, Andreas P. Loibner, Rudolf Braun, and Oliver H. J. Szolar. "Applicability of the bioluminescence inhibition test in the 96-well microplate format for PAH-solutions and elutriates of PAH-contaminated soils." Chemosphere 67, no. 6 (April 2007): 1236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.047.
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Hadi, Sofyan, Sugianto Sugianto, and Agus Mirwan. "STUDI RECOVERY ALUMINA DARI TANAH LEMPUNG GAMBUT KAWASAN LANDASAN ULIN KOTA BANJARBARU." Konversi 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v1i1.77.
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Abstrak- Tanah lempung gambut memiliki kandungan alumina yang memiliki banyak manfaat. Proses recovery alumina dari tanah lempung gambut dapat dilakukan menggunakan metode kalsinasi dan elutriasi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengambil kembali alumina dari tanah lempung gambut dan mempelajari pengaruh variasi penambahan CaCl2 serta keefektifan variasi kecepatan pengadukan terhadap pengambilan alumina dari tanah lempung gambut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan beberapa tahap. lempung yang berasal dari tanah gambut dibersihkan dan dikeringkan. Lempung gambut yang sudah kering dilakukan penggerusan dan pengayakan hingga didapatkan lempung gambut berukuran 75 mesh. Lempung gambut yang berukuran 75 mesh dicampur dengan CaCl2 dengan variasi perbandingan CaCl2 : lempung gambut adalah 0,5:1, 1:1, dan 1,5:1. Masing-masing campuran CaCl2 dan lempung gambut dikalsinasi dengan pemanasan dalam furnace pada suhu 800oC selama 4 jam. Lempung gambut hasil kalsinasi kemudian digerus dan diayak hingga berukuran 200 mesh. 80 gram lempung gambut hasil kalsinasi ukuran 200 mesh ditambahkan 400 mL larutan HCl 6 N, kemudian dilakukan p leaching dengan pengadukan selama 2 jam dengan kecepatan pengadukan sebesar 200 rpm, 300 rpm dan 400 rpm. Larutan hasil leaching didekantasi dan difiltrasi. Filtrat hasil leaching diuapkan sampai tersisa 100 mL, selanjutnya ditambahkan dengan 100 mL aquadest. Penguapan kembali campuran filtrat dan aquadest sampai volumenya 100 mL dilakukan dengan pengadukan. Cairan yang dihasilkan diuji kandungan aluminanya dengan menggunakan titrasi volumetrik berdasarkan SNI 13-6620-2001. Berdasarkan hasil analisis untuk sampel awal diperoleh kadar alumina dalam tanah lempung gambut 2,81%. Hasil akhir diperoleh kadar alumina optimum yang dapat terambil dari tanah lempung gambut sebesar 0,622% menggunakan variasi perbandingan berat CaCl2 dan lempung gambut 0,5:1 dengan kecepatan pengadukan sebesar 400 rpm.Keywords: tanah lempung, alumina, kalsinasi, elutriasiAbstract- Peat clay contains alumina (Al2O3) that has many benefits. The process of recovery of alumina from clay peat can be done by using the method of calcination and elutriasi (stirring). This research aims to recover the alumina from clay peat and study the effect of the addition of CaCl2variations and the effectiveness of stirring speed variations in the process of alumina recovery from clay soils. This research was conducted with several steps. Clay from the peat soil is cleaned and dried by drying. The dry clay that has been done peat milling and sifting to obtain the size of 75 mesh peat clay. A 75 mesh peat clay mixed with a variation ratio of CaCl2 and peat clay is 0,5:1, 1:1, and 1.5:1. Each mixture of CaCl2 and peat clay calcined by heating in a furnace at a temperature of 800°C for 4 hours. Calcined peat clay was performed milling and sifting through a 200 mesh. 80 grams of calcined clay peat size of 200 mesh is added 400 mL of HCl 6 N, then performed solid-liquid separation processes (leaching) with stirring for 2 hours with stirring speed of 200 rpm, 300 rpm and 400 rpm. Solution of the leaching process was decanted and filtered. The filtrate of the result of leaching process is heated (evaporated) until the remaining 100 mL, then added with 100 mL of aquadest. Heating (evaporating) re-mixed filtrate and aquadest until the volume of 100 mL of this process while stirring by using stirer. Liquid contents alumina was tested using volumetric titration method based on SNI 13-6620-2001. Based on the results of the analysis initial sample obtained for the content of alumina in the peat clay is 2.81%. The final result is obtained optimum levels of alumina which can be recover from peat clay soi is 0,622%l using a variation of weight ratio CaCl2 and peat clay 0,5:1 with stirring speed of 400 rpmKeywords: peat clay, alumina, calcination, elutriasi.
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den Nijs, Loes, and Wim van den Berg. "The added value of proficiency tests: choosing the proper method for extracting Meloidogyne second-stage juveniles from soil." Nematology 15, no. 2 (2013): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854112x649954.
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To gain insight into the different extraction processes used in laboratories in various European countries and the effect these methods might have on the number of Meloidogyne second-stage juveniles (J2) extracted from soil samples, a ring test with 2 elements was conducted. The first element used the Baermann funnel as a method performance test. The second element was a proficiency test, in which the laboratory’s standard technique was compared with the Baermann method. Chilled samples of 100 cm3 (10 per extraction method) were sent to participants in insulated containers. In the nematode counts distinction was made between Meloidogyne J2, other plant-parasitic nematodes and/or saprophytes. A total number of 18 participants took part in the method performance test and 13 institutes took part in the proficiency test using 11 different extraction techniques. The initial population density in the soil was 2025 J2 (100 cm3 soil)−1, determined by Oostenbrink elutriator and 4 weeks incubation. In the method performance test the institutes found Meloidogyne J2 numbers varied between 0 and 705 J2 (100 cm3)−1. Using the Baermann extraction method the median number per institute ranged from 0 to 377 J2 (100 cm3)−1. In the proficiency test comparison amongst the different methods showed an increase of more than 100-fold, with the highest median of 3733 J2 (100 cm3)−1 and the lowest of 34 J2 (100 cm3)−1; the difference was caused mainly by the incubation effect. For the other plant-parasitic nematodes and the saprophytes, the differences between the most and least efficient extraction methods were much smaller. The variance of the Meloidogyne counts was the highest for the standard Baermann extraction technique; other similar techniques also had high variances. The automated zonal centrifuge had the lowest variance. The Baermann method is not advisable for survey purposes.
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Krinke, Lukáš, Lenka Moravcová, Petr Pyšek, Vojtěch Jarošík, Jan Pergl, and Irena Perglová. "Seed bank of an invasive alien, Heracleum mantegazzianum, and its seasonal dynamics." Seed Science Research 15, no. 3 (September 2005): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2005214.
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The seed bank of Heracleum mantegazzianum, native to the western Caucasus and invasive in Europe, was studied in the Slavkovský les Protected Landscape Area, the Czech Republic, during the course of two growing seasons. In each of seven study sites with dominating stands of the species, soil samples were taken in October (after the fruit release), April (before germination) and June–July (before the fruit release). Ten samples were taken from each site using a soil hand bore, 4.6 cm in diameter. Seeds elutriated from the samples were immediately germinated in laboratory conditions (10°C, 12 h light/12 h dark); those that germinated during 1 month were considered as non-dormant. Non-germinated but viable seeds, tested for viability by tetrazolium, were considered as dormant. The number of dead seeds was also recorded. The total number of seeds significantly increased with mean density of flowering plants at a site. Of the total variation in seed-bank size, about four-fifths were attributed to that among sites, and one-fifth to that within sites. The number and proportion of living seeds differed significantly between years in summer, but not in autumn and spring. Total number and the numbers of dormant, non-dormant, living and dead seeds significantly differed among the autumn, spring and summer samples. The percentage of living seeds in the total seed bank decreased from 56% in autumn to 42% in spring to 15% in summer. The percentage of non-dormant seeds among those living was 0.3% in autumn, it increased to 87.5% in the spring sample, and decreased to 3% in summer. Pooled across all sites, the average seed numbers (expressed per m2) were 6719±4119 (mean±SD) in autumn, 4907±2278 in spring and 1301±1036 in summer for the total number of seeds, and 3759±2906, 2044±1198 and 192±165, respectively, for living seeds. The majority of seeds (95%) were concentrated in the upper 5 cm soil layer. However, some seeds were present in lower soil layers, which indicates a short-term persistent seed bank. The present data are the first quantitative estimate of the seed bank in H. mantegazzianum, and show that the reproductive potential of the species is enormous, which seems to be a crucial feature of its invasion success.
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Zemo, Dawn A. "Letter to Editor regarding Pudasaini et al. 2019, Characterization of polar metabolites and evaluation of their potential toxicity in hydrocarbon contaminated Antarctic soil elutriates. Science of Total Environment, v689, 390–397." Science of The Total Environment 707 (March 2020): 135471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135471.
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Donald, P. A., C. M. Holguin, and P. A. Agudelo. "First Report of Lance Nematode (Hoplolaimus magnistylus) on Corn, Soybean, and Cotton in Tennessee." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-12-0881-pdn.
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The lance nematode Hoplolaimus magnistylus Robbins 1982 (3) was found for the first time in Tennessee in a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field (35°19.550′ N, 89°24.535′ W) in Fayette County in May 2011. In June of the same year, the species was also found in soil samples collected from a corn (Zea mays L.) field (36°15.736′ N, 88°51.121′ W) and a soybean (Glycine max L.) field (36°15.616′ N, 88°51.118′ W) in Weakley County, TN. Nematodes were extracted from the soil with a semi-automatic elutriator and further processed by sugar flotation-centrifugation. Population densities were between 30 and 50 individuals per 100 cm3 of soil in areas with noticeable stunting. Helicotylenchus sp. and Pratylenchus sp. were also present at less than 10 individuals per 100 cm3 of soil. Ten soybean seeds, cv. Hutcheson, were planted and inoculated with 50 H. magnistylus per 100 cm3 in steam-sterilized soil, and were maintained in a greenhouse. Forty-five days later, soybean plants exhibited at least one of the following symptoms: stunting and chlorosis, reduced root growth, and localized root lesions. Individual nematodes were handpicked and identified under a compound light microscope as H. magnistylus based on morphological and morphometric characteristics. The main diagnostic character for this species is the size of the stylet. In the populations collected, females had stylets ranging from 49 to 58 μm (mean 56 μm). Males and females were observed with head distinctly set off and massive cephalic framework, stylet long and robust and stylet knobs pointed anteriorly. The lateral field was areolated and had four incisures most of the body length, the excretory pore was prominent and located 190 μm (175 to 200 μm) from anterior end, hemizonid was large and located one or two annules posterior to the excretory pore, phasmids were large, conspicuous, and variable in position, and vulva was prominent and near midbody. This species is most similar to the more commonly reported H. galeatus, but differs from it in the longer stylet. Total DNA was extracted from single adults from each soil sample and the species-specific primers Hoc-1f (5′-AACCTGCTGCTGGATCATTA-3′) and HM-3r (5′-AGACTGGACGGCCAAAGTT-3′) designed by Bae et al. (1) were used to confirm the identification by amplification of a distinct 340-bp amplicon that differentiates this species from H. columbus, H. galeatus, H. concaudajuvencus, and H. stephanus. H. magnistylus was first described from soil samples taken from a corn and soybean field in Marianna, AR (3), and has been reported in association with soybean and corn in Louisiana and Mississippi (4). Robbins (4) reported that H. magnistylus was not a serious pest of irrigated cotton in Arkansas, but there are no other pathogenicity studies published for soybean, corn, or non-irrigated cotton. Other lance species, mainly H. galeatus and H. columbus, have been reported to cause serious damage to cotton in the Carolinas and Georgia (3). Previously, H. galeatus was reported in Tennessee by Bernard (2). Lance nematodes feed as migratory endo- and ectoparasites and injure the growing points of roots, causing stunting of plants. Because so little is known about the pathogenicity of this nematode, it becomes relevant to add our records of its known distribution in field crops in the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. magnistylus in Tennessee. References: (1) C. H. Bae et al. Nematology 11:471, 2009. (2) E. C. Bernard. University of Tennessee Bulletin 594, 1980. (3) R. T. Robbins. J. Nematol. 14:500, 1982. (4) R. T. Robbins. J. Nematol. 30(4S):590, 1998.
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Ferrari, Belinda. "Response to Letter to Editor regarding Pudasaini et al. (2019), Characterisation of polar metabolites and evaluation of their potential toxicity in hydrocarbon contaminated soil elutriates. Science of the Total Environment, v689, 390–397." Science of The Total Environment 712 (April 2020): 135470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135470.
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Xiao, C. L., and K. V. Subbarao. "Effects of Irrigation and Verticillium dahliae on Cauliflower Root and Shoot Growth Dynamics." Phytopathology® 90, no. 9 (September 2000): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.9.995.
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Cauliflower root and plant growth and Verticillium wilt development were evaluated under different moisture regimes in the presence or absence of V. dahliae. Treatments included two main plots (V. dahliae-infested and fumigated), two subplots (furrow and subsurface drip irrigation), and three sub-subplots (deficit, moderate, and excessive regimes) that were arranged in a split-split-plot design in the field. Soil cores with roots were periodically sampled at 5 and 25 cm distance from plants. Total roots in each soil core were extracted with a hydropneumatic root elutriator, and root length from each sample was determined with a digital image analysis system. Incidence and severity of Verticillium wilt, plant height, number of leaves, and dry weights of leaves and roots were determined on 10 plants sampled at 7- to 10-day intervals 1 month after cauliflower transplanting and continued until harvest. To evaluate the effects of Verticillium wilt-induced stress on cauliflower plants, stomatal resistance was measured in upper healthy and lower (or diseased) leaves. Root length density at 5 and 25 cm from plant was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in subsurface drip than in furrow irrigation. Root length density was significantly higher in excessive irrigation regime than in the other regimes. Concomitantly, there was higher wilt incidence and severity in excessive and moderate regimes than deficit regime regardless of the irrigation method. Plant height was affected by irrigation methods and deficit regime. Neither the method of irrigation nor the quantity of water affected the other variables. Stomatal resistance in lower diseased leaves was significantly higher in infested than in fumigated plots but it was not in the upper healthy leaves. In this study, cauliflower yield was not affected by V. dahliae and irrigation method, but the deficit irrigation regime resulted in reduced yield even though it suppressed wilt in cauliflower. Thus, higher moisture levels resulted in higher root length density in V. dahliae-infested plots that in turn lead to greater incidence of Verticillium wilt and severity. The pathogen also affected physiological processes such as hydraulic conductance of cauliflower leaves, but not shoot growth or yield under these experimental conditions.
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Jones, R. K., and D. E. Carling. "Identification of Rhizoctonia solani AG-UNK from Rice and Rice Fields in Texas as AG-11." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (September 1999): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.880d.
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A survey of Texas rice fields in 1984 and 1985 yielded collections of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA (causal agent of sheath blight of rice), R. oryzae (causal agent of sheath spot of rice), and a collection of eight multinucleate Rhizoctonia solani-like isolates that would interanastomose, but not anastomose, with tester isolates of AG-1 through AG-8 (representing those available at that time). In 1985, the isolates were characterized as R. solani AG-UNK (2). Isolates were recovered as atypical sclerotia from elutriated field soils in rice-soybean and rice-fallow rotations. Isolates also were recovered from late-season stem lesions nearly identical to those associated with sheath spot disease and from rice residues at locations throughout the upper Gulf Coast of Texas but at extremely low frequencies compared with recovery of R. solani AG-1 IA and R. oryzae. Teleomorphs of R. solani AG-UNK were observed during middle to late season on rice sheaths and matched descriptions of Thanatephorus cucumeris. Isolates were pathogenic on rice and soybean foliage in greenhouse trials but caused no significant yield losses when inoculated on adult rice plants (50 days after emergence) in field trials (2). Isolates exhibited mean hyphal diameters of 5.1 μm, averaged 8.3 nuclei per penultimate cell, grew 0.53 mm/h at 28°C on potato dextrose agar, and were negative in phenol tests (2). From samples maintained in storage during the past 15 years, the isolates have now been identified as AG-11 based on positive anastomosis with tester strains of AG-11 (1). This report records the occurrence of AG-11 in Texas, establishes the identity of the AG-UNK group, and expands the known geographic range of AG-11 in the United States. References: (1) D. E. Carling et al. Phytopathology 84:1387, 1994. (2) R. K. Jones and S. B. Belmar. Plant Dis. 73:1004, 1989.
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Nježić, B., B. Gerič Stare, S. Širca, and N. Grujić. "First Report of the Pale Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida from Bosnia and Herzegovina." Plant Disease 98, no. 4 (April 2014): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0739-pdn.
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Potato cyst nematodes (PCN), the golden cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) Bahrens, and the pale potato cyst nematode G. pallida (Stone) stand out by their remarkable and efficient parasitic adaptations causing high economic losses in potato production worldwide. They are A2 quarantine pests in EPPO countries as well as in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Up to now, only G. rostochiensis was reported from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011 (1). A systematic survey on the presence of PCN on entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina started in 2011. During the PCN survey, each year 120 soil samples of 1.5 liters were collected in the Republic of Srpska, one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The samples were collected by soil auger 10 cm in length with a diameter of 1.5 cm consisting of 100 cores. Entire samples were processed by Seinhorst elutriator (4). In autumn of 2012, PCN viable cysts were found in two soil samples originating from one field. From one sample, 12 cysts were extracted, and 2 from another sample. The morphology of cysts and second stage juveniles and molecular analysis established the identity of this species as pale cyst nematode G. pallida (3). In addition, the sequencing of the ribosomal DNA region revealed unequivocal similarity to G. pallida (GenBank Accession No. HF968449), while PCR-RFLP analysis (2) showed European type of G. pallida. The infested field is located in Rogatica, 70 km east of Sarajevo, which is one of the main seed and potato production areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The field history revealed that farm-propagated, farm-saved seed potatoes could spread the nematodes to other fields as well. Therefore, 26 additional samples were taken from the fields that belong to the infested field owner and the surrounding fields, but no cysts were found in additional samples. To determine infestation focus and its size, the infested field (1.1 ha) was divided into 46 plots (25 × 10 m) and resampled by taking samples of 60 cores per plot. The detailed sampling of the field revealed a high infestation of 1 cyst per gram of soil in the infestation focus. The high infestation level and the propagation of farm-own seed potatoes suggest that the introduction of G. pallida might have occurred several years ago, probably with imported seed potatoes. The infested field was subjected to the phytosanitary measure of banning potato production for a period of 6 years with the possibility of its prolongation, if cysts with live content are found afterward. It is expected that the nematode is present in other fields due to the farmer's practices of propagating farm-saved seed potatoes and deficient field machinery hygiene. Therefore, the whole area will be intensively monitored for the presence of PCN in the future. An adequate pest management plan will be prepared after PCN pathotype identification. To our knowledge, only one field was found infested with G. pallida during the 3-year PCN survey in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Strict phytosanitary measures for preventing further PCN introductions and spreading should be intensified. References: (1) I. Ostojić et al. Plant Dis. 95:883, 2011. (2) S. Širca et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 49:361, 2010. (3) A. M. Skantar et al. J. Nematol. 39:133, 2007. (4) J. van Bezooijen. Methods and Techniques for Nematology, Wageningen University, 2006.
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Remelli, Sara, Fulvio Celico, and Cristina Menta. "The Ecotoxicity Approach as a Tool for Assessing Vermiremediation Effectiveness in Polychlorobiphenyls, Polychlorodibenzo-p-Dioxins and Furans Contaminated Soils." Frontiers in Environmental Science 10 (May 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.907260.
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Chemical analyses are inadequate for assessing soil biological quality. Instead, the soil living community can be used both for monitoring and restoring soil health. The aim of this research was to verify vermiremediation efficiency in PCDD/F and PCB contaminated soils from Brescia-Caffaro (Italy), using an ecotoxicity approach. To gauge whether Caffaro soil could sustain a living community, a characterization of the arthropod community was conducted. Earthworms’ suitability for soil bioremediation was assessed applying ecotoxicity tests. Five treatments were set up: 1) contaminated soil; 2) contaminated soil + Eisenia fetida; 3) contaminated soil + Lepidium sativum; 4) contaminated soil + E. fetida + L. sativum, 5) uncontaminated soil + E. fetida. The ecotoxicity tests were: L. sativum germination index and root elongation inhibition, and Folsomia candida survival and reproduction, applied on soil and elutriate on: starter soil (T0), after 56 and 112 days (T56 and T112), the last after water percolation. Soil arthropod community was dominated by Hypogastruridae, Oribatida and, to a lesser degree, Formicidae and Coleoptera larvae. Ecotoxicity tests showed that F. candida reproduction and L. sativum root elongation were more adversely affected by pollutants than survival and germination. The higher soil ecotoxicity at T112 than at T56, suggested higher contaminant bioavailability after water addition. F. candida showed more variability between soil and elutriate than L. sativum. Both bioassays suggested earthworm treatment as the most promising. The importance of selecting different organisms in soil ecotoxicity monitoring, and the role of elutriate like a solid phase complement, was highlighted.
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Pitombeira de Figueirêdo, Livia, Danillo B. Athayde, Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto, Michiel A. Daam, Glauce da Silva Guerra, Paulo José Duarte-Neto, and Evaldo L. G. Espíndola. "Influence of temperature on the toxicity of the elutriate from a pesticide contaminated soil to two cladoceran species." Ecotoxicology, June 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-022-02560-4.
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Rolando, Ludovica, Anna Barra Caracciolo, Paola Grenni, Livia Mariani, Jasmin Rauseo, Francesca Spataro, Gian Luigi Garbini, Andrea Visca, and Luisa Patrolecco. "Bioaugmentation With a Consortium of Bacterial Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate-Degraders for Remediation of Contaminated Soils." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (September 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.740118.
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The anionic surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) is the main component of most commercial foaming agents (FAs) used in the excavation of highway and railway tunnels with Earth pressure balance-tunnel boring machines (EPB-TBMs). Several hundreds of millions of tons of spoil material, consisting of soil mixed with FAs, are produced worldwide, raising the issue of their handling and safe disposal. Reducing waste production and reusing by-products are the primary objectives of the “circular economy,” and in this context, the biodegradation of SLES becomes a key question in reclaiming excavated soils, especially at construction sites where SLES degradation on the spot is not possible because of lack of space for temporary spoil material storage. The aim of the present work was to apply a bacterial consortium (BC) of SLES degraders to spoil material excavated with an EPB-TBM and coming from a real construction site. For this purpose, the BC capability to accelerate SLES degradation was tested. Preliminary BC growth, degradation tests, and ecotoxicological evaluations were performed on a selected FA. Subsequently, a bioaugmentation experiment was conducted; and the microbial abundance, viability, and SLES concentrations in spoil material were evaluated over the experimental time (0.5, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 144 h). Moreover, the corresponding aqueous elutriates were extracted from all the soil samples and analyzed for SLES concentration and ecotoxicological evaluations with the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. The preliminary experiments showed the BC capability to grow under 14 different concentrations of the FA. The maximum BC growth rates and degradation efficiency (100%) were achieved with initial SLES concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/L. The subsequent bioaugmentation of the spoil material with BC significantly (sixfold) improved the degradation time of SLES (DT50 1 day) compared with natural attenuation (DT50 6 days). In line with this result, neither SLES residues nor toxicity was recorded in the soil extracts showing the spoil material as a by-product promptly usable. The bioaugmentation with BC can be a very useful for cleaning spoil material produced in underground construction where its temporary storage (for SLES natural biodegradation) is not possible.