Journal articles on the topic 'Soil conservation Tropics'
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1
Hurni, Hans. "Soil conservation for small farmers in the Humid Tropics." Soil Technology 4, no. 4 (December 1991): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0933-3630(91)90017-h.
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Dilshad, M., JA Motha, and LJ Peel. "Surface runoff, soil and nutrient losses from farming systems in the Australian semi-arid tropics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961003.
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Most soils suitable for dryland agriculture in north-west Australia occur in the Daly Basin. These are sesquioxidic soils which include red, yellow and grey earths, and soils related to yellow and red earths. The potential, for these arable soils to be degraded by highly erosive rainfalls, common to the region, is high. Farming practices strongly influence the soil surface characteristics (vegetation cover, roughness, soil strength), which in turn control surface runoff, and sediment detachment and transport. In studies conducted during 1984-89 in the Daly Basin, conventionally tilled catchments, produced 1.5-2 times more runoff and lost 1.5-6 times more soil than their no-tillage counterparts (all catchments were within soil conservation banks). In these conventionally tilled catchments, soil loss was <8.1 t/ha.year. Other studies in the region have shown that, without soil conservation banks, soil loss can be around 100/ha.year under conventional tillage. Little work, however, has been undertaken on farms in the Australian semi-arid tropics to study the movement of nutrients and herbicides (in ionic and adsorbed forms) and further research is warranted.
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Laryea, K. B. "Rainfed Agriculture: Water Harvesting and Soil Water Conservation." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 4 (December 1992): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100405.
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Cultivated rainfed agricultural lands contribute substantially to food production in the semi-arid tropics, but crop yields depend on the vagaries of the weather, particularly the variable onset and cessation of rainfall. Increased crop yields can be stabilized and the soil resource base conserved if runoff water from periodic intensive rainfall can be harvested, stored and used to supplement crop water requirements during periods of drought.
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Singer, M. J. "Soil Conservation for Small Farmers in the Humid Tropics (FAO Soils Bulletin 60)." Journal of Environmental Quality 20, no. 1 (January 1991): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1991.00472425002000010055x.
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Kumar, Suresh, Dharam Raj Singh, Alka Singh, Naveen Prakash Singh, and Girish Kumar Jha. "Does Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Practice Enhance Productivity and Reduce Risk Exposure? Empirical Evidence from Semi-Arid Tropics (SAT), India." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 6965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176965.
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This paper assessed the impact of soil and water conservation practices on farm productivity and risk exposure using data from 1204 plots in the semiarid tropics of India. A probit model was used to assess the determinants of adoption of soil bunds. We employed a moment-based approach for estimating crop revenue, its variability and downside risk exposure, i.e., crop failure. Furthermore, we also used a doubly robust method for assessing the impact of soil bunds on crop revenue, its variability and downside risk. Matching and propensity-based methods were also used to check robustness. The results show that training, access to credit and extension services are key determinants of adoption of soil bunds. Furthermore, the results also suggest that soil bunds not only improve the crop revenue but also reduce its variability. Most interestingly, we show that soil bunds also reduce the chances of downside risk, i.e., crop failure. Therefore, in view of increasing climate change and variability in the semiarid tropics, it can be suggested that soil bunds could be an important adaptation strategy for improving productivity and reducing risk exposure. This paper supports the investment in soil and water conservation technologies for sustaining the livelihood of resource-poor farmers of ecologically fragile regions such as the semiarid tropics.
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Martins Filho, J. B., K. C. Cunha Meneses, A. L. Brito Filho, C. E. L. Feitosa, and M. F. Farias. "Soil-water physical attributes under different managements systems in the humid tropics in Maranhão." Scientific Electronic Archives 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/13820201030.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the physical properties modifications of an Oxisol under different conditions of use and management. The research was conducted at Fazenda Sítio Novo and in native forest area, respectively in the municipalities of São Benedito do Rio Preto/MA and Chapadinha/MA. The research followed a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 4 replications, with the following uses and management: no-tillage (PD); conventional planting (CP) and native forest (MN). The following physical properties were analyzed: bulk density, porosity and soil moisture and penetration resistance at depths of 0.0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m. The water properties analyzed were: basic infiltration velocity, total soil water capacity and vertical hydraulic conductivity. The soil presented higher density and low conservation of moisture in PD and PC. Native forest presented higher total porosity and higher conservation of soil moisture. Total soil water capacity was higher in MN (39.89 mm) followed by PC (25.33 mm) and PD (18.84 mm). The uses and management employed in the soils analyzed on the farm reflect the degradation of the physical properties of the soil in relation to native forest.
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Manrique, Luis A. "Soil management and conservation in the tropics: Indigenous and adapted technology." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 24, no. 13-14 (August 1993): 1617–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629309368905.
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Cogle, AL, RJ Bateman, and DH Heiner. "Conservation cropping systems for the semi-arid tropics of North Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 4 (1991): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910515.
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A farming systems project was commenced in the semi-arid tropics of north-eastern Australia to assess the cropping potential and reliability of a newly developing region. Emphasis was placed on evaluation of conservation cropping systems, since it was expected that these would be the most successful and protective uses of the land. This paper discusses the agronomy of peanuts, maize and sorghum grown under different conservative cropping practices (reduced tillage, no tillage, ley) on the soil (red earth) most likely to be developed for large-scale cropping in the region. Crop yields with all practices were limited by establishment difficulties including high soil temperatures, poor weed control and climatic variability. Reduced tillage was more successful than no tillage due to higher yields in dry years; however, in wet years no tillage produced similar yields. The ley cropping system may have some advantages in this environment for integrated production and resource protection.
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Chin, Lai Mun, and Vui Ling Clemente Michael Wong. "Tropical Soil Bacterial Diversity in Sabah, Malaysia." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5102-10.
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Bacteria are an essential biological component of soil function that plays fundamental roles in biogeochemical cycling, soil quality improvement, habitat-shaping, and ecosystem conservation. It is therefore important to have a good record of soil bacteria in the tropics in order to monitor future changes that may occur due to global warming and other factors. However, extremely limited data are available on the diversity of bacteria in soils in some tropical Borneo regions such as Sabah, Malaysia. This research, therefore, was undertaken to determine the bacterial diversity of soils from various locations in Sabah, Malaysia. Ten soil samples (n=10) were collected around Sabah. 16S rDNA of bacterial DNA extracted from soils were amplified and analysed using the Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). A total of 100 dominant and well-defined DNA fragments observed in the DGGE gel were extracted, sequenced, and aligned. The results indicated that 93 different bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) representing bacteria from 8 different phyla were present. The most abundant phyla in the analysed Sabah soils were Proteobacteria followed by Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidetes. The examined soils of Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia had similar dominant phyla in general, except that the most dominant phylum in Peninsular Malaysia soils is the Acidobacteria instead of Proteobacteria. These baseline data generated from this work are important and can be used to track bacterial diversity shifts due to soil or environmental changes in the future.
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Pandey, C. B., R. C. Srivastava, and R. K. Singh. "Soil Nitrogen Mineralization and Microbial Biomass Relation, and Nitrogen Conservation in Humid-Tropics." Soil Science Society of America Journal 73, no. 4 (July 2009): 1142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0182.
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Moura, Emanoel G., Cristina S. Carvalho, Cassia P. C. Bucher, Juliana L. B. Souza, Alana C. F. Aguiar, Altamiro S. L. Ferraz Junior, Carlos A. Bucher, and Katia P. Coelho. "Diversity of Rhizobia and Importance of Their Interactions with Legume Trees for Feasibility and Sustainability of the Tropical Agrosystems." Diversity 12, no. 5 (May 24, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050206.
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Symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a complex process that involves rhizobia, a diverse group of α and β-proteobacteria bacteria, and legume species. Benefits provided by BNF associated with legume trees in tropical environments include improvements to efficiency of nitrogen (N) use, increase of soil carbon sequestration, stabilization of soil organic matter, decrease of soil penetration resistance, and improvement of soil fertility. All these benefits make BNF a crucial ecosystem service to the sustainability of tropical agriculture. Due to the importance of this ecological process and the high diversity of rhizobia, these bacteria have been extensively characterized worldwide. Currently, over 400 species of rhizobia are known, distributed into seven families. In the humid tropics, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia mangium, Gliricidia sepium, and Clitoria fairchildiana are four of the most common species used by family farmers to create sustainable agricultural systems. These four legumes perform symbiosis with different groups of rhizobia. Exploring BNF could help to enable sustainable intensification of agriculture in the humid tropics, mainly because it can increase N use efficiency in an environment where N is a limiting factor to plant growth.
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Benites, J. R., and C. S. Ofori. "Crop production through conservation-effective tillage in the tropics." Soil and Tillage Research 27, no. 1-4 (October 1993): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(93)90060-3.
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Poorter, Lourens, Dylan Craven, Catarina C. Jakovac, Masha T. van der Sande, Lucy Amissah, Frans Bongers, Robin L. Chazdon, et al. "Multidimensional tropical forest recovery." Science 374, no. 6573 (December 10, 2021): 1370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abh3629.
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Resilient secondary tropical forests? Although deforestation is rampant across the tropics, forest has a strong capacity to regrow on abandoned lands. These “secondary” forests may increasingly play important roles in biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and landscape restoration. Poorter et al . analyzed the patterns of recovery in forest attributes (related to soil, plant functioning, structure, and diversity) in 77 secondary forest sites in the Americas and West Africa. They found that different attributes recovered at different rates, with soil recovering in less than a decade and species diversity and biomass recovering in little more than a century. The authors discuss how these findings can be applied in efforts to promote forest restoration. —AMS
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Alegre, J. "Soil and water conservation by contour hedging in the humid tropics of Peru." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 57, no. 1 (April 15, 1996): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(95)01012-2.
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Sentian, J., C. Payus M, F. Herman, and S. K. S. Kai. "Soil erosion risk under climate change scenarios: A case study in rural area with varying land uses." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1103, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1103/1/012037.
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Soil erosion is one of the major issues in the tropics. The erosion is highly affected by the changes in climate and land cover. Future changes in tropical climate, particularly precipitation are expected to influence the potential risks of soil erosion. In the face of rapid changes in rural land cover for agricultural purposes, the combined forcings of land cover and climate changes have been to be a major threat to the soil conservation due to soil erosion. In this study, climate change scenarios at the northern part of Borneo were developed based on the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios using Weather Research Forecast Model (WRF). The future climate projection scenarios of the total precipitation were used to simulate the potential erosion risks in varying land covers in a rural area of Sabah, Malaysia. The RUSLE model was used for soil erosion modelling, which was integrated with IDRISI Selva that allow the analysis and assessment of erosion risk. The variability of future total precipitations in the area of varying land cover types have resulted in varying degree of potential soil erosion risk The average soil loss at the studied area has increased by 262 t/ha/yr with 35.94 % increment in annual precipitation under RCP 8.5 emission scenario. However, under RCP 4.5, 26.65 % decrement in precipitation has reduced the soil loss by 315.1 t/ha/yr. In this rural area, exceptionally high soil erosion was found at steep slopes and thin vegetation covers. Therefore, an appropriate land use planning, soil conservation practices, and strategic adaptation options plan should be created and developed to ensure the sustainability of the soil conservation and enhance rural agricultural productivity.
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Cogle, AL, J. Littlemore, and DH Heiner. "Soil organic matter changes and crops responses to fertiliser under conservation cropping systems in the semi-arid tropics of North Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 2 (1995): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950233.
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Soil organic matter changes due to cropping in the semi-arid tropics were studied in an area with cropping potential. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen (N) decreased after clearing and tillage, but decline was less where pasture-crop rotations were used. Crop N removal was high and exceeded the recommended fertiliser N rate. These results suggest that if cropping expansion occurs, careful management the is necessary for long-term productivity and land resource protection.
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Edwards, David P., Felix Lim, Rachael H. James, Christopher R. Pearce, Julie Scholes, Robert P. Freckleton, and David J. Beerling. "Climate change mitigation: potential benefits and pitfalls of enhanced rock weathering in tropical agriculture." Biology Letters 13, no. 4 (April 2017): 20160715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0715.
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Restricting future global temperature increase to 2°C or less requires the adoption of negative emissions technologies for carbon capture and storage. We review the potential for deployment of enhanced weathering (EW), via the application of crushed reactive silicate rocks (such as basalt), on over 680 million hectares of tropical agricultural and tree plantations to offset fossil fuel CO 2 emissions. Warm tropical climates and productive crops will substantially enhance weathering rates, with potential co-benefits including decreased soil acidification and increased phosphorus supply promoting higher crop yields sparing forest for conservation, and reduced cultural eutrophication. Potential pitfalls include the impacts of mining operations on deforestation, producing the energy to crush and transport silicates and the erosion of silicates into rivers and coral reefs that increases inorganic turbidity, sedimentation and pH, with unknown impacts for biodiversity. We identify nine priority research areas for untapping the potential of EW in the tropics, including effectiveness of tropical agriculture at EW for major crops in relation to particle sizes and soil types, impacts on human health, and effects on farmland, adjacent forest and stream-water biodiversity.
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Clay, Daniel, Thomas Reardon, and Jaakko Kangasniemi. "Sustainable Intensification in the Highland Tropics: Rwandan Farmers' Investments in Land Conservation and Soil Fertility." Economic Development and Cultural Change 46, no. 2 (January 1998): 351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452342.
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Jim, C. Y. "Improving soil specification for landscape tree planting in the tropics." Landscape and Urban Planning 208 (April 2021): 104033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.104033.
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Bignell, David Edward. "Towards a universal sampling protocol for soil biotas in the humid tropics." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 8 (August 2009): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800005.
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This paper reviews the methods for the inventory of below-ground biotas in the humid tropics, to document the (hypothesized) loss of soil biodiversity associated with deforestation and agricultural intensification at forest margins. The biotas were grouped into eight categories, each of which corresponded to a major functional group considered important or essential to soil function. An accurate inventory of soil organisms can assist in ecosystem management and help sustain agricultural production. The advantages and disadvantages of transect-based and grid-based sampling methods are discussed, illustrated by published protocols ranging from the original "TSBF transect", through versions developed for the alternatives to Slash-and-Burn Project (ASB) to the final schemes (with variants) adopted by the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Below-ground Biodiversity Project (CSM-BGBD). Consideration is given to the place and importance of replication in below-ground biological sampling and it is argued that the new sampling protocols are inclusive, i.e. designed to sample all eight biotic groups in the same field exercise; spatially scaled, i.e. provide biodiversity data at site, locality, landscape and regional levels, and link the data to land use and land cover; and statistically robust, as shown by a partial randomization of plot locations for sampling.
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Kirby, GWM, VJ Hristova, and S. Murti. "Conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia - some economic aspects." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961049.
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This paper examines some aspects of the economics of conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia. The distribution, 1 value and major trends in the enterprises comprising the agricultural sector of the semi-arid tropics are discussed in an industry context. The likely economic benefits for the farmer from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming come from mulch retention and increased yields. These benefits vary with the frequency of grain cropping, the legume species used and the commodity price relativities. The benefits are likely to be larger in drier growing seasons. Data on other factors, such as soil type and seasons, were inadequate for economic analysis. Some ley farming systems are more profitable than single enterprises in the short term. In the long term, the best choice for sustainable farming systems in the semi-arid tropics appears to be a legume pasture system or a legume pasture-crop system. Results to date from ley farming studies show that experimental designs need to be modified to incorporate higher cropping frequencies and more comprehensive joint product measures in order to allow a more critical economic assessment. Additional benefits to society from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming are likely to come from minimising adverse on-farm and off-farm effects of agricultural activities. There are strong arguments for continuing support for research and development in ley farming technology and a joint sharing of the costs between farmers and the community generally.
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Reddy, K. Jaisimha, G. S. Madhubindu, S. A. Hussain, and M. Uma Devi. "Effect of land configurations and Pongamia mulch on soil moisture content and yield of yellow pericarp sorghum during kharif." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 786–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2705.
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The present work aims to determine the effect of land configurations and Pongamia pinnata mulch on soil moisture content and yield of yellow sorghum during kharif, 2018-19 on sandy clay loam soils of Hyderabad. The experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The treatments included land configurations (Flatbed, Ridge and furrow, Broad bed and furrow, Flatbed + Mulch, Ridge and Furrow + Mulch, Broad bed and furrow + Mulch) and yellow sorghum genotypes (PYPS 101, PYPS 102, PYPS 103 and PYPS 104). Mulch used in this investigation was Pongamia leaf mulch applied @ 6 t ha-1 uniformly at 20 DAS. Soil moisture played a vital role in increasing crop yields in the rainfed regions of the semi-arid tropics. During most crop growth stages, the availability of soil water was increased by Broad bed and furrow + mulch, resulting in increased grain yield by 37 % (1701 kg ha-1) of yellow sorghum over flatbed. Ridge and furrow + mulch were found to be the next best treatment, with a grain yield of 1590 kg ha-1. Mulched treatments of flatbed, ridge and furrow and broad bed and furrow increased the grain yield by 20%, 28% and 37%, respectively, compared to flatbed without mulch. The present study will help in recognizing profitable moisture conservation practices and the role of Pongamia mulch in soil moisture conservation and yield maximization of yellow sorghum.
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Sanjivkumar, V., K. Baskar, S. Manoharan, M. Manikandan, A. Solaimalai, and G. Ravindrachary. "Restoration of rainwater techniques and fertilizer split application methods on yield and total nutrient uptake of rainfed sorghum under vertisols (Typic haplusterts)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.2/706-712.
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In rainfed situation soil erosion, low plant nutrients availability and soil moisture stress during cropping season are among the major limitations to high crop production and sustainable land management in a rainfed Semi-Arid Tropics (SAT) in India. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of land configuration practices and fertilizer split application methods under vertisols condition in Rabi sorghum. The results revealed that the in-situ soil moisture conservation practices viz., broad bed furrow registered the highest yield attributes, yield, soil fertility status and plant nutrient uptake in rainfed sorghum. Under vertisols rainfed condition soil moisture conservation methods viz., broad bed furrow recorded higher yield (1611 kg/ha), net income (Rs.6675/ha), BC ratio (1.37) and RWUE (4.49 kg/hamm). But in case of fertilizer treatments, the treatment applied with 20 kg N as urea + 20 kg P2O5 enriched with farm yard manure + 10 kg K2O/ha as basal application and top dressing as 20kg N as urea and 10kg K kg/ha registered higher yield attributes, grain yield (1734 kg/ha), stalk yield (4357 kg/ha), net income (Rs.10607), BC ratio (1.70) and RWUE (4.81 kg/hamm) and plant nutrient uptake viz., nitrogen uptake (67.82 kg/ha), phosphorus uptake (19.30 kg/ ha), potassium uptake (108.06 kg/ha) and zinc uptake (117.1), respectively.
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Cogle, AL, M. Littleboy, KPC Rao, GD Smith, and DF Yule. "Soil management and production of alfisols in the semi-arid tropics. III.* Long-term effects on water conservation and production." Soil Research 34, no. 1 (1996): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960113.
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A calibrated cropping systems model was used to provide long-term biophysical responses of various land managements at two differing semi-arid tropic environments in India. Organic based practices such as farmyard manure or straw amendments and perennial pastures reduced runoff by between 50 and 87%, and are optimum for in situ, water and soil conservation. A consequence of the reduced runoff was an increase in drainage below the root zone. Furthermore, the detrimental effects of cropping on high slopes and long slope lengths showed that it is not feasible to crop on slopes greater than 5%. Our study did not incorporate farmer preferences for land management, but the results can still be used as an integral part of decision making for optimum land management.* Part II, Aust. J. Soil Res. 1996, 34, 103–111.
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Nadel, R. L., M. C. Scholes, and M. J. Byrne. "Slash burning, faunal composition, and nutrient dynamics in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation in South AfricaThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum on Towards Sustainable Forestry — The Living Soil: Soil Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 2 (February 2007): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-287.
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The sustainability of exotic commercial plantations is dependent on the conservation of soil nutrients, especially on the ancient, leached soils of the tropics, particularly when limited fertilization is practiced. In Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid. plantations in South Africa, the site is usually burned following harvest and prior to replanting, potentially causing a disruption of soil faunal function and losses of nutrients associated with burning and removal of slash residues. The aim was to study the effect of fire on nutrient dynamics and invertebrate faunal composition. The in situ nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization rates and invertebrate faunal composition were measured in six randomly located plots — three burned and three unburned — prior to and after a low-intensity fire. Results indicate that within the burned plots, phosphorus availability was enhanced 10-fold within the first month following the fire. Invertebrate faunal diversity was low both prior to and after burning, with ants constituting the highest number. Invertebrate faunal composition was more markedly influenced by season than by the fire, with millipedes present in the majority of plots in spring and ants dominating in summer.
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Verplancke, H., G. Maesschalck, and M. De Boodt. "Effect of water conservation on the yield of upland crops in the humid tropics." Agricultural Water Management 14, no. 1-4 (August 1988): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(88)90081-9.
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Scharlemann, Jörn P. W., Valerie Kapos, Alison Campbell, Igor Lysenko, Neil D. Burgess, Matthew C. Hansen, Holly K. Gibbs, Barney Dickson, and Lera Miles. "Securing tropical forest carbon: the contribution of protected areas to REDD." Oryx 44, no. 3 (July 2010): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000542.
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AbstractForest loss and degradation in the tropics contribute 6–17% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Protected areas cover 217.2 million ha (19.6%) of the world’s humid tropical forests and contain c. 70.3 petagrams of carbon (Pg C) in biomass and soil to 1 m depth. Between 2000 and 2005, we estimate that 1.75 million ha of forest were lost from protected areas in humid tropical forests, causing the emission of 0.25–0.33 Pg C. Protected areas lost about half as much carbon as the same area of unprotected forest. We estimate that the reduction of these carbon emissions from ongoing deforestation in protected sites in humid tropical forests could be valued at USD 6,200–7,400 million depending on the land use after clearance. This is > 1.5 times the estimated spending on protected area management in these regions. Improving management of protected areas to retain forest cover better may be an important, although certainly not sufficient, component of an overall strategy for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).
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Koryś, Katarzyna A., Agnieszka E. Latawiec, Maiara S. Mendes, Jerônimo B. B. Sansevero, Aline F. Rodrigues, Alvaro S. Iribarrem, Viviane Dib, et al. "Early Response of Soil Properties under Different Restoration Strategies in Tropical Hotspot." Land 10, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080768.
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The Brazilian Atlantic Forest has undergone adverse land-use change due to deforestation for urbanization and agriculture. Numerous restoration initiatives have been taken to restore its ecosystem services. Deforested areas have been restored through active intervention or natural regeneration. Understanding the impact of those different reforestation approaches on soil quality should provide important scientific and practical conclusions on increasing forest cover in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. However, studies evaluating active planting versus natural regeneration in terms of soil recovery are scarce. We evaluate soil dynamics under those two contrasting strategies at an early stage (<10 years). Reforestation was conducted simultaneously on degraded lands previously used for cattle grazing and compared to an abandoned pasture as a reference system. We examined soil physicochemical properties such as: pH, soil organic matter content, soil moisture, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Al, and soil texture. We also present the costs of both methods. We found significant differences in restored areas regarding pH, Na, Fe, Mn content, and the cost. Soil moisture was significantly higher in pasture. Our research can contribute to better decision-making about which restoration strategy to adopt to maximize restoration success regarding soil quality and ecosystem services in the tropics.
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Mandal, Debashis, Pankaj Srivastava, Nishita Giri, Rajesh Kaushal, Artemi Cerda, and Nurnabi Meherul Alam. "Reversing land degradation through grasses: a systematic meta-analysis in the Indian tropics." Solid Earth 8, no. 1 (February 22, 2017): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-217-2017.
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Abstract. Although intensive agriculture is necessary to sustain the world's growing population, accelerated soil erosion contributes to a decrease in the environmental health of ecosystems at local, regional and global scales. Reversing the process of land degradation using vegetative measures is of utmost importance in such ecosystems. The present study critically analyzes the effect of grasses in reversing the process of land degradation using a systematic review. The collected information was segregated under three different land use and land management situations. Meta-analysis was applied to test the hypothesis that the use of grasses reduces runoff and soil erosion. The effect of grasses was deduced for grass strip and in combination with physical structures. Similarly, the effects of grasses were analyzed in degraded pasture lands. The overall result of the meta-analysis showed that infiltration capacity increased approximately 2-fold after planting grasses across the slopes in agricultural fields. Grazing land management through a cut-and-carry system increased conservation efficiencies by 42 and 63 % with respect to reduction in runoff and erosion, respectively. Considering the comprehensive performance index (CPI), it has been observed that hybrid Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) and sambuta (Saccharum munja) grass seem to posses the most desirable attributes as an effective grass barrier for the western Himalayas and Eastern Ghats, while natural grass (Dichanthium annulatum) and broom grass (Thysanolaena maxima) are found to be most promising grass species for the Konkan region of the Western Ghats and the northeastern Himalayan region, respectively. In addition to these benefits, it was also observed that soil carbon loss can be reduced by 83 % with the use of grasses. Overall, efficacy for erosion control of various grasses was more than 60 %; hence, their selection should be based on the production potential of these grasses under given edaphic and agro-ecological conditions. The present analysis also indicated that grass must be used as a vegetative strip to maintain soil quality in sloppy arable areas (8.5 Mha) of Indian hilly regions. Similarly, due attention should be paid for establishing grasses in 3 Mha of degraded pasture lands and 3.5 Mha of shifting cultivation areas in India to reverse the land degradation.
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Anamulai, Subasini, Ruzana Sanusi, Akbar Zubaid, Alex M. Lechner, Adham Ashton-Butt, and Badrul Azhar. "Land use conversion from peat swamp forest to oil palm agriculture greatly modifies microclimate and soil conditions." PeerJ 7 (October 14, 2019): e7656. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7656.
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Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) agriculture is rapidly expanding and requires large areas of land in the tropics to meet the global demand for palm oil products. Land cover conversion of peat swamp forest to oil palm (large- and small-scale oil palm production) is likely to have negative impacts on microhabitat conditions. This study assessed the impact of peat swamp forest conversion to oil palm plantation on microclimate conditions and soil characteristics. The measurement of microclimate (air temperature, wind speed, light intensity and relative humidity) and soil characteristics (soil surface temperature, soil pH, soil moisture, and ground cover vegetation temperature) were compared at a peat swamp forest, smallholdings and a large-scale plantation. Results showed that the peat swamp forest was 1.5–2.3 °C cooler with significantly greater relative humidity, lower light intensities and wind speed compared to the smallholdings and large-scale plantations. Soil characteristics were also significantly different between the peat swamp forest and both types of oil palm plantations with lower soil pH, soil and ground cover vegetation surface temperatures and greater soil moisture in the peat swamp forest. These results suggest that peat swamp forests have greater ecosystem benefits compared to oil palm plantations with smallholdings agricultural approach as a promising management practice to improve microhabitat conditions. Our findings also justify the conservation of remaining peat swamp forest as it provides a refuge from harsh microclimatic conditions that characterize large plantations and smallholdings.
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Silva, Marx L. N., Bernardo M. Cândido, John N. Quinton, and Michael R. James. "Use of Air-Based Photogrammetry for Soil Erosion Assessment." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030005.
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Water erosion affects all types of soils around the world at different intensities. However, in the tropics, water-based processes are the most important of the erosion processes and have received much attention in the last decades. Understanding and quantifying the processes involved in each type of water erosion (sheet, rill and gully erosion) is key to developing and managing soil conservation and erosion mitigation strategies. This study aims to investigate the efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry for soil erosion assessment, as well as to address some gaps in our understanding of the evolution of erosive processes. For the first time, we used a UAV-SfM technique to evaluate the relative contribution of different types of erosion (sheet, rill and gully sidewall) in gully development. This was possible due to the millimetric level of precision of the point clouds produced, which allowed us to evaluate the contribution of laminar erosion as a new component to gullies studies. As a result, it was possible to quantify sediment volumes stored in the channels and lost from the gully system, as well as to determine the main sediment sources. The UAV-SfM proved to be effective for detailed gully monitoring, with the results suggesting that the main source of sediments in the gully was mass movement, followed by rills and sheet erosion. Our findings support the use of UAV-based photogrammetry as a sufficiently precise tool for detecting soil surface change, which can be used to assess water erosion in its various forms. In addition, UAV-SfM has proven to be a very useful technique for monitoring soil erosion over time, especially in hard-to-reach areas.
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Andersen, Alan N., and Graham P. Sparling. "Ants as Indicators of Restoration Success: Relationship with Soil Microbial Biomass in the Australian Seasonal Tropics." Restoration Ecology 5, no. 2 (June 1997): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1997.09713.x.
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Zaragoza-Quintana, Elisa Paulina, Nallely Verónica Rodríguez-Santiago, Silvia F. Hernández-Betancourt, Livia Socorro León-Paniagua, and María Cristina MacSwiney G. "Abundance, microhabitat and feeding of Peromyscus yucatanicus and Peromyscus mexicanus in the Mexican tropics." Therya 13, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-1189.
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Introduction: Rodents influence the processes of succession and regeneration in tropical forests, functioning as important dispersers and predators of seeds and plants. In this study, we describe aspects of the population structure and dynamics, and characterize the microhabitat and composition of the feces of the semi-tree-dwelling rodents Peromyscus yucatanicusand Peromyscus mexicanus in tropical forests of Quintana Roo and Veracruz, in Mexico. Methods: We trapped Peromyscus yucatanicus from September 2014 to February 2015, with 122 Sherman traps between 2 to 10 m of height in 62 trees. Peromyscus mexicanus was trapped from March to September of 2015, with 105 Sherman traps between 0-11 m of height on 57 trees. We characterized the microhabitat, identified the trees, and calculated the canopy openness in the sites where individuals were trapped. We collected and analyzed the composition of the feces of each species. Results: We captured 48 individuals of Peromyscus yucatanicus at an average height of 2.58 m above ground level. Its population density was 26.6 ind/ha, with reproductive activity in the dry season. The average canopy openness was 7.75 %. Their feces mainly contained seeds, fruit pulp and starch. We recorded 54 individuals of Peromyscus mexicanus at an average height of 1.15 m. Its population density was 20.83 ind/ha, with reproductive activity in both dry and rainy seasons. The canopy openness was 4.78 % (dry season) and 4.5 % (rainy season). Their feces mainly contained fruit pulp, starch and chitin remains in both seasons. Discussion and conclusions: The captured of rodents were higher on trees with small diameters and low leaf litter percentage; the rainy season favored the captures. Both species were mainly captured in sites with a covering of organic matter on the soil and in sites with higher vegetal cover and reduced canopy openness. Conservation of a diverse tropical forest is fundamental for the conservation of both semiarboreal rodents.
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Lacombe, Guillaume, Olivier Ribolzi, Anneke de Rouw, Alain Pierret, Keoudone Latsachak, Norbert Silvera, Rinh Pham Dinh, et al. "Contradictory hydrological impacts of afforestation in the humid tropics evidenced by long-term field monitoring and simulation modelling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 7 (July 8, 2016): 2691–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2691-2016.
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Abstract. The humid tropics are exposed to an unprecedented modernisation of agriculture involving rapid and mixed land-use changes with contrasted environmental impacts. Afforestation is often mentioned as an unambiguous solution for restoring ecosystem services and enhancing biodiversity. One consequence of afforestation is the alteration of streamflow variability which controls habitats, water resources, and flood risks. We demonstrate that afforestation by tree planting or by natural forest regeneration can induce opposite hydrological changes. An observatory including long-term field measurements of fine-scale land-use mosaics and of hydrometeorological variables has been operating in several headwater catchments in tropical southeast Asia since 2000. The GR2M water balance model, repeatedly calibrated over successive 1-year periods and used in simulation mode with the same year of rainfall input, allowed the hydrological effect of land-use change to be isolated from that of rainfall variability in two of these catchments in Laos and Vietnam. Visual inspection of hydrographs, correlation analyses, and trend detection tests allowed causality between land-use changes and changes in seasonal streamflow to be ascertained. In Laos, the combination of shifting cultivation system (alternation of rice and fallow) and the gradual increase of teak tree plantations replacing fallow led to intricate streamflow patterns: pluri-annual streamflow cycles induced by the shifting system, on top of a gradual streamflow increase over years caused by the spread of the plantations. In Vietnam, the abandonment of continuously cropped areas combined with patches of mix-trees plantations led to the natural re-growth of forest communities followed by a gradual drop in streamflow. Soil infiltrability controlled by surface crusting is the predominant process explaining why two modes of afforestation (natural regeneration vs. planting) led to opposite changes in streamflow regime. Given that commercial tree plantations will continue to expand in the humid tropics, careful consideration is needed before attributing to them positive effects on water and soil conservation.
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Lacombe, G., O. Ribolzi, A. de Rouw, A. Pierret, K. Latsachak, N. Silvera, R. Pham Dinh, et al. "Afforestation by natural regeneration or by tree planting: examples of opposite hydrological impacts evidenced by long-term field monitoring in the humid tropics." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 12 (December 4, 2015): 12615–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-12615-2015.
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Abstract. The humid tropics are exposed to an unprecedented modernization of agriculture involving rapid and highly-mixed land-use changes with contrasted environmental impacts. Afforestation is often mentioned as an unambiguous solution for restoring ecosystem services and enhancing biodiversity. One consequence of afforestation is the alteration of streamflow variability controlling habitats, water resources and flood risks. We demonstrate that afforestation by tree planting or by natural forest regeneration can induce opposite hydrological changes. An observatory including long-term field measurements of fine-scale land-use mosaics and of hydro-meteorological variables has been operating in several headwater catchments in tropical Southeast Asia since 2001. The GR2M water balance model repeatedly calibrated over successive 1 year periods, and used in simulation mode with specific rainfall input, allowed the hydrological effect of land-use change to be isolated from that of rainfall variability in two of these catchments in Laos and Vietnam. Visual inspection of hydrographs, correlation analyses and trend detection tests allowed causality between land-use changes and changes in seasonal flows to be ascertained. In Laos, the combination of shifting cultivation system (alternation of rice and fallow) and the gradual increase of teak tree plantations replacing fallow, led to intricate flow patterns: pluri-annual flow cycles induced by the shifting system, on top of a gradual flow increase over years caused by the spread of the plantation. In Vietnam, the abandonment of continuously cropped areas mixed with patches of tree plantations led to the natural re-growth of forest communities followed by a gradual drop in streamflow. Soil infiltrability controlled by surface crusting is the predominant process explaining why two modes of afforestation (natural regeneration or planting) led to opposite changes in flow regime. Given that commercial tree plantations will continue to expand in the humid tropics, careful consideration is needed before attributing to them positive effects on water and soil conservation.
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NYAMANGARA, J., K. NYENGERAI, E. N. MASVAYA, R. TIRIVAVI, N. MASHINGAIDZE, W. MUPANGWA, J. DIMES, L. HOVE, and S. TWOMLOW. "EFFECT OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE ON MAIZE YIELD IN THE SEMI-ARID AREAS OF ZIMBABWE." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 2 (September 27, 2013): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000562.
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SUMMARYGlobally, a range of agronomic factors have been reported to have an impact on the performance of conservation agriculture (CA) and often determine its performance in relation to conventional agriculture (CONV). To assess this performance in Zimbabwe, 48 CA experiments were conducted by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in the semi-arid areas of southern Zimbabwe from 2004 to 2010, to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD) through meta-analytical methods. The two CA practices, planting basins (Basins) and ripper tillage (Ripper), were compared with CONV. It was hypothesised that CA results improved yield compared with CONV and that the effect of CA practices on yield is affected by soil type, rainfall amount and distribution and selected management practices, which included rates of inorganic fertilisers and manures and mulching. Basins were superior to CONV in 59% of the experiments and the overall effect was significant (p < 0.001). The effect of Ripper was non-significant. The hypothesis that CA practices result in improved maize grain yield over CONV was accepted for Basins. The WMD for experiments conducted on sandy soils was 0.365 t ha−1 for Basins and 0.184 t ha−1 for Ripper, and in both cases was significant (p < 0.05). For clay soils, only the WMD for Basins was significant. A higher rainfall regime (500–830 mm) resulted in a lower WMD for Basins (0.095 t ha−1) and Ripper (0.105 t ha−1) compared with 0.151 t ha−1 for Basins and 0.110 t ha−1 for Ripper under lower rainfall (320–500 mm). The overall effect of Basins under the higher rainfall regime was not significant. There was better yield performance for Basins when the rainfall was well distributed; the reverse was noted for the Ripper. The application of 10–30 kg ha−1 of N (micro-dose range) resulted in a higher WMD for Basins than zero N application. Without N application, the WMD of Basins was not significant. For zero manure application in Basins, the WMD was 0.043 t ha−1 compared with 0.159 t ha−1 when manure was applied. The application of mulch depressed the WMD in Basins by 44% and Ripper by 89%. The hypothesis that yield performance under CA is influenced by soil type, rainfall amount and distribution, inorganic fertiliser and manure application was accepted.
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Utomo, Muhajir, Irwan Sukri Banuwa, Henrie Buchari, Yunita Anggraini, and Berthiria. "Long-term Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Properties and Crop Yields." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 18, no. 2 (June 12, 2013): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.v18i2.131-139.
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The impact of agricultural intensification on soil degradation now is occurring in tropical countries. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term tillage and N fertilization on soil properties and crop yields in corn-soybean rotation. This long-term study which initiated since 1987 was carried out on a Typic Fragiudult soil at Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Sumatra (105o13’45.5"-105o13’48.0"E, 05o21’19.6"-05o21’19.7"S) in 2010 and 2011. A factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The first factor was tillage system namely intensive tillage (IT) and conservation tillage (CT) which consist of minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT); while the second factor was N fertilization with rates of 0, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1 applied for corn, and 0, 25, and 50 kg N ha-1 for soybean. The results showed that bulk density and soil strength at upper layer after 24 years of cropping were similar among treatments, but the soil strength under IT at 50-60 cm depth was 28.2% higher (p<0.05) than NT. Soil moisture and temperature under CT at 0-5 cm depth were respectively 38.1% and 4.5% higher (p<0.05) than IT. High N rate decreased soil pH at 0-20 cm depth as much as 10%, but increased total soil N at 0-5 cm depth as much as 19% (p<0.05). At 0-10 cm depth, MT with no N had highest exchangeable K, while IT with medium N rate had the lowest (p<0.05). At 0-5 cm depth, MT with no N had highest exchangeable Ca, but it had the lowest (p<0.05) if combined with higher N rate. Microbial biomass C throughout the growing season for NT was consistently highest and it was 14.4% higher (p<0.05) than IT. Compared to IT, Ap horizon of CT after 24 years of cropping was deeper, with larger soil structure and more abundance macro pores. Soybean and corn yields for long-term CT were 64.3% and 31.8% higher (p<0.05) than IT, respectively. Corn yield for long-term N with rate of 100 kg N ha-1 was 36.4% higher (p<0.05) than with no N.Keywords: Conservation tillage, crop yields, N fertilization, soil properties[How to Cite: Utomo M, IS Banuwa, H Buchari, Y Anggraini and Berthiria. 2013.Long-term Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Properties and Crop Yields. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 131-139. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.131][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.131] REFERENCESAl-Kaisi and X Yin. 2005. Tillage and crop residue effects on soil carbon dioxide emission in corn- soybean rotation. J Environ Qual 34: 437-445. Pub Med. Barak P, BO Jobe, AR Krueger, LA Peterson and DA Laird. 1997. Effects of long-term soilacidification due to nitrogen inputs in Wisconsin. Plant Soil 197: 61-69.Blake GR and KH Hartge. 1986. Bulk density. In: A Klute (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis. ASA and SSSA. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 363-375.Blanco-Canqui H and R Lal. 2008. No-till and soil-profile carbon sequestration: an on farm assessment. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72: 693-701. Blanco-Canqui H, LR Stone and PW Stahlman. 2010. Soil response to long-term cropping systems on an Argiustoll in the Central Great Plains. Soil Sci Soc Am J 74: 602-611.Blevins RL, MS Smith, GW Thomas and WW Frye. 1983. Influence of conservation tillage on soil properties. J Soil Water Conserv 38: 301-305.Blevins RL, GW Thomas and PL Cornelius. 1977 Influence of no-tillage and nitrogen fertilization on certain soil properties after 5 years of continuous corn. Agron J 69: 383-386.Blevins, RL and WF Frye, 1993. Conservation tillage: an ecological approach to soil management. Adv Agron 51: 34-77.Brady NC and RR Weil. 2008. The nature and properties of soils. Pearson Prentice Hall. Fourteenth Edition. New Jersey, 965 p.Brito-Vega, H, D Espinosa-Victoria, C Fragoso, D Mendoza, N De la Cruz Landaro and A Aldares-Chavez. 2009. Soil organic particle and presence of earthworm under different tillage systems. J Biol Sci 9: 180-183.Derpch, R 1998. Historical review of no-tilage cultivation of crops. JIRCAS Working Rep. JAPAN Int Res Ctr for Agric Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan 13: 1-18. Diaz-Zorita, M., JH Grove, L Murdock, J Herbeck and E Perfect. 2004. Soil structural disturbance effects on crop yields and soil properties in a no-till production system. Agron J 96: 1651-1659.Dickey EC, PJ Jasa and RD Grisso. 1994. Long-term tillage effect on grain yield and soil properties in a soybean/grain sorghum Rotation. J Prod Agric 7: 465 - 470.Edwards WM, LD, Norton, CE, Redmond. 1988. Characterizing macro pores that affect infiltration into non tilled soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 52: 483-487.Fernandez RO, PG Fernandez, JVG Cervera and FP Torres. 2007 Soil properties and crop yields after 21 years of direct drilling trials in southern Spain. Soil Till Res 94: 47-54.Fengyun Z, W Pute, Z Xining and C Xuefeng. 2011. The effects of no-tillage practice on soil physical properties. Afr J Biotech 10: 17645-17650. Havlin, JL, JD Beaton, SM Tisdale and WL Nelson. 2005. Soil Fertility and Fertilizer: an Introduction to Nutrient Management. Pearson Prantice Hall. Sevent Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 515 p.Karlen DL, NC Wollenhaupt, DC Erbach, EC Berry, JB Swan, NS Eash and JL Jordahl. 1994. Crop residue effects on soil quality following 10-years of no-till corn. Soil Till Res 31: 149-167.Kumar A and DS Yadav. 2005. Effect of zero and minimum tillage in conjunction with nitrogen management in wheat (Triticum aestivum ) after rice (Oryza sativa.). Indian J Agron 50 (1): 54-57.Lal R. 1989. Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture: tropics versus temperate environment. Adv Agron 42: 85-197.Lal R. 1997. Residue management, conservation tillage and soil restoration for mitigating greenhouse effect by CO2 enrichment. Soil Till Res 43: 81-107.Lal R. 2007. Soil science in a changing climate. CSA New 52: 1-9.Mallory J J, RH Mohtar, GC Heathman, DG Schulze and E Braudeau. 2011. Evaluating the effect of tillage on soil structural properties using the pedostructure concept. Geoderma 163: 141-149. doi:10.1016/ j.geoderma. 2011.01.018. 9p.Paustian K, HP Collins and EA Paul. 1997. Management control on soil carbon. In: EA Paul, ET Elliot, K Paustian and CV Cole (eds). Soil Organic Matter in Temperate Agro-ecosystems: Long-term Experiment in North America. CRC Press, pp. 15-50.Rasmussen, KJ. 1999. Impact of ploughless soil tillage on yield and soil quality: A Scandinavian review. Soil Till Res 53: 3-14.Quintero M. 2009. Effects of conservation tillage in soil carbon sequestration and net revenues of potato-based rotations in the Colombian Andes. [Thesis], University of Florida, USA. SAS [Statistical Analysis System] Institute. 2003. The SAS system for windows. Release 9.1. SASInst Inc, Cary, NC.Singh A and J Kaur. 2012. Impact of conservation tillage on soil properties in rice-wheat cropping system. Agric Sci Res J 2: 30-41.Six, J, SD Frey, RK Thiet and KM Batten. 2006. Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70: 555-569.Smith JL and HP Collins. 2007. Management of organisms and their processes in soils. In: EA Paul (ed). Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry. Third Edition. Academic Press, Burlington, USA, 532 p.Stockfisch N, T Forstreuter, W Ehlers. 1999. Ploughing effects on soil organic matter after twenty years of conservation tillage in Lower Saxony, Germany. Soil Till Res 52: 91-101.Tarkalson, DD, GW Hergertb and KG Cassmanc. 2006. Long-term effects of tillage on soil chemical properties and grain yields of a dryland winter wheat-sorghum/corn-fallow rotation in the great plains. Agron J 26: 26-33. Thomas GA, RC Dalal, J Standley. 2007. No-till effect on organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient distribution in a Luvisol in the semi-arid subtropics. Soil Till Res 94: 295-304.Utomo M, H Suprapto and Sunyoto. 1989. Influence of tillage and nitrogen fertilization on soil nitrogen, decomposition of alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) and corn production of alang-alang land. In: J van der Heide (ed.). Nutrient management for food crop production in tropical farming systems. Institute for Soil Fertility (IB), pp. 367-373.Utomo M. 2004. Olah tanah konservasi untuk budidaya jagung berkelanjutan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional IX Budidaya Pertanian Olah Tanah Konservasi. Gorontalo, 6-7 Oktober, 2004, pp. 18-35 (in Indonesian).Utomo M, A Niswati, Dermiyati, M R Wati, AF Raguan and S Syarif. 2010. Earthworm and soil carbon sequestration after twenty one years of continuous no-tillage corn-legume rotation in Indonesia. JIFS 7: 51-58.Utomo M, H Buchari, IS Banuwa, LK Fernando and R Saleh. 2012. Carbon storage and carbon dioxide emission as influenced by long-term conservation tillage and nitrogen fertilization in corn-soybean rotation. J Trop Soil 17: 75-84.Wang W, RC Dalal and PW Moody. 2001. Evaluation of the microwave irradiation method for measuring soil microbial biomass. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65: 1696-1703.Wright AL and FM Hons. 2004. Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen storage under soybean cropping sequences. Soil Sci Soc Am J 68: 507-513. Zibilske LM, JM Bradford and JR Smart. 2002. Conservation tillage induced change in organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus in a semi-arid alkaline subtropical soil. Soil Till Res 66: 153-163.
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Dilshad, M., and LJ Peel. "Evaluation of the USDA curve number method for agricultural catchments in the Australian semi-arid tropics." Soil Research 32, no. 4 (1994): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940673.
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The USDA-SCS curve number method (5 day antecedent rainfall version) was evaluated using rainfall and runoff data from four catchments at the Douglas-Daly Research Farm, 250 km S.W. of Darwin. These catchments were rotational cropped with maize and soybeans using either conventional or no-till technology. Optimized curve numbers (CNs) were calculated for each catchment and crop type for the various 5 day antecedent rainfall conditions (ARC) by using a grid-based statistical technique known as the Marquardt-Levenberg method. Significance levels (SL) of 0.05 or less were regarded as significant throughout. The curve number method (CNM) was able to describe significant levels of variation in observed rainfall and runoff data. By using optimized curve numbers, the CNM significantly explained up to 98% of the variation in data. Results showed that crop type and soil conservation bank spacing as individual factors had minor or no effect on optimized CNs, and hence on the ability of the CNM to predict runoff. Cropping technology and ARC, however, had a very strong influence on optimized CNs. Optimized CNs obtained in this study provide best estimates of CNs for use on commercial cropping catchments in the region.
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G., Pratibha, V. Rao K., Srinivas I., M. K. Raju B., Shanker Arun K., Madhavi M., A. K. Indoria, et al. "Weed shift and community diversity in conservation and conventional agriculture systems in pigeonpea- castor systems under rainfed semi-arid tropics." Soil and Tillage Research 212 (August 2021): 105075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105075.
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Melo R., Aslenis, Pedro Ariza, Sofía Lissbrant, and Adriana Tofiño. "Evaluation of agrochemicals and bioinputs for sustainable bean management on the Caribbean coast of Colombia." Agronomía Colombiana 33, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v33n2.49858.
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The sustainable expansion of bean cultivations requires technologies that do not limit their phyto-recovering properties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to propose agronomic management of conservation for bean cultivation considering the microbiological characteristics of two mega-environments of the Colombian Caribbean coast and the compatibility between agrochemicals and bioinputs. The methodology included rhizospheric microbe population counts, identification of phytopathogenic fungi in plant tissues and soils, compatibility studies of pesticides with biocontrollers, and determination of residual contents of pesticides in bean seeds. The microbial populations corresponded to those previously registered for the lower tropics, but with quantitative differences in the genera. Phytophthora, Colletotrichum and Fusarium were registered in the humid Caribbean, while Colletotrichum and Curvularia affected crops in the dry Caribbean. The Beauveria bioinput was not compatible with the evaluated agrochemicals, while Trichoderma was compatible with chlorpyrifos, thiabendazole and oxycarboxin. Metarhizium was compatible with glyphosate and oxycarboxin at 10% of the recommended dose. Lindane residues were found in the beans harvested at three of the studied locations. The combined use of agrochemicals and bioinputs on bean crops is feasible as long as the time of application of the latter is made according to the half-life of the chemical and the organic matter content of the soil is increased.
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Bimbraw, Avtar. "Use of Conservation Technology for the Improvement in Production of Chickpea in Comparison to Wheat." Current Agriculture Research Journal 4, no. 1 (June 9, 2016): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.4.1.01.
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In the last four decades, the area, production and productivity of chickpea fluctuated widely. There is a general perception that chickpea is a rabi crop and requires low temperature and prolonged winter season thus more fit for cultivation in northern India. Chickpea area was earlier confined to northern and central India. However, the scenario of chickpea cultivation has drastically changed in India during the past few decades. Pulses have very low productivity due to several reasons. However, the obvious reasons are cultivation under energy starved conditions on marginal and sub-marginal lands with no or low input management, late sowing, higher degree of susceptibility to both abiotic and biotic stresses, unavailability of quality seeds of high yielding varieties, poor or no use of plant protection measures, improper management practices, lack of winter precipitation and inadequacy of stored soil moisture, etc. Wheat is the world’s number one cereal crop in all the six continents of the world. It is the staple food of billions of people and is widely treated as cash crop because it produce good yield per unit area in short growing season. Similarly, chickpea is an important pulse crop of the semi-arid tropics, particularly in the rainfed area of the Indian sub-continent. Conservation technology plays important role to increase the productivity of wheat. Keeping the above in considerations try to know the role of conservation technology for the increase in the production of chickpea in comparison to wheat in this paper.
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Song, Layheang, Laurie Boithias, Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung, Chantha Oeurng, Christian Valentin, Bounthan Souksavath, Phabvilay Sounyafong, et al. "Understory Limits Surface Runoff and Soil Loss in Teak Tree Plantations of Northern Lao PDR." Water 12, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092327.
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Many mountainous regions of the humid tropics experience serious soil erosion following rapid changes in land use. In northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), the replacement of traditional crops by tree plantations, such as teak trees, has led to a dramatic increase in floods and soil loss and to the degradation of basic soil ecosystem services such as water filtration by soil, fertility maintenance, etc. In this study, we hypothesized that conserving understory under teak trees would protect soil, limit surface runoff, and help reduce soil erosion. Using 1 m2 microplots installed in four teak tree plantations in northern Lao PDR over the rainy season of 2017, this study aimed to: (1) assess the effects on surface runoff and soil loss of four understory management practices, namely teak with no understory (TNU; control treatment), teak with low density of understory (TLU), teak with high density of understory (THU), and teak with broom grass, Thysanolaena latifolia (TBG); (2) suggest soil erosion mitigation management practices; and (3) identify a field visual indicator allowing a rapid appraisal of soil erosion intensity. We monitored surface runoff and soil loss, and measured teak tree and understory characteristics (height and percentage of cover) and soil surface features. We estimated the relationships among these variables through statistics and regression analyses. THU and TBG had the smallest runoff coefficient (23% for both) and soil loss (465 and 381 g·m−2, respectively). The runoff coefficient and soil loss in TLU were 35% and 1115 g·m−2, respectively. TNU had the highest runoff coefficient and soil loss (60%, 5455 g·m−2) associated to the highest crusting rate (82%). Hence, the soil loss in TBG was 14-times less than in TNU and teak tree plantation owners could divide soil loss by 14 by keeping understory, such as broom grass, within teak tree plantations. Indeed, a high runoff coefficient and soil loss in TNU was explained by the kinetic energy of rain drops falling from the broad leaves of the tall teak trees down to bare soil, devoid of plant residues, thus leading to severe soil surface crusting and soil detachment. The areal percentage of pedestal features was a reliable indicator of soil erosion intensity. Overall, promoting understory, such as broom grass, in teak tree plantations would: (1) limit surface runoff and improve soil infiltrability, thus increase soil water stock available for both root absorption and groundwater recharge; and (2) mitigate soil loss while favoring soil fertility conservation.
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Patil, S. L., M. N. Sheelvanter, V. K. Lamani, and R. Reddy. "Nutrient availability and grain yield of winter sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as influenced by tillage practices and integrated nutrient management in Vertisols of semi-arid tropics of India." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 52, no. 2 (August 1, 2004): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.52.2004.2.8.
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A field experiment was conducted in Vertisols at Bijapur during 1994-96 to study the effect of tillage practices and integrated nutrient management on winter sorghum yield and soil nutrient availability. The increase in winter sorghum yield with deep tillage over medium and shallow tillage was 27 and 57% in 1994-95 as compared to 18 and 34% in 1995-96. Deep tillage resulted in 22 and 45% higher yield as compared to medium and shallow tillage in the pooled data. This was mainly due to conservation and increased availability of moisture and nutrients, i.e. N, P and K. The higher availability of nutrients in the topsoil (0-0.15 m) as compared to the subsoil (0.15-0.30 m) was due to the application of nutrients in the topsoil layer and the higher rate of mineralization. Among the organic materials applied, Leucaena loppings at 2.5 t ha-1 led to a significantly (9%) higher yield (1636 kg ha-1) over vermicompost (1500 kg ha-1) and was on par with farmyard manure (1572 kg ha-1) in the pooled data and during both years of the study. The higher percentage increase in grain yield with Leucaena application was due to the better moisture conservation and availability of major nutrients, i.e. N, P and K. Winter sorghum responded significantly to N application at 25 kg ha-1 in 1994-95, whereas in 1995-96 and in the pooled data the response varied up to 50 kg N ha-1. In the pooled data, the grain yield increased by 17 and 24% with the application of 25 and 50 kg N ha-1 compared with the control. The higher yields obtained with the application of nitrogen were due to the better availability of nutrients, especially N, as these soils are low in available N.
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Nedumaran, S., and Naveen P. Singh. "Trade-offs between non-farm income and on-farm soil and water conservation investments of smallholder farmers in the semi-arid tropics of India." Agricultural Economics Research Review 30, no. 1 (2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0279.2017.00004.0.
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Gupta, Raj, Nirmal Kumar, SK Singh, Rabi N. Sahoo, and IP Abrol. "Resource Management Domains of Kharif and Rabi Season Fallows in Central Plateau Region of India: A Strategy for Accelerated Agricultural Development." Journal of Agronomy Research 2, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-19-2590.
Full textAbstract:
Over last few decades, acreage of total fallow lands (Kharif and Rabi seasons) in India has remained almost unchanged around 25Mha. The acreage of Kharif (summer) and Rabi (winter) Fallows in Madhya Pradesh (MP) are 1.98Mha and 5.51Mha, respectively. In the semi-arid agroclimatic zones of the states, Fallow-Wheat/Gram/Indian-Mustard cropping systems are practiced. After harvest of Kharif rice, kodo-kutki, maize or sorghum, farmers generally practice post-rainy season Rabi fallows in the sub-humid regions, south of Narmada River. Kharif fallowing is largely the result of the inability of the farmers to make planting dates independent of monsoon forecasts, and make efficient use of rain water. It appears that factors responsible for Kharif and Rabi fallows are distinctly different and a general consequence of distinctly different soil moisture regimes prevailing in the two crop seasons. Kharif and Rabi fallows have two distinct resource management domains. Whereas, Kharif fallows can be tackled with “PMP-dry seeding” agronomy, production constraints of Rabi fallows can be substantively tackled by shifting from tilled to zero-till agriculture with residue management to make efficient use of the conserved rain water. Some irrigation support will prove useful to tackle mid-season droughts in both situations. Conservation agricultural practices can significantly improve and stabilize crop yields in black soils and other associated soils of in the semi-arid tropics region of the Central India.
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Lozano-Baez, Sergio E., Miguel Cooper, Paula Meli, Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, and Thomas J. Sauer. "Land restoration by tree planting in the tropics and subtropics improves soil infiltration, but some critical gaps still hinder conclusive results." Forest Ecology and Management 444 (July 2019): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.04.046.
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Patil, S. L., and M. N. Sheelavantar. "Effect of cultural practices on soil properties, moisture conservation and grain yield of winter sorghum (Sorghum bicolar L. Moench) in semi-arid tropics of India." Agricultural Water Management 64, no. 1 (January 2004): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(03)00178-1.
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Benkhoua, N., M. Hafidi, W. Badri, E. Baudoin, J. Thioulouse, Y. Prin, A. Galiana, et al. "Management of the mycorrhizal soil infectivity with Crotalaria ochroleuca , an indigenous wild legume in the tropics: Impacts on microbial functional diversity involved in phosphorus mobilization processes in a sahelian soil." Ecological Engineering 101 (April 2017): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.01.010.
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J. Sonter, Laura, Daniel J. Metcalfe, and Margaret M. Mayfield. "Assessing rainforest restoration: the value of buffer strips for the recovery of rainforest remnants in Australia?s Wet Tropics." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 4 (2010): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110274.
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Throughout the tropics, forest remnants are under increasing pressure from habitat fragmentation and edge effects. To improve the conservation value of forest remnants, restoration plantings are used to accelerate and redirect ecological succession. Unfortunately, many restoration projects undergo little to no evaluation in achieving project goals. Here we evaluate the success of one common restoration technique, ?buffer strip planting,? at the Malanda Scrub in North Queensland, Australia. Buffer strips are used to reduce the impacts associated with edge effects and improve overall forest quality. To evaluate the success of the Malanda project, we compared the microclimate, understorey community structure and functional trait-state diversity (functional diversity) for a range of plant functional traits along the original forest edge, a reference forest edge, and the interior forest of the Malanda reserve. We found the buffer strip restored the original forest edge to interior forest conditions for the majority of measured features. Edge effects were not found more than 5 m from any measured edge, and edge effects penetrated to even shorter distances along the buffer strip edge. The buffer strip appeared to have a similar microclimate (here represented by soil temperature) and physical structure; however, it did not (after 14 years) closely resemble the interior forest floristically nor did it have the same functional diversity for measured traits. Results suggest that the buffer strip was successful in reducing edge effects but not in restoring the forest to original conditions within 14 years.
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Anantha, K. H., Kaushal K. Garg, Ramesh Singh, Venkataradha Akuraju, Inder Dev, Cameron A. Petrie, Anthony M. Whitbread, and Sreenath Dixit. "Landscape resource management for sustainable crop intensification." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 014006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac413a.
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Abstract Crop intensification is required to meet the food demands of an increasing population. This paper presents data from three paired scaling-up initiatives to compare the benefits of landscape-based interventions over individual plot-level interventions using evidence generated in the Indian semi-arid tropics. A range of soil and water conservation interventions were implemented in a decentralized manner following the landscape-based approach. The plot-level approach focused only on balanced fertilizer application and improved crop cultivars while the landscape-based interventions primarily addressed moisture availability, which was the key to reducing risks of crop failure besides aiding productivity gain and enhanced land and water-use efficiency. These interventions have additionally harvested 50–150 mm of surface runoff and facilitated groundwater recharge in 550–800 mm rainfall zones. Individual plot-level interventions also improved the crop yield significantly over the control plots. However, crop intensification was not achieved due to limited moisture availability. Landscape-based interventions produced 100%–300% higher crop production per year, greater income generation (>100%), and improved water productivity. Landscape-based interventions were also found to be beneficial in terms of reducing soil loss by 75%–90% and improving base flow availability additionally by 20–75 d in a year compared to untreated watersheds. With increased moisture availability, fallow lands in respective watersheds have been utilized for cultivation, thereby enhancing crop intensification. The findings of the study provide critical insights into the design of approaches suitable for scaling-up projects in order to both create impact and target the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.