Academic literature on the topic 'Soil association maps'
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Journal articles on the topic "Soil association maps"
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Miller, B. A., S. Koszinski, M. Wehrhan, and M. Sommer. "Comparison of spatial association approaches for landscape mapping of soil organic carbon stocks." SOIL 1, no. 1 (2015): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-217-2015.
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Abstract. The distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be variable at small analysis scales, but consideration of its role in regional and global issues demands the mapping of large extents. There are many different strategies for mapping SOC, among which is to model the variables needed to calculate the SOC stock indirectly or to model the SOC stock directly. The purpose of this research is to compare direct and indirect approaches to mapping SOC stocks from rule-based, multiple linear regression models applied at the landscape scale via spatial association. The final products for both strategies are high-resolution maps of SOC stocks (kg m−2), covering an area of 122 km2, with accompanying maps of estimated error. For the direct modelling approach, the estimated error map was based on the internal error estimations from the model rules. For the indirect approach, the estimated error map was produced by spatially combining the error estimates of component models via standard error propagation equations. We compared these two strategies for mapping SOC stocks on the basis of the qualities of the resulting maps as well as the magnitude and distribution of the estimated error. The direct approach produced a map with less spatial variation than the map produced by the indirect approach. The increased spatial variation represented by the indirect approach improved R2 values for the topsoil and subsoil stocks. Although the indirect approach had a lower mean estimated error for the topsoil stock, the mean estimated error for the total SOC stock (topsoil + subsoil) was lower for the direct approach. For these reasons, we recommend the direct approach to modelling SOC stocks be considered a more conservative estimate of the SOC stocks' spatial distribution.
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Sisák, István, Mihály Kocsis, András Benő, and Gábor Várszegi. "Method development to extract spatial association structure from soil polygon maps." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 64, no. 1 (2015): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.64.1.6.
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van Zijl, George Munnik, and Christina Botha. "A pedogenetic method for land type survey disaggregation into soil association maps." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 37, no. 3 (2020): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2020.1711540.
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Miller, B. A., S. Koszinski, M. Wehrhan, and M. Sommer. "Comparison of spatial association approaches for landscape mapping of soil organic carbon stocks." SOIL Discussions 1, no. 1 (2014): 757–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-757-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be variable at small analysis scales, but consideration of its role in regional and global issues demands the mapping of large extents. There are many different strategies for mapping SOC, among which are to model the variables needed to calculate the SOC stock indirectly or to model the SOC stock directly. The purpose of this research is to compare direct and indirect approaches to mapping SOC stocks from rule-based, multiple linear regression models applied at the landscape scale via spatial association. The final products for both strategies are high-resolution maps of SOC stocks (kg m−2), covering an area of 122 km2, with accompanying maps of estimated error. For the direct modelling approach, the estimated error map was based on the internal error estimations from the model rules. For the indirect approach, the estimated error map was produced by spatially combining the error estimates of component models via standard error propagation equations. We compared these two strategies for mapping SOC stocks on the basis of the qualities of the resulting maps as well as the magnitude and distribution of the estimated error. The direct approach produced a map with less spatial variation than the map produced by the indirect approach. The increased spatial variation represented by the indirect approach improved R2 values for the topsoil and subsoil stocks. Although the indirect approach had a lower mean estimated error for the topsoil stock, the mean estimated error for the total SOC stock (topsoil + subsoil) was lower for the direct approach. For these reasons, we recommend the direct approach to modelling SOC stocks be considered a more conservative estimate of the SOC stocks' spatial distribution.
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Hossain, M. Shahadat, G. K. M. Mustafizur Rahman, M. Saiful Alam, M. Mizanur Rahman, A. R. M. Solaiman, and M. A. Baset Mia. "Modelling of soil texture and its verification with related soil properties." Soil Research 56, no. 4 (2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17252.
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Soil texture is an independent and innate soil property and other dynamic soil properties such as electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC) content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) are mostly dependent on it. An attempt was made to develop a model for numerically simulating soil texture and also to construct relationships of the developed model with other soil properties. Hypothetical data of particle size distribution and our data were used to justify and validate the newly defined indices. Scatter diagrams showed good association between the indices and hypothetical data of soil separates. Moreover, similar trends were observed between the line charts of USDA soil textural class codes and the indices. Strong correlations (r = 0.78–0.96) were found between the indices and soil separates (sand, silt and clay) for our data. However, the indices demonstrated moderate correlations (r = –0.34 to –0.55) with EC and OC of the soils. Strong nonlinear relationships were found between CEC and the three indices (R2 = 0.699, R2 = 0.732 and R2 = 0.672 (all P < 0.001). Furthermore, the variability of EC, OC and CEC within a single USDA textural class and customised textural index groups were described using the developed model. The developed indices showed excellent fitness for simulation of soil texture and demonstrated an extended applicability in terms of their relationships with soil properties related to soil texture, which will help in constructing digital soil maps.
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Hodge, TJV, and DC Lewis. "A description of acid soils and the relationships between properties of acid soils and the nutrient status of grazed pastures in the southeast of South Australia." Soil Research 27, no. 1 (1989): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890149.
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Areas of low soil pH in the south-east of South Australia were delineated by using previously submitted soil samples and soil association maps. A survey was then undertaken in the major soil associations to determine the severity and characteristics of highly acid soils. The acid soil types identified were a siliceous sand over clay (Db/Dy) and a siliceous sand over organic matter/sesquioxide pan (Uc). The top 2.5 cm of both soil types was significantly less acid than the remaining portion of the A horizon, with pH decreasing rapidly with depth until the B horizon, where a substantial soil pH increase occurred. As soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) decreased below 4.5, extractable soil aluminium (0.01 M CaCl2) increased rapidly, to a maximum extractable concentration of 17 �g g-l. These soil types were also found to be deficient in both phosphorus and potassium, with 65% of the sites having extractable phosphorus concentrations below the critical value of 20 �g g-1 and 35% below the critical value for extractable potassium of 80 �g g-l. For subterranean clover, significant positive correlations were observed between soil pH and plant calcium and sulfur, and between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium and magnesium. For ryegrass, significant positive correlations were observed between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium and manganese. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium. No other significant correlations were obtained. The results are discussed in relation to further acidification and management of these acid siliceous sands.
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Veenstra, Jessica J., and C. Lee Burras. "Effects of agriculture on the classification of Black soils in the Midwestern United States." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, no. 3 (2012): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-018.
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Veenstra, J. J. and Burras, C. L. 2012. Effects of agriculture on the classification of Black soils in the Midwestern United States. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 403–411. Soil surveys are generally treated as static documents. Many soil survey users assume that pedon data generated 30 to 50 yr ago still represents today's soil, as short-term changes in soil properties are perceived to be limited to the soil surface and thus pedologically insignificant. In this study, we re-sampled and re-analyzed 82 pedons with historical descriptions and laboratory data in Iowa, United States, to evaluate changes in soil profile properties and taxonomic classification after approximately 50 yr of agricultural land use. Using historical and current data, we classified sampled pedons using Canadian Soil Taxonomy, US Soil Taxonomy and the Food and Agriculture Association World Reference Base (FAO-WRB). Our results show that soil characteristics have changed significantly enough to change the classification. In each taxonomic system, the classification of 60% or more of the sampled pedons differed from the original. Classification of 15 to 32% of the sampled pedons changed at the Order (or equivalent) level with 11 to 33% of the pedons originally classified as Black soils – Mollisols, Chernozems or Phaeozems – no longer classified as Black soils. The change in soil classification over such a short-time period challenges the validity and usefulness of treating existing soil maps as static documents as well as traditional soil classification hierarchies.
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Saputra, Muhammad Frido, Sidharta Adyatma, and Deasy Arisanty. "Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Tanaman Durian Menggunakan Metode Matching." Jambura Geoscience Review 3, no. 1 (2021): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jgeosrev.v3i1.5652.
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Land suitability evaluation is a process of assessing the potential of land for a particular use, whether in agriculture, plantation, tourism, land conservation, or other types of use. This study aims to determine the land suitability class for durian plants in Aranio District and determine the inhibiting factors on the land using the matching method. The population in this study was 12 land units and each unit was taken 2 samples. Land units are obtained from overlay maps of landforms, slope maps, geological maps, soil association maps, and land use maps. The results showed that the land in Aranio District was included in the suitability class S2 (moderately suitable) with an area of 15069.68 hectares or 33.13%, S3 (marginally suitable) with an area of 1485.78 hectares or 3.27%, and N1 (not current suitable) with an area of 3980.03 hectares or 8.75%. The limiting factor is slope, erosion hazard, pH, soil depth, surface rock, alkaline saturation, flood hazard, phosphate, K2O, and N-Total. The villages in the Aranio sub-district are used to develop durian plants because they have land suitability classes of S2 and the use of shrubs, fields, and mixed gardens are above 50%, namely Tiwingan Baru and Tiwingan Lama villages.
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Ohana-Levi, Noa, Kyle Knipper, William P. Kustas, et al. "Using Satellite Thermal-Based Evapotranspiration Time Series for Defining Management Zones and Spatial Association to Local Attributes in a Vineyard." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (2020): 2436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152436.
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A well-planned irrigation management strategy is crucial for successful wine grape production and is highly dependent on accurate assessments of water stress. Precision irrigation practices may benefit from the quantification of within-field spatial variability and temporal patterns of evapotranspiration (ET). A spatiotemporal modeling framework is proposed to delineate the vineyard into homogeneous areas (i.e., management zones) according to their ET patterns. The dataset for this study relied on ET retrievals from multiple satellite platforms, generating estimates at high spatial (30 m) and temporal (daily) resolutions for a Vitis vinifera Pinot noir vineyard in the Central Valley of California during the growing seasons of 2015-2018. Time-series decomposition was used to deconstruct the time series of each pixel into three components: long-term trend, seasonality, and remainder, which indicates daily fluctuations. For each time-series component, a time-series clustering (TSC) algorithm was applied to partition the time series of all pixels into homogeneous groups and generate TSC maps. The TSC maps were compared for spatial similarities using the V-measure statistic. A random forest (RF) classification algorithm was used for each TSC map against six environmental variables (elevation, slope, northness, lithology, topographic wetness index, and soil type) to check for spatial association between ET-TSC maps and the local characteristics in the vineyard. Finally, the TSC maps were used as independent variables against yield (ton ha-1) using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess whether the TSC maps explained yield variability. The trend and seasonality TSC maps had a moderate spatial association (V = 0.49), while the remainder showed dissimilar spatial patterns to seasonality and trend. The RF model showed high error matrix-based prediction accuracy levels ranging between 86% and 90%. For the trend and seasonality models, the most important predictor was soil type, followed by elevation, while the remainder TSC was strongly linked with northness spatial variability. The yield levels corresponding to the two clusters in all TSC were significantly different. These findings enabled spatial quantification of ET time series at different temporal scales that may benefit within-season decision-making regarding the amounts, timing, intervals, and location of irrigation. The proposed framework may be applicable to other cases in both agricultural systems and environmental modeling.
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Scull, P., J. Franklin, O. A. Chadwick, and D. McArthur. "Predictive soil mapping: a review." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 27, no. 2 (2003): 171–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133303pp366ra.
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Predictive soil mapping (PSM) can be defined as the development of a numerical or statistical model of the relationship among environmental variables and soil properties, which is then applied to a geographic data base to create a predictive map. PSM is made possible by geocomputational technologies developed over the past few decades. For example, advances in geographic information science, digital terrain modeling, remote sensing, fuzzy logic has created a tremendous potential for improvement in the way that soil maps are produced. The State Factor soil-forming model, which was introduced to the western world by one of the early Presidents of the American Association of Geographers (C.F. Marbut), forms the theoretical basis of PSM. PSM research is being driven by a need to understand the role soil plays in the biophysical and biogeochemical functioning of the planet. Much research has been published on the subject in the last 20 years (mostly outside of geographic journals) and methods have varied widely from statistical approaches (including geostatistics) to more complex methods, such as decision tree analysis, and expert systems. A geographic perspective is needed because of the inherently geographic nature of PSM.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soil association maps"
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Eldridge, Simon Michael, and n/a. "The impact of the scale of mapping on soil map quality." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060707.102807.
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It is generally assumed that increased map precision (ie map unit homogeneity) and map
purity (map unit accuracy) should result from increasing the scale of mapping of the soil
resource, since it should enable a more intricate breakdown of the landscape into
landform facet based units. This study compared the predictive success of a 1:1 OK scale
soil association map with the 1:25K and 1:1OOK scale soil landscape maps within the
Birrigai area of the Paddy's river catchment, south west of Canberra, A.C.T. The 1:25K
and the 1:100K scale soil landscape maps were also evaluated in a second larger
evaluation area in the Paddy's river catchment which allowed more of the larger soil
landscape map units to be evaluated. The 1:25K scale soil map was produced by
another author for the A.C.T Government, and was surveyed at a substantially lower
survey intensity than that for the 1:100K and 1:10K scale soil maps (ie only 0.05
observation sites / cm2 of published map). These maps were evaluated using a set of
randomly located independent evaluation sites in each evaluation area, and from these
calculating and comparing standard Marsman & de Gruijter(1986) measures of Map
Purity.
The strength of soil-landscape relationships within this catchment were determined from
a Fixed One Way Analysis of Variance, and from more simplistic graphical
comparisons of the means and standard deviations of the discrete soil data within these
landform based map units. Soil-landscape relationships for the Nominal scale soil data
(ie class type data) were evaluated by comparing the Marsman & de Gruijter(1986)
Homogeneity index ratings among the soil map units. Intensive survey traverses were
also carried out in selected soil landscapes to further evaluate the strength of soil
landscapes present.
The results revealed obvious improvements in map quality associated with increasing
map scale from 1:100,000 to 1:10,000, and these included increases in the predictive
success (Map Purity), reductions in the extent of map unit impurities, and planning
advantages associated with having individual land facets delineated on the 1:10,000
scale map. The respectable purity ratings achieved by the 1:100,000 scale soil
landscape map (ie average purity rating of 63%) was largely attributed to the flexibility
of the "soil material" approach to soil landscape mapping. The relatively poor
performance of the 1:25K consultancy soil landscape map demonstrated the fact that;
any benefit gained from the improved intricacy in the representation of map unit
delineation's with increased mapping scale, will be drastically reduced if it is not
matched by an associated increase in the intensity of field investigations.
Evaluations of the soil-landscape relationships found that the land facets of the Paddy's
river catchment generally failed to delineate areas that were both uniform and unique in
respect of their soil properties. Soil-landscape relationships were instead found to be
quite complex, applying to only certain land facets, and in regards to only certain soil
properties. Soil maps with units based on landsurface features were recommended on
the basis of the importance of other landscape factors other than soils to land capability
ratings, as well as on the useability of such maps. This study recommended the
adoption of a " >2 detailed soil profile observations / land facet in each map unit "
mapping standard to ensure a reasonable estimate of the variability and modal soil
conditions present, as well as a reliable confirmation of the perceived soil-landscape
relationships. The error usually associated with small scale mapping was effectively
reduced by rapid ground truthing, involving driving along the major roads dissecting the
map area and making brief observations of soil exposures on road batters, despite the
bias of the road network making such mapping improvements uneven across the map.
The major point to come from this study was the re-emphasising of the point that soil
spatial variability has to be accepted as a "real landscape attribute" which needs to be
accurately described and communicated to land users, and must not be considered as
some sort of soil mapping failure. The fact that individual facets of the landscape
rarely coincide with unique pockets of uniform and unique soils and soil properties must
be considered simply an on the ground reality of nature, and not some mapping failure.
It was thought that since other landscape factors (eg hillslope gradient) most often
dominate the determination of land use suitability and capability, it is better to
effectively describe the range and modal state of the soil conditions within such facets,
then to attempt to extrapolate possible soil boundaries using geostatistical techniques
which cut across such land facets, and may or may not correlate with real groupings of
soil properties, depending on the spatial resolution of the soil variability distribution in
the landscape. Even so the results of this investigation do put the validity of the
physiographic terrain class mapping model as a predictor of soil traits under question, at
least for the more complex landscape settings.
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Karunatillake, Suniti, James J. Wray, Olivier Gasnault, et al. "The association of hydrogen with sulfur on Mars across latitudes, longitudes, and compositional extremes." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621428.
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Midlatitudinal hydrated sulfates on Mars may influence brine pH, atmospheric humidity, and collectively water activity. These factors affect the habitability of the planetary subsurface and the preservation of relict biomolecules. Regolith at grain sizes smaller than gravel, constituting the bulk of the Martian subsurface at regional scales, may be a primary repository of chemical alteration, mechanical alteration, and biosignatures. The Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer with hundreds of kilometers of lateral resolution and compositional sensitivity to decimeter depth provides unique insight into this component of the regolith, which we call soil. Advancing the globally compelling association between H2O and S established by our previous work, we characterize latitudinal variations in the association between H and S, as well as in the hydration state of soil. Represented by H2O:S molar ratios, the hydration state of candidate sulfates increases with latitude in the northern hemisphere. In contrast, hydration states generally decrease with latitude in the south. Furthermore, we observe that H2O concentration may affect the degree of sulfate hydration more than S concentration. Limited H2O availability in soil-atmosphere exchange and in subsurface recharge could explain such control exerted by H2O on salt hydration. Differences in soil thickness, ground ice table depths, atmospheric circulation, and insolation may contribute to hemispheric differences in the progression of hydration with latitude. Our observations support chemical association of H2O with S in the southern hemisphere as suggested by Karunatillake et al. (2014), including the possibility of Fe sulfates as a key mineral group.
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Clemente, Joyce S. "Soil Organic Matter Composition Impacts its Degradability and Association with Soil Minerals." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33966.
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Soil organic matter (OM) is a complex mixture of compounds, mainly derived from plants and microbes at various states of decay. It is part of the global carbon cycle and is important for maintaining soil quality. OM protection is mainly attributed to its association with minerals. However, clay minerals preferentially sorb specific OM structures, and clay sorption sites become saturated as OM concentrations increase. Therefore, it is important to examine how OM structures influence their association with soil minerals, and to characterize other protection mechanisms. Several techniques, which provide complementary information, were combined to investigate OM composition: Biomarker (lignin phenol, cutin-OH acid, and lipid) analysis, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy; and an emerging method, solution-state 1H NMR spectroscopy. OM composition of sand-, silt-, clay-size, and light fractions of Canadian soils were compared. It was found that microbial-derived and aliphatic structures accumulated in clay-size fractions, and lignin phenols in silt-size fractions may be protected from further oxidation. Therefore, OM protection through association with minerals may be structure-specific. OM in soils amended with maize leaves, stems, and roots from a biodegradation study were also examined. Over time, lignin phenol composition, and oxidation; and aliphatic structure contribution changed less in soils amended with leaves compared to soils amended with stems and roots. Compared to soils amended with leaves and stems, amendment with roots may have promoted the more efficient formation of microbial-derived OM. Therefore, plant chemistry influenced soil OM turnover. Synthetic OM-clay complexes and soil mineral fractions were used to investigate lignin protection from chemical oxidation. Coating with dodecanoic acid protected lignin from chemical oxidation, and overlying vegetation determined the relative resistance of lignin phenols in clay-size fractions from chemical oxidation. Therefore, additional protection from chemical oxidation may be attributed to OM composition and interactions between OM structures sorbed to clay minerals. Overall, these studies suggest that while association with minerals is important, OM turnover is also influenced by vegetation, and protection through association with clay minerals was modified by OM structure composition. As well, OM-OM interaction is a potential mechanism that protects soil OM from degradation.
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Gauthier, Maude. "Les unions d'artistes, qu'ossa m'fait faire? : la subjectivation des artistes à travers les pratiques de leurs associations." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4101.
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Ce mémoire explore la formation des artistes comme entrepreneurs d’eux-mêmes à travers les pratiques de leurs associations professionnelles. Le premier chapitre brosse un portrait du champ culturel québécois et y situe plus spécifiquement les associations qui font l’objet de ce mémoire. L’approche adoptée en est une de gouvernementalité et ce chapitre s’attarde aussi aux sujets constitués dans le dispositif du champ culturel. Le deuxième chapitre aborde les questions méthodologiques soulevées par l’étude : la construction d’une archive et les détails des entretiens conduits. L’archive foucaldienne a été adaptée afin d’y inclure des entretiens. L’objectif était de pouvoir analyser à la fois la subjectivation impliquée par les pratiques des associations et l’exercice du pouvoir sur soi par les artistes.
Les troisième, quatrième et cinquième chapitres rendent compte des analyses effectuées. Le troisième chapitre vise à définir l’inclusion dans les associations, c’est-à-dire quels artistes ont accès à leurs services. Avant même que les artistes puissent investir sur eux-mêmes à travers les services des associations, le processus d’adhésion implique déjà une certaine entreprise de soi. Ce chapitre jette les bases du suivant en introduisant la notion de sécurité sur le marché du travail. Le quatrième chapitre aborde plus précisément le sujet entrepreneur de soi qui investit dans sa sécurité à travers des services offerts par les associations : la formation et les caisses de sécurité. Il présente aussi le membership comme investissement en soi, qui donne accès à d’autres investissements, et explore l’inflexibilité des associations comme frein à l’entreprise de soi à travers l’idée d’expérience. Le cinquième chapitre, prenant en compte que les parcours des artistes ne sont isolés, les situe dans un contexte plus large que celui des associations. Il aborde ainsi les notions de marché, de passion et de responsabilisation. La conclusion de ce mémoire en résume le propos général et offre une réflexion épistémologique ainsi qu’une réflexion sur la position schizophrénique du sujet dans le contexte néolibéral.<br>This thesis explores the subjectification of artists as entrepreneurs of self through their professional unions’ practices. From a governmentality perspective, the first chapter of this thesis describes the cultural field in Quebec, the role played by the unions under study in this ‘dispositif’ and the formation of subjects. The second chapter addresses methodological questions : the construction of the archive and details about the interviews conducted. The foucaldian archive was adapted to incoporate interviews in order to analyse once at a time the subjectification implied through unions’ practices and the self-exercise of power by artists.
The next three chapters present the analysis. The first chapter of analysis addresses the inclusion in unions (who has access to unions’ services). Even before artists can invest in themselves through unions’ services, the membership process already implies some enterprise of self. This chapter also introduces the notion of security on the labour market. The next chapter concentrates on the subject entrepreneur of self who invests in his security through unions’ services : professional training and savings banks. It presents membership as an investment in itself, which gives access to other investments, and explores, through the idea of experience, unions’ inflexibility as curbing the enterprise of self. Since artists’ careers are not isolated, the last chapter of analysis locates them in a broader context through the notions of market, passion and responsibilization. The conclusion summarizes the thesis and offers an epistemological questioning as well as a brief discussion on the schizophrenic subject in the neoliberal context.
Books on the topic "Soil association maps"
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Staes, Nicky, Marcel Eens, Alexander Weiss, and Jeroen M. G. Stevens. Bonobo personality: Age and sex effects and links with behavior and dominance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0013.
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The study described in this chapter examines whether individual differences in six rating-based bonobo personality dimensions—assertiveness, conscientiousness, openness, attentiveness, agreeableness and extroversion—are related to sex, age, behaviours and dominance. To these ends, the study tested predictions based on previous studies of human and chimpanzee personality, and bonobo behaviour and socio-ecology. Sex and age differences in assertiveness, openness and extroversion, and correlations between these personality dimensions and behaviour were consistent with predictions. Conscientiousness showed associations with observed behaviours but requires further investigation as sex and age effects differed from those reported in humans and chimpanzees. Agreeableness and attentiveness showed few associations with age, sex and behaviours, indicating the need to further investigate validity of these factors. This chapter shows that personality dimensions in bonobos are correlated with sex, age and behaviours in ways that are consistent with what is known for bonobos and their socio-ecology. L’étude décrite dans ce chapitre examine si les différences individuelles dans six dimensions de personnalité bonobos basées sur évaluation—Affirmation de soi, Conscience, Ouverture, Attention, Agréabilité, et l’Extroversion—sont liées au sexe et l’âge et les comportements et la dominance. L’étude a testé les prédictions basées sur des études précédentes de la personnalité humaine et chimpanzé, et le comportement bonobo et la socioécologie. Les différences de sexe et d’âge dans l’Affirmation de soi, l’Ouverture et l’Extroversion et les corrélations entre ces dimensions de personnalité et de comportement étaient cohérents avec nos prédictions. La Conscience montre des associations avec les comportements observés mais a besoin plus de recherche vu que les effets du sexe et de l’âge diffèrent des effets rapportés chez les humains et les chimpanzés. L’Agréabilité et l’Attention n’avaient pas autant d’associations avec l’âge, le sexe et les comportements. Cela montre qu’il faut plus rechercher la validité de ces facteurs. Cette étude montre que les dimensions de personnalité chez les bonobos sont corrélé à l’âge, au sexe et aux comportements de manières qui sont cohérentes avec notre connaissance des bonobos et de leur socioécologie.
Book chapters on the topic "Soil association maps"
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Keefer, Robert F. "Use of Soil Surveys for Landscape Architecture." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0003.
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Modern soil survey reports, published since about 1959, have a wealth of information that could be useful for landscape architects. Characteristics of each specific soil are detailed in the text of the soil survey. Distinct kinds of soils for a specific site can be identified from the soil designation on the aerial photographs at the back of the report. Considerable specific information is provided in tables, including data on temperature, precipitation, freeze dates in spring and fall, woodland management and productivity, recreational development capabilities, wildlife habitat potentials, building site development possibilities, sanitary disposal potentials, engineering properties, value of materials for construction, water management limitations, physical and chemical properties of specific soils, and soil and water features. Modern soil survey reports consist of text, tables, soil maps, and often a glossary. These reports are available free to the public and are usually found in county extension services offices, soil conservation district offices, or state agricultural colleges. The text of a soil survey report describes the general nature of the county as to location in the state, climate, physiography, relief and drainage, geology, farming, natural resources, industries, history of settlement, and how the survey was conducted. Soil associations and individual soils are described in detail. Formation of soils is usually discussed in relation to the factors of soil formation. A glossary of terms is often provided for the nonscientific person. The whole county or counties in the report is shown on a soil association map, which is designed to be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land use. The county is divided into large areas, each of which contains an association of several soils grouped by similar management. Usually from 5 to 15 soil associations are shown with a legend describing each of the specific associations. This type of information could be used for zoning purposes, county management, or other governmental activities. Aerial photos are provided on sheets showing the location of each individual soil in the county. Comprising about half of the soil survey report, this is one of the most useful sections.
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Smith, Victoria Anne, Graham Appleby, Marek Ziebart, and Jose Rodriguez. "Twelve Years of High Frequency Absolute Gravity Measurements at the UK’s Space Geodesy Facility: Systematic Signals and Comparison with SLR Heights." In International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2021_129.
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AbstractAbsolute gravity measurements taken on a near-weekly basis at a single location is a rarity. Twelve years of data at the UK’s Space Geodesy Facility (SGF) provides evidence to show that the application of results from international comparisons of absolute gravimeters should be applied to data and are critical to the interpretation of theSGF gravity time series of data from 2007 to 2019. Though residual biases in the data are seen. The SGF time series comprises near weekly data, with exceptions for manufacturer services and participation in international instrument comparisons. Each data set comprises hourly data taken over 1 day, with between 100 and 200 drops per hour. Environmental modelling indicates that the annual groundwater variation at SGFof some 2 m influences the gravity data by 3.1 μGal, based upon some measured and estimated soil parameters. The soil parameters were also used in the calculation of the effect of an additional telescope dome, built above the gravity laboratory, and have been shown to be realistic. Sited in close proximity to the long-established satellite laser ranging (SLR) system and the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) the absolute gravimetry (AG) measurements provide a complimentary geodetic technique, which is non space-based. The SLR-derived height time series provides an independent measurement of vertical motion at the site which may be used to assess the AG results, which are impacted by ground motion as well as mass changes above and below the instruments.
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Govindu, Dayakar, Anusha Duvva, and Srinivas Podeti. "Mycorrhizae Applications in Sustainable Forestry." In Mycorrhizal Fungi - Utilization in Agriculture and Industry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94580.
Full textAbstract:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association is the most common symbiotic association of plants with microbes. AM fungi occur in the majority of natural habitats and they provide a range of important biological services, in particular by improving plant nutrition, abiotic resistance, and soil structure and fertility. AM fungi also interact with most crop varieties and forest plants. The possible benefit of AM fungi in forestry can be achieved through a combination of inoculum methods. The mycorrhizal inoculum levels in the soil and their colonization in different forest plant roots which leads to reduce the fertilizers, pathogen effects and fungicides and to protect topsoil, soil erosion, and water-logging. Currently, several reports were suggested that AM symbiosis can improve the potential for different plant species. Two steps could be used to produce high yielding of different plant biomass that would be both mycorrhizal dependency and suitability for sowing into the field with high inoculum levels Therefore, the wide-scale inoculation of AM fungi on forest trees will become economically important. The successful research is required in the area of mass production of AM fungal inoculum and AM fungi associated with roots which will contribute to sustainable forestry.
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Monson, Russell K., and Renée Mullen. "Plant Nutrient Relations." In Structure and Function of an Alpine Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117288.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Alpine soils do not generally exhibit high levels of inorganic fertility, which is the result of inadequate mineralization of organic litter, a consequence of the cool, short alpine growing season (Rehder and Schäfer 1978; Gokceoglu and Rehder 1977; Rehder 1976a, 1976b; Fisk and Schmidt 1995; chapters 11, 12). Slow mineralization rates, in turn, result in a soil that is high in organic humus, and more likely than the soil of other ecosystems, to sequester and bind inorganic nutrients, especially N and P. Accordingly, alpine plants are exposed to a difficult situation in their efforts to obtain the inorganic ions required to support growth and reproduction. In accommodating the relative infertility of alpine soils, plants rely on a number of different traits, some of which are ubiquitous and some of which are more restricted in their distribution. Biomass allocation patterns favor high root:shoot ratios, increasing the potential for nutrient absorption by the roots relative to nutrient utilization by the shoot. Nutrient-use efficiencies (biomass produced per mass of senescent nutrient) tend to be high in alpine plants due to efficient resorption prior to leaf senescence. In several alpine growth forms, strict internal controls over seasonal phenology and growth (e.g., preformed buds and strongly enforced dormancy patterns) bring growth demands for nutrients more into balance with the limited supply provided by the soil. Luxury uptake and long-term storage during pulses of high nutrient availability provide plants with a means of bridging the gap between incongruent periods of high nutrient supply and high nutrient demand. Association of fungi with the roots of some alpine plants has the potential to enhance N and P acquisition. Finally, some alpine species can overcome the limitations imposed by scarce inorganic nutrient supplies through high rates of organic nutrient assimilation. It is the aim of this chapter to further consider each of these traits, with particular emphasis on their relationship to N and P acquisition. Topics concerning soil processes and their role in controlling nutrient availability have been covered elsewhere (chapter 8) and will not be repeated. Rather, this review focuses on nutrient relations from the plant’s perspective.
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Tinker, Peter B., and Peter Nye. "Solute Transport in the Soil near Root Surfaces." In Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124927.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
We discussed in chapter 4 the movement of solute between small volumes of soil, and in chapter 5 some properties of plant roots and associated hairs, particularly the relation between the rate of uptake at the root surface and the concentration of solute in the ambient solution. In the chapters to follow, we consider the plant root in contact with the soil, and deal with their association in increasingly complex situations; first, when the root acts merely as a sink and, second, when it modifies its relations with the surrounding soil by changing its pH, excreting ions, stimulating microorganisms, or developing mycorrhizas. In this chapter, we take the simplest situation that can be studied in detail, namely, a single intact root alone in a volume of soil so large that it can be considered infinite. The essential transport processes occurring near the root surface are illustrated in figure 6.1. We have examined in chapter 3 the rapid dynamic equilibrium between solutes in the soil pore solution and those sorbed on the immediately adjacent solid surfaces. These sorbed solutes tend to buffer the soil solution against changes in concentration induced by root uptake. At the root surface, solutes are absorbed at a rate related to their concentration in the soil solution at the boundary (section 5.3.2); and the root demand coefficient, αa, is defined by the equation . . . I = 2παaCLa (6.1) . . . where I = inflow (rate of uptake per unit length), a = root radius, CLa = concentration in solution at the root surface. To calculate the inflow, we have to know CLa, and the main topic of this chapter is the relation between CLa, and the soil pore solution concentration CL. The root also absorbs water at its surface due to transpiration (chapter 2) so that the soil solution flows through the soil pores, thus carrying solutes to the root surface by mass flow (convection). Barber et al. (1962) calculated whether the nutrients in maize could be acquired solely by this process, by multiplying the composition of the soil solution by the amount of water the maize had transpired.
Conference papers on the topic "Soil association maps"
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Belbeze, Stephane, and Matthieu Hallouin. "Set Up of an Environmental Monitoring System, Shchuchye, Russia Technical Assistance." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59042.
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An intergovernmental agreement on cooperation about chemical weapon destruction was signed between France and the Russian federation on 14th February 2006 in the context of a Global Partnership dedicated to preventing catastrophic terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It came into effect on 25th April 2007 after ratification by both countries. The present demonstrated project was launched as part of this collaboration on the Shchuchye site (Russia – Kurgan Oblast). The project concerned the environmental surveillance system for the Shchuchye site required for the safe operation of the installation used to destroy chemical weapons. The aim was to implement equipments and methods of analysis for very low concentrations of pollutants in the three environmental compartments: air, water and soil. This has been achieved with the help of industry and other organizations in France (Environment/SA for supplies, INERIS and Antea Group) and Russia (ROST Association and EKROS Engineering). This system takes account of the normal operation of the installation as well as incident management. It includes 11 stationary atmospheric measuring stations constructed by Environment/SA and EKROS Engineering including ASTEK dedicated toxic gas detector: “Terminator FOV-1”, 3 mobile atmospheric measuring stations, 2 mobile soil & water measuring stations, 4 sampling cars constructed by Environment/SA and EKROS Engineering, a complete Chemical analysis laboratory which can handle ppb analysis of toxic gases, organics and minerals pollutants, an information collection center and a meteo station which can retrieve, display and archive all the datas or alarm from the stationary and mobile stations. Antea Group has provided a technical expertise and various negotiations during the negotiation phase, the project initiation files & contracts redaction, the project Monitoring and reporting to stakeholders, the REX. Up to 2009, No other site of the world uses such an innovative system. Antea Group worked on this project for 4 years. It successfully began operating in March 2009, before the start of destruction operations, after 15 months of work on the site.