Journal articles on the topic 'Soil carbon'
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1
Zhang, Xiuwei, and Feihai Yu. "Physical disturbance accelerates carbon loss through increasing labile carbon release." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 11 (November 2, 2020): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/257/2020-pse.
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Labile carbon (C) is a major source of C loss because of its high vulnerability to environmental change. Yet its potential role in regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics remains unclear. In this study, we tested the effect of physical disturbance on SOC decomposition using soils from two abandoned farmlands free of management practice for more than 28 years. The soil respiration rate was measured in undisturbed and disturbed soil columns and was inversely modeled using the two-compartment model. We found that the C loss was 16.8~74.1% higher in disturbed than in undisturbed soil columns. Physical disturbance increased the total amount of labile C (C<sub>1</sub>) loss by 136~241%, while had no effect on the kinetic decomposition rate constants of both labile (k<sub>1</sub>) and stable (k<sub>2</sub>) SOC decomposition. Physical disturbance fragmented the large macroaggregates into small macroaggregates, microaggregates, and free silt and clay-sized fractions. This indicates that C loss was derived from the initially protected labile C, and there was no change of SOC fraction being decomposed. Our results give insights into the understanding of the extent of labile C loss to physical disruption and demonstrate the potential effect of physical disturbance on SOC dynamics.
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Liu, Yufei, Xiaoxu Fan, Tong Zhang, Xin Sui, and Fuqiang Song. "Effects of atrazine application on soil aggregates, soil organic carbon and glomalin-related soil protein." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 3 (March 1, 2021): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/594/2020-pse.
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Atrazine is still widely used in China. Atrazine residue (1.86–1 100 mg/kg) in the soil has exceeded the allowable limit (1.0 mg/kg), affecting soil structure and soil aggregate composition. To understand the long-term application of atrazine on soil aggregates and the binding agent, four treatments were established in cornfield planted since 1998, including without atrazine applied (AT<sub>0</sub>), atrazine applied (28% atrazine, 1 200–1 350 mL/ha/year) once a year from 2012 to 2018 (AT<sub>6</sub>, 167 mg/kg), from 2008 to 2018 (AT<sub>10</sub>, 127.64 mg/kg) as well as from 2002 to 2018 (AT<sub>16</sub>, 102 mg/kg) with three replications. Along with the increase of atrazine application time, the mass fraction of soil aggregates > 5 mm and 2–5 mm decreased significantly while the mass fraction of soil aggregates 0.5–2 mm and < 0.5 mm increased gradually, and the change of aggregate binding agents contents were the same as that of aggregates. The contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in the aggregates > 5 mm and 2–5 mm were significantly negatively correlated with the years of atrazine application. Our results show that although atrazine residue in the soil does not increase with the increased yearly application, its concentration is still markedly higher than the permitted limit value and seriously affected the content of SOC and GRSP of aggregates > 2 mm, which can lead to a decrease of soil aggregate stability and soil quality.
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Tobiašová, E., G. Barančíková, E. Gömöryová, J. Makovníková, R. Skalský, J. Halas, Š. Koco, Z. Tarasovičová, J. Takáč, and M. Špaňo. "Labile forms of carbon and soil aggregates." Soil and Water Research 11, No. 4 (October 12, 2016): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/182/2015-swr.
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Ma, Xuexi, Zhengzhong Jin, Yingju Wang, and Jiaqiang Lei. "Effects of Shelter Forests on Soil Organic Carbon of Irrigated Soils in the Taklimakan Desert." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 4535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084535.
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An experiment was carried out to test the effects of artificial vegetation on soil organic carbon in sandy soil. The soils were collected from the Taklimakan desert highway shelter forests with different stand age (the stand ages are 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, respectively, and three shrubs named Calligonum mongolicunl, Tamarix chinensis and Haloxylon ammodendron were planted along the highway) in Xinjiang, northwest of China. The soil organic carbon stock in soil vertical layers were calculated. We measured four passive organic carbons (i.e., micro-aggregates organic carbon, humic organic carbon, acid-resistant organic carbon and antioxidant organic carbon). Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations and ratios among the different passive organic carbons. Finally, the chemical composition of humus was detected and the relative contents of C=O and CH groups were determined. The main results showed that, (1) the soil organic carbon and organic carbon stock were decreased with the increase of depth, mainly in 0–50 cm. (2) With the increase of stand age, only in Tamarix chinensis forest, the total soil organic carbon stock increased a little. (3) Total soil organic carbon had more closely correlation with contents of micro-aggregate organic carbon and humic organic carbon. (4) C=O/C-O-C increased a little after 10 years; CH/C-O-C had no obvious change with stand age; CH2/CH3 did not change obviously after 13 years. The Tamarix chinensis forest is the most helpful for carbon sequestration in sandy soil and stabilization in surface layer than Calligonum mongolicunl and Haloxylon ammodendron.
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Kadlec, V., O. Holubík, E. Procházková, J. Urbanová, and M. Tippl. "Soil organic carbon dynamics and its influence on the soil erodibility factor." Soil and Water Research 7, No. 3 (July 10, 2012): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2012-swr.
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The effect of erosion and erosion control measures on changes in the amount of organic matter in soil was studied. We investigated the influence of organic matter inputs into the soil on surface runoff, soil erosion and soil erodibility (K-factor), including the monitoring of carbon dynamics, as a result of torrential rains. The research was conducted on experimental plots in Třebsín site. Erosion leads to soil carbon loss and subsequently to increasing concentrations of carbon in sediments (enrichment ratio). We can conclude from the results that the input of organic matter into the soil (especially farmyard manure) significantly contributes to a decrease in surface runoff and soil loss and also to a reduction of carbon leaching into sediments; so it contributes to carbon sequestration into the soil.
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Tobiašová, E., G. Barančíková, E. Gömöryová, B. Dębska, and M. Banach-Szott. "Humus substances and soil aggregates in the soils with different texture." Soil and Water Research 13, No. 1 (January 24, 2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/31/2017-swr.
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Humus substances (HS) influence the incorporation of carbon into soil aggregates in many ways. In this study the influence of HS and their fractions in the soil on the proportions of carbon (total organic, labile, non-labile) in water-resistant macro-aggregates (WSA) and differences between the amount of carbon in WSA in coarse-grained (CGS) and fine-grained (FGS) soils with dependence on the proportions of HS in the soil were determined. The experiment included three soils (Haplic Chernozem, Haplic Luvisol, Eutric Cambisol), each of them with two different soil textures (CGS, FGS) from four ecosystems (forest, meadow, urban, and agro-ecosystem). In CGS, higher proportions (52 and 50%) of smaller (< 1 mm) dry-sieved macro-aggregates (DSA) and also WSA were determined, while in FGS, higher proportions (51 and 53%) of larger DSA (> 7 mm) and WSA (> 2 mm) were detected. A negative correlation was recorded between the content of organic carbon in the fractions of WSA and the amount of extracted humic acids (HA) in CGS, and fulvic acids (FA) in FGS. In CGS, the correlation between the carbon content in WSA and HA bound with Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup>, which forms humates (HA2), was negative. In FGS, a negative correlation was recorded between the carbon content in WSA and free aggressive FA (FA1a) and free FA and those, which are bound with monovalent cations and mobile R<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (FA1) in the soil. In the case of FA1a, a negative correlation was recorded in FGS and also in CGS, however this influence was more marked in CGS than in FGS (by about 21% higher correlation). In CGS, the influence of HA and FA in soil on the content of labile carbon in aggregates was stronger than in FGS. In CGS, a higher proportion of carbon in aggregates was detected in the case of lower stability of HS and HA and, on the contrary, in FGS, a higher content of carbon in aggregates was detected in the case of their higher stability.
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Cotching, W. E. "Carbon stocks in Tasmanian soils." Soil Research 50, no. 2 (2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11211.
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Soil carbon (C) stocks were calculated for Tasmanian soil orders to 0.3 and 1.0 m depth from existing datasets. Tasmanian soils have C stocks of 49–117 Mg C/ha in the upper 0.3 m, with Ferrosols having the largest soil C stocks. Mean soil C stocks in agricultural soils were significantly lower under intensive cropping than under irrigated pasture. The range in soil C within soil orders indicates that it is critical to determine initial soil C stocks at individual sites and farms for C accounting and trading purposes, because the initial soil C content will determine if current or changed management practices are likely to result in soil C sequestration or emission. The distribution of C within the profile was significantly different between agricultural and forested land, with agricultural soils having two-thirds of their soil C in the upper 0.3 m, compared with half for forested soils. The difference in this proportion between agricultural and forested land was largest in Dermosols (0.72 v. 0.47). The total amount of soil C in a soil to 1.0 m depth may not change with a change in land use, but the distribution can and any change in soil C deeper in the profile might affect how soil C can be managed for sequestration. Tasmanian soil C stocks are significantly greater than those in mainland states of Australia, reflecting the lower mean annual temperature and higher precipitation in Tasmania, which result in less oxidation of soil organic matter.
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Whalen, Joann K., Shamim Gul, Vincent Poirier, Sandra F. Yanni, Myrna J. Simpson, Joyce S. Clemente, Xiaojuan Feng, et al. "Transforming plant carbon into soil carbon: Process-level controls on carbon sequestration." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 6 (August 2014): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-145.
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Whalen, J. K., Gul, S., Poirier, V., Yanni, S. F., Simpson, M. J., Clemente, J. S., Feng, X., Grayston, S. J., Barker, J., Gregorich, E. G., Angers, D. A., Rochette, P. and Janzen, H. H. 2014. Transforming plant carbon into soil carbon: Process-level controls on carbon sequestration. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1065–1073. Plants figure prominently in efforts to promote C sequestration in agricultural soils, and to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of the project was to measure the transformations of plant carbon in soil through controlled laboratory experiments, to further understand (1) root-associated CO2 and N2O production during a plant's life cycle, (2) decomposition of plant residues leading to CO2 production, and (3) stabilization and retention of undecomposed plant residues and microbial by-products in the resistant soil C fraction. Experimental plant materials included transgenic near isolines of Zea mays L. and cell wall mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, selected for their diverse residue chemistry. Phenology, morphology and above-ground biomass affected soil respiration and N2O production in root-associated soils. Mineralization of C and N from incubated plant–soil mixtures was complemented with stable isotope tracing (13C, 15N) and 13C-phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Advanced chemical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and physical separation (particle size and density separation) were used to track the transformations of plant C into stable soil C compounds. Conceptual models were proposed to explain how the plant residue chemistry×soil physico-chemical interaction affects C sequestration. Incorporating single gene mutations affecting lignin biosynthesis into agricultural and bioenergy crops has the potential to alter short- and long-term C cycling in agroecosystems.
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Zhengzhong, Jin, Wang Yingju, and Lei Jiaqiang. "Influence of plantation of a shelter-belt on component of organic carbon in the Taklimakan desert over last decade." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 04041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185304041.
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The soils were collected from the Taklimakan Desert Highway shelter-belt with different planting years in Xinjiang, northwest of China. The soil organic carbon stork (SOCstork) in each layers. By chemical and physical pretreatment, we measured four carbon passive organic carbons, i.e., microaggregates organic carbon(OCMIA), humus organic carbon (OCHS), carbon resistance to oxidation (OCNaClO) and acid hydrolysis (OCHCl). The results showed that the OC and SOCstork was decreased with soil depth mainly in 0-50 cm. The artificial vegetation have more influence on TOC, OCMIA and OCHS than OCNaClO and OCHCl. The Tamarix chinensis shelter-belt is the most helpful for carbon sequestration in sandy soil and stabilization in surface layer than Calligonum mongolicunl and Haloxylon ammodendron.
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Kumar, Kewat Sanjay. "Sustainable Management of Soil for Carbon Sequestration." Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2017.05.02.10.
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Mechanisms governing carbon stabilization in soils have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their relevance in the global carbon cycle. Two thirds of the global terrestrial organic C stocks in ecosystems are stored in below ground components as terrestrial carbon pools in soils. Furthermore, mean residence time of soil organic carbon pools have slowest turnover rates in terrestrial ecosystems and thus there is vast potential to sequester atmospheric CO2 in soil ecosystems. Depending upon soil management practices it can be served as source or sink for atmospheric CO2. Sustainable management systems and practices such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry and application of biochar are emerging and promising tools for soil carbon sequestration. Increasing soil carbon storage in a system simultaneously improves the soil health by increase in infiltration rate, soil biota and fertility, nutrient cycling and decrease in soil erosion process, soil compaction and C emissions. Henceforth, it is vital to scientifically explore the mechanisms governing C flux in soils which is poorly understood in different ecosystems under anthropogenic interventions making soil as a potential sink for atmospheric CO2 to mitigate climate change. Henceforth, present paper aims to review basic mechanism governing carbon stabilization in soils and new practices and technological developments in agricultural and forest sciences for C sequestration in terrestrial soil ecosystems.
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Kopecký, Marek, Ladislav Kolář, Radka Váchalová, Petr Konvalina, Jana Batt, Petr Mráz, Ladislav Menšík, Trong Nghia Hoang, and Miroslav Dumbrovský. "Black Carbon and Its Effect on Carbon Sequestration in Soil." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112261.
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The properties of black carbon (BC) are described very differently in the literature, even when determined by the same methodological procedure. To clarify this discrepancy, BC was investigated in the clay Cambisols of southern Bohemia, Czech Republic, in groups of soils with lower and higher deposition of its atmospheric fallout. The BC determination was performed according to a modified method of Kuhlbusch and Crutzen (1995). The amount of the free light fraction, the occluded light fraction of soil organic matter and its ratio, the amount of heavy soil fraction DF, and its soil organic matter DFOM were determined. Other soil characteristics were identified. It was found that there are two very different types of BC in soils. Historical BC from biomass fires, and new, anthropogenic, from the furnace and transport fumes. Historical BC has a significant effect on the organic matter of the heavy soil fraction, on the ratio of the free and occluded soil organic matter fraction, and the number of water-resistant soil aggregates. Anthropogenic BC does not have this effect. Because this form of BC is not significantly stabilized by the colloidal mineral fraction, it is necessary to take general data on BC’s high stability and resistance to mineralization in the soil with circumspection.
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Wang, Z. M., B. Zhang, K. S. Song, D. W. Liu, F. Li, Z. X. Guo, and S. M. Zhang. "Soil organic carbon under different landscape attributes in croplands of Northeast China." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 10 (October 24, 2008): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/402-pse.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) was measured in topsoil samples of agricultural soils from 311 locations of Jiutai County, Northeast China. The spatial characteristics of SOC were studied using the Geographic Information Systems and geostatistics. Effects of other soil physical and chemical properties, elevation, slope, soil type and land use type were explored. SOC concentrations followed a lognormal distribution, with a geometric mean of 1.50%. The experimental variogram of SOC has been fitted with an exponential model. Our results highlighted total nitrogen and pH as the soil properties that have the greatest influence on SOC levels. Upland eroding areas have significantly less SOC than soils in deposition areas. Results showed that, soil type had a significant relationship with SOC, reflecting the effect of soil parent materials. Soil samples from paddy fields and vegetable fields had higher SOC concentrations than those from dry farming land.
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Gerke, Jörg. "Carbon Accumulation in Arable Soils: Mechanisms and the Effect of Cultivation Practices and Organic Fertilizers." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061079.
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The organic carbon content of soils is a key parameter of soil fertility. Moreover, carbon accumulation in soils may mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. The principles of carbon accumulation in arable soils are well known. The inclusion of clover/alfalfa/grass within the rotation is a central instrument to increase soil organic carbon. In addition, the regular application of rotted or composted farmyard manure within the rotation can increase soil organic carbon contents much more than the separate application of straw and cattle slurry. Humic substances, as a main stable part of soil organic carbon, play a central role in the accumulation of soil carbon. A major effect of compost application on soil carbon may be the introduction of stable humic substances which may bind and stabilize labile organic carbon compounds such as amino acids, peptides, or sugars. From this point of view, a definite soil carbon saturation index may be misleading. Besides stable composts, commercially available humic substances such as Leonardite may increase soil organic carbon contents by stabilization of labile C sources in soil.
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Fontaine, Sébastien, Gérard Bardoux, Luc Abbadie, and André Mariotti. "Carbon input to soil may decrease soil carbon content." Ecology Letters 7, no. 4 (March 1, 2004): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00579.x.
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Naorem, Anandkumar, Somasundaram Jayaraman, Ram C. Dalal, Ashok Patra, Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao, and Rattan Lal. "Soil Inorganic Carbon as a Potential Sink in Carbon Storage in Dryland Soils—A Review." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081256.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool has been extensively studied in the carbon (C) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. In dryland regions, however, soil inorganic carbon (SIC) has received increasing attention due to the high accumulation of SIC in arid soils contributed by its high temperature, low soil moisture, less vegetation, high salinity, and poor microbial activities. SIC storage in dryland soils is a complex process comprising multiple interactions of several factors such as climate, land use types, farm management practices, irrigation, inherent soil properties, soil biotic factors, etc. In addition, soil C studies in deeper layers of drylands have opened-up several study aspects on SIC storage. This review explains the mechanisms of SIC formation in dryland soils and critically discusses the SIC content in arid and semi-arid soils as compared to SOC. It also addresses the complex relationship between SIC and SOC in dryland soils. This review gives an overview of how climate change and anthropogenic management of soil might affect the SIC storage in dryland soils. Dryland soils could be an efficient sink in C sequestration through the formation of secondary carbonates. The review highlights the importance of an in-depth understanding of the C cycle in arid soils and emphasizes that SIC dynamics must be looked into broader perspective vis-à-vis C sequestration and climate change mitigation.
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Jesus, Kennedy Nascimento, Eliza Rosário Gomes Marinho Albuquerque, Aldo Torres Sales, and Everardo Valadares de Sá Barretto Sampaio. "Estoques de carbono em solos de Pernambuco, Brasil (Carbon stocks in soil of Pernambuco state, Brazil)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, no. 3 (June 2, 2019): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.3.p714-721.
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O solo é um importante reservatório de carbono e desempenha papel fundamental no balanço de gases de efeito estufa e suas possíveis contribuições para as mudanças climáticas. Estimativas de estoques de carbono nos solos do Brasil em nível regional são escassas. Dados de concentração estão mais disponíveis, mas a falta de informação sobre densidade impede o cálculo dos estoques. Usando dados de artigos científicos e levantamentos de solos, foram calculados os estoques na camada superficial (0 a 30 cm) das classes de solos de Pernambuco, sob os principais tipos de uso da terra. Os maiores estoques de carbono por unidade de área estavam nos Chernossolos, Nitossolos, Vertissolos e Gleissolos. Considerando as áreas que os solos ocupam em Pernambuco, os Argissolos, Neossolos Litólicos, Planossolos e Latossolos tiveram os maiores estoques. Os estoques decrescem com a mudança de cobertura vegetal nativa para pastagem e agricultura. O estoque total de carbono total em Pernambuco é 352,7 Tg. A B S T R A C TSoil is an important carbon reservoir and plays a key role in the emission of greenhouse gases and climate changes. Estimates of carbon stocks in Brazil's soils at the regional level are scarce. Data on concentrations are sometimes available but lack of soil density prevents calculation of stocks. Using data from scientific articles and exploratory surveys, we quantified carbon stocks in the superficial layer (0-30 cm) of soils in Pernambuco state, under different land uses. Soil classes with the highest carbon stocks per unit of land were Chernosols, Nitosols, Vertisols, and Gleisols. Considering the area the soil classes occupy in Pernambuco, Argisols, Litholic Neosols, Planosols, and Oxisols have the highest carbon stocks. The soil stocks decrease with changes from native vegetation cover to agriculture establishment. The total soil carbon stock in Pernambuco was 352.7 Tg.x
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Alewell, C., M. Schaub, and F. Conen. "A method to detect soil carbon degradation during soil erosion." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 18, 2009): 5771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-5771-2009.
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Abstract. Soil erosion has been discussed intensively but controversial both as a significant source or a significant sink of atmospheric carbon possibly explaining the gap in the global carbon budget. One of the major points of discussion has been whether or not carbon is degraded and mineralized to CO2 during detachment, transport and deposition of soil material. By combining the caesium-137 (137Cs) approach (quantification of erosion rates) with stable carbon isotope signatures (process indicator of mixing versus degradation of carbon pools) we were able to show that degradation of carbon occurs during soil erosion processes at the investigated mountain grasslands in the central Swiss Alps (Urseren Valley, Canton Uri). Transects from upland (erosion source) to wetland soils (erosion sinks) of sites affected by sheet and land slide erosion were sampled. Analysis of 137Cs yielded an input of 2 and 2.6 t ha−1 yr−1 of soil material into the wetlands sites. Assuming no degradation of soil organic carbon during detachment and transport, carbon isotope signature of soil organic carbon in the wetlands could only be explained with an assumed 800 and 400 years of erosion input into the wetlands. The latter is highly unlikely with alpine peat growth rates indicating that the upper horizons might have an age between 7 and 200 years. While we do not conclude from our data that eroded soil organic carbon is generally degraded during detachment and transport, we propose this method to gain more information on process dynamics during soil erosion from oxic upland to anoxic wetland soils, sediments or water bodies.
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Luo, Zhongkui, Wenting Feng, Yiqi Luo, Jeff Baldock, and Enli Wang. "Soil organic carbon dynamics jointly controlled by climate, carbon inputs, soil properties and soil carbon fractions." Global Change Biology 23, no. 10 (June 26, 2017): 4430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13767.
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Yu, Dandan, Feilong Hu, Kun Zhang, Li Liu, and Danfeng Li. "Available water capacity and organic carbon storage profiles in soils developed from dark brown soil to boggy soil in Changbai Mountains, China." Soil and Water Research 16, No. 1 (December 11, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/150/2019-swr.
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The available water capacity (AWC) is the most commonly used parameter for quantifying the amount of soil water that is readily available to plants. Specific AWC and soil organic carbon storage (SOCS) profiles are consequences of the soil development process. Understanding the distributions of AWC and SOCS in soil profiles is crucial for modelling the coupling between carbon and water cycle processes, and for predicting the consequences of global change. In this study, we determined the variations in the AWC and SOCS from the surface to a depth of 100 cm in soils developed from dark brown soil, skeletal dark brown soil, meadow dark brown soil, white starched dark brown soil, meadow soil, and boggy soil in the Changbai Mountains area of China. The AWC and SOCS profiles were calculated for each main soil group/subgroup using only the readily available variables for the soil texture and organic matter with the soil water characteristic equations. The results showed the following. (1) The AWC and SOCS decreased initially and then increased, before decreasing again in soils developed from dark brown soil to boggy soil, where the maximum SOCS occurred in the white starched dark brown soil, and the maximum AWC in the dark brown soil. (2) The SOCS was decreased by deforestation and concomitant soil erosion, but the negative impact of this decrease in the SOCS in the Changbai Mountains area was not caused completely by reductions in AWC. (3) In the soil development process from dark brown soil to boggy soil in response to deforestation, the AWC distribution differed in the profile and even among individual layers, whereas the SOCS was mainly present in the upper layer.
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Seremesic, Srdjan, Ljiljana Nesic, Vladimir Ciric, Jovica Vasin, Ivica Djalovic, Jelena Marinkovic, and Bojan Vojnov. "Soil organic carbon fractions in different land use systems of Chernozem soil." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 138 (2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2038031s.
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The relationship between soil carbon fractions in Chernozem soils was assessed in soil samples of three different environments: arable soil, grassland and oak for?est. Grassland and oak forest had higher soil organic carbon (SOC), carbon soluble in hot water (HWC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated carbon (MOC) than the arable soil. The POC/MOC ratio was lowest in arable soil, indicating a smaller carbon pool for microbial turnover. POC increases with higher total SOC, indicating that the pres?ervation of organic matter depends on the renewal of labile fractions. Our results showed that fertilization had active role in soil carbon stabilization, while crop rotation had less effect on a soil carbon turnover. Our result could contribute to the better understanding of SOC fractions composition and relevance in Chernozem soil, thus could help in selection of cropping management systems for SOC preservation.
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Alewell, C., M. Schaub, and F. Conen. "A method to detect soil carbon degradation during soil erosion." Biogeosciences 6, no. 11 (November 10, 2009): 2541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2541-2009.
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Abstract. Soil erosion has been discussed intensively but controversial both as a significant source or a significant sink of atmospheric carbon possibly explaining the gap in the global carbon budget. One of the major points of discussion has been whether or not carbon is degraded and mineralized to CO2 during detachment, transport and deposition of soil material. By combining the caesium-137 (137Cs) approach (quantification of erosion rates) with stable carbon isotope signatures (process indicator of mixing versus degradation of carbon pools) we were able to show that degradation of carbon occurs during soil erosion processes at the investigated mountain grasslands in the central Swiss Alps (Urseren Valley, Canton Uri). Transects from upland (erosion source) to wetland soils (erosion sinks) of sites affected by sheet and land slide erosion were sampled. Analysis of 137Cs yielded an input of 2 and 4.6 tha−1 yr−1 of soil material into the wetlands sites. Assuming no degradation of soil organic carbon during detachment and transport, carbon isotope signature of soil organic carbon in the wetlands could only be explained with an assumed 500–600 and 350–400 years of erosion input into the wetlands Laui and Spissen, respectively. The latter is highly unlikely with alpine peat growth rates indicating that the upper horizons might have an age between 7 and 200 years. While we do not conclude from our data that eroded soil organic carbon is generally degraded during detachment and transport, we propose this method to gain more information on process dynamics during soil erosion from oxic upland to anoxic wetland soils, sediments or water bodies.
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Hagedorn, Frank, Ana Moeri, Lorenz Walthert, and Stephan Zimmermann. "Kohlenstoff in Schweizer Waldböden – bei Klimaerwärmung eine potenzielle CO2-Quelle | Soil organic carbon in Swiss forest soils – a potential CO2 source in a warming climate." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0530.
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Soils contain the largest carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems. The expected climatic warming may turn soils into a CO2 source by increasing the mineralization of soil organic matter. However, changes in soil carbon (C) are hardly detectable because the expected changes within some years are much smaller than the large amounts of C stored in soils. Our approach was to quantify changes in soil C storage along natural climatic gradients by comparing C stocks of more than 250 soil profiles at different altitudes across Swiss forest ecosystems. In addition, we studied the response of soil CO2 effluxes to an experimental soil warming by 4°C at the alpine treeline. The carbon dynamics along the natural and experimental temperature gradients strongly suggest losses of soil carbon under climatic warming. Soil warming at the treeline induced 25% to 40% higher soil CO2 effluxes during three treatment years. In Swiss forest ecosystems, soil carbon stocks decrease with decreasing altitude and thus, they decline with increasing mean temperatures, but also with a changing dominance from coniferous to deciduous trees. This decrease in soil carbon is particularly strong in the organic layer. Translating the decline in soil carbon with decreasing altitude to the expected climatic warming by 1.8 to 4°C during the next century suggests carbon losses of 15 to 34 million t C from Swiss forest soils, which would cancel out the C sink in Swiss forests of several decades. The CO2 lost from soils would foster the climatic warming.
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Barančíková, G., J. Halás, M. Gutteková, J. Makovníková, M. Nováková, R. Skalský, and Z. Tarasovičová. "Application of RothC model to predict soil organic carbon stock on agricultural soils of Slovakia." Soil and Water Research 5, No. 1 (February 26, 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/23/2009-swr.
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Soil organic matter (SOM) takes part in many environmental functions and, depending on the conditions, it can be a source or a sink of the greenhouse gases. Presently, the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock can arise because of the climatic changes or changes in the land use and land management. A promising method in the estimation of SOC changes is modelling, one of the most used models for the prediction of changes in soil organic carbon stock on agricultural land being the RothC model. Because of its simplicity and availability of the input data, RothC was used for testing the efficiency to predict the development of SOC stock during 35-year period on agricultural land of Slovakia. The received data show an increase of SOC stock during the first (20 years) phase and no significant changes in the course of the second part of modelling. The increase of SOC stock in the first phase can be explained by a high carbon input of plant residues and manure and a lower temperature in comparison with the second modelling part.
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Assad, E. D., H. S. Pinto, S. C. Martins, J. D. Groppo, P. R. Salgado, B. Evangelista, E. Vasconcellos, et al. "Changes in soil carbon stocks in Brazil due to land use: paired site comparisons and a regional pasture soil survey." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 21, 2013): 5499–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-5499-2013.
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Abstract. In this paper we calculated soil carbon stocks in Brazil using 17 paired sites where soil stocks were determined in native vegetation, pastures and crop-livestock systems (CPS), and in other regional samplings encompassing more than 100 pasture soils, from 6.58° S to 31.53° S, involving three major Brazilian biomes: Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and the Pampa. The average native vegetation soil carbon stocks at 10 and 30 cm soil depth were equal to approximately 33 and 65 Mg ha−1, respectively. In the paired sites, carbon losses of 7.5 Mg ha−1 and 11.9 Mg ha−1 in CPS systems were observed at 10 cm and 30 cm soil depth averages, respectively. In pasture soils, carbon losses were similar and equal to 8.3 Mg ha−1 and 12.2 Mg ha−1 at 10 cm and 30 cm soil depths, respectively. The average soil δ13C under native vegetation at 10 and 30 cm depth were equal to −25.4‰ and −24.0‰, increasing to −19.6 ‰ and −17.7‰ in CPS, and to −18.9‰, and −18.3‰ in pasture soils, respectively; indicating an increasing contribution of C4 carbon in these agrosystems. In the regional survey of pasture soils, the soil carbon stock at 30 cm was equal to approximately 51 Mg ha−1, with an average δ13C value of −19.6‰. Key controllers of soil carbon stock at pasture sites were sand content and mean annual temperature. Collectively, both could explain approximately half of the variance of soil carbon stocks. When pasture soil carbon stocks were compared with the average soil carbon stocks of native vegetation estimated for Brazilian biomes and soil types by Bernoux et al. (2002) there was a carbon gain of 6.7 Mg ha−1, which is equivalent to a carbon gain of 15% compared to the carbon soil stock of the native vegetation. The findings of this study are consistent with differences found between regional comparisons like our pasture sites and local paired study sites in estimating soil carbon stocks changes due to land use changes.
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Stephen, Yeboah, Zhang Reanzhi, Cai Liqun, and Jun Wu. "Different carbon sources enhance system productivity and reduce greenhouse gas intensity." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 10 (October 15, 2018): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/83/2018-pse.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar, straw and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on soil properties, crop yield and greenhouse gas intensity in rainfed spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and to produce background dataset to improve nutrient management guidelines for semiarid environments. The two carbon sources (straw and biochar) were applied alone or combined with nitrogen fertilizer (urea, 46% N), whilst the soil without carbon amendment was fertilized by urea in the rates 0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The greatest yields were found with 100 kg N/ha under biochar, straw and soils without carbon. Biochar treated soils produced the greatest grain yield at 1906 kg/ha, followed by straw at 1643 kg/ha, and soils without carbon at 1553 kg/ha. This was explained by increased easily oxidizable carbon and total soil nitrogen in the biochar treated soil (P < 0.05). Straw treated soils and soils without carbon increased global warming potential by 13% and 14% compared to biochar amended soils. The biochar amended treatment also improved easily oxidizable carbon and total nitrogen (P < 0.05), which supported the above results. BN<sub>100</sub> (15 t/ha biochar + 100 kg N/ha) reduced greenhouse gas intensity by approximately 30% compared to CN<sub>100</sub> (100 kg N/ha applied each year) and SN<sub>50</sub> (4.5 t/ha straw applied each year + 50 kg N/ha). Based on these results, biochar could be used with N-fertilizer as a soil conditioner to improve yield and reduced greenhouse gas intensity.
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Heywood, Peter Frank, and Simon Turpin. "Variations in Soil Carbon Stocks with Texture and Previous Landuse in North-western NSW, Australia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 2 (February 16, 2013): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n2p124.
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<p>Australia’s land managers will need specific information about the best locations at which to sequester carbon if they are to take advantage of the recent Carbon Farming Initiative of the Australian Government under which carbon offsets can be created through sequestration of carbon in soil and trees. The literature indicates that soil texture and previous landuse are important determinants of soil carbon content. This paper describes the results of work to assess the current levels of soil carbon and the extent to which they vary with previous landuse and soil texture in the Namoi Catchment Management Authority in North West NSW, Australia. Soil samples were taken at 74 sites for determination of soil carbon concentration and stocks as well as soil texture and landuse in the last 10 years. There was wide variation between sites in soil carbon concentration and stocks which were greatest in those soils which had not been disturbed by cultivation and in soils with higher clay content. Thus, the greatest potential for carbon sequestration is in soils with the lowest carbon concentration, those which have been previously disturbed, and with higher clay content. Maintaining any increased carbon concentration will depend on minimizing disturbance, increased carbon input and minimizing loss of carbon through soil erosion. As these factors all vary significantly on a regional and landscape basis it will be important for land managers to have access to information which allows them to choose the sites at which potential for sequestration of soil carbon is greatest.</p>
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O'Riordan, Roisin, Jess Davies, Carly Stevens, and John N. Quinton. "The effects of sealing on urban soil carbon and nutrients." SOIL 7, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-661-2021.
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Abstract. Urban soils are of increasing interest for their potential to provide ecosystem services such as carbon storage and nutrient cycling. Despite this, there is limited knowledge on how soil sealing with impervious surfaces, a common disturbance in urban environments, affects these important ecosystem services. In this paper, we investigate the effect of soil sealing on soil properties, soil carbon and soil nutrient stocks. We undertook a comparative survey of sealed and unsealed green space soils across the UK city of Manchester. Our results reveal that the context of urban soil and the anthropogenic artefacts added to soil have a great influence on soil properties and functions. In general, sealing reduced soil carbon and nutrient stocks compared to green space soil; however, where there were anthropogenic additions of organic and mineral artefacts, this led to increases in soil carbon and nitrate content. Anthropogenic additions led to carbon stocks equivalent to or larger than those in green spaces; this was likely a result of charcoal additions, leading to carbon stores with long residence times. This suggests that in areas with an industrial past, anthropogenic additions can lead to a legacy carbon store in urban soil and make important contributions to urban soil carbon budgets. These findings shed light on the heterogeneity of urban sealed soil and the influence of anthropogenic artefacts on soil functions. Our research highlights the need to gain a further understanding of urban soil processes, in both sealed and unsealed soils, and of the influence and legacy of anthropogenic additions for soil functions and important ecosystem services.
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Marques, Jean Dalmo de Oliveira, Flávio Jesus Luizão, Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira, Claudia Marie Vitel, and Elizalane Moura de Araújo Marques. "SOIL ORGANIC CARBON, CARBON STOCK AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES UNDER FOREST SOILS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA." Revista Árvore 40, no. 2 (April 2016): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000200002.
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ABSTRACT The soil carbon under Amazonian forests has an important roles in global changing, making information on the soil content and depths of these stocks are considerable interest in efforts to quantify soil carbon emissions to the atmosphere.This study quantified the content and soil organic carbon stock under primary forest up to 2 m depth, at different topographic positions, at Cuieiras Biological Reserve, Manaus/ ZF2, km 34, in the Central Amazon, evaluating the soil attributes that may influence the permanence of soil carbon. Soil samples were collected along a transect of 850 m on topographic gradient Oxisol (plateau), Ultisol (slope) and Spodosol (valley). The stocks of soil carbon were obtained by multiplying the carbon content, soil bulk density and trickiness of soil layers. The watershed was delimited by using STRM and IKONOS images and the carbon contend obtained in the transects was extrapolated as a way to evaluate the potential for carbon stocks in an area of 2678.68 ha. The total SOC was greater in Oxisol followed by Spodosol and Ultisol. It was found direct correlations between the SOC and soil physical attributes. Among the clay soils (Oxisol and Ultisol), the largest stocks of carbon were observed in Oxisol at both the transect (90 to 175.5 Mg C ha-1) as the level of watershed (100.2 to 195.2 Mg C ha-1). The carbon stocks under sandy soil (Spodosol) was greater to clay soils along the transect (160-241 Mg C ha-1) and near them in the Watershed (96.90 to 146.01 Mg C ha-1).
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Vandana Kumari, Ranjan Laik, Shishpal Poonia, and Debabrata Nath. "Regulation of soil organic carbon stock with physical properties in alluvial soils of Bihar." Environment Conservation Journal 23, no. 1&2 (April 17, 2022): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.021791-2110.
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Soil temperature and water content govern the breakdown of soil organic matter (SOM), which has a large impact on SOC storage. Apparently soil organic carbon is an excellent indicator of soil health. In this experiment, the association between several soil health indices such as soil organic carbon (SOC), soil texture, and wet aggregate stability was investigated (WAS). It was discovered that there is a substantial positive relationship between wet aggregate stability and soil organic carbon storage. Soil carbon store in East Champaran soils ranged from 5.27 to 19.60 mg/ha, with an average of 12.98 mg/ha. The wet aggregate stability ranged from 3.82 to 36.43 %, with a mean of 16.11 %. Wet aggregate stability was shown to increase as the organic carbon storage in the soil increased. This experiment also indicated that clay (%) and silt (%) had a direct impact on wet aggregate stability and, as a result, soil organic carbon storage. As a result, wet aggregate stability and soil texture have a direct and favourable influence on soil organic carbon storage in East Champaran, Bihar soils
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Yost, Jenifer L., Eric E. Roden, and Alfred E. Hartemink. "Geochemical Fingerprint and Soil Carbon of Sandy Alfisols." Soil Systems 3, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3030059.
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Soil carbon storage is affected by particle-size fractions and Fe oxides. We assessed soil carbon concentrations in different particle-size fractions, determined the soil chemical composition of the soil, and weathering and mineralogy of sandy soils of the Wisconsin Central Sands, USA. Three land uses were studied (agriculture, forest, and prairie). The soils contained a minimum of 830 g sand kg−1 up to 190 cm soil depth. Approximately 46% of the sand was in the 250–500 μm fraction, and 5% was <125 μm. Soil carbon ranged from 5 to 13 g kg−1 in the topsoil, and decreased with depth. The <45 μm fraction tended to have high concentrations of carbon, ranging from 19 to 43 g kg−1 in the topsoil. Silicon content was over 191 g Si kg−1, and was lowest in the Bt horizons (191–224 g Si kg−1). Up to 29 g Fe kg−1 and 39 g Al kg−1 were present in the soil, and were highest in the Bt horizons. These soils were mostly quartz, and diopside was found throughout the soil profiles. Weathering indices, such as the Ruxton Ratio, showed that the C horizons were the least weathered and the Bt horizons were more weathered. We conclude that most of the carbon in these soils is held in the <45 μm fraction, and soil carbon and total Fe were lowest in the coarser size fractions.
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Liu, Man, Guilin Han, Zichuan Li, Qian Zhang, and Zhaoliang Song. "Soil organic carbon sequestration in soil aggregates in the karst Critical Zone Observatory, Southwest China." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 5 (May 27, 2019): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/602/2018-pse.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in aggregates under land use change have been widely concerned due to intimate impacts on the sink (or source) of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). However, the quantitative relationship between soil aggregation and SOC sequestration under land uses change has been poorly studied. Distribution of aggregates, SOC contents in bulk soils and different size aggregates and their contributions to SOC sequestration were determined under different land uses in the Puding Karst Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, karst Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), Southwest China. Soil aggregation and SOC sequestration increased in the processes of farmland abandonment and recovery. SOC contents in micro-aggregates were larger than those in macro-aggregates in restored land soils, while the opposite results in farmland soils were obtained, probably due to the hindrance of the C-enriched SOC transport from macro-aggregate into micro-aggregate by the disturbance of agricultural activities. SOC contents in macro-aggregates exponentially increased with their proportions along successional land uses. Macro-aggregates accounted for over 80% on the SOC sequestration in restored land soils, while they accounted for 31–60% in farmland soils. These results indicated that macro-aggregates have a great potential for SOC sequestration in karst soils.
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Salazar, María Paz, Rafael Villarreal, Luis Alberto Lozano, María Florencia Otero, Nicolás Guillermo Polich, Guido Lautaro Bellora, and Carlos Germán Soracco. "Soil organic carbon." Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía 119, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 053. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/16699513e053.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important factor for soil quality diagnosis. Physical and chemical fractionation of SOC are useful to characterize SOC, because some fractions are more sensitive indicators of the effects of different management practices. The aims of this study were (i) to determine values of SOC and different fractions of SOC at different depths and positions in an Argiudoll of the Argentinian Pampas under NT, and (ii) to determine the relation between physical and chemical fractions of SOC. In an experimental plot located in Chascomús, we determined SOC content, humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA), humins, coarse and fine particulate organic carbon (POCc and POCf) and mineral associated organic carbon (MOC), at different depths and in the row and inter-row. The content of SOC and different SOC fractions, as well as the contribution of each fraction to SOC showed a vertical variation. The contribution of HA and POCc (newer and more labile fractions) to SOC was larger in the surface than in deeper layers, while humins’ (older and more recalcitrant fraction) contribution to SOC increased with depth, and the contribution of FA, POCf and MOC to SOC remained relatively constant. There was no effect of row and inter-row in SOC content and composition. FA content was correlated to POCc, HA content to POCc and POCf and humins to MOC.
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Mueller, T. G., and F. J. Pierce. "Soil Carbon Maps." Soil Science Society of America Journal 67, no. 1 (2003): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.0258.
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Mueller, T. G., and F. J. Pierce. "Soil Carbon Maps." Soil Science Society of America Journal 67, no. 1 (January 2003): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.2580.
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Pena, Naomi. "Soil Carbon Management." Soil Science Society of America Journal 72, no. 6 (November 2008): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0008br.
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Janssens, Ivan A., and Sara Vicca. "Soil carbon breakdown." Nature Geoscience 3, no. 12 (November 14, 2010): 823–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1024.
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Brown, Alastair. "Soil carbon trends." Nature Climate Change 5, no. 9 (August 21, 2015): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2787.
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Austin, Emily E. "SOIL CARBON TRANSFORMATIONS." Zygon® 53, no. 2 (June 2018): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12401.
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McCarl, Bruce A., F. Blaine Metting, and Charles Rice. "Soil carbon sequestration." Climatic Change 80, no. 1-2 (December 21, 2006): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9174-7.
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Assad, E. D., H. S. Pinto, S. C. Martins, J. D. Groppo, P. R. Salgado, B. Evangelista, E. Vasconcellos, et al. "Changes in soil carbon stocks in Brazil due to land use: paired site comparisons and a regional pasture soil survey." Biogeosciences 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 6141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6141-2013.
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Abstract. In this paper we calculated soil carbon stocks in Brazil studying 17 paired sites where soil stocks were determined in native vegetation, pastures and crop-livestock systems (CPS), and in other regional samplings encompassing more than 100 pasture soils, from 6.58 to 31.53° S, involving three major Brazilian biomes: Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and the Pampa. The average native vegetation soil carbon stocks at 10, 30 and 60 cm soil depth were equal to approximately 29, 64, and 92 Mg ha−1, respectively. In the paired sites, carbon losses of 7.5 Mg ha−1 and 11.6 Mg ha−1 in CPS systems were observed at 10 cm and 30 cm soil depths, respectively. In pasture soils, carbon losses were similar and equal to 7.5 Mg ha−1 and 11.0 Mg ha−1 at 10 cm and 30 cm soil depths, respectively. Differences at 60 cm soil depth were not significantly different between land uses. The average soil δ13C under native vegetation at 10 and 30 cm depth were equal to −25.4‰ and −24.0‰, increasing to −19.6‰ and −17.7‰ in CPS, and to −18.9‰, and −18.3‰ in pasture soils, respectively; indicating an increasing contribution of C4 carbon in these agrosystems. In the regional survey of pasture soils, the soil carbon stock at 30 cm was equal to approximately 51 Mg ha−1, with an average δ13C value of −19.67‰. Key controllers of soil carbon stock in pasture sites were sand content and mean annual temperature. Collectively, both could explain approximately half of the variance of soil carbon stocks. When pasture soil carbon stocks were compared with the average soil carbon stocks of native vegetation estimated for Brazilian biomes and soil types by Bernoux et al. (2002) there was a carbon gain of 6.7 Mg ha−1, which is equivalent to a carbon gain of 15% compared to the carbon soil stock of the native vegetation. The findings of this study are consistent with differences found between regional comparisons like our pasture sites and plot-level paired study sites in estimating soil carbon stocks changes due to land use changes.
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Don, Axel, Christian Rödenbeck, and Gerd Gleixner. "Unexpected control of soil carbon turnover by soil carbon concentration." Environmental Chemistry Letters 11, no. 4 (August 29, 2013): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0433-3.
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Scheibe, Andrea, Carlos A. Sierra, and Marie Spohn. "Recently fixed carbon fuels microbial activity several meters below the soil surface." Biogeosciences 20, no. 4 (February 21, 2023): 827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-827-2023.
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Abstract. The deep soil, >1 m, harbors a substantial share of the global microbial biomass. Currently, it is not known whether microbial activity several meters below the surface is fueled by recently fixed carbon or by old carbon that persisted in soil for several hundred years. Understanding the carbon source of microbial activity in deep soil is important to identify the drivers of biotic processes in the critical zone. Therefore, we explored carbon cycling in soils in three climate zones (arid, mediterranean, and humid) of the Coastal Cordillera of Chile down to a depth of 6 m, using carbon isotopes. Specifically, we determined the 13C : 12C ratio (δ13C) of soil and roots and the 14C : 12C ratio (Δ14C) of soil organic carbon and CO2–C respired by microorganisms. We found that the Δ14C of the respired CO2–C was significantly higher than that of the soil organic carbon in all soils. Further, we found that the δ13C of the soil organic carbon changed only in the upper decimeters (by less than 6 ‰). Our results show that microbial activity several meters below the soil surface is mostly fueled by recently fixed carbon that is on average much younger than the total soil organic carbon present in the respective soil depth increments, in all three climate zones. Further, our results indicate that most decomposition that leads to enrichment of 13C occurs in the upper decimeters of the soils, which is possibly due to stabilization of organic carbon in the deep soil. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that microbial processes in the deep soil several meters below the surface are closely tied to input of recently fixed carbon.
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Seremesic, S., D. Milosev, I. Djalovic, T. Zeremski, and J. Ninkov. "Management of soil organic carbon in maintaining soil productivity and yield stability of winter wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 5 (May 16, 2011): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/207/2010-pse.
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The objective of this study was to estimate how soil organic carbon influences winter wheat yield in the South Pannonian Basin. The treatments evaluated were: fertilized 3 year and 2 year crop rotation, fertilized wheat monoculture and unfertilized 3 year and 2 year crop rotation in the 38 years of continuous cropping (1970–2007). These treatments showed a declining trend of soil organic carbon in the 0–30 cm soil layer, respectively. On average, the plow-layer of the treatments lost 10% of soil organic carbon found at the beginning of the investigated period. The plow­layer of the unfertilized treatments reached a possible soil organic carbon threshold (1.16%) after balance on decomposition and formation was observed. We found that soil organic carbon preservation coupled with proper management such as crop rotation and fertilization is important for preserving soil productivity, and when soil organic carbon increases it could benefit winter wheat yield. Obtained results are valuable for developing a sustainable cropping technology for winter wheat and soil conservation.
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Šimanský, V., and D. Bajčan. "Stability of soil aggregates and their ability of carbon sequestration." Soil and Water Research 9, No. 3 (August 6, 2014): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2013-swr.
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One of the most important binding agents for forming stable aggregates is a soil organic matter (SOM), which can be retained in various size fractions of aggregates. If aggregates are water-resistant, they retain more carbon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of aggregates and their ability of carbon sequestration in different soil types and soil management systems in Slovakian vineyards. The highest content of water-stable macro-aggregates (WSA<sub>ma</sub>) was determined in Cambisols, and the lowest in Fluvisols. The highest content of WSA<sub>ma</sub> (size fraction 0.5–3 mm) was determined in Chernozems, decreasing within the following sequence: Fluvisols > Leptosols > Cambisols > Luvisols. The soil type had a statistically significant influence on the re-distribution of soil organic matter in size fractions of water-stable aggregates. The highest content of SOM in water-stable aggregates of the vineyards was determined in grassy strips in-between the vineyard rows in comparison to intensively cultivated rows of vineyard. The highest values of carbon sequestration capacity (CSC) in WSA<sub>ma</sub> were found in Cambisols > Leptosols and the lowest values of CSC were in Fluvisols. The micro-aggregates represented a significant carbon reservoir for the intensively cultivated soils (rows of vineyard). On the other hand, increasing of macro-aggregates (size fraction 0.5–3 mm) was characteristic for grassland soils (between the rows of vineyard).
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Kulagina, V. I., S. S. Ryazanov, R. R. Shagidullin, and A. B. Alexandrova. "ESTIMATION OF ORGANIC CARBON STOCKS IN THE SOIL COVER OF ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS OF THE KUIBYSHEVSK WATER RESERVOIR." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 7 (73), no. 3 (2022): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2021-7-3-112-126.
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Assessment of organic carbon stocks in soils and other components of ecosystems are becoming increasingly important as a necessary reference point for a reliable determination of the amount of greenhouse gas removals at country scale. The gradual tightening of carbon balance requirements dictates the urgency of the problem under consideration. The aim of the work was to assess the stocks of organic carbon in the soils of the islands of the Kazan region of the variable backwater of the Kuibyshev reservoir in the 0–20 cm layer, and also to determine which type of soils makes the greatest contribution to the sequestration of carbon. The reserves of organic carbon in the soils of the islands of the Kuibyshev water reservoir were determined in the area from the Zelenodolsk – Nizhnie Vyazovye bridge (55°49’27.1 «N; 48°31’05.6″E) to the islands in front of the Teteyevo village (55°24’11.8 «N; 49°07’59.6» E). Surveys of the islands’ soil cover and selection of the soil samples were carried out in 2018-2019. The calculation of the organic carbon content was carried out for the 0–20 cm layer. The calculations took into account the total carbon content in the organogenic, organic-mineral and mineral horizons. It was found that the highest carbon content in the upper soil layer was observed in the profile of marsh-podzolic soils – 51.7 t / ha. The lowest organic carbon content was noted in sod-alluvial soils (12.0 t / ha) and artificial sandy deposits (3.8 t / ha). Carbon stocks in soil profiles and proportion of carbon in organogenic horizons increased with increasing of hydromorphic properties in the following row: 1) sod-podzolic soil < marsh-podzolic soil; 2) light gray forest soil < gray forest gley soil; 3) sod-alluvial soil < alluvial meadow-marsh soil < marsh-alluvial soil. The total reserves of organic carbon in the islands’ soils were calculated taking into account the areas occupied by individual soil contours. The total stock of organic carbon in the 0–20 cm layer of the studied area of the water reservoir was 49,190.9 tons. About 83 % of the total stock of organic carbon stored in the form of humus of accumulative mineral horizons and only 17 % in the organogenic and organic-mineral horizons. It was shown that alluvial meadow-marsh (23,125.9 t) and sod-podzolic soils (8,957.5 t), occupying the largest areas on the territory of the islands, make the largest contribution to the organic carbon reserves. An interesting point is that on the islands of floodplain origin, a greater contribution to the total humus reserves was made by soils with pronounced hydromorphic properties – alluvial meadow-marsh soils and alluvial meadow soils. On the islands of terrace origin, the bulk of carbon was concentrated in automorphic soils. A possible reason is the features of the islands’ relief of different origins. Reasonable data on the rate of organic carbon accumulation were obtained only for alluvial marsh soils, the organogenic horizon of which was formed after the creation of the reservoir – 390 kg / ha annually. Flooded soils are the most promising reservoirs for organic carbon deposition from greenhouse gases. Thanks to the research carried out using accurate GPS referencing of soil profiles, the islands’ soils are becoming a very valuable object for monitoring the rate of organic carbon accumulation, the volume of absorption of greenhouse gases and the increase in total organic carbon stocks.
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Mahmoodabadi, Majid, and Elina Heydarpour. "Sequestration of Organic Carbon Influenced by the Application of Straw Residue and Farmyard Manure in Two Different Soils." International Agrophysics 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intag-2014-0005.
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Abstract Soil organic carbon is one of the most important soil components, which acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2. This study focuses on the effect of different methods of organic matter application on the soil organic carbon sequestration in a 4-month experiment under controlled greenhouse conditions. Three rates of straw residue and farmyard manure were added to uncultivated and cropland soils. Two treatments of straw residue and farmyard manure incorporation were used into: a soil surface layer and 0-20 cm soil depth. The result showed that the application of organic matter, especially the farmyard manure incorporation led to a significant increase in the final soil organic carbon content. Higher amounts of soil organic carbon were stored in the cropland soil than in the uncultivated soil. On average, the soil surface layer treatment caused a higher sequestration of soil organic carbon compared to the whole soil depth treatment. If higher rates of organic matter were added to the soils, lower carbon sequestration was observed and vice versa. The result indicated that the carbon sequestration ranged farmyardmanure > strawresidue and cropland soil > uncultivated soil. The findings of this research revealed the necessity of paying more attention to the role of organic residue management in carbon sequestration and prevention of increasing global warming.
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Baldock, J. A., S. R. McNally, M. H. Beare, D. Curtin, and B. Hawke. "Predicting soil carbon saturation deficit and related properties of New Zealand soils using infrared spectroscopy." Soil Research 57, no. 8 (2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr19149.
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Conversion of soils supporting native vegetation to agricultural production has led to a loss of soil carbon stocks. Replacing a portion of the lost stocks will sequester atmospheric carbon with the concurrent benefit of enhancing soil sustainability. The ability of the fine fraction of soils (≤50-µm fraction) to adsorb organic carbon (OC) is considered a key mechanism capable of stabilising soil OC against loss. The difference between the current and maximum concentrations of OC in the soil fine fraction (FFC) has been termed the ‘saturation deficit’ (SatDef) and used to define the potential for a soil to sequester carbon. For New Zealand surface 0–15 cm soil layers, pedotransfer functions have been derived to quantify the soil carbon SatDef. The ability of combining infrared spectroscopy (IR) with partial least squares regression (PLSR) to derive predictive algorithms for soil properties included in these pedotransfer functions, the capacity of the soil fine fraction to stabilise carbon and the SatDef of the soil fine fraction were assessed in this study. A total of 168 air-dried and finely ground New Zealand surface soils representative of the major soil orders used for agricultural production were included. Principal components analysis of IR spectra showed a grouping by soil order that was related to mineralogy. Predictive IR/PLSR algorithms were derived for specific surface area, pyrophosphate-extractable aluminium, the FFC content, the 90th quantile regression of FFC and the SatDef of the fine fraction (R2 values ≥0.85; ratio of performance to interquartile range values ≥2.9). The results indicate that IR/PLSR provides a rapid and cost-effective mechanism for deriving information related to the amount of FFC in soils and the SatDef of the fine fraction. The IR/PLSR approach could be used to define the potential of soils to sequester carbon and identify the soil types to target for carbon sequestration technologies. The approach would also generate valuable data for soil carbon in national inventories or national soil condition monitoring programs.
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Abdalla, Khatab, Pauline Chivenge, Philippe Ciais, and Vincent Chaplot. "No-tillage lessens soil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions the most under arid and sandy soil conditions: results from a meta-analysis." Biogeosciences 13, no. 12 (June 21, 2016): 3619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3619-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The management of agroecosystems plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle with soil tillage leading to known organic carbon redistributions within soils and changes in soil CO2 emissions. Yet, discrepancies exist on the impact of tillage on soil CO2 emissions and on the main soil and environmental controls. A meta-analysis was conducted using 46 peer-reviewed publications totaling 174 paired observations comparing CO2 emissions over entire seasons or years from tilled and untilled soils across different climates, crop types and soil conditions with the objective of quantifying tillage impact on CO2 emissions and assessing the main controls. On average, tilled soils emitted 21 % more CO2 than untilled soils, which corresponded to a significant difference at P<0.05. The difference increased to 29 % in sandy soils from arid climates with low soil organic carbon content (SOCC < 1 %) and low soil moisture, but tillage had no impact on CO2 fluxes in clayey soils with high background SOCC (> 3 %). Finally, nitrogen fertilization and crop residue management had little effect on the CO2 responses of soils to no-tillage. These results suggest no-tillage is an effective mitigation measure of carbon dioxide losses from dry land soils. They emphasize the importance of including information on soil factors such as texture, aggregate stability and organic carbon content in global models of the carbon cycle.
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Abdalla, K., P. Chivenge, P. Ciais, and V. Chaplot. "No-tillage lessens soil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions the most under arid and sandy soil conditions: results from a meta-analysis." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2015): 15495–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-15495-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The management of agroecosystems plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle with soil tillage leading to known organic carbon redistributions within soils and changes in soil CO2 emissions. Yet, discrepancies exist on the impact of tillage on soil CO2 emissions and on the main soil and environmental controls. A meta-analysis was conducted using 46 peer-reviewed publications totaling 174 paired observations comparing CO2 emissions over entire seasons or years from tilled and untilled soils across different climates, crop types and soil conditions with the objective of quantifying tillage impact on CO2 emissions and assessing the main controls. On average, tilled soils emitted 21 % more CO2 than untilled soils, which corresponded to a significant difference at P < 0.05. The difference increased to 29 % in sandy soils from arid climates with low soil organic carbon content (SOCC < 1 %) and low soil moisture, but tillage had no impact on CO2 fluxes in clayey soils with high background SOCC (> 3 %). Finally, nitrogen fertilization and crop residue management had little effect on the CO2 responses of soils to no-tillage. These results suggest no-tillage is an effective mitigation measure of carbon dioxide losses from dry land soils. They emphasize the importance of including information on soil factors such as texture, aggregate stability and organic carbon content in global models of the carbon cycle.
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Liu, Ting, Liang Wang, Xiaojuan Feng, Jinbo Zhang, Tian Ma, Xin Wang, and Zongguang Liu. "Comparing soil carbon loss through respiration and leaching under extreme precipitation events in arid and semiarid grasslands." Biogeosciences 15, no. 5 (March 16, 2018): 1627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1627-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Respiration and leaching are two main processes responsible for soil carbon loss. While the former has received considerable research attention, studies examining leaching processes are limited, especially in semiarid grasslands due to low precipitation. Climate change may increase the extreme precipitation event (EPE) frequency in arid and semiarid regions, potentially enhancing soil carbon loss through leaching and respiration. Here we incubated soil columns of three typical grassland soils from Inner Mongolia and the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and examined the effect of simulated EPEs on soil carbon loss through respiration and leaching. EPEs induced a transient increase in CO2 release through soil respiration, equivalent to 32 and 72 % of the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in the temperate grasslands (Xilinhot and Keqi) and 7 % of NEP in the alpine grasslands (Gangcha). By comparison, leaching loss of soil carbon accounted for 290, 120, and 15 % of NEP at the corresponding sites, respectively, with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, biogenic DIC + lithogenic DIC) as the main form of carbon loss in the alkaline soils. Moreover, DIC loss increased with recurring EPEs in the soil with the highest pH due to an elevated contribution of dissolved CO2 from organic carbon degradation (indicated by DIC-δ13C). These results highlight the fact that leaching loss of soil carbon (particularly in the form of DIC) is important in the regional carbon budget of arid and semiarid grasslands and also imply that SOC mineralization in alkaline soils might be underestimated if only measured as CO2 emission from soils into the atmosphere. With a projected increase in EPEs under climate change, soil carbon leaching processes and the influencing factors warrant a better understanding and should be incorporated into soil carbon models when estimating carbon balance in grassland ecosystems.