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Journal articles on the topic 'Softshell'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Mahoney, Shannon M., and Peter V. Lindeman. "Relative Abundance and Diet of Spiny Softshells (Apalone spinifera) in a Lake Erie Population." Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 4 (March 29, 2017): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i4.1917.

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Populations of the Spiny Softshell (Apalone spinifera) in the Great Lakes are of conservation concern despite being secure elsewhere in their North American range. We examined the relative abundance of Spiny Softshells among the turtle fauna at Presque Isle, a peninsula on the Pennsylvania shoreline of Lake Erie. We also compared male and female diets to determine the presence of invasive Zebra and Quagga Mussels (Dreissena spp.). The Spiny Softshell was the fifth most common of six turtle species captured (2% of captures). in the peninsula’s largest bay there was a significant increase in capture rate and proportion of Spiny Softshell captures in late summer (5% of five species of turtles) compared to early summer (3% of all turtles). Recapture was considerably lower for Spiny Softshells (5%) than for four other turtle species suggesting that either its relative abundance is higher than trapping data indicate or that they are a mobile species with less habitat fidelity than other residents. Prey from fecal samples were quantified using an index of Relative importance (iRi). Males (n = 26) ate primarily unidentified insects (iRi = 59), followed by algal stalks (iRi = 35) and caddisfly larvae (iRi = 4). Females (n = 5) ate primarily algal stalks (iRi = 54), followed by crayfish (iRi = 22) and fish (iRi = 19). only two turtles, one male and one female, passedZebra and Quagga Mussels in fecal samples, thus Spiny Softshells do not appear to make significant use of these invasive molluscs.

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2

Steinberger, Markus, Bernhard Kainz, Bernhard Kerbl, Stefan Hauswiesner, Michael Kenzel, and Dieter Schmalstieg. "Softshell." ACM Transactions on Graphics 31, no. 6 (November 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2366145.2366180.

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3

Pace, Cinnamon M., Richard W. Blob, and Mark W. Westneat. "Comparative kinematics of the forelimb during swimming in red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) and spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera) turtles." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 19 (October 1, 2001): 3261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.19.3261.

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SUMMARYSoftshell turtles (Family Trionychidae) possess extensive webbing between the digits of the manus, suggesting that the forelimb may serve as an effective thrust generator during aquatic locomotion. However, the hindlimb has previously been viewed as the dominant propulsive organ in swimming freshwater turtles. To evaluate the potential role of the forelimb in thrust production during swimming in freshwater turtles, we compared the forelimb morphology and three-dimensional forelimb kinematics of a highly aquatic trionychid turtle, the spiny softshell Apalone spinifera, and a morphologically generalized emydid turtle, the red-eared slider Trachemys scripta. Spiny softshells possess nearly twice as much forelimb surface area as sliders for generating drag-based thrust. In addition, although both species use drag-based propulsion, several aspects of forelimb kinematics differ significantly between these species. During the thrust phase of the forelimb cycle, spiny softshells hold the elbow and wrist joints significantly straighter than sliders, thereby further increasing the surface area of the limb that can move water posteriorly and increasing the velocity of the distal portion of the forelimb. These aspects of swimming kinematics in softshells should increase forelimb thrust production and suggest that the forelimbs make more substantial contributions to forward thrust in softshell turtles than in sliders. Spiny softshells also restrict forelimb movements to a much narrower dorsoventral and anteroposterior range than sliders throughout the stroke, thereby helping to minimize limb movements potentially extraneous to forward thrust production. These comparisons demonstrate considerable diversity in the forelimb kinematics of turtles that swim using rowing motions of the limbs and suggest that the evolution of turtle forelimb mechanics produced a variety of contrasting solutions for aquatic specialization.

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4

Platt, Steven G., Tint Lwin, Naing Win, Htay Lin Aung, Kalyar Platt, and Thomas R. Rainwater. "An interview-based survey to determine the conservation status of Softshell Turtles (Reptilia: Trionychidae) in the Irrawaddy Dolphin Protected Area, Myanmar." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 12 (December 26, 2017): 10998. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3632.9.12.10998-11008.

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We conducted an interview-based survey to investigate the conservation status of large (adult carapace length >400mm) Softshell Turtles (Amyda ornata, Chitra vandijki, and Nilssonia formosa) in the Irrawaddy Dolphin Protected Area (IDPA) of Myanmar during November 2015. Our objectives were to: (1) determine which species of Softshell Turtles occur in IDPA, (2) assess threats to these populations, (3) evaluate the protected area as a release site for captive-bred Softshell Turtles, and (4) make conservation recommendations. To this end, we interviewed 180 people (mostly males) in 30 villages and verified the occurrence of all three species of Softshell Turtles in IDPA. Softshell Turtle populations appear to have undergone precipitous declines during the last 10–15 years largely driven by commercial demand from the illegal trans-boundary wildlife trade with China. Turtle hunting is no longer considered economically worthwhile, but Softshell Turtles continue to be taken as fisheries by-catch. We recommend that existing regulations designed to protect dolphins be enforced, and most importantly electro-fishing be eliminated from IDPA. We also urge authorities to revisit earlier proposals to reduce or eliminate the use of monofilament gill netting in IDPA. Implementation of a community-based fisheries plan to address these issues is warranted. In lieu of effective action, Softshell Turtle populations in IDPA face almost certain extirpation in the near future. IDPA is currently considered unsuitable as a release site for captive-bred Softshell Turtles.

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5

Arbi, Florensius Joko, Ari Hepi Yanti, and Riyandi Riyandi. "Habitat Characteristic of Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert,1770) in Engkelitau River Sekadau Regency, West Borneo." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 22, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v22i1.17041.

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Information about the character of softshell turtle’s habitat (Amyda cartilaginea) is needed as conservation effort and to prevent softshell turtle’s extinction. The research on habitat, morphometric holes, and environmental factors that suitable for softshell turtle is needed to be approved. The research was conducted in Engkelitau River, Sekadau, West Borneo. Sampling area was divided into 3 stations based on the type of cover between primary dryland forest, farming land and open field. Data on the softshell turtle’s number, holes and scratch marks were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The highest river slope at Station I is 60o and the lowest river slope at Station III is 42o. Substrate’s type that found in Engkelitau River consist of sandy, dusty, and muddy substrates. The number of softshell turtle’s hole in the Engkelitau River is 45 holes, consisting one hole with softshell turtle, 15 holes with scratch marks, and 29 holes not including both of them. The highest height, width and distance between holes are in Station I and both hole’s length and height from the surface as well as highest river are in Station II. The environmental factors that affected A. cartilaginea in the Engkelitau River consisted of river velocity and river’s slope with loading factors of 4.08135 and 3.94019 respectively. The characteristics of A. cartilaginea’s hole in the Engkelitau River including a pond in the hole, an air hole, and located in the middle of a riverbank. Keywords: habitat characteristics, Amyda cartilaginea, softshell turtle, Engkelitau river.

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6

Chang, J., A. A. Knowlton, and J. S. Wasser. "Expression of heat shock proteins in turtle and mammal hearts: relationship to anoxia tolerance." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): R209—R214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.1.r209.

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Heat shock proteins (HSPs) may play a cardioprotective role during hypoxia or ischemia. We hypothesized that cardiac tissue from hypoxia-tolerant animals might have high levels of specific HSPs. We measured myocardial HSP60 and HSP72/73 in painted and softshell turtles during normoxia and anoxia (12 h) and after recovery (12 or 24 h). We also measured myocardial HSPs in normoxic rats and rabbits. During normoxia, hearts from the most highly anoxia-tolerant species, the painted turtle, expressed the highest levels of HSP60 (22.6 ± 2.0 mg/g total protein) followed by softshells (11.5 ± 0.8 mg/g), rabbits (6.8 ± 0.9 mg/g), and rats (4.5 ± 0.5 mg/g). HSP72/73 levels, however, were not significantly different. HSP60 levels in hearts from both painted and softshell turtles did not deviate significantly from control values after either 12 h of anoxia or 12 or 24 h of recovery. The pattern of changes observed in HSP72/73 was quite different in the two turtle species. In painted turtles anoxia induced a significant increase in myocardial HSP72/73 (from 2.8 ± 0.1 mg/g normoxic to 3.9 ± 0.2 mg/g anoxic, P < 0.05). By 12 h of recovery, HSP72/73 had returned to control levels (2.7 ± 0.1 mg/g) and remained there through 24 h (2.6 ± 0.2 mg/g). In softshell turtles, HSP72/73 decreased significantly after 12 h of anoxia (from 2.4 ± 0.4 mg/g normoxic to 1.3 ± 0.2 mg/g anoxic, P < 0.05). HSP72/73 levels were still slightly below control after 12 h of recovery (2.1 ± 0.1 mg/g) and then rose to significantly above control after 24 h of recovery (4.1 ± 0.7 mg/g, P < 0.05). We also conclude that anoxia-tolerant and anoxia-sensitive turtles exhibit different patterns of myocardial HSP changes during anoxia and recovery. Whether these changes correlate with their relative degrees of anoxia tolerance remains to be determined.

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7

Mustafa, Hanif, Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi, Fadhilatul Ilmi, Ida Khoirunnisa, and Takrima Takrima. "Comparative Anatomy of Axial Skeleton of Red-eared Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied 1838) and Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea, Boddaert 1770)." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 2 (March 1, 2019): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v2.62.

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Red-eared turtle and softshell turtles belong Cryptodira Suborder which has a different characteristic in neck length and head movement. The aim of this study was to determine of the axial skeleton anatomical structure including vertebrae, carapace and plastron of the red-eared turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans Wied, 1838) and softshell turtles (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert, 1770) females. This research was carried out for five months starting from September 2013 to January 2014. The methods used in this study were th e X-Ray method, boiled bone and Alizarin Red S-Alcian blue staining. The result of research was analyzed descriptively comparatively by direct observation using a digital camera. Based on the results of the study the Red-eared turtle tortoise has a number of 7 cervical vertebrae, 9th vertebrae, sacral vertebrae 1 segment and vertebrae caudalis 27 segments. The anterior and posterior zygapophysis of the cervix elongate thus affecting the limited lateral movement. The thoracic center of the vertebrae adjusts the shape of the carapace. The sacralis vertebrae have 1 centrum segment extending on the lateral side attached to the carapace called the lateral pars, the caudal centrum is short and there is a shortened anterior zygapophysis structure. Whereas softshell turtles have slender and long centrums. The anterior and posterior zygapophysis are smaller and allow the softshell turtles to perform more lateral movements. Centrum vertebrae of the thorachalis have a flat shape adjusting the shape of the carapace. Sacralis vertebrae have 2 centrum and 2 lateral pars extending and meeting each other to form a hole sacralia pelvina, centrum vertebrae caudalis extends and there is a neural spinal structure. Carapace of the red-eared turtle consists of fused pieces. Whereas the carapace in the softshell turtles consists of pieces covered by cartilage. The constituent component of carapace and plastron of the red-eared turtle consists of true bones completely, while the constituent components of the carapace and plastron of softshell turtles consist of true bones and cartilage on the sides and connective between the carapace and plastron.

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8

Zhang, Zane, and Jason S. Dunham. "A Simulation Study to Evaluate Survey Designs and Assessment Models for Estimation of Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister) Softshell Periods." Open Fish Science Journal 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2016): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874401x01609010057.

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Softshell Dungeness Crabs have inferior meat quality and are vulnerable to handling by harvesters; therefore, knowing when softshell periods occur is important for managing Dungeness Crab fisheries. A computer simulation was used to study the effectiveness of several survey designs and statistical models for estimating softshell periods which normally would be construed from crab shell condition data obtained from trap surveys. Survey designs varied in the number of years of data collection (1, 3, 5 or 10 years) and by the number and arrangement of sampling events per year. Three statistical models, including standardized catch-per-unit-effort (SCPUE), hierarchical, and generalized additive, were tested using catch-per-unit-effort data (CPUEs) or CPUE- transformed data. CPUEs were standardised by dividing CPUE estimates by the maximum CPUE obtained in the sample year, and then transformed using the complementary log-log function. In the hierarchical model, CPUEs were modelled using a lognormal distribution, assuming the expected logarithms of CPUEs are a quadratic function of days plus a random normal error. CPUE-transformed data were modelled using a normal distribution, assuming expected values are a quadratic function of days in the SCPUE model or a spline smooth function of days in the generalized additive model. Results suggest the best survey design requires a relatively high number (6 or 11) of sampling events during several key consecutive months which contain the softshell period, and fewer sampling events during those months when softshell crab abundance is low. A minimum 3 years of data collection is required to produce reliable outputs. The hierarchical model performs best, slightly better than the SCPUE model. Use of the generalized additive model is not recommended.

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9

Locke, Alison, Michael Sitler, Christopher Aland, and Iris Kimura. "Long-Term Use of a Softshell Prophylactic Ankle Stabilizer on Speed, Agility, and Vertical Jump Performance." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 6, no. 3 (August 1997): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.6.3.235.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a softshell prophylactic ankle stabilizer (PAS) on performance in events involving speed, agility, and vertical jump during long-term use. The events examined were the 24.384-m sprint, 12.192-m shuttle ran, and vertical jump. Subjects were high school basketball players who were randomly assigned to either a PAS (n = 11) or a nonbraced control (n = 13) group. Results of the study revealed that the softshell PAS had no significant effect on any of the three performance events tested over a 3-month basketball season. However, there was a significant difference in 24.384-m sprint and 12.192-m shuttle run times across test sessions regardless of treatment group. In conclusion, the softshell PAS neither enhanced nor inhibited performance in activities involving speed, agility, or vertical jump during long-term use.

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10

Wagner, Richard E. "Chem Windows (Softshell International Ltd.,)." Journal of Chemical Education 68, no. 5 (May 1991): A133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed068pa133.

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11

TAKANDJANDJI, MARIANA, HENDRA GUNAWAN, and VIVIN SILVALIANDRA SIHOMBING. "Rapid assessment method for population estimation of softshell turtle (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert, 1770) and reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801)." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190136.

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Takandjandji M, Gunawan H, Sihombing VS. 2018. Rapid assessment method for population estimation of softshell turtle (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert, 1770) and reticulated python (Python reticulatus Schneider, 1801). Biodiversitas 19: 265-271. The decreasing number of soft-shell turtle and reticulated python in the wild is due to high demand of the animal in local as well as international market. The condition made the Indonesian government set particular collecting and trading quota for the reptiles, but unfortunately, it does not automatically guarantee their preservation. Current collecting practices will lead to population decline and even extinction of the species since the reptilesâ€™ population in the wild has not yet been accurately determined. The purpose of the research was to determine a rapid method of population estimation to establish a baseline for determining collecting quota for the reptiles, especially of softshell turtles and reticulated pythons. The study was conducted in East Kalimantan using the method of deep interviews of 20 respondents (exporters, fishers, traders, collectors) and 15 key respondents (government officials). The results of this survey showed that the collect reptiles were collected from the wild, since up to now, there has been no successful breeding program of reptiles. The collected reptiles were dominated by female adult softshell turtles collected from Kotabangun area which has collecting quota of 1,080/year (1/3 of the exporting quota for East Kalimantan). Softshell turtles collected from Kotabangun have bigger in stature than those found in West Java and Jakarta, and the reticulated pythons collected from Kotabangun are longer than those found in West Java and Jakarta. The number of reticulated pythons collected from Kotabangun reaches 4,800 individuals/year (1/4 of the quota set for East Kalimantan export).

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12

CONGLETON, WILLIAM R., TRACY VASSILIEV, ROBERT C. BAYER, BRYAN R. PEARCE, JENNIFER JACQUES, and CAROLYN GILLMAN. "TRENDS IN MAINE SOFTSHELL CLAM LANDINGS." Journal of Shellfish Research 25, no. 2 (August 2006): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2006)25[475:timscl]2.0.co;2.

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13

LeBlanc, Sophie, and Gilles Miron. "Bentho-pelagic distribution of early stages of softshell clams (Mya arenaria) in tidally contrasted regimes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-012.

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We examined the settlement and recruitment of the softshell clam (Mya arenaria L., 1758) in two tidally contrasted regimes in eastern Canada. The Bay of Fundy (strong tides) and the Northumberland Strait (weak tides) were used to describe the distribution of planktonic larvae and early settlers. These distributions were compared with those of juvenile and adult forms observed in the same intertidal habitats. Results showed that the abundances of planktonic stages were the same at all tidal levels except in one site of the Bay of Fundy. Early settlers varied according to a site × intertidal level interaction. Juveniles and adults also varied according to a similar interaction, most being in the upper intertidal level. Simple linear regressions demonstrated that no relationship exists between the number of planktonic larvae and the number of early settlers. The only significant relationship observed was the one between the number of juveniles (1–5 mm size class) and the number of adults in one of the Northumberland Strait sites. Our results show, through the high spatial resolution and wide range of spatial scales covered by the study, that the dominant regional tidal regime does not have an effect on the distribution of the softshell clam. Local hydrodynamic effects appear to drive the intertidal distribution of the softshell clam life-cycle stages.

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14

Cross, M. E., S. Lynch, A. Whitaker, R. M. O'Riordan, and S. C. Culloty. "The Reproductive Biology of the Softshell Clam,Mya arenaria, in Ireland, and the Possible Impacts of Climate Variability." Journal of Marine Biology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/908163.

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Little is known about the biology of the softshell clam in Europe, despite it being identified as a potential species to culture for food in the future. Monthly samples of the softshell clam,Mya arenaria, were collected intertidally from Co. Wexford, Ireland, over a period of sixteen months. The mean weight of sampled individuals was74±4.9 g and mean length was8.2±0.2 cm. Histological examination revealed a female-to-male ratio of 1 : 1.15. In 2010,M. arenariaat this site matured over the summer months, with both sexes either ripe or spawning by August. A single spawning event was recorded in 2010, completed by November. Two unusually cold winters, followed by a warmer-than-average spring, appear to have affectedM. arenariagametogenesis in this area, potentially affecting the time of spawning, fertilisation success, and recruitment of this species. No hermaphrodites were observed in the samples collected, nor were any pathogens observed. Timing of development and spawning is compared with the coasts of eastern North America and with other European coasts.

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15

Farkas, Balázs, Thomas Ziegler, Cuong The Pham, An Vinh Ong, and Uwe Fritz. "A new species of Pelodiscus from northeastern Indochina (Testudines, Trionychidae)." ZooKeys 824 (February 13, 2019): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.824.31376.

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A new, critically endangered species of softshell turtle, Pelodiscusvariegatussp. n. is described from north-central Vietnam and Hainan Island, China, distinguished by a unique set of genetic and morphological traits from all other congeners (P.axenaria, P.maackii, P.parviformis, P.sinensis, and unnamed genetic lineages). Morphologically, P.variegatus is characterized, among others, by its strong ventral ornamentation in all age classes.

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16

Xinping, Zhu, Hong Xiaoyou, Zhao Jian, Liang Jianhua, and Feng Zicheng. "Reproduction of Captive Asian Giant Softshell Turtles,Pelochelys cantorii." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 14, no. 2 (December 2015): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-1139.1.

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17

Meylan, Peter A., Rachel Schuler, and Paul Moler. "Spermatogenic Cycle of the Florida Softshell Turtle, Apalone ferox." Copeia 2002, no. 3 (August 2002): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0779:scotfs]2.0.co;2.

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18

Mclaughlin, S. M., and M. Faisal. "In vitropropagation of twoPerkinsusspecies from the softshell clamMya arenaria." Parasite 5, no. 4 (December 1998): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1998054341.

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19

Packard, Gary C., and Mary J. Packard. "Growth of embryonic softshell turtles is unaffected by uremia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 841–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-121.

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We injected eggs of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus) with solutions of urea at the midpoint of incubation to induce different levels of uremia in developing embryos. The experiment was undertaken as a test of the hypothesis that urea inhibits intermediary metabolism of embryos and thereby causes a reduction in their rates of growth. The injection protocol elicited a physiologically realistic range of uremias, but we found no evidence that metabolism or growth of embryos was impaired even at the highest levels of uremia. The most likely explanation for our results is that the uremias commonly encountered during natural incubation by embryos of this and other species of turtle are insufficient to inhibit intermediary metabolism. Thus, the influence of the hydric environment on metabolism and growth of embryonic turtles apparently is not mediated by differential rates of increase in the concentration of urea in body fluids.

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20

Le, Minh, Ha T. Duong, Long D. Dinh, Truong Q. Nguyen, Peter C. H. Pritchard, and Timothy McCormack. "A phylogeny of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae) with reference to the taxonomic status of the critically endangered, giant softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 14, no. 3 (March 6, 2014): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-014-0169-3.

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21

Chen, Qiusheng, and William V. Holt. "Extracellular vesicles in the male reproductive tract of the softshell turtle." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 9 (2021): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd20214.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles that originate from the endosomal system or are shed from the plasma membrane respectively. As mediators of cell communication, EVs are present in biological fluids and are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. The role of EVs has been extensively investigated in the mammalian male reproductive tract, but the characteristics and identification of EVs in reptiles are still largely unknown. In this review we focus our attention on EVs and their distribution in the male reproductive tract of the Chinese softshell turtle Pelodiscus sinensis, mainly discussing the potential roles of EVs in intercellular communication during different phases of the reproductive process. In softshell turtles, Sertoli–germ cell communication via multivesicular bodies can serve as a source of EVs during spermatogenesis, and these EVs interact with epithelia of the ductuli efferentes and the principal cells of the epididymal epithelium. These EVs are involved in sperm maturation, transport and storage. EVs are also shed by telocytes, which contact and exchange information with other, as well as distant interstitial cells. Overall, EVs play an indispensable role in the normal reproductive function of P. sinensis and can be used as an excellent biomarker for understanding male fertility.

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22

Bolton, R. M., S. A. Marshall, and R. J. Brooks. "Opportunistic exploitation of turtle eggs by Tripanurga importuna (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 3 (March 2008): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z07-128.

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Tripanurga importuna (Walker, 1849) is a sarcophagid fly whose larvae often occur in nests of freshwater turtles. We investigated this sarcophagid fly to determine whether it is an opportunistic scavenger or a potential predator of eggs, embryos, and hatchlings of the spiny softshell turtle ( Apalone spinifera (Lesueur, 1827)). Fly infestation of spiny softshell turtle nests can occur at any time between oviposition and hatching, but estimates based on larval size and development time, along with observations of adult fly activity, suggest that female sarcophagids deposit larvae over the nest primarily during hatching. Observed temperature variance within the turtle clutch mass and physiological and developmental differences among eggs may result in asynchronous hatching, and chemical cues associated with early hatching may attract adult flies. Egg position within the nest affects embryo hatching success independently of fly infestation while also affecting fly infestation. Tripanurga importuna is a habitat specialist able to find and develop in carrion buried in sand, but it is a food opportunist able to develop on other buried carrion as well as turtle eggs. Tripanurga importuna maggots in turtle nests preferentially scavenge necrotic tissue, including damaged turtle eggs, but will opportunistically prey upon live embryos and hatchlings under some circumstances.

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23

McLaughlin, S. M., and M. Faisal. "Histopathological alterations associated withPerkinsusspp. infection in the softshell clamMya arenaria." Parasite 5, no. 3 (September 1998): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1998053263.

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24

Dong, Caroline M., Tag N. Engstrom, and Robert C. Thomson. "Origins of softshell turtles in Hawaii with implications for conservation." Conservation Genetics 17, no. 1 (August 30, 2015): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0772-7.

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25

Barko, Valerie A., and Jeffrey T. Briggler. "Midland Smooth Softshell (Apalone mutica) and Spiny Softshell (Apalone spinifera) Turtles in the Middle Mississippi River: Habitat Associations, Population Structure, and Implications for Conservation." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5, no. 2 (December 2006): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/1071-8443(2006)5[225:mssama]2.0.co;2.

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26

Glorioso, Brad M., Allison J. Vaughn, and J. Hardin Waddle. "The Aquatic Turtle Assemblage Inhabiting a Highly Altered Landscape in Southeast Missouri." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/072010-jfwm-020.

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Abstract Turtles are linked to energetic food webs as both consumers of plants and animals and prey for many species. Turtle biomass in freshwater systems can be an order of magnitude greater than that of endotherms. Therefore, declines in freshwater turtle populations can change energy transfer in freshwater systems. Here we report on a mark–recapture study at a lake and adjacent borrow pit in a relict tract of bottomland hardwood forest in the Mississippi River floodplain in southeast Missouri, which was designed to gather baseline data, including sex ratio, size structure, and population size, density, and biomass, for the freshwater turtle population. Using a variety of capture methods, we captured seven species of freshwater turtles (snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina; red-eared slider Trachemys scripta; southern painted turtle Chrysemys dorsalis; river cooter Pseudemys concinna; false map turtle Graptemys pseudogeographica; eastern musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus; spiny softshell Apalone spinifera) comprising four families (Chelydridae, Emydidae, Kinosternidae, Trinoychidae). With the exception of red-eared sliders, nearly all individuals captured were adults. Most turtles were captured by baited hoop-nets, and this was the only capture method that caught all seven species. The unbaited fyke net was very successful in the borrow pit, but only captured four of the seven species. Basking traps and deep-water crawfish nets had minimal success. Red-eared sliders had the greatest population estimate (2,675), density (205/ha), and biomass (178 kg/ha). Two species exhibited a sex-ratio bias: snapping turtles C. serpentina in favor of males, and spiny softshells A. spinifera in favor of females.

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Iverson, J. B., and P. E. Moler. "The Female Reproductive Cycle of the Florida Softshell Turtle (Apalone ferox)." Journal of Herpetology 31, no. 3 (September 1997): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565669.

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Schaffer, Rick, and Chuck Schaffer. "China Girl's Journey: Last Chance for the Yangtze Giant Softshell Turtle." Turtle and Tortoise Newsletter 12, no. 1 (2008): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/1526-3096(2008)12[10:cgjlcf]2.0.co;2.

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Ghaffari, Hanyeh, Ertan Taskavak, and Mahmood Karami. "Conservation Status of the Euphrates Softshell Turtle, Rafetus euphraticus, in Iran." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7, no. 2 (December 2008): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-0717.1.

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Plummer, Michael V., and Caleb S. O'Neal. "Aerobic Pushups: Cutaneous Ventilation in Overwintering Smooth Softshell Turtles, Apalone mutica." Journal of Herpetology 53, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/18-038.

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31

Hamilton, Scott, and Laurie Connell. "Improved Methodology for Tracking and Genetically Identifying the Softshell ClamMya arenaria." Journal of Shellfish Research 28, no. 4 (December 2009): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.028.0402.

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32

Myrand, Bruno, Lise Chevarie, and Réjean Tremblay. "Benthic Spat Collection of Softshell Clams (Mya arenariaLinnaeus, 1758) using Mats." Journal of Shellfish Research 31, no. 1 (April 2012): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.031.0105.

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Huang, Chen-Huei, and Way-Yee Lin. "Estimation of optimal dietary methionine requirement for softshell turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis." Aquaculture 207, no. 3-4 (May 2002): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00741-4.

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34

Skelly, William A., Jennifer E. Toy, Lynn A. Darby, and David F. Stodden. "Effects of Two Specific Softshell Braces During Landing and Cutting Maneuvers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01409.

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35

Barber, Bruce J. "Effects of Gonadal Neoplasms on Oogenesis in Softshell Clams,Mya arenaria." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 67, no. 2 (March 1996): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1996.0024.

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36

Skelly, William A., Jennifer E. Toy, Lynn A. Darby, and David F. Stodden. "Effects of Two Specific Softshell Braces During Landing and Cutting Maneuvers." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01409.

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37

Ismail, Razak, Md Khir Abdullah, Noorizan Yahya, and Thiaga Gobal. "Mutilating Nose Injury by Softshell Turtle (labi-labi) Bite: A Rare Case." An International Journal Clinical Rhinology 11, no. 1 (2018): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10013-1339.

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Xiaoyou, Hong, Cai Xiaodan, Chen Chen, Liu Xiaoli, Zhao Jian, Qiu Quanbo, and Zhu Xinping. "Conservation Status of the Asian Giant Softshell Turtle (Pelochelys cantorii) in China." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 18, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-1365.1.

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39

Joyce, Walter G., Ariel Revan, Tyler R. Lyson, and Igor G. Danilov. "Two New Plastomenine Softshell Turtles from the Paleocene of Montana and Wyoming." Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 50, no. 2 (October 2009): 307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3374/014.050.0202.

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Araya, Mebrahtu T., Ahmed Siah, Dante R. Mateo, Frederick Markham, Patty McKenna, Gerry R. Johnson, and Franck C. J. Berthe. "Morphological and Molecular Effects ofVibrio splendiduson Hemocytes of Softshell Clams,Mya arenaria." Journal of Shellfish Research 28, no. 4 (December 2009): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.028.0403.

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Nakajima, Yasuhisa, Igor G. Danilov, Ren Hirayama, Teppei Sonoda, and Torsten M. Scheyer. "Morphological and histological evidence for the oldest known softshell turtles from Japan." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37, no. 2 (March 4, 2017): e1278606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1278606.

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42

St-Onge, Philippe, Gilles Miron, and Gaétan Moreau. "Burrowing behaviour of the softshell clam (Mya arenaria) following erosion and transport." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 340, no. 1 (January 2007): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2006.08.011.

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Junbo, Wang, Yu Huanling, Shen Xiaoyi, Long Zhu, Yan Shaofang, Nenkei Kodama, Hideo Aoki, and Li Yong. "Effect of chinese softshell turtle egg powder on immune functions in mice." Food and Agricultural Immunology 15, no. 3-4 (September 2003): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540100400014557.

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44

Packard, Mary J., and Gary C. Packard. "Sources of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus for embryonic softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus)." Journal of Experimental Zoology 258, no. 2 (May 1991): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402580203.

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45

Bista, Basanta, Zhiqiang Wu, Robert Literman, and Nicole Valenzuela. "Thermosensitive sex chromosome dosage compensation in ZZ/ZW softshell turtles, Apalone spinifera." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1833 (July 26, 2021): 20200101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0101.

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Sex chromosome dosage compensation (SCDC) overcomes gene-dose imbalances that disturb transcriptional networks, as when ZW females or XY males are hemizygous for Z/X genes. Mounting data from non-model organisms reveal diverse SCDC mechanisms, yet their evolution remains obscure, because most informative lineages with variable sex chromosomes are unstudied. Here, we discovered SCDC in turtles and an unprecedented thermosensitive SCDC in eukaryotes. We contrasted RNA-seq expression of Z-genes, their autosomal orthologues, and control autosomal genes in Apalone spinifera (ZZ/ZW) and Chrysemys picta turtles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) (proxy for ancestral expression). This approach disentangled chromosomal context effects on Z-linked and autosomal expression, from lineage effects owing to selection or drift. Embryonic Apalone SCDC is tissue- and age-dependent, regulated gene-by-gene, complete in females via Z-upregulation in both sexes (Type IV) but partial and environmentally plastic via Z-downregulation in males (accentuated at colder temperature), present in female hatchlings and a weakly suggestive in adult liver (Type I). Results indicate that embryonic SCDC evolved with/after sex chromosomes in Apalone 's family Tryonichidae, while co-opting Z-gene upregulation present in the TSD ancestor. Notably, Apalone 's SCDC resembles pygmy snake's, and differs from the full-SCDC of Anolis lizards who share homologous sex chromosomes (XY), advancing our understanding of how XX/XY and ZZ/ZW systems compensate gene-dose imbalance. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.

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46

Oktaviani, Dian, Noviar Andayani, Mirza Dikari Kusrini, and Duto Nugroho. "IDENTIFIKASI DAN DISTRIBUSI JENIS LABI-LABI (FAMILI: TRIONYCHIDAE) DI SUMATERA SELATAN." Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 14, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jppi.14.2.2008.145-157.

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Labi-labi (Testudines; Trionychidae) merupakan kelompok kura-kura air tawar. Sumatera Selatan sebagai salah satu daerah yang mempunyai potensi sumber daya ikan yang secara nyata berkontribusi dalam mengeksploitasi labi-labi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara intensif dan regular pada periode bulan Pebruari 2006 sampai dengan Pebruari 2007 yang berlokasi di Sumatera Selatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi jenis Trionychidae dan menggambarkan distribusi di Sumatera Selatan. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei lapang dan wawancara dengan penampung lokal di Palembang, Sumatera Selatan. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa terdapat 3 jenis Trionychidae yang ada di Sumatera Selatan, yaitu Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert 1770, Dogania subplana Geoffroy 1809, dan Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864. Jenis yang mendominasi dalam hal jumlah adalah A. cartilaginea (84,28%) serta sekaligus sebagai jenis yang distribusi paling luas. Softshell turtles (Testudines; Trionychidae), known locally as labi-labi is the group of freshwater turtles. As one of the potential area of inland water fishery resources, South Sumatera plays an significant role in terms of their abundance and contribution as well to softshell turtles exploitation in Indonesia. To support the long term management technique for one of the threathened species, a one year intensive and regular observations were made during the period between February 2006 to February 2007. The study was carried out through field measurement survey and interview with the local collectors at Palembang. The aim of the study was to describe the Trionychidae species and its geographical distribution in South Sumatera. The results indicated that there were 3 species of Trionychidae occured at South Sumatera consist of Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert 1770, Dogania subplana Geoffroy 1809, and Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864. The predominant species in volume was A. cartilaginea (84.28%) and so was its distribution.

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NG, TING HUI, and KELVIN K. P. LIM. "INTRODUCED AQUATIC HERPETOFAUNA OF SINGAPORE'S RESERVOIRS." COSMOS 06, no. 01 (August 2010): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607710000516.

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Sixteen species of introduced or alien aquatic amphibians and reptiles have been recorded from Singapore's Public Utilities Board reservoirs. Their presence in the wild state is largely due to members of the public abandoning their pets, or releasing animals to gain spiritual merit (fang sheng). The ban imposed by the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority on the sale of most species of amphibians and reptiles will probably help to restrict the diversity of alien animal species in Singapore. However, the continued availability of hatchling red-eared terrapins in pet shops and live Chinese softshell turtles and American bullfrogs in markets does little to reduce the presence of these three alien species in local water bodies.

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Feltz, Jeremiah, and Jeff Tamplin. "Effect of Substrate on Selected Temperature in Juvenile Spiny Softshell Turtles (Apalone spinifera)." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 6, no. 2 (2007): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/1071-8443(2007)6[177:eosost]2.0.co;2.

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49

Jensen, Karen A., and Indraneil Das. "Dietary Observations on the Asian Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea) from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7, no. 1 (August 2008): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-0659.1.

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Thomson, Elsie, and Damon P. Gannon. "Influence of Sediment Type on Antipredator Response of the Softshell Clam,Mya arenaria." Northeastern Naturalist 20, no. 3 (September 2013): 498–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.020.0314.

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