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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Soil biology

Academic literature on the topic 'Soil biology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 March 2023

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Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers
Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Soil biology":

1

Holt, John. "Soil biology." Geoderma 53, no. 1-2 (May 1992): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(92)90032-3.

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Tate, Robert L. "Soil Biology. 1989." Soil Science 150, no. 5 (November 1990): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199011000-00009.

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Valentine, Barry D. "Soil Biology Guide." American Entomologist 38, no. 3 (1992): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/38.3.181a.

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New, T. R. "Soil biology guide." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23, no. 7 (January 1991): 707–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(91)90088-2.

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Lehman, R. M., V. Acosta-Martinez, J. S. Buyer, C. A. Cambardella, H. P. Collins, T. F. Ducey, J. J. Halvorson, et al. "Soil biology for resilient, healthy soil." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 12A—18A. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.70.1.12a.

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Coleman, D. C., E. P. Odum, and D. A. Crossley. "Soil biology, soil ecology, and global change." Biology and Fertility of Soils 14, no. 2 (October 1992): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00336258.

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Robinson, Clare, F. Schinner, R. Ohlinger, E. Kandeler, and R. Margesin. "Methods in Soil Biology." Journal of Ecology 85, no. 3 (June 1997): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2960521.

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Edwards, Clive A. "Soil Biology. Tertiary Level Biology. Martin Wood." Quarterly Review of Biology 66, no. 2 (June 1991): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417204.

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Lussenhop, John. "Soil Biology for Ecological Students." Ecology 71, no. 6 (December 1990): 2399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938658.

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Usher, M. B., P. Lebrun, H. M. Andre, A. De Medts, C. Gregoire-Wibo, and G. Wauthy. "New Trends in Soil Biology." Journal of Animal Ecology 54, no. 1 (February 1985): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4644.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil biology":

1

Li, Ka Chi Jarvis. "The biology of deep soil microbacteria." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58949.

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The use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has been one of the most significant breakthroughs in modern medicine. However, drug resistance is increasingly threatening the efficacy of the current repertoire of antimicrobials. The search for novel classes of antimicrobials from microbes in varied natural environments has become a useful approach to this issue. The topic of my thesis is to study the resistome and the microbial composition of deep soil samples collected from the Vancouver campus of UBC, and to use these soils in the isolation of Actinobacteria with the potential of producing new antimicrobials. The detection of antibiotic resistance genes in these soils was carried out by a PCR approach. I found a spatial relationship between the presence of genes aac(3), erm, vanX and tetM/otrA and the different microbial populations in various layers of soil. The bacterial community compositions of these soils were determined by metagenomic sequencing of the small subunit 16S rRNA gene. The results of these analyses prompted a search in the Actinobacteria-rich soil samples as the sources for isolation of novel antibiotic-producing bacteria. Twenty-two bacterial isolates were isolated and screened for the production of inhibitory compounds against a panel of bacterial pathogens. The principal focus of this thesis is the study of Microbacterium strains isolated from soil. Microbacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria first discovered in 1919 by Dr. Sigurd Orla-Jensen. To date, there have been 97 distinct species of microbacteria identified from a wide variety of natural, clinical and manmade environments. Representatives of the genus have been implicated as plant commensals and for the bioremediation of environmental contaminants. The microbacteria have not been studied for the production of antimicrobials. Microbacterium sp. D3N3, isolated from a deep soil sample, produces phenylacetic acid which displays broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and other bioactivities such as gene activation in Staphylococcus aureus as well as weak additive interactions with the antibiotics tetracycline, colistin, ampicillin and novobiocin. Four microbacteriophages that infect two Microbacterium strains from this work were isolated from the UBC wastewater treatment plant, sea water and a soil sample from UBC Wreck beach.
Science, Faculty of
Microbiology and Immunology, Department of
Graduate

2

Schneider, Katja. "Feeding biology and diversity of oribatid mites (Oribatida, Acari)." Phd thesis, Connect to this title online, 2005. http://elib.tu-darmstadt.de/diss/000585/.

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Sutanto, Yovita. "Manure from grazing cattle effects on soil microbial communities and soil quality in northern West Virginia pastures /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3933.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 72 p. : ill. (some col.), map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

4

Sheremata, Tamara W. "The influence of soil organic matter on the fate of trichloroethylene in soil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0017/NQ44582.pdf.

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Reeve, Jennifer Rose. "Soil quality, microbial community structure, and organic nitrogen uptake in organic and conventional farming systems." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2007/j_reeve_071207.pdf.

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Carter, Jonathan Philip. "Population biology of Trichoderma spp. used as inoculants." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329046.

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Heppell, James. "Optimising plant and soil management." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/373886/.

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This thesis is an accumulation of work regarding the role of phosphorus (P) and water in soils in relation to crop growth and food production. We use a multiscale modelling approach to initially capture the interactions of soil and water on a single cylindrical root and further expand to a growing root structure. Moreover, we have a multi-physics problem involving fluid dynamics of water uptake in plants, and reactive solute transport in the soil for plant P uptake. We use detailed climate data and the super computer at the University of Southampton (Iridis 4) to parameterise our models. These facilities allow us to analyse the root structure as well as P and water in the soil in great detail. The collaboration of mathematics, biology and operational research makes it possible to complete this project. The analytical models recently developed within our group have shown to agree remarkably well with full 3D simulation models. These analytical models help provide the structure for the models used within this thesis and will for the first time enable us to start using optimisation techniques to find the optimal conditions for increasing plant P uptake efficiency. By using mathematical models to predict plant P and water uptake within the soil, we have addressed a number of questions surrounding the optimal plant root structure for P accumulation, and the survival of crops in a low P environment. In addition, we were able to predict the behaviour of water in the soil over the course of a full year. And finally, utilising all the above, we have outlined the optimal fertiliser and soil management strategy.

8

Ives, David. "Assessing the Impact of Genetically Modified Canola Cultivars on the Biology of Soil." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/370734.

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Biotechnological development of transgenic crops and widespread international adoption has stimulated comprehensive research into their effects on the soil environment. Insects (both target and non-target), weeds, aquatic environments, and soils have all been extensively researched. Since the first commercial GM crop in 1995, the debate surrounding controversial aspects of their biology has polarised issues concerning insects, weeds, and the concentration of technology within a few multinational biotechnology corporations. The effect of transgenic crops on the biology of soils seemed to attract less attention. This thesis examines the interactions between transgenic canola plants through their root exudates and residues with the surrounding soil, its microbes, and their biology. The discovery of the commensal relationship of root exudates and their microbial partners has revolutionised the research into soil microbiology. From this knowledge of soil science, scientists now understand the critical importance of a healthy and abundant soil biome. This thesis focuses on the microbiology of soil. The effects of genotype on soil bacterial and fungal physiology of genetically modified (GM) canola are compared statistically with other cultivars which are genetically modified through conventional plant breeding rather than through genomic engineering, and with the canola cultivar from which the GM variety was developed. The research differentiates the effects of four canola genotypes on microbial DNA and enzymology in a greenhouse trial format. Specifically, the objective of the research is to focus on changes in microbial enzymatic activity of key functional enzymes in protein metabolism, and carbon (C), phosphorus (P), and sulphur (S) mineralisation. The effects on DNA concentration are also studied. The main results of this research generally suggest the effects of cultivar genetic differences with respect to their interactions through root exudates and residues on microbial enzymatic activity are generally not significantly different. Moreover, there are no significant differences in the effect of root exudates on DNA concentrations. This generally accords with the majority of refereed publications and therefore provides confidence to the growing of transgenic canola and to transgenic plants and technology generally. The review and analysis conducted also indicates an emerging trend to broaden the research efforts onto the study of farms and the systems of agriculture under which crops are grown. The findings of this thesis are based on an experimental method and data gathering using phosphorescence to measure changes in enzyme activity and DNA concentration. The statistical analysis employed ANOVA with randomised complete blocking for repeated measures using multiple sampling during the course of the plant‘s lifespan. Further statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA and sequential linear modelling were also employed to study the nature of effects in more detail where the initial analysis suggested significant differences. Furthermore, panel regression analysis examined time-series effects to gain an understanding of how sampling date and therefore stage of the plant‘s growth affected outcomes. The panel analysis indicated that Beta-gluconase enzyme activity significantly influenced soil DNA concentrations. There were limited numbers of occasions when statistical differences between genotypes were found. Overall the experimental results favour the argument that the transgenic canola crops do not damage the soil environment in any significant manner. Therefore it seems that the crops may safely continue to play a major role in meeting the future challenges of world food security. The qualitative data gathered via visits to contributing canola growers during the study enabled comparisons to be made between real world practices with experimental results, as well as results from the literature. Together such a process allowed the author to gain significant insights into the complex decisions the farmers must make in the choice of their employed technologies, including seed genetics. In summary, the major findings are:  minimal impact on protein and amino acid metabolism;  little or no effect on P mineralisation;  carbohydrate metabolism through breakdown of C residues unaffected;  minimal changes in S metabolism;  insignificant differences in DNA concentrations between genotypes;  some insights gained into the nutrient needs of microorganisms;  measurement by phosphorescence is both practical and inexpensive;  there were a number of environmental advantages emerging from the use of GM technology, including improved accumulations of soil carbon through organic matter increase and improvement in soil structure and fertility, as well as changes to less toxic and persistent herbicides;  productivity improvement created by GM technology is comparable with results from conventional plant breeding There are some limitations to the study that should be noted, as follows:  The impact of herbicides on microbial physiology was not explored due to aspects beyond the scope of this study;  The study on the whole was a greenhouse situation and did not directly involve farms;  The study was limited to one soil type (Vertisol) as a second soil type (Chromosol) inhibited germination and growth of the canola seedlings. An attempt to explore the types and Orders of microbes and how they changed during the development of the various plant genotypes was unsuccessful technically. The following areas are suggested as being relevant for further investigation:  Phospho Lipid Fatty Acid extractions and genomic techniques remain desirable technologies if resources and experience are available to implement them. These complex technologies can quantify individual microorganisms, including pathogens, giving deeper understanding;  Additional information about the effect of herbicides on the criteria being measured would be helpful in differentiating their impact alone on microbial function. This would require special analytical chemistry procedures for herbicide residue extraction and chromatography, a larger study, and greater financial resources;  Translating the experiment to a field study over several years in differing soil types would produce additional information such as yields, production penalties, respective costs, and practical outcomes, as well as soil microbial effects and thus provide a complete picture for the issues involved. Hence a clearer choice of the systems under which different cultivars are grown can be related to environmental outcomes.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Schradin, Kelly Dawn. "The role of plant-soil feedback in exotic plant invasion: soil type, biotic or abiotic factors?" Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1334073581.

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Morris, Sherri Jeakins. "Distribution patterns and scale dependency of microbial abundance and processes in relation to soil chemistry and vegetation in hardwood forest soils /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487949508367988.

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Books on the topic "Soil biology":

1

Wood, Martin. Soil Biology. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7868-0.

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Wood, Martin. Soil biology. Glasgow: Blackie, 1989.

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Ashby, W. Clark. Soil biology. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, 1985.

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Martin, Wood. Soil biology. Glasgow: Blackie, 1989.

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5

L, Hatfield Jerry, and Stewart B. A. 1932-, eds. Soil biology: Effects on soil quality. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1993.

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6

Ingham, Elaine. Soil biology primer. Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society, in cooperation with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2000.

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Wood, Martin. Environmental Soil Biology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0625-2.

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Ingham, Elaine R. Soil biology primer. Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society, in cooperation with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2000.

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United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service, ed. Soil biology primer. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1999.

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L, Dindal Daniel, ed. Soil biology guide. New York: Wiley, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soil biology":

1

Kotyk, Arnošt. "Soil Biology." In Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Abbreviations in the Life Sciences, 119–20. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-206-7_19.

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Kladivko, Eileen J., and M. Jill Clapperton. "Soil Biology." In Soil Management: Building a Stable Base for Agriculture, 145–60. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/2011.soilmanagement.c9.

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Gupta, Raj K., I. P. Abrol, Charles W. Finkl, M. B. Kirkham, Marta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macías, Ward Chesworth, and James J. Germida. "Soil biology." In Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 634–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3995-9_532.

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Dion, Patrice. "Reconstructing Soil Biology." In Soil Biology, 75–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_3.

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Mudgil, Poonam. "Biosurfactants for Soil Biology." In Soil Biology, 203–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19769-7_9.

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Wood, Martin. "Soil Biology and Man." In Soil Biology, 122–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7868-0_6.

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Doty, Sharon Lafferty. "Endophytic Yeasts: Biology and Applications." In Soil Biology, 335–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39317-4_17.

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Hågvar, Sigmund. "Soil Biology: Soil Animals and Soil Acidity." In Ecological Studies, 101–21. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2604-8_5.

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Olsen, Rolf Arnt. "Soil Biology: Soil Microflora and Soil Acidity." In Ecological Studies, 122–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2604-8_6.

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Bonifacio, Eleonora, and Asunción Morte. "Soil Properties." In Soil Biology, 57–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40096-4_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soil biology":

1

McDaniel, Marshall. "What is soil health, how do we measure it, and why the emphasis on soil biology?" In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-259.

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Sabrekov, A. F., M. V. Glagolev, I. E. Terentieva, and S. Y. Mochenov. "Identification of soil methane oxidation activity by inverse modelling." In Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics. Pushchino: IMPB RAS - Branch of KIAM RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17537/icmbb18.77.

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"Isolation and identification of soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus." In SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/sbb-2019-15.

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Ziemacki, Jasmin, Daniel Callo-Concha, and Michael Thiel. "The residual effect of fertilizer in soil: Can crop rotation practices combat soil fertility loss and increase crop yield?" In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107779.

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Moran Rodas, Virna Estefania. "Influence of vegetation and land use on functional soil conditions and soil erosion in the western coastal plain of El Salvador." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107883.

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Sabrekov, A. F., M. V. Glagolev, and I. E. Terentieva. "Measuring methane flux from the soil by inverse modelling using adjoint equations." In Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics. Pushchino: IMPB RAS - Branch of KIAM RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17537/icmbb18.85.

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Tembotov, Rustam. "Ecosystem services and assessment of the soil biological activity exemplified by the mountain chernozem soils of the Central Caucasus." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108111.

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Maiwald, Martin, Kay Sowoidnich, and Bernd Sumpf. "On-site shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy for soil investigations." In Plasmonics in Biology and Medicine XIX, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh, Ho-Pui A. Ho, and Krishanu Ray. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2608190.

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Glowacka, Katarzyna. "How soil fertility, developmental stage and getype affect the kinetics of photoprotection in maize." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1007138.

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Bell, Abigail. "Soil salinity has species-specific effects on the growth and nutrient quality of four Texas grasses." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1374645.

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Reports on the topic "Soil biology":

1

Savosko, V., I. Komarova, Yu Lykholat, E. Yevtushenko, and T. Lykholat. Predictive model of heavy metals inputs to soil at Kryvyi Rih District and its use in the training for specialists in the field of Biology. IOP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4511.

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The importance of our research is due to the need to introduce into modern biological education methods of predictive modeling which are based on relevant factual material. Such an actual material may be the entry of natural and anthropic heavy metals into the soil at industrial areas. The object of this work: (i) to work out a predictive model of the total heavy metals inputs to soil at the Kryvyi Rih ore-mining & metallurgical District and (ii) to identify ways to use this model in biological education. Our study areas are located in the Kryvyi Rih District (Dnipropetrovsk region, Central Ukraine). In this work, classical scientific methods (such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy and formalization, abstraction and concretization, classification and modelling) were used. By summary the own research results and available scientific publications, the heavy metals total inputs to soils at Kryvyi Rih District was predicted. It is suggested that the current heavy metals content in soils of this region due to 1) natural and 2) anthropogenic flows, which are segmented into global and local levels. Predictive calculations show that heavy metals inputs to the soil of this region have the following values (mg ⋅ m2/year): Fe – 800-80 000, Mn – 125-520, Zn – 75-360, Ni – 20-30, Cu – 15-50, Pb – 7.5-120, Cd – 0.30-0.70. It is established that anthropogenic flows predominate in Fe and Pb inputs (60-99 %), natural flows predominate in Ni and Cd inputs (55-95 %). While, for Mn, Zn, and Cu inputs the alternate dominance of natural and anthropogenic flows are characterized. It is shown that the predictive model development for heavy metals inputs to soils of the industrial region can be used for efficient biological education (for example in bachelors of biologists training, discipline "Computer modelling in biology").

2

Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Ірина Олександрівна Комарова, Юрій Васильович Лихолат, Едуард Олексійович Євтушенко,, and Тетяна Юріївна Лихолат. Predictive Model of Heavy Metals Inputs to Soil at Kryvyi Rih District and its Use in the Training for Specialists in the Field of Biology. IOP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4266.

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The importance of our research is due to the need to introduce into modern biological education methods of predictive modeling which are based on relevant factual material. Such an actual material may be the entry of natural and anthropic heavy metals into the soil at industrial areas. The object of this work: (i) to work out a predictive model of the total heavy metals inputs to soil at the Kryvyi Rih ore-mining & metallurgical District and (ii) to identify ways to use this model in biological education. Our study areas are located in the Kryvyi Rih District (Dnipropetrovsk region, Central Ukraine). In this work, classical scientific methods (such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy and formalization, abstraction and concretization, classification and modelling) were used. By summary the own research results and available scientific publications, the heavy metals total inputs to soils at Kryvyi Rih District was predicted. It is suggested that the current heavy metals content in soils of this region due to 1) natural and 2) anthropogenic flows, which are segmented into global and local levels. Predictive calculations show that heavy metals inputs to the soil of this region have the following values ( mg ∙ m ଶ year ⁄ ): Fe – 800-80 000, Mn – 125-520, Zn – 75-360, Ni – 20-30, Cu – 15-50, Pb – 7.5-120, Cd – 0.30-0.70. It is established that anthropogenic flows predominate in Fe and Pb inputs (60-99 %), natural flows predominate in Ni and Cd inputs (55-95 %). While, for Mn, Zn, and Cu inputs the alternate dominance of natural and anthropogenic flows are characterized. It is shown that the predictive model development for heavy metals inputs to soils of the industrial region can be used for efficient biological education (for example in bachelors of biologists training, discipline “Computer modelling in biology”).

3

J. M. Capron. Remaining Sites Verification Package for the 100-F-52, 146-FR Radioecology and Aquatic Biology Laboratory Soil, Waste Site Reclassification Form 2008-022. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/944169.

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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.

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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.

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Bilyk, Zhanna I., Yevhenii B. Shapovalov, Viktor B. Shapovalov, Anna P. Megalinska, Fabian Andruszkiewicz, and Agnieszka Dołhańczuk-Śródka. Assessment of mobile phone applications feasibility on plant recognition: comparison with Google Lens AR-app. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4403.

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The paper is devoted to systemizing all mobile applications used during the STEM-classes and can be used to identify plants. There are 10 mobile applications that are plant identifiers worldwide. These applications can be divided into three groups, such as plant identifiers that can analyze photos, plant classification provides the possibility to identify plants manually, plants-care apps that remind water of the plant, or change the soil. In this work, mobile apps such as Flora Incognita, PlantNet, PlantSnap, PictureThis, LeafSnap, Seek, PlantNet were analyzed for usability parameters and accuracy of identification. To provide usability analysis, a survey of experts of digital education on installation simplicity, level of friendliness of the interface, and correctness of picture processing. It is proved that Flora Incognita and PlantNet are the most usable and the most informative interface from plant identification apps. However, they were characterized by significantly lower accuracy compared to Google Lens results. Further comparison of the usability of applications that have been tested in the article with Google Lens, proves that Google Lens characterize by better usability and therefore, Google Lens is the most recommended app to use to provide plant identification during biology classes.

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Powers, Robert F., Donald L. Hauxwell, and Gary M. Nakamura. Proceedings of the California Forest Soils Council Conference on Forest Soils Biology and Forest Management, Feb. 23-24. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-178.

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Oron, Gideon, Raphi Mandelbaum, Carlos E. Enriquez, Robert Armon, Yoseph Manor, L. Gillerman, A. Alum, and Charles P. Gerba. Optimization of Secondary Wastewater Reuse to Minimize Environmental Risks. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573077.bard.

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The main purpose of the research was to examine approaches and to evaluate methods for minimizing the risks during applying treated domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation. This general purpose consisted of examining under field conditions the possibilities when implementing different application technologies for minimizing health and environmental risks. It was assumed that Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) will provide adequate conditions for safe effluent reuse. Controlled field experiments where conducted in commercial fields to evaluate the alternatives. Main efforts where conducted in Israel in the grape vineyard in Arad heights, in the field crops in Kibbutz Chafets Chaim and in Arizona in fields adjacent to the University campus. The complementary part was to examine the behavior of the various pathogens in the effluent-soil-plant system. The analysis is based on controlled experiments, primarily in greenhouse along with field experiments. Molecular biology methods were used to identify the behavior of the pathogens in the components of the system. The project included as well examining the effluent quality in various sites, primarily those in which treated wastewater is reused for agricultural irrigation. The monitoring included conventional parameters however, also parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The results obtained indicate the prominent advantages of using Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) method for minimizing health and environmental risks during application of secondary effluent. A theoretical model for assessing the risks while applying treated wastewater was completed as well. The management model shows the risks during various scenarios of wastewater quality, application technology and related human exposure.

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Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.

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Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions

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Jung, Carina, Karl Indest, Matthew Carr, Richard Lance, Lyndsay Carrigee, and Kayla Clark. Properties and detectability of rogue synthetic biology (SynBio) products in complex matrices. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45345.

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Synthetic biology (SynBio) aims to rationally engineer or modify traits of an organism or integrate the behaviors of multiple organisms into a singular functional organism through advanced genetic engineering techniques. One objective of this research was to determine the environmental persistence of engineered DNA in the environment. To accomplish this goal, the environmental persistence of legacy engineered DNA building blocks were targeted that laid the foundation for SynBio product development and application giving rise to “post-use products.” These building blocks include genetic constructs such as cloning and expression vectors, promoter/terminator elements, selectable markers, reporter genes, and multi-cloning sites. Shotgun sequencing of total DNA from water samples of pristine sites was performed and resultant sequence data mined for frequency of legacy recombinant DNA signatures. Another objective was to understand the fate of a standardized contemporary synthetic genetic construct (SC) in the context of various chassis systems/genetic configurations representing different degrees of “genetic bioavailability” to the environmental landscape. These studies were carried out using microcosms representing different environmental matrices (soils, waters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) liquor) and employed a novel genetic reporter system based on volatile organic compounds (VOC) detection to assess proliferation and persistence of the SC in the matrix over time.