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1
Miller, B. A., S. Koszinski, M. Wehrhan, and M. Sommer. "Comparison of spatial association approaches for landscape mapping of soil organic carbon stocks." SOIL 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2015): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-217-2015.
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Abstract. The distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be variable at small analysis scales, but consideration of its role in regional and global issues demands the mapping of large extents. There are many different strategies for mapping SOC, among which is to model the variables needed to calculate the SOC stock indirectly or to model the SOC stock directly. The purpose of this research is to compare direct and indirect approaches to mapping SOC stocks from rule-based, multiple linear regression models applied at the landscape scale via spatial association. The final products for both strategies are high-resolution maps of SOC stocks (kg m−2), covering an area of 122 km2, with accompanying maps of estimated error. For the direct modelling approach, the estimated error map was based on the internal error estimations from the model rules. For the indirect approach, the estimated error map was produced by spatially combining the error estimates of component models via standard error propagation equations. We compared these two strategies for mapping SOC stocks on the basis of the qualities of the resulting maps as well as the magnitude and distribution of the estimated error. The direct approach produced a map with less spatial variation than the map produced by the indirect approach. The increased spatial variation represented by the indirect approach improved R2 values for the topsoil and subsoil stocks. Although the indirect approach had a lower mean estimated error for the topsoil stock, the mean estimated error for the total SOC stock (topsoil + subsoil) was lower for the direct approach. For these reasons, we recommend the direct approach to modelling SOC stocks be considered a more conservative estimate of the SOC stocks' spatial distribution.
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Sisák, István, Mihály Kocsis, András Benő, and Gábor Várszegi. "Method development to extract spatial association structure from soil polygon maps." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 64, no. 1 (April 20, 2015): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.64.1.6.
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van Zijl, George Munnik, and Christina Botha. "A pedogenetic method for land type survey disaggregation into soil association maps." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 37, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2020.1711540.
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Miller, B. A., S. Koszinski, M. Wehrhan, and M. Sommer. "Comparison of spatial association approaches for landscape mapping of soil organic carbon stocks." SOIL Discussions 1, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 757–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-757-2014.
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Abstract. The distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be variable at small analysis scales, but consideration of its role in regional and global issues demands the mapping of large extents. There are many different strategies for mapping SOC, among which are to model the variables needed to calculate the SOC stock indirectly or to model the SOC stock directly. The purpose of this research is to compare direct and indirect approaches to mapping SOC stocks from rule-based, multiple linear regression models applied at the landscape scale via spatial association. The final products for both strategies are high-resolution maps of SOC stocks (kg m−2), covering an area of 122 km2, with accompanying maps of estimated error. For the direct modelling approach, the estimated error map was based on the internal error estimations from the model rules. For the indirect approach, the estimated error map was produced by spatially combining the error estimates of component models via standard error propagation equations. We compared these two strategies for mapping SOC stocks on the basis of the qualities of the resulting maps as well as the magnitude and distribution of the estimated error. The direct approach produced a map with less spatial variation than the map produced by the indirect approach. The increased spatial variation represented by the indirect approach improved R2 values for the topsoil and subsoil stocks. Although the indirect approach had a lower mean estimated error for the topsoil stock, the mean estimated error for the total SOC stock (topsoil + subsoil) was lower for the direct approach. For these reasons, we recommend the direct approach to modelling SOC stocks be considered a more conservative estimate of the SOC stocks' spatial distribution.
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Hossain, M. Shahadat, G. K. M. Mustafizur Rahman, M. Saiful Alam, M. Mizanur Rahman, A. R. M. Solaiman, and M. A. Baset Mia. "Modelling of soil texture and its verification with related soil properties." Soil Research 56, no. 4 (2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17252.
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Soil texture is an independent and innate soil property and other dynamic soil properties such as electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC) content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) are mostly dependent on it. An attempt was made to develop a model for numerically simulating soil texture and also to construct relationships of the developed model with other soil properties. Hypothetical data of particle size distribution and our data were used to justify and validate the newly defined indices. Scatter diagrams showed good association between the indices and hypothetical data of soil separates. Moreover, similar trends were observed between the line charts of USDA soil textural class codes and the indices. Strong correlations (r = 0.78–0.96) were found between the indices and soil separates (sand, silt and clay) for our data. However, the indices demonstrated moderate correlations (r = –0.34 to –0.55) with EC and OC of the soils. Strong nonlinear relationships were found between CEC and the three indices (R2 = 0.699, R2 = 0.732 and R2 = 0.672 (all P < 0.001). Furthermore, the variability of EC, OC and CEC within a single USDA textural class and customised textural index groups were described using the developed model. The developed indices showed excellent fitness for simulation of soil texture and demonstrated an extended applicability in terms of their relationships with soil properties related to soil texture, which will help in constructing digital soil maps.
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Hodge, TJV, and DC Lewis. "A description of acid soils and the relationships between properties of acid soils and the nutrient status of grazed pastures in the southeast of South Australia." Soil Research 27, no. 1 (1989): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890149.
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Areas of low soil pH in the south-east of South Australia were delineated by using previously submitted soil samples and soil association maps. A survey was then undertaken in the major soil associations to determine the severity and characteristics of highly acid soils. The acid soil types identified were a siliceous sand over clay (Db/Dy) and a siliceous sand over organic matter/sesquioxide pan (Uc). The top 2.5 cm of both soil types was significantly less acid than the remaining portion of the A horizon, with pH decreasing rapidly with depth until the B horizon, where a substantial soil pH increase occurred. As soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) decreased below 4.5, extractable soil aluminium (0.01 M CaCl2) increased rapidly, to a maximum extractable concentration of 17 �g g-l. These soil types were also found to be deficient in both phosphorus and potassium, with 65% of the sites having extractable phosphorus concentrations below the critical value of 20 �g g-1 and 35% below the critical value for extractable potassium of 80 �g g-l. For subterranean clover, significant positive correlations were observed between soil pH and plant calcium and sulfur, and between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium and magnesium. For ryegrass, significant positive correlations were observed between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium and manganese. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium. No other significant correlations were obtained. The results are discussed in relation to further acidification and management of these acid siliceous sands.
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Veenstra, Jessica J., and C. Lee Burras. "Effects of agriculture on the classification of Black soils in the Midwestern United States." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, no. 3 (March 2012): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-018.
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Veenstra, J. J. and Burras, C. L. 2012. Effects of agriculture on the classification of Black soils in the Midwestern United States. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 403–411. Soil surveys are generally treated as static documents. Many soil survey users assume that pedon data generated 30 to 50 yr ago still represents today's soil, as short-term changes in soil properties are perceived to be limited to the soil surface and thus pedologically insignificant. In this study, we re-sampled and re-analyzed 82 pedons with historical descriptions and laboratory data in Iowa, United States, to evaluate changes in soil profile properties and taxonomic classification after approximately 50 yr of agricultural land use. Using historical and current data, we classified sampled pedons using Canadian Soil Taxonomy, US Soil Taxonomy and the Food and Agriculture Association World Reference Base (FAO-WRB). Our results show that soil characteristics have changed significantly enough to change the classification. In each taxonomic system, the classification of 60% or more of the sampled pedons differed from the original. Classification of 15 to 32% of the sampled pedons changed at the Order (or equivalent) level with 11 to 33% of the pedons originally classified as Black soils – Mollisols, Chernozems or Phaeozems – no longer classified as Black soils. The change in soil classification over such a short-time period challenges the validity and usefulness of treating existing soil maps as static documents as well as traditional soil classification hierarchies.
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Saputra, Muhammad Frido, Sidharta Adyatma, and Deasy Arisanty. "Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Tanaman Durian Menggunakan Metode Matching." Jambura Geoscience Review 3, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jgeosrev.v3i1.5652.
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Land suitability evaluation is a process of assessing the potential of land for a particular use, whether in agriculture, plantation, tourism, land conservation, or other types of use. This study aims to determine the land suitability class for durian plants in Aranio District and determine the inhibiting factors on the land using the matching method. The population in this study was 12 land units and each unit was taken 2 samples. Land units are obtained from overlay maps of landforms, slope maps, geological maps, soil association maps, and land use maps. The results showed that the land in Aranio District was included in the suitability class S2 (moderately suitable) with an area of 15069.68 hectares or 33.13%, S3 (marginally suitable) with an area of 1485.78 hectares or 3.27%, and N1 (not current suitable) with an area of 3980.03 hectares or 8.75%. The limiting factor is slope, erosion hazard, pH, soil depth, surface rock, alkaline saturation, flood hazard, phosphate, K2O, and N-Total. The villages in the Aranio sub-district are used to develop durian plants because they have land suitability classes of S2 and the use of shrubs, fields, and mixed gardens are above 50%, namely Tiwingan Baru and Tiwingan Lama villages.
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Ohana-Levi, Noa, Kyle Knipper, William P. Kustas, Martha C. Anderson, Yishai Netzer, Feng Gao, Maria del Mar Alsina, Luis A. Sanchez, and Arnon Karnieli. "Using Satellite Thermal-Based Evapotranspiration Time Series for Defining Management Zones and Spatial Association to Local Attributes in a Vineyard." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 2436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152436.
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A well-planned irrigation management strategy is crucial for successful wine grape production and is highly dependent on accurate assessments of water stress. Precision irrigation practices may benefit from the quantification of within-field spatial variability and temporal patterns of evapotranspiration (ET). A spatiotemporal modeling framework is proposed to delineate the vineyard into homogeneous areas (i.e., management zones) according to their ET patterns. The dataset for this study relied on ET retrievals from multiple satellite platforms, generating estimates at high spatial (30 m) and temporal (daily) resolutions for a Vitis vinifera Pinot noir vineyard in the Central Valley of California during the growing seasons of 2015-2018. Time-series decomposition was used to deconstruct the time series of each pixel into three components: long-term trend, seasonality, and remainder, which indicates daily fluctuations. For each time-series component, a time-series clustering (TSC) algorithm was applied to partition the time series of all pixels into homogeneous groups and generate TSC maps. The TSC maps were compared for spatial similarities using the V-measure statistic. A random forest (RF) classification algorithm was used for each TSC map against six environmental variables (elevation, slope, northness, lithology, topographic wetness index, and soil type) to check for spatial association between ET-TSC maps and the local characteristics in the vineyard. Finally, the TSC maps were used as independent variables against yield (ton ha-1) using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess whether the TSC maps explained yield variability. The trend and seasonality TSC maps had a moderate spatial association (V = 0.49), while the remainder showed dissimilar spatial patterns to seasonality and trend. The RF model showed high error matrix-based prediction accuracy levels ranging between 86% and 90%. For the trend and seasonality models, the most important predictor was soil type, followed by elevation, while the remainder TSC was strongly linked with northness spatial variability. The yield levels corresponding to the two clusters in all TSC were significantly different. These findings enabled spatial quantification of ET time series at different temporal scales that may benefit within-season decision-making regarding the amounts, timing, intervals, and location of irrigation. The proposed framework may be applicable to other cases in both agricultural systems and environmental modeling.
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Scull, P., J. Franklin, O. A. Chadwick, and D. McArthur. "Predictive soil mapping: a review." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 27, no. 2 (June 2003): 171–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133303pp366ra.
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Predictive soil mapping (PSM) can be defined as the development of a numerical or statistical model of the relationship among environmental variables and soil properties, which is then applied to a geographic data base to create a predictive map. PSM is made possible by geocomputational technologies developed over the past few decades. For example, advances in geographic information science, digital terrain modeling, remote sensing, fuzzy logic has created a tremendous potential for improvement in the way that soil maps are produced. The State Factor soil-forming model, which was introduced to the western world by one of the early Presidents of the American Association of Geographers (C.F. Marbut), forms the theoretical basis of PSM. PSM research is being driven by a need to understand the role soil plays in the biophysical and biogeochemical functioning of the planet. Much research has been published on the subject in the last 20 years (mostly outside of geographic journals) and methods have varied widely from statistical approaches (including geostatistics) to more complex methods, such as decision tree analysis, and expert systems. A geographic perspective is needed because of the inherently geographic nature of PSM.
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Sacchi, Elisa, Stefano Brenna, Stefania Fornelli Genot, Alessandra Leoni, Vanna Maria Sale, and Massimo Setti. "Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Cultivated Soils from Lombardy (Northern Italy): Spatial Distribution, Origin, and Management Implications." Minerals 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040298.
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This work aims to quantify the contribution of agricultural practices to diffuse pollution in cultivated soils. Two samples (the first from the top layer and the second from a depth of about 100 cm) were retrieved from about 1000 soil profiles and analyzed for their potentially toxic elements (PTEs) content (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn). In addition, we collected dedicated soil profiles for three specific types of land use and agronomic practice, namely vine-, cereal- and rice-growing areas. Baseline concentrations and distribution maps were produced. Statistical data treatment, coupled with the results of the dedicated soil profiles, enabled the identification of precise pollution sources and processes. In cultivated soils, PTEs contents prove to be generally well below the Italian regulatory limits, with the exception of Cu in vineyard soils, due to the long-lasting use of Cu-based pesticides. South of Milan and in other urban areas, we attribute the top soil enrichment in Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to industrial activities and urban settlement. Ni sporadically exceeds regulatory standards, but its association with Mn and its depth distribution point to a natural origin, mostly due to the occurrence of serpentine. The project demonstrates that although agriculture, especially in the form of vineyards and of intensive cultivation, certainly contributes to pollution, such contribution is exceeded by that deriving from industry and road traffic.
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Silva, Sérgio Henrique Godinho, Anita Fernanda dos Santos Teixeira, Michele Duarte de Menezes, Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme, Fatima Maria de Souza Moreira, and Nilton Curi. "Multiple linear regression and random forest to predict and map soil properties using data from portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF)." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, no. 6 (December 2017): 648–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017416010317.
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ABSTRACT Determination of soil properties helps in the correct management of soil fertility. The portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) has been recently adopted to determine total chemical element contents in soils, allowing soil property inferences. However, these studies are still scarce in Brazil and other countries. The objectives of this work were to predict soil properties using pXRF data, comparing stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and random forest (RF) methods, as well as mapping and validating soil properties. 120 soil samples were collected at three depths and submitted to laboratory analyses. pXRF was used in the samples and total element contents were determined. From pXRF data, SMLR and RF were used to predict soil laboratory results, reflecting soil properties, and the models were validated. The best method was used to spatialize soil properties. Using SMLR, models had high values of R² (≥0.8), however the highest accuracy was obtained in RF modeling. Exchangeable Ca, Al, Mg, potential and effective cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter, pH, and base saturation had adequate adjustment and accurate predictions with RF. Eight out of the 10 soil properties predicted by RF using pXRF data had CaO as the most important variable helping predictions, followed by P2O5, Zn and Cr. Maps generated using RF from pXRF data had high accuracy for six soil properties, reaching R2 up to 0.83. pXRF in association with RF can be used to predict soil properties with high accuracy at low cost and time, besides providing variables aiding digital soil mapping.
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Ott, Silas L., Joseph A. Veech, Thomas R. Simpson, Ivan Castro-Arellano, and Jonah Evans. "Mapping Potential Habitat and Range-Wide Surveying for the Texas Kangaroo Rat." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122018-jfwm-113.
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Abstract The Texas kangaroo rat Dipodomys elator is considered a species of conservation concern by state and federal agencies. There have been a limited number of sightings in only seven counties in northern Texas during the past 30 y. The apparent decline of the species has been attributed to habitat loss due to increasing conversion of natural areas into cropland. The magnitude and exact cause of the decline are difficult to determine because of insufficient data on the distribution of the species and its habitat within its relatively small geographic range. Habitat studies have focused on the microhabitat of burrows rather than a coarser-scale identification of habitat and its distribution within the species' historic range. Multiple species of Dipodomys have demonstrated strong associations with certain soil and land-cover types. Therefore our goal was to develop a range-wide map of potential habitat on the basis of the association of D. elator with specific soil and land-cover types. We used the map to guide roadside surveys and also updated the map with information on D. elator distribution obtained during the surveys. Over the course of two summers (2016 and 2017) we documented D. elator at 138 separate point locations in five counties. A geographic information system-based analysis of soil and land-cover data revealed that the species is associated with clay-loam and loam soils and mixed-grass/shortgrass prairie. We also found an unexpected association with cropland, although we do not know the exact extent to which D. elator actually uses cropland. The surveys provide an updated assessment of the species distribution and the maps of potential habitat indicate areas where the species may still exist.
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DUMANSKI, J., M. PHIPPS, and E. HUFFMAN. "A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOIL SURVEY DATA AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE USING INFORMATION THEORY." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 67, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss87-009.
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The significant advances which have been made on inventories of agricultural land use and in updating soil survey information provide an opportunity to compare these new sources of information to identify which of the various land factors shown on soil survey maps correlate most closely with agricultural land use. Three study areas representing three levels of land use intensity were used. Statistics of information theory were evaluated for application in studies of this type. Results demonstrate that a statistically significant correlation (adjustment) between physical land conditions and land use has occurred in all three areas. However, the degree of correlation varied according to the land use and the types of land factors considered. Increased correlation was achieved when land uses were weighted by economic investment. The factor called "soil association" was identified as correlating best with land use, but factors such as surface texture, capability class, slope and "spatial interaction" were also significant. Key words: Land use, soil survey, statistics, information theory, capability, economic investment
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Arshid, Muhammad Usman, and M. A. Kamal. "Regional Geotechnical Mapping Employing Kriging on Electronic Geodatabase." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 7625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217625.
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A regional geotechnical map was developed by employing kriging using spatial and s geostatistical analysis tools. Many studies have been carried out in the field of topography, digital elevation modeling, agriculture, geological, crop, and precipitation mapping. However, no significant contribution to the development of geotechnical mapping has been made. For the appraisal of a geotechnical map, extensive field explorations were carried out throughout the geotechnically diversified plateau spread over an area of approximately 23,000 km2. In total, 450 soil samples were collected from 75 data stations to determine requisite index properties and soil classification for the subsequent allowable bearing capacity evaluation. The formatted test results, along with associated geospatial information, were uploaded to ArcMap, which created an initial input electronic database. The kriging technique of geostatistical analysis was determined to be more feasible for generating a geotechnical map. The developed map represents the distribution of soil in the region as per the engineering classification system, allowable bearing capacity, and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) subgrade rating for 1.5-, 3.0-, and 4.5-m depths. The accuracy of the maps generated using kriging interpolation technique under spatial analyst tools was verified by comparing the values in the generated surface with the actual values measured at randomly selected validation points. The database was primarily created for the appraisal of geotechnical maps and can also be used for preliminary geotechnical investigations, which saves the cost of soil investigations. In addition, this approach allows establishing useful correlations among the geotechnical properties of soil.
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Selles, F., C. A. Campbell, B. G. McConkey, S. A. Brandt, and D. Messer. "Relationships between biological and chemical measures of N supplying power and total soil N at field scale." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-035.
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Producers and scientists are seeking more accurate methods for estimating the N-supplying power of soil at the field level. This has become more urgent as new management technologies, such as precision farming, gain popularity on the Canadian Prairies. We characterized the N status of the soil on an 18-ha site on which a new long-term alternative farming experiment was being initiated at Scott, Saskatchewan, by taking 160 cores in a systematic manner in June 1994. In these cores we determined: i) total soil N; and ii) the N-supplying power of the soil by determining mineralizable N by aerobic incubation at optimum temperature and moisture, and by extracting NH4–N with 2 M KCl at 100°C. Because the field had been fertilized shortly before sampling, residual fertilizer N severely affected the quality of determinations of N supplying power at the 0- to 7.5-cm depth. Consequently, we limited our investigation to the 7.5- to 15-cm depth. We also determined pH, bulk density, and particle size distribution. Using geostatistics, simple correlations, and multiple regression analyses, we demonstrated a close association between the biological and chemical measures of N-supplying power of the soil. Semivariograms revealed that the spatial structure of the variance of both variables was similar, with about 70% of the variance resulting from unidentified processes, and the rest explained by spatial structure. Field maps prepared with block-kriged estimates, revealed that these two measures of N-supplying power were similarly distributed throughout the landscape, and followed closely the spatial distribution of total soil N throughout most of the field. However, we identified two areas of the field where the two estimators of N-supplying power had a weak association with total soil N. Multiple regression and cluster analysis indicated that this disparity was a function of differences in soil pH, bulk density, and geometric mean diameter of soil particles, suggesting that soil erosion-transport processes may have altered the nature of organic N in areas of the field. The relationship between N mineralized during a 24-wk incubation and NH4–N extracted with hot KCl was not affected by these differences, suggesting that the biological and chemical procedures tested were accessing similar pools of soil N. We concluded that hot KCl NH4–N should prove useful for quantifying the N supplying power of soils. Key words: Geostatistics, estimation, kriging, spatial variability, mineralizable N
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Potter, Philip, Navin Ramankutty, Elena M. Bennett, and Simon D. Donner. "Characterizing the Spatial Patterns of Global Fertilizer Application and Manure Production." Earth Interactions 14, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009ei288.1.
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Abstract Agriculture has had a tremendous impact on soil nutrients around the world. In some regions, soil nutrients are depleted because of low initial soil fertility or excessive nutrient removals through intense land use relative to nutrient additions. In other regions, application of chemical fertilizers and manure has led to an accumulation of nutrients and subsequent water quality problems. Understanding the current level and spatial patterns of fertilizer and manure inputs would greatly improve the ability to identify areas that might be sensitive to aquatic eutrophication or to nutrient depletion. The authors calculated spatially explicit fertilizer inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) by fusing national-level statistics on fertilizer use with global maps of harvested area for 175 crops. They also calculated spatially explicit manure inputs of N and P by fusing global maps of animal density and international data on manure production and nutrient content. Significantly higher application rates were found for both fertilizers and manures in the Northern Hemisphere, with maxima centered on areas with intensive cropland and high densities of livestock. Furthermore, nutrient use is confined to a few major hot spots, with approximately 10% of the treated land receiving over 50% of the use of both fertilizers and manures. The authors’ new spatial disaggregation of the rich International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) fertilizer-use dataset will provide new and interesting avenues to explore the impact of anthropogenic activity on ecosystems at the global scale and may also have implications for policies designed to improve soil quality or reduce nutrient runoff.
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Antonetti, Manuel, Rahel Buss, Simon Scherrer, Michael Margreth, and Massimiliano Zappa. "Mapping dominant runoff processes: an evaluation of different approaches using similarity measures and synthetic runoff simulations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 7 (July 20, 2016): 2929–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2929-2016.
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Abstract. The identification of landscapes with similar hydrological behaviour is useful for runoff and flood predictions in small ungauged catchments. An established method for landscape classification is based on the concept of dominant runoff process (DRP). The various DRP-mapping approaches differ with respect to the time and data required for mapping. Manual approaches based on expert knowledge are reliable but time-consuming, whereas automatic GIS-based approaches are easier to implement but rely on simplifications which restrict their application range. To what extent these simplifications are applicable in other catchments is unclear. More information is also needed on how the different complexities of automatic DRP-mapping approaches affect hydrological simulations. In this paper, three automatic approaches were used to map two catchments on the Swiss Plateau. The resulting maps were compared to reference maps obtained with manual mapping. Measures of agreement and association, a class comparison, and a deviation map were derived. The automatically derived DRP maps were used in synthetic runoff simulations with an adapted version of the PREVAH hydrological model, and simulation results compared with those from simulations using the reference maps. The DRP maps derived with the automatic approach with highest complexity and data requirement were the most similar to the reference maps, while those derived with simplified approaches without original soil information differed significantly in terms of both extent and distribution of the DRPs. The runoff simulations derived from the simpler DRP maps were more uncertain due to inaccuracies in the input data and their coarse resolution, but problems were also linked with the use of topography as a proxy for the storage capacity of soils. The perception of the intensity of the DRP classes also seems to vary among the different authors, and a standardised definition of DRPs is still lacking. Furthermore, we argue not to use expert knowledge for only model building and constraining, but also in the phase of landscape classification.
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Antonetti, M., R. Buss, S. Scherrer, M. Margreth, and M. Zappa. "Mapping dominant runoff processes: an evaluation of different approaches using similarity measures and synthetic runoff simulations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2015): 13257–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-13257-2015.
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Abstract. The identification of landscapes with similar hydrological behaviour is useful for runoff predictions in small ungauged catchments. An established method for landscape classification is based on the concept of dominant runoff process (DRP). The various DRP mapping approaches differ with respect to the time and data required for mapping. Manual approaches based on expert knowledge are reliable but time-consuming, whereas automatic GIS-based approaches are easier to implement but rely on simplifications which restrict their application range. To what extent these simplifications are applicable in other catchments is unclear. More information is also needed on how the different complexity of automatic DRP mapping approaches affects hydrological simulations. In this paper, three automatic approaches were used to map two catchments on the Swiss Plateau. The resulting maps were compared to reference maps obtained with manual mapping. Measures of agreement and association, a class comparison and a deviation map were derived. The automatically derived DRP-maps were used in synthetic runoff simulations with an adapted version of the hydrological model PREVAH, and simulation results compared with those from simulations using the reference maps. The DRP-maps derived with the automatic approach with highest complexity and data requirement were the most similar to the reference maps, while those derived with simplified approaches without original soil information differed significantly in terms of both extent and distribution of the DRPs. The runoff simulations derived from the simpler DRP-maps were more uncertain due to inaccuracies in the input data and their coarse resolution, but problems were also linked with the use of topography as a proxy for the storage capacity of soils. The perception of the intensity of the DRP classes also seems to vary among the different authors, and a standardised definition of DRPs is still lacking. We therefore recommend not only using expert knowledge for model building and constraining but also trying to obtain spatially distributed landscape classifications that are as realistic as possible.
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Tóth, Gergely, Tamás Kismányoky, Piroska Kassai, Tamás Hermann, Oihane Fernandez-Ugalde, and Brigitta Szabó. "Farming by soil in Europe: status and outlook of cropping systems under different pedoclimatic conditions." PeerJ 8 (May 28, 2020): e8984. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8984.
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Background Despite of the importance of soils in agronomy, to date no comprehensive assessment of cropping in Europe has been performed from the viewpoint of the soil variability and its relationship to cropping patterns. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we studied the cropping patterns in different soils of European climate zones with regards to the shares of their crop types in a comparative manner. The study highlights the main features of farming by soil in Europe. Farming by soil in this context means the consideration of soil characteristics when selecting crop types and cropping patterns. Methods We first assessed the dissimilarity between the cropping compositions of different pedoclimatic zones in Europe. Next, we assessed the differences of crop distribution in the climate zones by soil types and main crop types by analyzing the degree of association of crops to soil types. A detailed country scale assessment was performed using crops-specific soil productivity maps and land use survey data from Hungary. Results Results suggest that, in general, farmers consciously take pedoclimatic condition of farming into account when selecting their cropping patterns. In other words, farming by soil is a common practice in the different climatic regions of Europe. However, we have strong reasons to believe that soil suitability-based cropping is not practiced to its full potential over the continent. For example, the findings of our European assessment suggest that production areas of legumes are not always optimized for the local pedoclimatic conditions in some zones. These findings also underline that economic drivers are decisive, when farmers adopt their cropping (eg. oil crops on Albeluvsiols in Europe). Win-win situations of economic considerations and soil suitability based management are observed in all pedoclimatic zones of Europe. The country analysis shows that cropping is progressively practiced on more suitable areas, depending also the crop tolerance to variable pedoclimatic conditions In conclusion, we can assume that pedoclimatic conditions of cropping are respected in most of Europe and farmers crops according to edaphic conditions whenever economic considerations do not override the ecological concerns of farming.
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Nunes, José Gustavo Da Silva, and Rogério Uagoda. "Análise da eficiência dos métodos indiretos para o mapeamento de solos frente às técnicas diretas, e suas possíveis associações: Uma revisão metodológica." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 13, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.2.p487-509.
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Este artigo se trata de uma revisão metodológica de técnicas indiretas de mapeamento pedológico, envolvendo ensaios granulométricos, SIG e sensoriamento remoto dentro do mapeamento digital de solos, espectrorradiometria e Georadar (GPR), comparados e/ou associados às técnicas diretas como coleta, descrição de trincheiras ou perfis, análise da paisagem. O mapeamento digital de solos (MDS) vem se provando com uma ferramenta eficiente desde o início do ano 2000, associadas a outros métodos como o sensoriamento remoto e análises laboratoriais, o MDS forneceu ao mundo mapas que representam bem a realidade dos solos. Mas as técnicas diretas ainda são usuais e eficientes, e podem ser associadas aos métodos indiretos, para que o mapeamento de uma pequena área possa ser espalhado regionalmente. A busca por técnicas de baixo custo, eficiência e praticidade tem levado pesquisadores a buscarem técnicas como o Georradar para verificar a profundidade do solo, sem que seja necessário a destruição de perfis por meio da abertura de trincheiras, como também ao uso de imagens de radar capaz de oferecer um produto de alta resolução espacial, independentemente da altitude da plataforma, e que tem auxiliado na extração de diversas informações da paisagem diretamente ligadas à pedogênese. Esta pesquisa tem o intuito de buscar a evolução do mapeamento pedológico através das diversas técnicas citadas, e bem como a associação entre os diversos métodos para gerar um mapa de solos de alta precisão. Efficiency analysis of indirect methods for soil mapping against direct techniques, and their possible associations: A methodological reviewA B S T R A C TThis article is a methodological review of indirect techniques of pedological mapping, GIS and remote sensing within digital soil mapping, spectroradiometry and Georadar (GPR), compared to landscape analysis. Research has shown that digital soil mapping (MDS) has been an efficient tool since the beginning of the year 2000, combined with other methods such as remote sensing and laboratory analysis, MDS has provided the world with maps that represent the reality of soils well. But direct techniques are still common and efficient, and can be associated with indirect methods, so that local mapping information can be dispersed regionally. The search for low-cost, efficient and practical techniques has led researchers to look for techniques such as Georadar to check the depth of the soil, without the need to destroy profiles by opening trenches, as well as using radar images. which provide a high spatial resolution product, regardless of the platform's altitude, and which has helped in the extraction of various landscape information directly linked to pedogenesis. Spectroradiometry is a methodology that works with the measurement of radiant electromagnetic energy, and allows for quick associations between targets and spectral curves, allowing the creation of global libraries of these curves. Radiometry in turn has been widely used in systems that operate in the microwave frequency range, ranging from 1mm to 1m in length, and allow you to locate objects. This research aims to seek the evolution of pedological mapping through the various techniques mentioned, as well as the association between the various methods to generate a highly accurate soil map.Keywords: Soil Mapping; GPR; Spectroradiometry; Orbital Sensors
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Blank, Benjamin F., Jens Jacob, Anja Petri, and Alexandra Esther. "Topography and soil properties contribute to regional outbreak risk variability of common voles (Microtus arvalis)." Wildlife Research 38, no. 7 (2011): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10192.
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Context Common voles (Microtus arvalis) are the most common vertebrate pests in central European agriculture. During outbreaks common vole populations can increase to an enormous number of individuals; however, this outbreak risk varies regionally. Aims In this study we tested whether topography and soil properties are suited to explain the regional variability in the outbreak risk of the common vole in Eastern Germany. This study provides the first detailed large-scale study of the association of site characteristics and small mammal outbreak risk at a regional scale. Methods Data on common vole outbreaks were recorded by active burrow counts at 82 sampling sites in Eastern Germany from almost four decades. Data on topography and soil properties – i.e. groundwater fluctuation index, soil air capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil class and elevation – were obtained from soil maps and a digital elevation model in a geographic information system and were related to outbreak risk classes, applying classification and regression trees (CART). Based on these results a map of the outbreak risk was developed for the area. Key results Classification and regression tree analyses revealed that the mean elevation, area-related percentage of Chernozem soils and soil air capacity were the site characteristics best suited to explain local variability in outbreak risk. In the northern German lowland, below an elevation of ~83 m above sea level, the outbreak risk is generally very low. The region of the central upland has an increased risk for outbreaks of common voles. Within the region of the central uplands the risk was again elevated if the area covered by Chernozem soils was higher than 36%, and increased further if the area covered by soils with a moderate soil air capacity was higher than 90%. Conclusions Topography and soil properties, and accordingly the character of a landscape, are static parameters that affect the local risk of common vole outbreak. Further detailed field investigations of soil properties are required to link the variation in regional outbreak risk to site characteristics with relevance to common vole ecology. Implications Areas of varying regional outbreak risk of common voles can be defined according to static site characteristics identified in this study. They can provide a spatial framework to relate dynamic parameters, such as meteorological parameters, as well as biological parameters, such as food availability, to common vole outbreaks. This could be used in the future to develop improved predictive models to forecast common vole outbreaks.
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Yang, Chun Lin, Rui Ping Guo, Rong Zeng Liu, Qing Ling Yue, Xiu Juan Ren, and Zhi Feng Wu. "PCA Analysis and Concentration of Heavy Metal in the Soil, Guangdong, China." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1952–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1952.
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The concentrations of 9 metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in topsoil in Guangdong were investigated based on 260 samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible sources of metals. The average concentrations (mg/kg) obtained were: Cu 17.37 mg/kg, Ni 17.7 mg/kg, Cr 56.7 mg/kg, Co 6.83 mg/kg, Mn 223.16 mg/kg, Pb 36.63 mg/kg, Hg 0.10 mg/kg, Cd 0.09 mg/kg and Zn 49.75 mg/kg. The results of factor analysis group Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg and Mn in F1 and Cu, Ni, Cr, Co in F2. The spatial heavy metals component maps show definite association of these factors with the soil parent material and soil types. The concentration levels are relatively low in areas of high pH and low organic matter content concentration. The 9 metals in Guangdong have generally low concentrations and distinct geographical patterns. The local anomalies (found in Cu, Zn and Pb) are attributed to anthropogenic influence.
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Kachadourian-Marras, Alessia, Margarita M. Alconada-Magliano, José Joel Carrillo-Rivera, Edgar Mendoza, Felipe Herrerías-Azcue, and Rodolfo Silva. "Characterization of Surface Evidence of Groundwater Flow Systems in Continental Mexico." Water 12, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092459.
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The dynamics of the underground part of the water cycle greatly influence the features and characteristics of the Earth’s surface. Using Tóth’s theory of groundwater flow systems, surface indicators in Mexico were analyzed to understand the systemic connection between groundwater and the geological framework, relief, soil, water bodies, vegetation, and climate. Recharge and discharge zones of regional groundwater flow systems were identified from evidence on the ground surface. A systematic hydrogeological analysis was made of regional surface indicators, published in official, freely accessible cartographic information at scales of 1:250,000 and 1:1,000,000. From this analysis, six maps of Mexico were generated, titled “Permanent water on the surface”, “Groundwater depth”, “Hydrogeological association of soils”, “Hydrogeological association of vegetation and land use”, “Hydrogeological association of topoforms”, and “Superficial evidence of the presence of groundwater flow systems”. Mexico’s hydrogeological features were produced. The results show that 30% of Mexico is considered to be discharge zones of groundwater flow systems (regional, intermediate, and recharge). Natural recharge processes occur naturally in 57% of the country. This work is the first holistic analysis of groundwater in Mexico carried out at a national–regional scale using only the official information available to the public. These results can be used as the basis for more detailed studies on groundwater and its interaction with the environment, as well as for the development of integrative planning tools to ensure the sustainability of ecosystems and satisfy human needs.
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Du, Yan, and Yuhong Zhang. "Satellite and Argo Observed Surface Salinity Variations in the Tropical Indian Ocean and Their Association with the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode." Journal of Climate 28, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00435.1.
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Abstract This study investigates sea surface salinity (SSS) variations in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) using the Aquarius/Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-D (SAC-D) and the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite data and the Argo observations during July 2010–July 2014. Compared to the Argo observations, the satellite datasets generally provide SSS maps with higher space–time resolution, particularly in the regions where Argo floats are sparse. Both Aquarius and SMOS well captured the SSS variations associated with the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode. Significant SSS changes occurred in the central equatorial IO, along the Java–Sumatra coast, and south of the equatorial IO, due to ocean circulation variations. During the negative IOD events in 2010, 2013, and 2014, westerly wind anomalies strengthened along the equator, weakening coastal upwelling off Java and Sumatra and decreasing SSS. South of the equatorial IO, an anomalous cyclonic gyre changed the tropical circulation, which favored the eastward high-salinity tongue along the equator and the westward low-saline tongue in the south. An upwelling Rossby wave favored the increase of SSS farther to the south. During the positive IOD events in 2011 and 2012, the above-mentioned processes reversed, although the decrease of SSS was weaker in magnitude.
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Da Fonseca, Abel Souza, Julião Soares De Souza Lima, Samuel De Assis Silva, Maria Christina Junger Delôgo Dardengo, and Alexandre Candido Xavier. "FUZZY LOGIC IN THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE QUALITY OF THE BEVERAGE IN CONILON COFFEE." Coffee Science 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.25186/cs.v14i2.1563.
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<p>The objective in this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of the beverage quality by applying the fuzzy classification in the final global sensory analysis, for Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner, in two consecutive harvests. The studied variables were: fragrance (aroma), flavor, bitterness (sweetness), set, balance, cleaning, aftertaste, mouth feel, uniformity, salinity (acidity) and drink (global note). To the average overall scores of the drinks obtained on the cup-tasting at 80.0 points of a sampling, the mesh has applied the function of association of the fuzzy classification linear model to determine the degree of pertinence. The data were analyzed by the descriptive statistics and then by geostatistics to verify the existence and quantify the degree of spatial dependence of the variables. In the interval classified as “very good coffee” is found in the global average grade, in the two harvests. The methodology fuzzy applied in the global beverage note of the coffee conilon seminal made it possible to determine their spatial variability in the same distribution pattern in the two harvests, close ranges, and adjustments to the spherical model, which was confirmed by the spatial correlation of 61.6% among the fuzzy maps for the global score</p>
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Serrano, José M., César A. Berlanga-Robles, and Arturo Ruiz-Luna. "High amphibian diversity related to unexpected environmental values in a biogeographic transitional area in north-western Mexico." Contributions to Zoology 83, no. 2 (May 2, 2014): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08302005.
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Amphibian diversity and distribution patterns in Sinaloa state (north-western Mexico) were assessed from the Global Amphibian Assessment database (GAA-2010). A geographic information system (GIS) was used to evaluate diversity based on distribution maps of 41 species, associated with environmental data. The highest α and γ-diversities were identified in the south-eastern portion of the state, in mountain zones with a warm sub-humid climate, whereas the greatest β-diversity (multiplicative formulation) was aggregated in patches in the western portion of the state in mountains with temperate climates. A cluster analysis and Mantel test showed a strong association of Sorensen’s dissimilarity (additive formulation of β-diversity) with climate and soil moisture categories rather than physiographic categories. Additionally, the partition of Sorensen´s dissimilarity into its components (turnover and nestedness) showed a gradient of species turnover related to contrasting climate units and a marked pattern of nestedness between the middle mountains and the coastal plain. The results of the study suggest that the highest α and β-diversity values occur in the middle-humidity range as well in the transitional-climate categories. This pattern is unusual for amphibian distributions because the highest global and regional amphibian diversities are typically related to high humidity values and climate stability (warm and wet most of the year). This particular pattern, occurring in a transitional area, encourages further biological and ecological studies to clarify the status of amphibian populations and support conservation measures.
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Zellweger, Florian, and Kurt Bollmann. "Der Schweizer Wald und seine Biodiversität: LiDAR ermöglicht neue Waldstrukturanalysen." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 168, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0142.
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The Swiss forest and its biodiversity: LiDAR allows for novel forest structure assessments Availability of comprehensive biodiversity maps and standlevel habitat management recommendations to forest services is often limited, despite the need for such information for multifunctional forestry. Here, we combined forest structural parameters derived from nation-wide available Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data with parameters describing climate, topography and soil pH, to analyse and spatially predict the species richness of different taxa on two different scales. Vascular plants, bryophytes and land snails were analysed on the stand scale (900 m2), where we also identified target variables for habitat management by using data from the National Forest Inventory. On the landscape scale (1 km2), we analysed vascular plants, butterflies and breeding birds with a tight association to forests. LiDAR-derived forest structure parameters were consistently important predictors of species richness across taxa. Species richness patterns tended to be taxon-specific with low spatial congruence across taxa. The habitat quality for many forest land snail species, for example, increased with increasing proportions of trees from the genera Fraxinus, Tilia, Ulmus and Acer, or with increasing overstory cover and deadwood volume. Many butterfly species, on the other hand, responded positively to a heterogeneous understory. This study shows that important structural parameters for forest biodiversity can be derived area-wide and across large regions by using LiDAR. The growing availability of LiDAR data thus provides very useful information for conserving and promoting biodiversity in multifunctional forestry.
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Berg, M. van Den, and J. B. Oliveira. "Variability of apparently homogeneous soilscapes in São Paulo state, Brazil: II. quality of soil maps." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 24, no. 2 (June 2000): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832000000200016.
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The quality of semi-detailed (scale 1:100.000) soil maps and the utility of a taxonomically based legend were assessed by studying 33 apparently homogeneous fields with strongly weathered soils in two regions in São Paulo State: Araras and Assis. An independent data set of 395 auger sites was used to determine purity of soil mapping units and analysis of variance within and between mapping units and soil classification units. Twenty three soil profiles were studied in detail. The studied soil maps have a high purity for some legend criteria, such as B horizon type (> 90%) and soil texture class (> 80%). The purity for the "trophic character" (eutrophic, dystrophic, allic) was only 55% in Assis. It was 88% in Araras, where many soil units had been mapped as associations. In both regions, the base status of clay-textured soils was generally better than suggested by the maps. Analysis of variance showed that mapping was successful for "durable" soil characteristics such as clay content (> 80% of variance explained) and cation exchange capacity (≥ 50% of variance explained) of 0-20 and 60-80 cm layers. For soil characteristics that are easily modified by management, such as base saturation of the 0-20 cm layer, the maps had explained very little (< 15%) of the total variance in the study areas. Intermediate results were obtained for base saturation of the 60-80 cm layer (56% in Assis; 42% in Araras). Variance explained by taxonomic groupings that formed the basis for the legend of the soil maps was similar to, often even smaller than, variance explained by mapping units. The conclusion is that map boundaries have been very carefully located, but descriptions of mapping units could be improved. In future mappings, this could possibly be done at low cost by (a) bulk sampling to remove short range variation and enhance visualization of spatial patterns at distances > 100 m; (b) taking advantage of correlations between easily measured soil characteristics and chemical soil properties and, (c) unbending the link between legend criteria and a taxonomic system. The maps are well suited to obtain an impression of land suitability for high-input farming. Additional field work and data on former land use/management are necessary for the evaluation of chemical properties of surface horizons.
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Abal, E. G., W. C. Dennison, and P. F. Greenfield. "Managing the Brisbane River and Moreton Bay: an integrated research/management program to reduce impacts on an Australian estuary." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0508.
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The Brisbane River and Moreton Bay Study, an interdisciplinary study of Moreton Bay and its major tributaries, was initiated to address water quality issues which link sewage and diffuse loading with environmental degradation. Runoff and deposition of fine-grained sediments into Moreton Bay, followed by resuspension, have been linked with increased turbidity and significant loss of seagrass habitat. Sewage-derived nutrient enrichment, particularly nitrogen (N), has been linked to algal blooms by sewage plume maps. Blooms of a marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula, in Moreton Bay have resulted in significant impacts on human health (e.g., contact dermatitis) and ecological health (e.g., seagrass loss), and the availability of dissolved iron from acid sulfate soil runoff has been hypothesised. The impacts of catchment activities resulting in runoff of sediments, nutrients and dissolved iron on the health of the Moreton Bay waterways are addressed. The Study, established by 6 local councils in association with two state departments in 1994, forms a regional component of a national and state program to achieve ecologically sustainable use of the waterways by protecting and enhancing their health, while maintaining economic and social development. The Study framework illustrates a unique integrated approach to water quality management whereby scientific research, community participation and the strategy development were done in parallel with each other. This collaborative effort resulted in a water quality management strategy which focuses on the integration of socioeconomic and ecological values of the waterways. This work has led to significant cost savings in infrastructure by providing a clear focus on initiatives towards achieving healthy waterways. The Study's Stage 2 initiatives form the basis for this paper.
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Němeček, J., and J. Kozák. "Approaches to the solution of a soil map of the Czech Republic at the scale 1:250 000 using SOTER methodology." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 7 (December 10, 2011): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4127-pse.
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Soil map at the scale 1:250 000 was set up by means of transformation of the published and later digitised soil map of theCzechRepublic. The legend to this map reflects a new classification system of Czech soils that can easily be correlated with the reference international classification system FAO-WRB. In the next step this map was converted into the SOTER system, which links the soil cover to the geomorphology. The modification of the original SOTER procedure consisted in the abandoning of the consequent hierarchy geomorphology – lithology – soil associations. Only in territories characterised by rather shallow transported slope deposits over compact or consolidated rocks was this principle observed in the SOTER unit delimitation. In flat landscapes covered with deep sediment deposits the prevailing soil cover (mosaics of taxonomic units and their parent materials) determines the borders of SOTER units. Ten major landscape units were delineated. They are based on relief intensity and hypsometry. The slope gradient map enables a detailed insight into the landscape geomorphology. 158 SOTER units are defined by the combination of 10 major landscape units, 21 grouped soil parent materials and 19 grouped soil units. The single factors and their combinations are reflected in GIS layers that can be matched with the map of soil associations. The major soil regions, which are conceptually close to the SOTER units, will be delimited as homogeneous mosaics of the individual SOTER units with respect to regionally integrating factors (climate, vegetation). The interconnection of the geometric and attribute data generates the soil information system. This system is anticipated to be used for the soil policy regulation both in the Czech Republic (PUGIS) and within the EU (EUSIS).
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Calvert, Andrew J., and Michael P. Doublier. "Migration of reflector orientation attributes in deep seismic profiles: evidence for decoupling of the Yilgarn Craton lower crust." Solid Earth 10, no. 3 (May 14, 2019): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-637-2019.
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Abstract. Interpretation of deep seismic data is challenging due to the lack of direct geological constraints from drilling and the more limited amount of data available from 2-D profiles in comparison to hydrocarbon exploration surveys. Thus other constraints that can be derived from the seismic data themselves can be of great value. Though the origin of most deep seismic reflections remains ambiguous, an association between seismic reflections and crustal strain, e.g. shear zones, underlies many interpretations. Estimates of the 3-D orientation of reflectors may help associate specific reflections, or regions of the crust, with geological structures mapped at the surface whose orientation and tectonic history are known. In the case of crooked 2-D onshore seismic lines, the orientation of reflections can be estimated when the range of azimuths in a common midpoint gather is greater than approximately 20∘, but integration of these local orientation attributes into an interpretation of migrated seismic data requires that they also be migrated. Here we present a simple approach to the 2-D migration of these orientation attributes that utilizes the apparent dip in reflections on the unmigrated stack and maps reflector strike, for example, to a short linear segment depending on its original position and a migration velocity. This interpretation approach has been applied to a seismic line shot across the Younami Terrane of the Australian Yilgarn Craton and indicates that the lower crust behaved differently from the overlying middle crust as the newly assembled crust collapsed during the Late Archean. Some structures related to approximately east-directed shortening are preserved in the middle crust, but the lower crust is characterized by reflectors that suggest N-NNE-oriented ductile flow. Deployment of off-line receivers during seismic acquisition allows the recording of a larger range of source-receiver azimuths and should produce more reliable future estimates of these reflector attributes.
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Kulkarni, Sneha S., Brian D. Wardlow, Yared A. Bayissa, Tsegaye Tadesse, Mark D. Svoboda, and Shirishkumar S. Gedam. "Developing a Remote Sensing-Based Combined Drought Indicator Approach for Agricultural Drought Monitoring over Marathwada, India." Remote Sensing 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 2091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12132091.
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The increasing drought severities and consequent devastating impacts on society over the Indian semi-arid regions demand better drought monitoring and early warning systems. Operational agricultural drought assessment methods in India mainly depend on a single input parameter such as precipitation and are based on a sparsely located in-situ measurements, which limits monitoring precision. The overarching objective of this study is to address this need through the development of an integrated agro-climatological drought monitoring approach, i.e., combined drought indicator for Marathwada (CDI_M), situated in the central part of Maharashtra, India. In this study, satellite and model-based input parameters (i.e., standardized precipitation index (SPI-3), land surface temperature (LST), soil moisture (SM), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)) were analyzed at a monthly scale from 2001 to 2018. Two quantitative methods were tested to combine the input parameters for developing the CDI_M. These methods included an expert judgment-based weight of each parameter (Method-I) and principle component analysis (PCA)-based weighting approach (Method-II). Secondary data for major types of crop yields in Marathwada were utilized to assess the CDI_M results for the study period. CDI_M maps depict moderate to extreme drought cases in the historic drought years of 2002, 2009, and 2015–2016. This study found a significant increase in drought intensities (p ≤ 0.05) and drought frequency over the years 2001–2018, especially in the Latur, Jalna, and Parbhani districts. In comparison to Method-I (r ≥ 0.4), PCA-based (Method-II) CDI_M showed a higher correlation (r ≥ 0.60) with crop yields in both harvesting seasons (Kharif and Rabi). In particular, crop yields during the drier years showed a greater association (r > 6.5) with CDI_M over Marathwada. Hence, the present study illustrated the effectiveness of CDI_M to monitor agricultural drought in India and provide improved information to support agricultural drought management practices.
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Carvalho, Tarciane Clemente de, Eliane Maria Vieira, José Augusto Costa Gonçalves, and Gabriel Andrade Viterbo. "Análise das classes de vertentes e sua relação com o processo erosivo: Uma visão integrada da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Piracicaba-MG (Analysis of the classes of slopes and their relation with the erosive process in the Piracicaba-MG River Basin)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 12, no. 4 (September 27, 2019): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.4.p1619-1634.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise das formas do terreno da bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba, no estado de Minas Gerais, verificando as características morfológicas das curvaturas vertical e horizontal das vertentes, fruto das relações tectogenéticas e morfodinâmicas, que representam os fatores endógenos e exógenos. Fazendo uma avaliação das vertentes estabeleceu-se uma relação direta associada à fragilidade e suscetibilidade de perda de solo por arraste e carreamento de partículas, que causam assoreamento nos rios, além da associação do fluxo de escoamento superficial da água como sendo fator que acelera este processo. Foram empregados dados do Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), utilizando o Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) ArcGis 10.2.2, onde foram delimitadas as curvaturas vertical e horizontal do terreno. Os resultados atingidos foram os formatos do perfil das vertentes classificados como côncavo, retilíneo e convexo, e quanto a análise do direcionamento dos fluxos de escoamento da água foram classificados como convergente, planar e divergente e a suas sub-associações. A área de estudo apresenta seu maior território com curvatura Convergente, que corresponde à uma classe de vulnerabilidade forte, visto que esta tende a concentrar o fluxo de água favorecendo a erosão linear, seguida pela classe Divergente, que possui um enquadramento como baixa vulnerabilidade. A espacialização destas classes permitem a adoção de técnicas de manejo direcionadas para as áreas mais vulneráveis. A B S T R A C TThe present work aims to present an analysis of the landforms of the Piracicaba river basin in the state of Minas Gerais, verifying the morphological characteristics of the vertical and horizontal curvatures of the slopes, as a result of the tectogenetic and morphodynamic relationships that represent the endogenous factors and exogenous. An assessment of the slopes established a direct relationship associated with the fragility and susceptibility of soil loss by drag and particle haulage, which cause silting in the rivers, in addition to the association of the flow of surface water flow as a factor that accelerates this process. Data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) were used, using the ArcGis 10.2.2 Geographic Information System (GIS), where the vertical and horizontal curvatures of the terrain were delimited. The results obtained were the profile profiles of the slopes classified as concave, rectilinear and convex, and the analysis of the direction of flow flows were classified as convergent, planar and divergent and their sub-associations. The study area presents its largest territory with a convergent curvature, which corresponds to a strong vulnerability class, since it tends to concentrate water flow favoring linear erosion, followed by the Divergent class, which has a low vulnerability. The spatialization of these classes allows the adoption of management techniques directed to the most vulnerable areas. Keywords: profile of the slopes, vulnerability of terrain, thematic maps.
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Perron, Paul, Michel Guiraud, Emmanuelle Vennin, Isabelle Moretti, Éric Portier, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, and Moussa Konaté. "Influence of basement heterogeneity on the architecture of low subsidence rate Paleozoic intracratonic basins (Reggane, Ahnet, Mouydir and Illizi basins, Hoggar Massif)." Solid Earth 9, no. 6 (November 7, 2018): 1239–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1239-2018.
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Abstract. The Paleozoic intracratonic North African Platform is characterized by an association of arches (ridges, domes, swells, or paleo-highs) and low subsidence rate syncline basins of different wavelengths (75–620 km). The Reggane, Ahnet, Mouydir and Illizi basins are successively delimited from east to west by the Amguid El Biod, Arak-Foum Belrem, and Azzel Matti arches. Through the analysis of new unpublished geological data (i.e., satellite images, well logs, seismic lines), the deposits associated with these arches and syncline basins exhibit thickness variations and facies changes ranging from continental to marine environments. The arches are characterized by thin amalgamated deposits with condensed and erosional surfaces, whereas the syncline basins exhibit thicker and well-preserved successions. In addition, the vertical facies succession evolves from thin Silurian to Givetian deposits into thick Upper Devonian sediments. Synsedimentary structures and major unconformities are related to several tectonic events such as the Cambrian–Ordovician extension, the Ordovician–Silurian glacial rebound, the Silurian–Devonian Caledonian extension/compression, the late Devonian extension/compression, and the Hercynian compression. Locally, deformation is characterized by near-vertical planar normal faults responsible for horst and graben structuring associated with folding during the Cambrian–Ordovician–Silurian period. These structures may have been inverted or reactivated during the Devonian (i.e., Caledonian, Mid–Late Devonian) compression and the Carboniferous (i.e., pre-Hercynian to Hercynian). Additionally, basement characterization from geological and geophysics data (aeromagnetic and gravity maps), shows an interesting age-dependent zonation of the terranes which are bounded by mega-shear zones within the arches–basins framework. The old terranes are situated under arches while the young terranes are located under the basins depocenter. This structural framework results from the accretion of Archean and Proterozoic terranes inherited from former orogeny (e.g., Pan-African orogeny 900–520 Ma). Therefore, the sedimentary infilling pattern and the nature of deformation result from the repeated slow Paleozoic reactivation of Precambrian terranes bounded by subvertical lithospheric fault systems. Alternating periods of tectonic quiescence and low-rate subsidence acceleration associated with extension and local inversion tectonics correspond to a succession of Paleozoic geodynamic events (i.e., far-field orogenic belt, glaciation).
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Pádua, Luís, Pedro Marques, Telmo Adão, Nathalie Guimarães, António Sousa, Emanuel Peres, and Joaquim João Sousa. "Vineyard Variability Analysis through UAV-Based Vigour Maps to Assess Climate Change Impacts." Agronomy 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100581.
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Climate change is projected to be a key influence on crop yields across the globe. Regarding viticulture, primary climate vectors with a significant impact include temperature, moisture stress, and radiation. Within this context, it is of foremost importance to monitor soils’ moisture levels, as well as to detect pests, diseases, and possible problems with irrigation equipment. Regular monitoring activities will enable timely measures that may trigger field interventions that are used to preserve grapevines’ phytosanitary state, saving both time and money, while assuring a more sustainable activity. This study employs unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to acquire aerial imagery, using RGB, multispectral and thermal infrared sensors in a vineyard located in the Portuguese Douro wine region. Data acquired enabled the multi-temporal characterization of the vineyard development throughout a season through the computation of the normalized difference vegetation index, crop surface models, and the crop water stress index. Moreover, vigour maps were computed in three classes (high, medium, and low) with different approaches: (1) considering the whole vineyard, including inter-row vegetation and bare soil; (2) considering only automatically detected grapevine vegetation; and (3) also considering grapevine vegetation by only applying a normalization process before creating the vigour maps. Results showed that vigour maps considering only grapevine vegetation provided an accurate representation of the vineyard variability. Furthermore, significant spatial associations can be gathered through (i) a multi-temporal analysis of vigour maps, and (ii) by comparing vigour maps with both height and water stress estimation. This type of analysis can assist, in a significant way, the decision-making processes in viticulture.
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Garrido-Rubio, Jesús, Alfonso Calera Belmonte, Lorena Fraile Enguita, Irene Arellano Alcázar, Mario Belmonte Mancebo, Isidro Campos Rodríguez, and Raquel Bravo Rubio. "Remote sensing-based soil water balance for irrigation water accounting at the Spanish Iberian Peninsula." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 380 (December 18, 2018): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-380-29-2018.
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Abstract. Temporal series maps of irrigated areas, and the corresponding irrigation water requirements based on remote sensing, is a recognized tool contributing to water governance at different scales, from water user associations to whole river basin districts. These thematic cartographies offer a first estimation of the crop irrigation requirements, and a biophysical based approach of the temporal and spatial distribution of the crop water use in the cultivated areas. This work describes the operational application of these methodologies, providing valuable information for water governance and management purposes. The basic products obtained in the whole Spanish part of the Iberian Peninsula during the period 2014–2017 were: (i) annual maps of irrigated crops based on time series of multispectral satellite imagery; and (ii) the direct remote sensing-based water accounting, by quantifying agricultural water flows (e.g. rainfall, irrigation, evapotranspiration, drainage and recharge), through a remote sensing-based soil water balance. Hence this paper provides a remote sensing based water accounting approach, which relies on dense time series of multispectral imagery acquired by the multisensor constellation arranged by Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 satellites, jointly with meteorological data and agronomic knowledge. Then, based on these purpose and approach, annual and monthly maps of net irrigation water requirements have been elaborated at the most practical spatial and temporal scales for water governance purposes over big areas such river basin districts. This work summarizes the methodologies used and discuss the technical and non-technical feasibility of the proposed approach.
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Nunes, José Gustavo Da Silva, and Rogério Uagoda. "Solos Em Carste Tropical, Desenvolvimento Pedogenético E Comportamento Hidrológico: Uma Revisão Teórica." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 13, no. 07 (December 13, 2020): 3498. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.07.p3498-3517.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo reunir informações sobre comportamento pedogenético e hidrológico em áreas de rochas carbonáticas de clima tropical. A execução desta pesquisa foi embasada em artigos científicos indexados, nacionais e internacionais, como também em livros, teses e dissertações relevantes para o tema proposto. O solo é um sistema multifásico, e os seus aspectos morfológicos e constitucionais atuam facilitando ou dificultando a permeabilidade da água, assim cada horizonte pedológico funciona como um mecanismo em um mesmo perfil de solo. Os fatores físicos/químicos da água também atuarão contribuindo para a classificação dos grupos hidrológicos de solo. No Brasil, a Embrapa realizou classificações dos horizontes diagnósticos, dos grupos hidrológicos e dos tipos de solos, baseada em autores internacionais, adaptadas às condições tropicais. Mas as áreas cársticas, que representam um percentual de 20% da superfície terrestre, podem apresentar condições particulares para a formação de solo e para o comportamento hidrológico, podendo incluir zonas locais de alta permeabilidade, fuga de água subterrânea e eliminação de resíduos insatisfatórios. Solos de ambientes cársticos são mal desenvolvidos, apresentam argilas avermelhadas de baixa atividade normalmente. No Brasil os estudos deste tipo de ambiente são escassos, mas alguns trabalhos desenvolvidos em áreas cársticas trazem algumas informações básicas sobre os solos. As pesquisas encontradas que trouxeram informações dos solos em carstes, foram plotadas no mapa brasileiro. A pesquisa demonstrou que há um gap de informações para o desenvolvimento pedológico em áreas cársticas, mas é possível fazer associações entre estas classes de solo a outros ambientes, incluindo o comportamento hidrológico.Soils In Tropical Karst, Pedogenetic Development And Hydrological Behavior: A Theoretical Review A B S T R A C TThis work aimed to gather information on pedogenetic and hydrological behavior in carbonate rock areas of tropical climate. The execution of this research was based on indexed scientific articles, national and international, as well as on books, theses and dissertations relevant to the proposed theme. The soil is a multiphase system, and its morphological and constitutional aspects act to facilitate or hinder water permeability, so each pedological horizon works as a mechanism in the same soil profile. The physical / chemical factors of the water will also act contributing to the classification of soil hydrological groups. In Brazil, Embrapa carried out classifications of diagnostic horizons, hydrological groups and soil types, based on international authors, adapted to tropical conditions. However, karst areas, which represent a percentage of 20% of the earth's surface, may present particular conditions for soil formation and hydrological behavior, and may include local areas of high permeability, groundwater leakage and unsatisfactory waste disposal. Soils in karst environments are poorly developed, with reddish clays of low activity normally. In Brazil, studies of this type of environment are scarce, but some studies carried out in karst areas bring some basic information about the soils. The researchers found that brought information on soils in carstes, were plotted on the Brazilian map. Research has shown that there is an information gap for pedological development in karst areas, but it is possible to make associations between these soil classes and other environments, including hydrological behavior.Keywords: Soil Hydrological Groups; Tropical Soil; Karst.
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PEARSON, Kara, Robert CAMERON, and R. Troy MCMULLIN. "Habitat associations and distribution model forFuscopannaria leucostictain Nova Scotia, Canada." Lichenologist 50, no. 4 (July 2018): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282918000300.
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AbstractFuscopannaria leucostictais a rare and understudied cyanolichen with an interesting and unusual distribution in tertiary relict hotspots worldwide. There is a relatively large population in eastern North America, where it occurs mostly throughout the Appalachian Mountains and reaches its northernmost extent in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The ability to detect this species, and thus determine its habitat requirements, is critical for understanding how it might be affected by human-induced environmental degradation. Maximum entropy modelling with MaxEnt was used to predict the distribution of suitable habitat for this species in Nova Scotia using 62 presence locations, 1405 pseudo-absence locations and four environmental covariates: depth to water table (a proxy for relative soil moisture), distance to the coast and mean annual temperature and precipitation. Our predictive maps identify important habitat features and areas of high suitability in Nova Scotia with an area under the curve value of 0·85. The predicted distribution of this lichen was most affected by temperature. This study elucidates locations as well as species-habitat relationships forF. leucosticta,providing land managers with baseline data that can aid in the discovery of additional populations and provide a better understanding of its ecological requirements which will support the development of sound conservation strategies for this rare lichen.
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Cullum, Carola, Kevin H. Rogers, Gary Brierley, and Ed T. F. Witkowski. "Ecological classification and mapping for landscape management and science." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 40, no. 1 (October 27, 2015): 38–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315611573.
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There is growing demand for biogeographical landscape classifications and ecological maps that describe patterns of spatially co-varying biotic and abiotic ecosystem components. This demand is fuelled by increasing data availability and processing capacity, by institutional practices of land and water resource management and planning and by the growth of transdisciplinary science that requires the development of a shared conceptual framework through which to view landscape character and behaviour. Despite the widespread use of ecological maps, and the extent to which they have become embedded in institutional practice, policy and law, no standard approach to ecosystem mapping has emerged, such that there are many valid ways of mapping the same landscape. Consensus is possible only when there is agreement on the spatial entities to be mapped. We propose a way of defining such entities and identifying them in any given landscape. Landscapes are conceived in terms of a conceptual biophysical template that constrains a wide range of ecological processes at various hierarchical levels. The template is conceived as comprising co-evolved associations of soils, vegetation, topography and hydrology that form a dynamic mosaic characteristic of a particular topographic, climatic and geological context that is continually being shaped by many perturbations. We synthesise themes from vegetation, soil and river sciences, using hierarchy theory to frame a perspective that facilitates the definition of mappable landscape entities at three hierarchical levels of organisation. These entities are conceived as archetypal structural-functional units, with form and process linked in conceptual models that underpin each archetype. We describe how our approach has been used to map ecological entities in Kruger National Park, South Africa, showing how the proposed framework integrates key system components, providing transparent foundations for transdisciplinary approaches to landscape management and science.
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Dejean, C., F. Chabaud, E. Pigeot, R. Bouet, D. Richard, and D. Levy-Chavagnat. "Évolution des pratiques de prescription des benzodiazépines et apparentés. Qu’en est-il de leur association ?" European Psychiatry 29, S3 (November 2014): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.031.
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IntroductionL’utilisation prolongée et les associations de benzodiazépines (BZD) anxiolytiques et hypnotiques exposent à des risques à court et long terme (dépendance, démence, troubles psychomoteurs…). Selon la Haute Autorité de santé (HAS), il n’y a pas lieu d’associer une BZD et un apparenté (zopiclone ou zolpidem) le soir.Objectifs– Évaluer les habitudes de prescription des BZD et de leurs apparentés hypnotiques dans une population de patients suivis en psychiatrie hospitalière.– Suivre sur 6 années l’évolution de ces pratiques de prescription et l’émergence d’alternatives thérapeutiques aux BZD.– Établir un parallèle avec les recommandations et les actualités de la littérature au sujet de ces risques pendant cette même période.MéthodeL’étude rétrospective a été réalisée au centre hospitalier Henri-Laborit (Poitiers) en sélectionnant les ordonnances informatisées comportant des BZD et/ou apparentés sur une période allant du 1er janvier 2008 au 31 décembre 2013, par tranche d’une année. Les associations de ces molécules et leurs posologies ont été répertoriées.RésultatsL’analyse de 6511 ordonnances a notamment mis en évidence que la prescription de zolpidem ou zopiclone seuls, sans association à une benzodiazépine, est majoritaire (77,5 % des ordonnances en moyenne) jusqu’en 2010. Puis elle diminue fortement (plus que 38 % en 2013) et elle est inférieure à celle de benzodiazépine seule pendant les 3 années suivantes. Parallèlement, le nombre total d’ordonnances dans cet hôpital est en constante augmentation. L’association de benzodiazépine et d’apparentés sur une même ordonnance reste peu courante, dans 2 % des prescriptions en moyenne, mais la prise des deux se situe le soir dans 91 % des cas (69–100 %).ConclusionL’étude montre une diminution de prescription d’hypnotiques apparentés aux BZD, allant de pair avec les mises en garde sur leurs effets indésirables et aux actions de l’HAS. Leur association en soirée à des BZD reste présente et une étude prospective auprès des prescripteurs pour connaître leur choix d’alternative thérapeutique est nécessaire.
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Chamak, Brigitte. "Les transformations des représentations de l’autisme et de sa prise en charge : le rôle des associations en France." Cahiers de recherche sociologique, no. 41-42 (May 3, 2011): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1002465ar.
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Les représentations de l’autisme sont en pleine recomposition. Ma recherche vise à analyser les enjeux sous-jacents aux transformations en cours. L’étude du rôle des associations de parents d’enfants autistes montre comment, en France, elles contribuent à façonner les politiques publiques, mais aussi comment les revendications de certaines d’entre elles coïncident à la fois avec les intérêts des promoteurs de nouvelles méthodes et avec ceux des pouvoirs publics qui cherchent à faire appel au secteur privé. Le nouveau mouvement des associations de personnes autistes, qui s’apparente aux groupes d’auto-support, s’oriente, lui, vers un engagement direct, des fonctions d’entraide, d’informations et des revendications politiques et identitaires visant à modifier les représentations de l’autisme pour que le sujet autiste ne soit plus considéré comme un malade mais comme une personne présentant un autre mode de fonctionnement cognitif. Les transformations impulsées par les associations, les pouvoirs publics et les nouveaux marchés de l’autisme produisent de grandes tensions dans l’univers des spécialistes.
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Cauchy, Venant. "Dialogue ou les bienfaits du pluralisme." Dialogue 25, no. 1 (1986): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300042827.
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La fondation d'une revue comme Dialogue s'accompagne de crainte et d'espoir. Crainte de ne pouvoir la faire vivre et progresser, crainte « inavouée » que la production philosophique ne soit pas à la hauteur de l'opinion que nous avons de nous-mêmes ou de ce que le monde extérieur attend de nous… Espoir cependant de consolider les structures d'une Association canadienne de philosophie à peine naissante, chancelante, mais vivant déjà d'un idéal exigeant et dont la revue porte le nom.
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Cornero, Cecilia, Aylen Pereira, Ana C. O. C. Matos, M. Cristina Pacino, and Denizar Blitzkow. "Monitoreo de la variación del almacenamiento de agua en la cuenca del Medio y Bajo Paraná a partir de datos GRACE, GRACE FO, TRMM y GLDAS." Revista de Teledetección, no. 58 (July 21, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/raet.2021.15211.
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<p>GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) is a satellite mission that can monitor mass distributions in the Earth system, which is closely related to the consequences of climate change. This gravimetric satellite allows to obtain monthly variations of the Earth’s gravity field, which can be associated with water mass variations, after removing the effects of oceanic tides and solid Earth, as well as non-tidal oceanic and atmospheric contributions. In this work, data from GRACE (2002-2017) and GRACE FO (since 2018) were used to analyze the variation of the water mass in the Middle and Low Paraná river basin. The interpretation of the results was carried out by associating the mass anomalies derived from GRACE data with information from the TRMM global rainfall mission. Monthly maps of GRACE water mass variations and TRMM precipitation were produced, which made possible a thorough analysis at a regional level of this mass redistribution in the basin, and its connection to the El Niño and La Niña events that took place in the period under study. The water deficits shown in the 2009 GRACE maps are, in fact, related to the intense episode of La Niña that occurred in the period 2008-2009; while the excess of water storage depicted on the 2016 and 2019 maps is connected to the El Niño phenomenon. Moreover, GRACE has also detected drought events in different sectors between 2011-2012, together with floods in the years 2007 and 2010. Monthly GRACE-derived water storage changes were compared with the independent components of the water balance in the region using different hydrological models estimates. Finally, the temporal variations of the groundwater and the soil part (surface water, soil moisture) were analyzed using the Global Land Data Assimilation System GLDAS. The variables showed a good correlation between them, reaching values of <span> ~</span>r = 0.80.</p>
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Aubé-Maurice, J., L. Rochette, and C. Blais. "Associations divergentes entre l’incidence de l’hypertension artérielle et la défavorisation selon le mode d’identification des cas." Maladies chroniques et blessures au Canada 32, no. 3 (June 2012): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.32.3.02f.
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Contexte Selon diverses études, l’hypertension artérielle serait plus fréquente chez les personnes les plus défavorisées. Notre objectif était d’examiner l’association entre l’incidence de l’hypertension et la défavorisation au Québec en nous fondant sur divers modes d’identification des cas, à l’aide de deux fichiers administratifs. Méthodologie Nous avons recensé les nouveaux cas d’hypertension artérielle déclarés en 2006-2007 chez les personnes de 20 ans et plus. Nous avons déterminé le statut socioéconomique de ces personnes en utilisant des indices de défavorisation matérielle et sociale. Nous avons effectué des analyses de régression binomiale négative pour étudier le lien entre le taux d’incidence de l’hypertension et le niveau de défavorisation matérielle ou sociale, en tenant compte de diverses covariables. Résultats Nous avons trouvé une association positive et statistiquement significative entre la défavorisation matérielle et l’incidence de l’hypertension chez les femmes, et ce, peu importe le fichier administratif utilisé pour identifier les cas. En utilisant le fichier des hospitalisations, nous avons observé que l’incidence de l’hypertension croît chez les deux sexes à mesure que le niveau de défavorisation augmente, sauf pour la défavorisation sociale chez les femmes. Toutefois, que ce soit en utilisant le fichier des services médicaux rémunérés à l’acte ou en utilisant la définition validée de l’hypertension obtenue en associant les données des deux fichiers administratifs, nous avons constaté que l’incidence de l’hypertension décroît à mesure que le niveau de défavorisation augmente. Conclusion Les associations observées entre l’hypertension et la défavorisation varient en fonction du fichier administratif utilisé : de façon générale, on observe une association positive lorsqu’on utilise le fichier des hospitalisations, mais négative lorsqu’on utilise la définition standard et le fichier des services médicaux rémunérés à l’acte, ce qui laisse croire qu’il existe un biais de consultation favorisant les personnes les plus avantagées sur le plan socioéconomique.
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Hoffman, Robert R., Paul J. Feltovich, and David W. Eccles. "The Cost of Knowledge Recovery: A Challenge for the Application of Concept Mapping." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100438.
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Whereas knowledge management relies on processes of knowledge elicitation, there is also a process in which knowledge is “recovered,” typically from archived documents. We conducted a knowledge recovery (KR) effort, going from documents to a structured set of propositions concerning expert knowledge about terrain analysis, discussing landforms, soils, rock types, etc. Assertions and feature associations were recast as over 3,000 propositions. When contrasted with results from previous evaluations of methods of knowledge elicitation, KR was costly in terms of time and effort, suggesting that knowledge-based organizations should make knowledge capture an on-going aspect of work, rather than finding themselves in the “catch-up mode” to recover lost expertise. For both knowledge elicitation and recovery, the knowledge has to be represented in a form that is usable and useful (e.g., instantiation in knowledge bases). We created from the propositions a navigable knowledge model based on over 150 Concept Maps, which were hyperlinked together and to dozens of resources (aerial photos, maps, diagrams, etc.). Such knowledge models are intended to make the “expertise of the past” more useful and usable in training and in performance support.
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Perlandim Ramos, Alexander Webber, Camila Calazans da Silva Luz, Sandra Mara Alves da Silva Neves, Larissa Espinosa de Freitas, and Laís Fernandes De Souza Neves. "Análise da capacidade e conflito de uso da terra na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego da Piraputanga-MT, Brasil / Analysis of the capacity and conflict of land use in the Piraputanga-MT river basin, Brazil." Caderno de Geografia 28, no. 55 (October 30, 2018): 812–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2018v28n55p812-827.
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O uso indiscriminado das terras, sem considerar suas potencialidades e os graus de sensibilidade tem sido uma das principais causas de degradação dos solos, erosão e perda de capacidade produtiva das paisagens. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a capacidade de uso da terra, identificando os conflitos decorrentes de sua utilização na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Piraputanga-MT. Para tanto, realizou-se a reclassificação das classes de solos resultando no mapa de Erodibilidade. A associação desta informação com o fator topográfico originou o mapa de suscetibilidade à erosão. O mapa de cobertura vegetal e uso da terra foi elaborado a partir das imagens do Landsat 8 de 2017. Foi efetuada a análise da capacidade de uso das terras e avaliação dos conflitos derivados. Verificou-se que as Áreas de Preservação Permanentes têm sido desmatadas, 23,18% de sua extensão em situação de conflito com a legislação ambiental. Na bacia não houve a classe de alto conflito, porém caso não haja adoção de práticas conservacionistas é possível ocorrer, pois há áreas que se encontram em médio conflito de utilização, onde é recomendado a restauração da vegetação nas Áreas de Preservação Permanentes.Palavras–chave: Sensoriamento Remoto, Erosão do Solo, Degradação Ambiental.AbstractThe indiscriminate use of land, without considering its potentialities and degrees of sensitivity has been one of the main causes of soil degradation, erosion and loss of productive capacity of the landscape. The objective of this work is to evaluate the capacity of land use in the Piraputanga river basin, Mato Grosso, identifying the conflicts arising from its use. For this purpose, soil classes were reclassified resulting in the Erodibility map. The association of this information with the topographic factor originated the map of susceptibility to erosion. Map of vegetation cover and land use was elaborated by the use of images of Landsat 8 from 2017. The analysis of the land use capacity and the evaluation of the derived conflicts was carried out. Permanent Preservation Areas have been deforested, 23.18% of their extension in situation of conflict with the environmental legislation. In the Piraputanga basin there was no high conflict class, but if no adoption of conservation practices is taken, it is possible to occur, since there are areas that are in a medium class conflict of use, where it is recommended the restoration of the vegetation in the Permanent Preservation Areas.Keywords: Remote Sensing, Soil Erosion, Environmental Degradation
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Lichterman, Paul. "Circulation de la religion sur la place publique locale aux États-Unis." Sociologie et sociétés 38, no. 1 (October 13, 2006): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013707ar.
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Résumé Les chercheurs et les critiques sociaux présument souvent que la religion influe sur la vie publique en nous fournissant des motifs que nous utilisons pour justifier nos opinions sur les enjeux sociaux. Cet article examine étroitement, d’un point de vue ethnographique, la façon dont le langage religieux circule dans deux associations volontaires locales, des sites de ce que j’appellerai la place publique locale. Dans ces deux associations de dénomination protestante, l’une ayant une théologie libérale et l’autre conservatrice, les membres présument qu’un « bon » croyant n’est pas quelqu’un qui parle abondamment de ses motifs religieux, mais quelqu’un qui agit en fonction de ces motifs. Dans les deux cas, cette notion commune d’identité religieuse impose des limites ou même le bâillon aux discussions religieuses. Contrairement à ce que croient les sceptiques et les défenseurs de la religion sur la place publique, il est fort possible que le simple citoyen américain ne soit pas intéressé à faire intervenir la religion dans les discussions publiques.
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Codjo Jacques, HOUNDETE, ASSONGBA Yédjanlognon Faustin, YOKA Joseph, and DJEGO Julien Gaudence. "Importance de l’association de cultures face aux variabilités climatiques dans les collines au Benin." Journal of Applied Biosciences 150 (June 30, 2020): 15403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.150.3.
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Objectif : Cette étude vise à estimer les performances agronomiques de la production du mais par association à une espèce de la famille des cucurbitacaea «goussi» en vue de l’exploitation des processus écologiques. Méthodologie et résultats : les essais ont été installés en champs paysans sur un sol ferrugineux tropical dans deux (2) villages de la commune de Glazoué. Le dispositif expérimental est en blocs aléatoires complets (BAC) avec deux répétitions ou blocs. Chaque bloc est subdivisé en deux parcelles élémentaires abritant chacune un traitement. Les traitements sont du maïs en culture pure (Témoin absolu T0) et maïs en association avec goussi (Test T1). Les données climatiques, agronomiques et de rentabilité financière ont été collectées sur cette expérimentation. En matière de résultat, il ressort que l’humidité au niveau des parcelles du système de l’association de maïs et goussi est supérieure à celle des parcelles du système de culture pure de maïs et ceci durant tous les temps de collectes. Le poids des épis était le plus élevé pour l’association maïs et goussi de même que pour tous les autres paramètres (le nombre de rangées par épis, le nombre de grains par épis et le poids de 100 graines). Conclusion et application des résultats : la pratique agricole qui constitue à associer deux espèces végétales domestiquées Zea mays L. de la famille des Poaceaes et Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) de la famille des Cucurbitaceae est une des meilleures stratégies mises en place par les producteurs pour les impacts des changements climatiques. Mots clés : Mélange de culture ; variabilité climatique ; maïs-goussi ; rentabilité et Citrullus lanatus Importance of the association of crops facing climate variability in the hills in Benin ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to estimate the agronomic performance of corn production by association with a species of the cucurbitacaea family "goussi" for the exploitation of ecological processes. Methodology and results: the trials were set up in peasant fields on tropical ferruginous soil in two (2) villages in the commune of Glazoué. The experimental setup is in complete random blocks (BAC) with two repetitions or blocks. Each block is subdivided into two elementary plots, each housing a treatment. The treatments are corn in pure culture (absolute control T0) and corn in association with goussi (Test T1). Climatic, agronomic and financial profitability data were collected on this experiment. In terms of results, it appears that the humidity in the plots of the system of the association of maize and goussi is higher than that of the plots of the system of pure cultivation of corn and this during all the times of collections. The weight of the cobs was highest for the corn and goussi combination as well as for all the other parameters (the number of rows per cob, the number of grains per cob and the weight of 100 seeds). Conclusion and application of the results: the agricultural practice, which consists in associating two domesticated plant species Zea mays L. of the family Poaceae and Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) of the family Cucurbitaceae is one of the best strategies implemented by producers to the impacts of climate change. Keywords: Mixed cropping; climate variability; Maize-goussi; profitability and Citrullus lanatus
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Merkle, Denise. "Émile Zola devant la censure victorienne." TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037169ar.
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Résumé Emile Zola devant la censure victorienne — Cette étude donne un aperçu sommaire de quatre formes prises par la censure victorienne — la ligue de moralité (« National Vigilance Association »), les bibliothèques de prêt (« circulating libraries »), la justice et l'autocensure (« bowdlerism ») — et leurs effets sur la traduction des romans de Zola. Les oeuvres de ce dernier ont connu un succès de scandale et ont provoqué un débat journalistique en France, mais Zola n'a jamais été traîné en justice à cause de ses écrits. Par contre, en Angleterre, les cercles littéraires établis honnissent les traductions victoriennes de ses oeuvres et la ligne de moralité appuyée par le moraliste Stead lance une campagne de censure des traductions de Zola. L'éditeur de ces traductions, Henry Vizetelly, a dû comparaître deux fois devant les tribunaux et les deux fois il a été condamné. Non seulement il dut payer une amende et passer trois mois en prison, mais encore Nana, Piping Hot! (Pot-Bouille) et The Soil (la Terre) ont été interdits, même si ces trois traductions avaient — comme les autres — été « autocensurées » par les traducteurs et l'éditeur avant la parution. Il est dès lors évident que ce sont les idées réformatrices de Zola et le lectorat visé (petite bourgeoisie et classes populaires) qui ont motivé l'opposition des pouvoirs constitués de l'Angleterre de l'époque aux romans de Zola.