Journal articles: 'Soil degassing'

1

Pfanz, Hardy, Frank Saßmannshausen, Christiane Wittmann, Benny Pfanz, and Annika Thomalla. "Mofette Vegetation as an Indicator for Geogenic CO2 Emission: A Case Study on the Banks of the Laacher See Volcano, Vulkaneifel, Germany." Geofluids 2019 (August 8, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9589306.

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A geogenic CO2 emitting site (mofette U1) at the banks of the Laacher See, Eifel Mountains, was chosen to study the relationship between heavy postvolcanic soil degassing and vegetation during spring season. To test any interrelation between soil CO2 degassing and vegetation, soil chemism (pH, water content, conductivity, and humus content) and vegetation studies (number of species, plant-soil coverage) were performed. Geogenic soil degassing patterns of carbon dioxide and oxygen were clearly inhomogeneous, resembling soil porosity and distinct permeation channels within the soil. CO2 concentrations ranged from zero to 100%. Soil CO2 increased, while soil oxygen decreased with increasing soil depth. There was a reasonable correlation between CO2 degassing and soil pH as well as soil conductivity. Soil organic matter (SOM) resembled soil water distribution. The number of plant species (from a total of 69 species) as well as plant coverage strongly followed geogenic CO2 degassing. The total number of growing species was highest in low CO2 soils (max. 17 species per m2) and lowest at high CO2-emitting sites (one species per m2). Plant coverage followed the same pattern. Total plant coverage reached values of up to 84% in slightly degassing soils and only 5-6% on heavy CO2-venting sites. One plant species proved to be highly mofettophilic (marsh sedge, Carex acutiformis) and strictly grew on CO2 degassing sites. Most other species like grove windflower, spring fumewort, fig buttercup, wood bluegrass, addersmeat, and common snowberry showed a mofettophobic behavior and strictly avoided degassing areas. Specific plant species can thus be used to detect and monitor pre- or postvolcanic CO2 degassing.

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Berberich, Gabriele M., Martin B. Berberich, Aaron M. Ellison, and Christian Wöhler. "Degassing Rhythms and Fluctuations of Geogenic Gases in A Red Wood-Ant Nest and in Soil in The Neuwied Basin (East Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany)." Insects 9, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040135.

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Geochemical tracers of crustal fluids (CO2, He, Rn) provide a useful tool for the identification of buried fault structures. We acquired geochemical data during 7-months of continual sampling to identify causal processes underlying correlations between ambient air and degassing patterns of three gases (CO2, He, Rn) in a nest of red wood ants (Formica polyctena; “RWA”) and the soil at Goloring in the Neuwied Basin, a part of the East Eifel Volcanic Field (EEVF). We explored whether temporal relations and degassing rhythms in soil and nest gas concentrations could be indicators of hidden faults through which the gases migrate to the surface from depth. In nest gas, the coupled system of CO2-He and He concentrations exceeding atmospheric standards 2-3 fold suggested that RWA nests may be biological indicators of hidden degassing faults and fractures at small scales. Equivalently periodic degassing infradian rhythms in the RWA nest, soil, and three nearby minerals springs suggested NW-SE and NE-SW tectonic linkages. Because volcanic activity in the EEVF is dormant, more detailed information on the EEVF’s tectonic, magmatic, and degassing systems and its active tectonic fault zones are needed. Such data could provide additional insights into earthquake processes that are related to magmatic processes at the lower crust.

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Kämpf, Horst, Alena Sophie Broge, Pouria Marzban, Masoud Allahbakhshi, and Tobias Nickschick. "Nonvolcanic Carbon Dioxide Emission at Continental Rifts: The Bublak Mofette Area, Western Eger Rift, Czech Republic." Geofluids 2019 (October 30, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4852706.

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This study presents the results of gas flux measurements of cold, mantle-derived CO2 release at the Bublák mofette field (BMF), located inside of the N-S directed Počátky Plesná fault zone (PPFZ). The PPFZ is presently seismically active, located in the eastern part of the Cheb Basin, western Eger Rift, Central Europe. The goal of the work was to identify the linkage between tectonics and gas flux. The investigated area has a size of 0,43 km2 in which 1.115 locations have been measured. Besides classical soil CO2 gas flux measurements using the closed chamber method (West Systems), drone-based orthophotos were used in combination with knowledge of plant zonation to find zones of high degassing in the agriculturally unused part of the BMF. The highest observed soil CO2 gas flux is 177.926,17 g m-2 d-1, and the lowest is 0,28 g m-2 d-1. Three statistical methods were used for the calculation of the gas flux: arithmetic mean, kriging, and trans-Gaussian kriging. The average CO2 soil degassing of the BMF is 30 t d-1 for an area of 0,43 km2. Since the CO2 soil degassing of the Hartoušov mofette field (HMF) amounts to 23 t d-1 for an area of 0,35 km2, the average dry degassing values of the BMF and HMF are in the same magnitude of order. The amount of CO2 flux from wet mofettes is 3 t d-1 for the BMF and 0,6 t d-1 for the HMF. It was found that the degassing in the BMF and HMF is not in accordance with the pull-apart basin interpretation, based on the direction of degassing as well as topography and sediment fill of the suggested basins. En-echelon faults inside of the PPFZ act as fluid channels to depth (CO2 conduits). These structures inside the PPFZ show beginning faulting and act as tectonic control of CO2 degassing.

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Sheppard, M. I., D. H. Thibault, P. A. Smith, and J. L. Hawkins. "Volatilization: a soil degassing coefficient for iodine." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 25, no. 3 (January 1994): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-931x(94)90072-8.

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5

Xu, Junzeng, Qi Wei, Shihong Yang, Linxian Liao, Zhiming Qi, and Weiguang Wang. "Soil degassing during watering: An overlooked soil N2O emission process." Environmental Pollution 242 (November 2018): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.103.

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6

Gagliano, A. L., S. Calabrese, K. Daskalopoulou, J. Cabassi, F. Capecchiacci, F. Tassi, S. Bellomo, et al. "Degassing and Cycling of Mercury at Nisyros Volcano (Greece)." Geofluids 2019 (August 14, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4783514.

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Nisyros Island (Greece) is an active volcano hosting a high-enthalpy geothermal system. During June 2013, an extensive survey on Hg concentrations in different matrices (fumarolic fluids, atmosphere, soils, and plants) was carried out at the Lakki Plain, an intracaldera area affected by widespread soil and fumarolic degassing. Concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), together with H2S and CO2, were simultaneously measured in both the fumarolic emissions and the atmosphere around them. At the same time, 130 samples of top soils and 31 samples of plants (Cistus creticus and salvifolius and Erica arborea and manipuliflora) were collected for Hg analysis. Mercury concentrations in fumarolic gases ranged from 10,500 to 46,300 ng/m3, while Hg concentrations in the air ranged from high background values in the Lakki Plain caldera (10-36 ng/m3) up to 7100 ng/m3 in the fumarolic areas. Outside the caldera, the concentrations were relatively low (2-5 ng/m3). The positive correlation with both CO2 and H2S in air highlighted the importance of hydrothermal gases as carrier for GEM. On the other hand, soil Hg concentrations (0.023-13.7 μg/g) showed no significant correlations with CO2 and H2S in the soil gases, whereas it showed a positive correlation with total S content and an inverse one with the soil pH, evidencing the complexity of the processes involving Hg carried by hydrothermal gases while passing through the soil. Total Hg concentrations in plant leaves (0.010-0.112 μg/g) had no direct correlation with soil Hg, with Cistus leaves containing higher values of Hg with respect to Erica. Even though GEM concentrations in the air within the caldera are sometimes orders of magnitude above the global background, they should not be considered dangerous to human health. Values exceeding the WHO guideline value of 1000 ng/m3 are very rare (<0.1%) and only found very close to the main fumarolic vents, where the access to tourists is prohibited.

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7

Elberling, Bo, and Bjarne H. Jakobsen. "Soil solution pH measurements using in-line chambers with tension lysimeters." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-061.

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During soil water extraction, pH can change as a result of atmospheric gas exchange. The pH change is important for monitoring soil acidification and determination of mineralogic controls on the solution composition. As part of a global change programme in Greenland for monitoring long-term changes in Arctic soil solutions we observed that the pH of extracted soil solutions increased in the order of a half pH unit during traditional sampling and handling of the soil solution. CO2 degassing is often considered the most important factor causing such a pH increase. Thus, traditional as well as in-line pH measurements were performed during the summers 1997 and 1998. The in-line method was designed to eliminate atmospheric contact with soil solutions prior to pH measurements. The time-dependent pH error was quantified based on laboratory experiments with soil solution under controlled temperatures and CO2 partial pressures. Equilibrium speciation modelling was used to predict pH values observed in the field and in the laboratory and the model was found to reproduce the observations well. We conclude that traditional pH measurements on extracted soil solutions in the pH range from 5 to 7 are not appropriate for detailed pH measurements due to errors associated with CO2 degassing. In-line measurements provide more accurate measurement necessary for detailed studies on soil acidification dynamics. Key words: pH, carbon dioxide degassing, soil solution, tension lysimeter, arctic soil

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8

Sheppard, Marsha I., L. L. Ewing, and J. L. Hawkins. "Soil Degassing of Carbon‐14 Dioxide: Rates and Factors." Journal of Environmental Quality 23, no. 3 (May 1994): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300030008x.

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9

Peiffer, Loïc, Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, Agnès Mazot, Ruth Esther Villanueva-Estrada, Claudio Inguaggiato, Rubén Bernard Romero, Roberto Rocha Miller, and Javier Hernández Rojas. "Soil degassing at the Los Humeros geothermal field (Mexico)." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 356 (May 2018): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.03.001.

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10

Dahlgren, R. A., H. J. Percival, and R. L. Parfitt. "CARBON DIOXIDE DEGASSING EFFECTS ON SOIL SOLUTIONS COLLECTED BY CENTRIFUGATION." Soil Science 162, no. 9 (September 1997): 648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199709000-00006.

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11

Lefevre, Jean-Claude, Pierre-Yves Gillot, Carlo Cardellini, Marceau Gresse, Louis Lesage, Giovani Chiodini, and Christine Oberlin. "Use of the Radiocarbon Activity Deficit in Vegetation as a Sensor of CO2 Soil Degassing: Example from La Solfatara (Naples, Southern Italy)." Radiocarbon 60, no. 2 (December 12, 2017): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.76.

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AbstractSoil CO2 flux measurement is a key method that can be used to monitor the hazards in an active volcanic area. In order to determine accurately the variations of the CO2 soil emission we propose an approach based on the radiocarbon (14C) deficiency recorded in the plants grown in and around the Solfatara (Naples, Italy). We twice sampled selected poaceae plants in 17 defined sites around the Solfatara volcano. 14C measurements by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) were achieved on the grass samples. The 14C deficiency determined in the sampled plants, compared to the atmosphere 14C activity, ranged from 6.6 to 51.6%. We then compared the proportion of magmatic CO2 inferred to the instantaneous measurements of CO2 fluxes from soil performed by the accumulation chamber CO2 degassing measurement at the moment of the sampling at each site. The results show a clear correlation (r=0.88) between soil CO2 fluxes and 14C activity. The determination of the plants 14C deficiency provides an estimate of the CO2 rate within a few square meters, integrating CO2 soil degassing variations and meteorological incidences over a few months. It can therefore become an efficient bio-sensor and can be used as a proxy to cartography of the soil CO2 and to determine its variations through time

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12

Zaburdayev, V. S. "Degassing Parameters for High-Performance Working Areas at the Anexplored Mine Fields." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 2 (February 2021): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-2-63-68.

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Conditions of the coal seams bedding at the mines of Kuzbass and Vorkutskoye deposits, their natural methane content and coal grades are studied in the article. Performance of shearers and the natural degassing effect of the second working on the change in the methane content of the massif in the coal mining zone are evaluated. Dependence is established concerning the coefficient of coal seams natural degassing on the thickness of the mined seam. The influence of natural and mining-technical factors on the efficiency of second working and degassing parameters were studied. The relationship is revealed between the natural methane content of coal seams with the yield index of the volatile substances contained in the coals of various grades. The relationship is defined related to the intensity of the initial methane release from the coal mass to the reservoir degassing wells depending on the natural methane content of the reservoir with the outgoing air flow. Comparison of the data obtained during geological exploration works, and the predicted values calculated based on the identified dependencies showed their good convergence. The dependences were revealed concerning the zones of intense methane release in the degassing wells on the thickness of the inter-layer of the unloaded adjacent layers in the roof and soil of the working layer in the process of moving the working face. This information allows to select the optimal mode of wells functioning for extracting methane-air mixtures suitable for utilization in the unexplored mine fields. Recommended coefficients of degassing of the methane emission sources were determined for ensuring the planned productivity of the working face with the view to ensure its safety on the gas factor.

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13

Kot, Fyodor, Vladimir Rapoport, and Galina Kharitonova. "Immobilization of soil mercury by colloidal sulphur in the laboratory experiment." Open Chemistry 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 846–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-007-0027-7.

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AbstractThe results of the laboratory pot experiments on soil mercury (Hg) immobilisation with a non-toxic and price-reasonable agent — colloidal sulphur (S) water suspension, are presented. It was shown that fertilisation with small agrochemical doses of colloidal S reduces excess Hg effectively as follows: in interstitial waters by a factor 2 – 12 times for total Hg, and 22– 680 times for “reactive” Hg; in stems and leaves of oats – 7 – 22 times; and in moss bags, reflecting soil Hg degassing, 7 – 15 times, for the most heavily Hg-spiked soils. The results obtained allowed to conclude that the immobilization of Hg occurs through Hg binding to the newly formed S-bearing functional groups in humic acids and/or sulphides.

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14

Inguaggiato, Salvatore, Fabio Vita, Marianna Cangemi, and Lorenzo Calderone. "Changes in CO2 Soil Degassing Style as a Possible Precursor to Volcanic Activity: The 2019 Case of Stromboli Paroxysmal Eruptions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 4757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144757.

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Paroxysmal explosions are some of the most spectacular evidence of volcanism on Earth and are triggered by the rapid ascent of volatile-rich magma. These explosions often occur in persistently erupting basaltic volcanoes located in subduction zones and represent a major hazard due to the sudden occurrence and wide impact on the neighboring populations. However, the recognition of signals that forecast these blasts remains challenging even in the best-monitored volcanoes. Here, we present the results of the regular monitoring of soil CO2 flux from a fumarole field at the summit of Stromboli (Italy), highlighting that the 2016–2019 period was characterized by two important phases of strong increases of volatile output rate degassing (24 g m2 d−2 and 32 g m2 d−2, respectively) and moreover by significant changes in the degassing style few months before the last paroxysmal explosions occurred in the summer 2019 (3 July and 28 August). Establish that the deep portions of a volcano plumbing system are refilled by new volatiles-rich magma intruding from the mantle is therefore a key factor for forecasting eruptions and helping in recognizing possible precursors of paroxysmal explosions and could be highlighted by the monitoring of soil CO2 flux. The abrupt increase of degassing rate coupled with the strong increase of fluctuating signal (daily natural deviation) recorded during 2019 at Stromboli could be the key to predicting the occurrence of paroxysmal events.

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15

Suarez, D. L. "Prediction of pH Errors in Soil-water Extractors Due to Degassing." Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, no. 1 (January 1987): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100010012x.

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16

Zabowski, D., and R. S. Sletten. "Carbon Dioxide Degassing Effects on the pH of Spodosol Soil Solutions." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 5 (September 1991): 1456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500050043x.

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17

Chiodini, Giovanni, Rosario Avino, Tatjana Brombach, Stefano Caliro, Carlo Cardellini, Sandro De Vita, Francesco Frondini, Domenico Granirei, Enrica Marotta, and Guido Ventura. "Fumarolic and diffuse soil degassing west of Mount Epomeo, Ischia, Italy." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 133, no. 1-4 (May 2004): 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00403-7.

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Ruggiero, L., A. Sciarra, A. Mazzini, F. Florindo, G. Wilson, M. C. Tartarello, C. Mazzoli, et al. "Antarctic permafrost degassing in Taylor Valley by extensive soil gas investigation." Science of The Total Environment 866 (March 2023): 161345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161345.

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19

Fedele, Alessandro, Renato Somma, Claudia Troise, Karen Holmberg, Giuseppe De Natale, and Fabio Matano. "Time-Lapse Landform Monitoring in the Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei-Italy) Fumarole Field Using UAV Photogrammetry." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010118.

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The utility of new imaging technologies to better understand hazardous geological environments cannot be overstated. The combined use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and digital photogrammetry (DP) represents a rapidly evolving technique that permits geoscientists to obtain detailed spatial data. This can aid in rapid mapping and analyses of dynamic processes that are modifying contemporary landscapes, particularly through the creation of a time series of digital data to help monitor the geomorphological evolution of volcanic structures. Our study comprises a short-term (in geological terms) monitoring program of the dynamic and diffuse Pisciarelli degassing structure caused by the interplay between intensive rainfall and hydrothermal activity. This area, an unstable fumarole field located several hundred meters east of the Solfatara Crater of the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy), is characterized by consistent soil degassing, fluid emission from ephemeral vents, and hot mud pools. This degassing activity is episodically accompanied by seismic swarms and macroscopic morphology changes such as the appearance of vigorously degassing vents, collapsing landslides, and bubbling mud. In late-2019 and 2020, we performed repeated photogrammetric UAV surveys using the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique. This approach allowed us to create dense 3D point clouds and digital orthophotos spanning one year of surveys. The results highlight the benefits of photogrammetry data using UAV for the accurate remote monitoring and mapping of active volcanoes and craters in harsh and dangerous environments.

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Gagliano, A. L., W. D'Alessandro, M. Tagliavia, F. Parello, and P. Quatrini. "Methanotrophic activity and diversity of methanotrophs in volcanic geothermal soils at Pantelleria (Italy)." Biogeosciences 11, no. 20 (October 22, 2014): 5865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5865-2014.

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Abstract. Volcanic and geothermal systems emit endogenous gases by widespread degassing from soils, including CH4, a greenhouse gas twenty-five times as potent as CO2. Recently, it has been demonstrated that volcanic or geothermal soils are not only a source of methane, but are also sites of methanotrophic activity. Methanotrophs are able to consume 10–40 Tg of CH4 a−1 and to trap more than 50% of the methane degassing through the soils. We report on methane microbial oxidation in the geothermally most active site of Pantelleria (Italy), Favara Grande, whose total methane emission was previously estimated at about 2.5 Mg a−1 (t a−1). Laboratory incubation experiments with three top-soil samples from Favara Grande indicated methane consumption values of up to 59.2 nmol g−1 soil d.w. h−1. One of the three sites, FAV2, where the highest oxidation rate was detected, was further analysed on a vertical soil profile, the maximum methane consumption was measured in the top-soil layer, and values greater than 6.23 nmol g−1 h−1 were still detected up to a depth of 13 cm. The highest consumption rate was measured at 37 °C, but a still detectable consumption at 80 °C (> 1.25 nmol g−1 h−1) was recorded. The soil total DNA extracted from the three samples was probed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using standard proteobacterial primers and newly designed verrucomicrobial primers, targeting the unique methane monooxygenase gene pmoA; the presence of methanotrophs was detected at sites FAV2 and FAV3, but not at FAV1, where harsher chemical–physical conditions and negligible methane oxidation were detected. The pmoA gene libraries from the most active site (FAV2) pointed to a high diversity of gammaproteobacterial methanotrophs, distantly related to Methylocaldum-Metylococcus genera, and the presence of the newly discovered acido-thermophilic Verrucomicrobia methanotrophs. Alphaproteobacteria of the genus Methylocystis were isolated from enrichment cultures under a methane-containing atmosphere at 37 °C. The isolates grow at a pH range of 3.5 to 8 and temperatures of 18–45 °C, and consume 160 nmol of CH4 h−1 mL−1 of culture. Soils from Favara Grande showed the largest diversity of methanotrophic bacteria detected until now in a geothermal soil. While methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia are reported as dominating highly acidic geothermal sites, our results suggest that slightly acidic soils, in high-enthalpy geothermal systems, host a more diverse group of both culturable and uncultivated methanotrophs.

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Milton, G. M., and S. J. Kramer. "Using 14C as a Tracer of Carbon Accumulation and Turnover in Soils." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 999–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220001897x.

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Three very different Canadian soils—clay soils of the St. Lawrence Lowlands, sandy forest soils of the Ottawa Valley, and organic-rich sediments from a wetland on the Canadian Shield—have been cored, sliced and separated into different density fractions, and the radiocarbon content of these soil fractions measured. In two of the areas sampled, cores were obtained close to operating nuclear reactors, as well as from beyond their region of influence. As a consequence, it has been possible to ascertain the depths of penetration of both the weapons-testing pulse (peaking in 1963), and a 25–50-yr chronic reactor input of 14C.The percentage of carbon stored in different density fractions varied with soil type. Turnover times for bulk soil organic carbon, estimated from soil degassing rates, have been compared with those predicated on the residual “bomb” 14C in background cores, and/or on the ratio of reactor-emitted 14C retained in the soils to the total deposited during the lifetime of operation. Residence times for the heavy carbon fraction present at depths below the influence of anthropogenic inputs have also been estimated.The accumulated data will be incorporated in a revised soil model, adjusted for the parameters deemed to be most important to carbon turnover rates under Canadian conditions.

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D'Alessandro, W., L. Brusca, K. Kyriakopoulos, M. Margaritopoulos, G. Michas, and G. Papadakis. "FLUID GEOCHEMISTRY INVESTIGATIONS ON THE VOLCANIC SYSTEM OF METHANA." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16360.

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An extensive geochemical survey on the fluids released by the volcanic/geothermal system of Methana was undertaken. Characterization of the gases was made on the basis of the chemical and isotopie (He and C) analysis of 14 samples. CO2 soil gas concentration and fluxes were measured on the whole peninsula at more than 100 sampling sites. 31 samples of thermal and cold groundwaters were also sampled and analysed to characterize the geochemistry of aquifers. Anomalies referable to the geothermal system, besides at known thermal manifestations, were also recognized at some anomalous degassing soil site and in some cold groundwater. These anomalies were always spatially correlated to the main active tectonic system of the area. The total CO2 output of the volcanic system has been preliminary estimated in about 0.2 kg s~ . Although this value is low compared to other volcanic systems, anomalous C02 degassing at Methana may pose gas hazard problems. Such volcanic risk, although restricted to limited areas, cannot be neglected and further studies have to be undertaken for its better assessment.

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Gagliano, A. L., W. D'Alessandro, M. Tagliavia, F. Parello, and P. Quatrini. "Methanotrophic activity and bacterial diversity in volcanic-geothermal soils at Pantelleria island (Italy)." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 5147–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-5147-2014.

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Abstract. Volcanic and geothermal systems emit endogenous gases by widespread degassing from soils, including CH4, a greenhouse gas twenty-five times as potent as CO2. Recently, it has been demonstrated that volcanic/geothermal soils are source of methane, but also sites of methanotrophic activity. Methanotrophs are able to consume 10–40 Tg of CH4 a−1 and to trap more than 50% of the methane degassing through the soils. We report on methane microbial oxidation in the geothermally most active site of Pantelleria island (Italy), Favara Grande, whose total methane emission was previously estimated in about 2.5 t a−1. Laboratory incubation experiments with three top-soil samples from Favara Grande indicated methane consumption values up to 950 ng g−1 dry soil h−1. One of the three sites, FAV2, where the highest oxidation rate was detected, was further analysed on a vertical soil profile and the maximum methane consumption was measured in the top-soil layer but values > 100 ng g−1 h−1 were maintained up to a depth of 15 cm. The highest consumption rate was measured at 37 °C, but a still recognizable consumption at 80 °C (> 20 ng g−1 h−1) was recorded. In order to estimate the bacterial diversity, total soil DNA was extracted from Favara Grande and analysed using a Temporal Temperature Gradient gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) analysis of the amplified bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The three soil samples were probed by PCR using standard proteobacterial primers and newly designed verrucomicrobial primers targeting the unique methane monooxygenase gene pmoA; the presence of methanotrophs was detected in sites FAV2 and FAV3, but not in FAV1, where harsher chemical-physical conditions and negligible methane oxidation were detected. The pmoA gene libraries from the most active site FAV2 pointed out a high diversity of gammaproteobacterial methanotrophs distantly related to Methylococcus/Methylothermus genera and the presence of the newly discovered acido-thermophilic methanotrophs Verrucomicrobia. Alphaproteobacteria of the genus Methylocystis were isolated from enrichment cultures, under a methane containing atmosphere at 37 °C. The isolates grow at pH 3.5–8 and temperatures of 18–45 °C, and show a methane oxidation rate of ~ 450 μmol mol−1 h−1. Soils from Favara Grande showed the largest diversity of methanotrophic bacteria until now detected in a geothermal soil. While methanotrophic Verrucomicrobia are reported to dominate highly acidic geothermal sites, our results suggest that slightly acidic soils, in high enthalpy geothermal systems, host a more diverse group of both culturable and uncultivated methanotrophs.

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Queißer, Manuel, Domenico Granieri, and Mike Burton. "2-D tomography of volcanic CO2 from scanning hard-target differential absorption lidar: the case of Solfatara, Campi Flegrei (Italy)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2016): 5721–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5721-2016.

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Abstract. Solfatara is part of the active volcanic zone of Campi Flegrei (Italy), a densely populated urban area where ground uplift and increasing ground temperature are observed, connected with rising rates of CO2 emission. A major pathway of CO2 release at Campi Flegrei is diffuse soil degassing, and therefore quantifying diffuse CO2 emission rates is of vital interest. Conventional in situ probing of soil gas emissions with accumulation chambers is accurate over a small footprint but requires significant time and effort to cover large areas. An alternative approach is differential absorption lidar, which allows for a fast and spatially integrated measurement. Here, a portable hard-target differential absorption lidar has been used to acquire horizontal 1-D profiles of column-integrated CO2 concentration at the Solfatara crater. To capture heterogenic features in the CO2 distribution, a 2-D tomographic map of the CO2 distribution has been inverted from the 1-D profiles. The scan was performed one-sided, which is unfavorable for the inverse problem. Nonetheless, the result is in agreement with independent measurements and furthermore confirms an area of anomalous CO2 degassing along the eastern edge as well as the center of the Solfatara crater. The method may have important implications for measurements of degassing features that can only be accessed from limited angles, such as airborne sensing of volcanic plumes. CO2 fluxes retrieved from the 2-D map are comparable, but modestly higher than emission rates from previous studies, perhaps reflecting an increase in CO2 flux or a more integrated measurement or both.

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Inguaggiato, Salvatore, Fabio Vita, Iole Serena Diliberto, Agnes Mazot, Lorenzo Calderone, Andrea Mastrolia, and Marco Corrao. "The Extensive Parameters as a Tool to Monitoring the Volcanic Activity: The Case Study of Vulcano Island (Italy)." Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051283.

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On Vulcano Island (Italy), many geochemical crises have occurred during the last 130 years of solfataric activity. The main crises occurred in 1978–1980, 1988–1991, 1996, 2004–2007, 2009–2010 and the ongoing 2021 anomalous degassing activity. These crises have been characterized by early signals of resuming degassing activity, measurable by the increase of volatiles and energy output emitted from the summit areas of the active cone, and particularly by increases of gas/water ratios in the fumarolic area at the summit. In any case, a direct rather than linear correspondence has been observed among the observed increase in the fluid output, seismic release and ground deformation, and is still a subject of study. We present here the results obtained by the long-term monitoring (over 13 years of observations) of three extensive parameters: the SO2 flux monitored in the volcanic plume, the soil CO2 flux and the local heat flux, monitored in the mild thermal anomaly located to the east of the high-temperature fumarole. The time variations of these parameters showed cyclicity in the volcanic degassing and a general increase in the trend in the last period. In particular, we focused on the changes in the mass and energy output registered in the period of June–December 2021, to offer in near-real-time the first evaluation of the level and duration of the actual exhalative crisis affecting Vulcano Island. In this last event, a clear change in degassing style was recorded for the volatiles emitted by the magma. For example, the flux of diffused CO2 from the soils reached the maximum never-before-recorded value of 34,000 g m−2 d−1 and the flux of SO2 of the plume emitted by the fumarolic field on the summit crater area reached values higher than 200 t d−1. The interpretation of the behavior of this volcanic system, resulting from the detailed analyses of these continuous monitoring data, will complete the framework of observations and help in defining and possibly forecasting the next evolution of the actual exhaling crisis.

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Suarez, D. L. "A Soil Water Extractor That Minimizes CO2 Degassing and p H Errors." Water Resources Research 22, no. 6 (June 1986): 876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr022i006p00876.

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Linhares, Diana, Patrícia Ventura Garcia, Fátima Viveiros, Teresa Ferreira, and Armindo dos Santos Rodrigues. "Air Pollution by Hydrothermal Volcanism and Human Pulmonary Function." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/326794.

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The aim of this study was to assess whether chronic exposure to volcanogenic air pollution by hydrothermal soil diffuse degassing is associated with respiratory defects in humans. This study was carried in the archipelago of the Azores, an area with active volcanism located in the Atlantic Ocean where Eurasian, African, and American lithospheric plates meet. A cross-sectional study was performed on a study group of 146 individuals inhabiting an area where volcanic activity is marked by active fumarolic fields and soil degassing (hydrothermal area) and a reference group of 359 individuals inhabiting an area without these secondary manifestations of volcanism (nonhydrothermal area). Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for age, gender, fatigue, asthma, and smoking. The OR for restrictive defects and for exacerbation of obstructive defects (COPD) in the hydrothermal area was 4.4 (95% CI 1.78–10.69) and 3.2 (95% CI 1.82–5.58), respectively. Increased prevalence of restrictions and all COPD severity ranks (mild, moderate, and severe) was observed in the population from the hydrothermal area. These findings may assist health officials in advising and keeping up with these populations to prevent and minimize the risk of respiratory diseases.

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Dinger, Florian, Stefan Bredemeyer, Santiago Arellano, Nicole Bobrowski, Ulrich Platt, and Thomas Wagner. "On the link between Earth tides and volcanic degassing." Solid Earth 10, no. 3 (May 29, 2019): 725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-725-2019.

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Abstract. Long-term measurements of volcanic gas emissions conducted during the last decade suggest that under certain conditions the magnitude or chemical composition of volcanic emissions exhibits periodic variations with a period of about 2 weeks. A possible cause of such a periodicity can be attributed to the Earth tidal potential. The phenomenology of such a link has been debated for long, but no quantitative model has yet been proposed. The aim of this paper is to elucidate whether a causal link between tidal forcing and variations in volcanic degassing can be traced analytically. We model the response of a simplified magmatic system to the local tidal gravity variations and derive a periodical vertical magma displacement in the conduit with an amplitude of 0.1–1 m, depending on the geometry and physical state of the magmatic system. We find that while the tide-induced vertical magma displacement presumably has no significant direct effect on the volatile solubility, the differential magma flow across the radial conduit profile may result in a significant increase in the bubble coalescence rate at a depth of several kilometres by up to several multiples of 10 %. Because bubble coalescence facilitates separation of gas from magma and thus enhances volatile degassing, we argue that the derived tidal variation may propagate to a manifestation of varying volcanic degassing behaviour. The presented model provides a first basic framework which establishes an analytical understanding of the link between the Earth tides and volcanic degassing.

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Inguaggiato, Salvatore, Fabio Vita, Marianna Cangemi, and Lorenzo Calderone. "Increasing Summit Degassing at the Stromboli Volcano and Relationships with Volcanic Activity (2016–2018)." Geosciences 9, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040176.

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The last increased volcanic activity of the Stromboli volcano, from 2016 to 2018, was characterized by increases in the number and frequency of crater explosions and by episodes of lava overflow. The volcanic activity was monitored utilizing CO2 soil fluxes acquired from the Stromboli summit area (STR02 station). To better understand the behavior of the shallow plumbing system of the Stromboli volcano in the period of 2016–2018, we utilized a large data set spanning from 2000 to 2018. The data in this last period confirm a long growing trend of CO2 summit degassing, already observed in the years since 2005 (reaching 23,000 g·m−2·d−1). Moreover, within this increasing trend, episodes of sudden and sharp increases in the degassing rate, up to 24.2 g·m−2·d−2 were recorded, which are correlated with the observed paroxysmal activity (increased summit explosions and overflow).

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Newsom, Horton E., and Justin J. Hagerty. "Chemical components of the Martian soil: Melt degassing, hydrothermal alteration, and chondritic debris." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 102, E8 (August 1, 1997): 19345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97je01687.

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Giammanco, Salvatore, Sergio Gurrieri, and Mariano Valenza. "Soil CO2 degassing along tectonic structures of Mount Etna (Sicily): the Pernicana fault." Applied Geochemistry 12, no. 4 (July 1997): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-2927(97)00011-5.

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Federico, Cinzia, Ornella Cocina, Salvatore Gambino, Antonio Paonita, Stefano Branca, Mauro Coltelli, Francesco Italiano, et al. "Inferences on the 2021 Ongoing Volcanic Unrest at Vulcano Island (Italy) through a Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Surveillance Network." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051405.

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In September 2021, the La Fossa crater at Vulcano, in Italy, entered a new phase of unrest. We discuss a set of monitoring parameters included in the INGV surveillance network, which closely tracked the sequence of effects related to the crisis. The low-frequency local seismicity sharply increased, while the GPS and tiltmeter networks recorded the inflation of the cone, as an effect of fluid expansion in the hydrothermal system. Gravity variations were probably the effects of fast processes within shallow sources. The anomalies in soil CO2 flux, fumarole temperature, and in plume SO2 flux marked the strong increase in the vapor output from crater fumaroles. The signs of the impending crisis had been evident in the chemical and isotopic composition of fumarole gases since July 2021. These geochemical anomalies were clearly indicative of the enhanced input of gases from a magmatic source. In October, the massive degassing also influenced the areas at the base of the cone. In some areas, soil CO2 degassing and the thermal aquifer recorded strong anomalies. By early November, the crisis reached its acme. Afterward, the monitored parameters started a slow and discontinuous decreasing trend although remaining, some of them, sensibly above the background for several months. The multidisciplinary approach proved decisive for the interpretation of the underlying processes acting in the different phases of the unrest, thus allowing a consistent evaluation of the multiple hazards.

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Costello, Elizabeth K., Stephan R. P. Halloy, Sasha C. Reed, Preston Sowell, and Steven K. Schmidt. "Fumarole-Supported Islands of Biodiversity within a Hyperarid, High-Elevation Landscape on Socompa Volcano, Puna de Atacama, Andes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 3 (December 12, 2008): 735–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01469-08.

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ABSTRACT Fumarolic activity supports the growth of mat-like photoautotrophic communities near the summit (at 6,051 m) of Socompa Volcano in the arid core of the Andes mountains. These communities are isolated within a barren, high-elevation landscape where sparse vascular plants extend to only 4,600 m. Here, we combine biogeochemical and molecular-phylogenetic approaches to characterize the bacterial and eucaryotic assemblages associated with fumarolic and nonfumarolic grounds on Socompa. Small-subunit rRNA genes were PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced from two fumarolic soil samples and two reference soil samples, including the volcanic debris that covers most of the mountain. The nonfumarolic, dry, volcanic soil was similar in nutrient status to the most extreme Antarctic Dry Valley or Atacama Desert soils, hosted relatively limited microbial communities dominated by Actinobacteria and Fungi, and contained no photoautotrophs. In contrast, modest fumarolic inputs were associated with elevated soil moisture and nutrient levels, the presence of chlorophyll a, and 13C-rich soil organic carbon. Moreover, this soil hosted diverse photoautotroph-dominated assemblages that contained novel lineages and exhibited structure and composition comparable to those of a wetland near the base of Socompa (3,661-m elevation). Fumarole-associated eucaryotes were particularly diverse, with an abundance of green algal lineages and a novel clade of microarthropods. Our data suggest that volcanic degassing of water and 13C-rich CO2 sustains fumarole-associated primary producers, leading to a complex microbial ecosystem within this otherwise barren landscape. Finally, we found that human activities have likely impacted the fumarolic soils and that fumarole-supported photoautotrophic communities may be exceptionally sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance.

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Chmiel, Stanisław, Stanisław Hałas, Tomasz Pieńkos, Sławomir Głowacki, Ewa Maciejewska, Żaneta Polkowska, Joanna Sposób, and Andrzej Trembaczowski. "CO2 Emission to the Atmosphere from Carbonate Waters: The Study Case of the Lublin Upland and Roztocze Regions." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2015-0029.

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Abstract The concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in water (CO2(aq)) was measured in consecutive phases of the hydrological cycle. Its potentially possible degassing from groundwaters to the atmosphere was also assessed. The research was conducted in the area of occurrence of carbonate rocks of the Lublin Upland and Roztocze (SE Poland). The results of the measurements of CO2(aq) concentration varied as follows (min-max/mean): precipitation waters < 1-3/2.6 mg · dm−3, soil waters 3-50/14.2 mg · dm−3, groundwaters 10-70/30.3 mg · dm−3, river waters < 1-21/7.6 mg · dm−3. The measure of degassing of carbon dioxide from groundwaters to the atmosphere was a decrease in CO2(aq) concentration in fluvial outflow. Based on the value of groundwater outflow from the Lublin Upland and Roztocze, the annual carbon dioxide emission from waters to the atmosphere was calculated at a level of 50 thousand Mg · year−1. This value constitutes approximately 1% of anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide originating from environmentally harmful industrial plants in the Lublin province.

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35

Brombach, Tatjana, Johannes C. Hunziker, Giovanni Chiodini, Carlo Cardellini, and Luigi Marini. "Soil diffuse degassing and thermal energy fluxes from the Southern Lakki Plain, Nisyros (Greece)." Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl008543.

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36

Federico, Cinzia, Pietro Paolo Corso, Emilio Fiordilino, Carlo Cardellini, G. Chiodini, F. Parello, and A. Pisciotta. "CO2 degassing at La Solfatara volcano (Phlegrean Fields): Processes affecting and of soil CO2." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74, no. 12 (June 2010): 3521–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.010.

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37

Berberich, Gabriele M., and Martin B. Berberich. "Comparison of Geogases in Two Cenozoic Sedimentary Basins." Geosciences 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12100388.

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We investigated fault gases (helium, radon, CO2) in two seismically active Cenozoic sedimentary basins: (a) Meinweg (in 2015), at a tectonically quiescent horst structure in the Lower Rhine Embayment; and (b) Bodanrück (in 2012; Lake of Constance), in the Molasse Basin and part of the seismically active Freiburg–Bonndorf–Bodensee Fault Zone (FBBFZ). Both study areas were selected because recent “GeoBio-Interactions” findings showed that red wood ants (RWA) are biological indicators of otherwise undetected degassing systems. We combined presence/absence data of RWA nests, their spatial pattern analysis (prototype lines), seismicity and known tectonic settings with soil gas analyses (a total of 817 samples) to unveil geochemical anomalies related to tectonic developments unknown so far. Currently, Meinweg can be considered “no ants land” due to the very low background-level of geogas concentrations. Thus, anomalies (Rn-CO2) weakly trending in NE-SW extension direction emerged. This could probably indicate the onset of (re)activation of the NE-SW-trending (Variscan) structures or the development of new fractures as an aftershock process of the 1992 Roermond earthquake that occurred about 15 km to the west. Results at Bodanrück (three RWA clusters and two RWA-free corridors) revealed degassing patterns in NW-SE and NNE-SSW directions in the clusters corresponding to re-activated and recent strike-slip fault systems. No gas anomalies were found in RWA-free corridors. The RWA nest distribution was shown to be a valuable tool for identifying areas of even actively degassing spotty anomalies caused by macro- and microscale brittle deformation masked by sediment cover.

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Liuzzo, Marco, Sergio Gurrieri, Gaetano Giudice, and Giovanni Giuffrida. "Ten years of soil CO2continuous monitoring on Mt. Etna: Exploring the relationship between processes of soil degassing and volcanic activity." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, no. 8 (August 2013): 2886–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20196.

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39

Queißer, Manuel, Domenico Granieri, Mike Burton, Fabio Arzilli, Rosario Avino, and Antonio Carandente. "Increasing CO2 flux at Pisciarelli, Campi Flegrei, Italy." Solid Earth 8, no. 5 (September 29, 2017): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1017-2017.

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Abstract. The Campi Flegrei caldera is located in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy) and has been undergoing different stages of unrest since 1950, evidenced by episodes of significant ground uplift followed by minor subsidence, increasing and fluctuating emission strengths of water vapor and CO2 from fumaroles, and periodic seismic crises. We deployed a scanning laser remote-sensing spectrometer (LARSS) that measured path-integrated CO2 concentrations in the Pisciarelli area in May 2017. The resulting mean CO2 flux is 578 ± 246 t d−1. Our data suggest a significant increase in CO2 flux at this site since 2015. Together with recent geophysical observations, this suggests a greater contribution of the magmatic source to the degassing and/or an increase in permeability at shallow levels. Thanks to the integrated path soundings, LARSS may help to give representative measurements from large regions containing different CO2 sources, including fumaroles, low-temperature vents, and degassing soils, helping to constrain the contribution of deep gases and their migration mechanisms towards the surface.

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Shkileva, Anna. "Implementation of a Degassing System at the MSW Landfill." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091706.

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Aitolo-Akarnania prefecture, western Greece, is an area with strong earthquakes and large active fault systems. The most, the second half of the 20th century was characterized for the world community by the aggravation of the environmental problem. Anthropogenic pollution of the environment with the growth of industrial and agricultural production, the growth of cities, the size of the population, the volume of their consumption clearly indicates that the world community is on the brink of an abyss. The destruction of forests, pollution of water bodies, degradation of soil, flora and fauna, the emergence of new diseases clearly shows that if urgent and drastic measures are not taken to save the environment, the life of future generations is problematic. In Russia, as in other countries of the world, the amount of solid household waste has been sharply increasing lately. Therefore, their processing and disposal is becoming an increasingly urgent problem that requires the adoption of complex solutions. At the same time, overcrowded and smoking landfills, as well as formed unauthorized landfills are the main sources of environmental pollution. Landfills of solid municipal waste not only cause an epidemiological hazard, but due to the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste, causing the formation of explosive biogas, become a powerful source of biological pollution. Biogas generated at MSW landfills in the process of decomposition has a toxic effect on living organisms, contributes to the outbreak of fires, and is a source of unpleasant odors. This problem must be solved by introducing a degassing system at municipal solid waste landfills already at the stage of their operation. The proposed degassing system at the MSW landfill is aimed at reducing the negative impact of biogas on the environment. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091706 Full Text: PDF

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41

VIVEIROS, F., T. FERREIRA, C. SILVA, and J. GASPAR. "Meteorological factors controlling soil gases and indoor CO2 concentration: A permanent risk in degassing areas." Science of The Total Environment 407, no. 4 (February 1, 2009): 1362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.009.

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42

D’Alessandro, W., A. L. Gagliano, K. Kyriakopoulos, and F. Parello. "Hydrothermal methane fluxes from the soil at Lakki plain (Nisyros Island, Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.10953.

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Methane and CO2 flux measurements from the soils were made with the accumulation chamber method in Lakki plain covering an area of about 0.06 km2 including the main fumarolic areas of Kaminakia, Stefanos and Phlegeton. Flux values measured at 77 sites range from –3.4 to 1420 mg m-2 d-1 for CH4 and from 0.1 to 383 g m-2 d-1 for CO2. The three fumarolic areas show very different methane degassing patterns, Kaminakia showing the highest flux values. Methane output can be estimated in about 0.01 t a-1 from an area of about 2500 m2 at Phlegeton, about 0.1 t a-1 from an area of about 20,000 m2 at Stefanos and about 0.25 t a-1 from an area of about 30,000 m2 at Kaminakia. The total output from the entire geothermal system of Nisyros should not exceed 1 t a-1. Previous estimates of the CH4 output at Nisyros, based on soil CO2 output and CH4/CO2 ratios in fumarolic gases, were more than one order of magnitude higher. The present work further underscores the utmost importance of direct CH4 flux data.

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Bottinga, Y., and M. Javoy. "Mid-ocean ridge basalt degassing: Bubble nucleation." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, B4 (1990): 5125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb095ib04p05125.

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Voltattorni, Nunzia. "Soil gas degassing during the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake: study of the seismotectonic and fluid geochemistry relation." Italian Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 131, n. 3 (October 26, 2012): 440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2012.19.

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Viveiros, F., T. Ferreira, J. Cabral Vieira, C. Silva, and J. L. Gaspar. "Environmental influences on soil CO2 degassing at Furnas and Fogo volcanoes (São Miguel Island, Azores archipelago)." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 177, no. 4 (November 2008): 883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.07.005.

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Barkwith, Andrew, Stan E. Beaubien, Thomas Barlow, Karen Kirk, Thomas R. Lister, Maria C. Tartarello, and Helen Taylor-Curran. "Using near-surface atmospheric measurements as a proxy for quantifying field-scale soil gas flux." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 9, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-483-2020.

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Abstract. We present a new method for deriving surface soil gas flux at the field scale, which is less fieldwork intensive than traditional chamber techniques and less expensive than those derived from airborne or space surveys. The “open-field” technique uses aspects of chamber and micrometeorological methods combined with a mobile platform and GPS to rapidly derive soil gas fluxes at the field scale. There are several assumptions in using this method, which will be most accurate under stable atmospheric conditions with little horizontal wind flow. Results show that soil gas fluxes, when averaged across a field site, are highly comparable between the open-field method and traditional chamber acquisition techniques. Atmospheric dilution is found to reduce the range of flux values under the open-field method, when compared to chamber-derived results at the field scale. Under ideal atmospheric conditions it may be possible to use the open-field method to derive soil gas flux at an individual point; however this requires further investigation. The open-field method for deriving soil–atmosphere gas exchange at the field scale could be useful for a number of applications including quantification of leakage from CO2 geological storage sites, diffuse degassing in volcanic and geothermal areas, and greenhouse gas emissions, particularly when combined with traditional techniques.

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Chiodini, G., S. Caliro, C. Cardellini, R. Avino, D. Granieri, and A. Schmidt. "Carbon isotopic composition of soil CO2 efflux, a powerful method to discriminate different sources feeding soil CO2 degassing in volcanic-hydrothermal areas." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 274, no. 3-4 (October 2008): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.051.

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Fischer, Tomáš, Josef Vlček, and Martin Lanzendörfer. "Monitoring crustal CO2 flow: methods and their applications to the mofettes in West Bohemia." Solid Earth 11, no. 3 (June 8, 2020): 983–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-983-2020.

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Abstract. Monitoring of CO2 degassing in seismoactive areas allows the study of correlations of gas release and seismic activity. Reliable continuous monitoring of the gas flow rate in rough field conditions requires robust methods capable of measuring gas flow at different types of gas outlets such as wet mofettes, mineral springs, and boreholes. In this paper we focus on the methods and results of the long-term monitoring of CO2 degassing in the West Bohemia/Vogtland region in central Europe, which is typified by the occurrence of earthquake swarms and discharge of carbon dioxide of magmatic origin. Besides direct flow measurement using flowmeters, we introduce a novel indirect technique based on quantifying the gas bubble contents in a water column, which is capable of functioning in severe environmental conditions. The method calculates the mean bubble fraction in a water–gas mixture from the pressure difference along a fixed depth interval in a water column. Laboratory tests indicate the nonlinear dependence of the bubble fraction on the flow rate, which is confirmed by empirical models found in the chemical and nuclear engineering literature. Application of the method in a pilot borehole shows a high correlation between the bubble fraction and measured gas flow rate. This was specifically the case for two coseismic anomalies in 2008 and 2014, when the flow rate rose during a seismic swarm to a multitude of the preseismic level for several months and was followed by a long-term flow rate decline. However, three more seismic swarms occurring in the same fault zone were not associated with any significant CO2 flow anomaly. We surmise that this could be related to the slightly farther distance of the hypocenters of these swarms compared to the two ones which caused the coseismic CO2 flow rise. Further long-term CO2-flow monitoring is required to verify the mutual influence of CO2 degassing and seismic activity in the area.

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Sbrana, Alessandro, Alessandro Lenzi, Marco Paci, Roberto Gambini, Michele Sbrana, Valentina Ciani, and Paola Marianelli. "Analysis of Natural and Power Plant CO2 Emissions in the Mount Amiata (Italy) Volcanic–Geothermal Area Reveals Sustainable Electricity Production at Zero Emissions." Energies 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 4692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154692.

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Geothermal energy is a key renewable energy for Italy, with an annual electric production of 6.18 TWh. The future of geothermal energy is concerned with clarity over the CO2 emissions from power plants and geological contexts where CO2 is produced naturally. The Mt. Amiata volcanic–geothermal area (AVGA) is a formidable natural laboratory for investigating the relative roles of natural degassing of CO2 and CO2 emissions from geothermal power plants (GPPs). This research is based on measuring the soil gas flux in the AVGA and comparing the diffuse volcanic soil gas emissions with the emissions from geothermal fields in operation. The natural flux of soil gas is high, independently from the occurrence of GPPs in the area, and the budget for natural diffuse gas flux is high with respect to power plant gas emissions. Furthermore, the CO2 emitted from power plants seems to reduce the amount of natural emissions because of the gas flow operated by power plants. During the GPPs’ life cycle, CO2 emissions in the atmosphere are reduced further because of the reinjection of gas-free aqueous fluids in geothermal reservoirs. Therefore, the currently operating GPPs in the AVGA produce energy at a zero-emission level.

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Rodríguez, Fátima, Nemesio M. Pérez, Gladys V. Melián, Eleazar Padrón, Pedro A. Hernández, María Asensio-Ramos, Germán D. Padilla, José Barrancos, and Luca D’Auria. "Exploration of deep-seated geothermal reservoirs in the Canary Islands by means of soil CO degassing surveys." Renewable Energy 164 (February 2021): 1017–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.065.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Soil degassing'

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