Relevant bibliographies by topics / Softshell

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Softshell'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Softshell"

1

Mahoney, Shannon M., and Peter V. Lindeman. "Relative Abundance and Diet of Spiny Softshells (Apalone spinifera) in a Lake Erie Population." Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 4 (March 29, 2017): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i4.1917.

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Populations of the Spiny Softshell (Apalone spinifera) in the Great Lakes are of conservation concern despite being secure elsewhere in their North American range. We examined the relative abundance of Spiny Softshells among the turtle fauna at Presque Isle, a peninsula on the Pennsylvania shoreline of Lake Erie. We also compared male and female diets to determine the presence of invasive Zebra and Quagga Mussels (Dreissena spp.). The Spiny Softshell was the fifth most common of six turtle species captured (2% of captures). in the peninsula’s largest bay there was a significant increase in capture rate and proportion of Spiny Softshell captures in late summer (5% of five species of turtles) compared to early summer (3% of all turtles). Recapture was considerably lower for Spiny Softshells (5%) than for four other turtle species suggesting that either its relative abundance is higher than trapping data indicate or that they are a mobile species with less habitat fidelity than other residents. Prey from fecal samples were quantified using an index of Relative importance (iRi). Males (n = 26) ate primarily unidentified insects (iRi = 59), followed by algal stalks (iRi = 35) and caddisfly larvae (iRi = 4). Females (n = 5) ate primarily algal stalks (iRi = 54), followed by crayfish (iRi = 22) and fish (iRi = 19). only two turtles, one male and one female, passedZebra and Quagga Mussels in fecal samples, thus Spiny Softshells do not appear to make significant use of these invasive molluscs.
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Steinberger, Markus, Bernhard Kainz, Bernhard Kerbl, Stefan Hauswiesner, Michael Kenzel, and Dieter Schmalstieg. "Softshell." ACM Transactions on Graphics 31, no. 6 (November 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2366145.2366180.

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Pace, Cinnamon M., Richard W. Blob, and Mark W. Westneat. "Comparative kinematics of the forelimb during swimming in red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) and spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera) turtles." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 19 (October 1, 2001): 3261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.19.3261.

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SUMMARYSoftshell turtles (Family Trionychidae) possess extensive webbing between the digits of the manus, suggesting that the forelimb may serve as an effective thrust generator during aquatic locomotion. However, the hindlimb has previously been viewed as the dominant propulsive organ in swimming freshwater turtles. To evaluate the potential role of the forelimb in thrust production during swimming in freshwater turtles, we compared the forelimb morphology and three-dimensional forelimb kinematics of a highly aquatic trionychid turtle, the spiny softshell Apalone spinifera, and a morphologically generalized emydid turtle, the red-eared slider Trachemys scripta. Spiny softshells possess nearly twice as much forelimb surface area as sliders for generating drag-based thrust. In addition, although both species use drag-based propulsion, several aspects of forelimb kinematics differ significantly between these species. During the thrust phase of the forelimb cycle, spiny softshells hold the elbow and wrist joints significantly straighter than sliders, thereby further increasing the surface area of the limb that can move water posteriorly and increasing the velocity of the distal portion of the forelimb. These aspects of swimming kinematics in softshells should increase forelimb thrust production and suggest that the forelimbs make more substantial contributions to forward thrust in softshell turtles than in sliders. Spiny softshells also restrict forelimb movements to a much narrower dorsoventral and anteroposterior range than sliders throughout the stroke, thereby helping to minimize limb movements potentially extraneous to forward thrust production. These comparisons demonstrate considerable diversity in the forelimb kinematics of turtles that swim using rowing motions of the limbs and suggest that the evolution of turtle forelimb mechanics produced a variety of contrasting solutions for aquatic specialization.
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Platt, Steven G., Tint Lwin, Naing Win, Htay Lin Aung, Kalyar Platt, and Thomas R. Rainwater. "An interview-based survey to determine the conservation status of Softshell Turtles (Reptilia: Trionychidae) in the Irrawaddy Dolphin Protected Area, Myanmar." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 12 (December 26, 2017): 10998. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3632.9.12.10998-11008.

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We conducted an interview-based survey to investigate the conservation status of large (adult carapace length >400mm) Softshell Turtles (Amyda ornata, Chitra vandijki, and Nilssonia formosa) in the Irrawaddy Dolphin Protected Area (IDPA) of Myanmar during November 2015. Our objectives were to: (1) determine which species of Softshell Turtles occur in IDPA, (2) assess threats to these populations, (3) evaluate the protected area as a release site for captive-bred Softshell Turtles, and (4) make conservation recommendations. To this end, we interviewed 180 people (mostly males) in 30 villages and verified the occurrence of all three species of Softshell Turtles in IDPA. Softshell Turtle populations appear to have undergone precipitous declines during the last 10–15 years largely driven by commercial demand from the illegal trans-boundary wildlife trade with China. Turtle hunting is no longer considered economically worthwhile, but Softshell Turtles continue to be taken as fisheries by-catch. We recommend that existing regulations designed to protect dolphins be enforced, and most importantly electro-fishing be eliminated from IDPA. We also urge authorities to revisit earlier proposals to reduce or eliminate the use of monofilament gill netting in IDPA. Implementation of a community-based fisheries plan to address these issues is warranted. In lieu of effective action, Softshell Turtle populations in IDPA face almost certain extirpation in the near future. IDPA is currently considered unsuitable as a release site for captive-bred Softshell Turtles.
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Arbi, Florensius Joko, Ari Hepi Yanti, and Riyandi Riyandi. "Habitat Characteristic of Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert,1770) in Engkelitau River Sekadau Regency, West Borneo." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 22, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v22i1.17041.

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Information about the character of softshell turtle’s habitat (Amyda cartilaginea) is needed as conservation effort and to prevent softshell turtle’s extinction. The research on habitat, morphometric holes, and environmental factors that suitable for softshell turtle is needed to be approved. The research was conducted in Engkelitau River, Sekadau, West Borneo. Sampling area was divided into 3 stations based on the type of cover between primary dryland forest, farming land and open field. Data on the softshell turtle’s number, holes and scratch marks were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The highest river slope at Station I is 60o and the lowest river slope at Station III is 42o. Substrate’s type that found in Engkelitau River consist of sandy, dusty, and muddy substrates. The number of softshell turtle’s hole in the Engkelitau River is 45 holes, consisting one hole with softshell turtle, 15 holes with scratch marks, and 29 holes not including both of them. The highest height, width and distance between holes are in Station I and both hole’s length and height from the surface as well as highest river are in Station II. The environmental factors that affected A. cartilaginea in the Engkelitau River consisted of river velocity and river’s slope with loading factors of 4.08135 and 3.94019 respectively. The characteristics of A. cartilaginea’s hole in the Engkelitau River including a pond in the hole, an air hole, and located in the middle of a riverbank. Keywords: habitat characteristics, Amyda cartilaginea, softshell turtle, Engkelitau river.
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Chang, J., A. A. Knowlton, and J. S. Wasser. "Expression of heat shock proteins in turtle and mammal hearts: relationship to anoxia tolerance." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): R209—R214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.1.r209.

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Heat shock proteins (HSPs) may play a cardioprotective role during hypoxia or ischemia. We hypothesized that cardiac tissue from hypoxia-tolerant animals might have high levels of specific HSPs. We measured myocardial HSP60 and HSP72/73 in painted and softshell turtles during normoxia and anoxia (12 h) and after recovery (12 or 24 h). We also measured myocardial HSPs in normoxic rats and rabbits. During normoxia, hearts from the most highly anoxia-tolerant species, the painted turtle, expressed the highest levels of HSP60 (22.6 ± 2.0 mg/g total protein) followed by softshells (11.5 ± 0.8 mg/g), rabbits (6.8 ± 0.9 mg/g), and rats (4.5 ± 0.5 mg/g). HSP72/73 levels, however, were not significantly different. HSP60 levels in hearts from both painted and softshell turtles did not deviate significantly from control values after either 12 h of anoxia or 12 or 24 h of recovery. The pattern of changes observed in HSP72/73 was quite different in the two turtle species. In painted turtles anoxia induced a significant increase in myocardial HSP72/73 (from 2.8 ± 0.1 mg/g normoxic to 3.9 ± 0.2 mg/g anoxic, P < 0.05). By 12 h of recovery, HSP72/73 had returned to control levels (2.7 ± 0.1 mg/g) and remained there through 24 h (2.6 ± 0.2 mg/g). In softshell turtles, HSP72/73 decreased significantly after 12 h of anoxia (from 2.4 ± 0.4 mg/g normoxic to 1.3 ± 0.2 mg/g anoxic, P < 0.05). HSP72/73 levels were still slightly below control after 12 h of recovery (2.1 ± 0.1 mg/g) and then rose to significantly above control after 24 h of recovery (4.1 ± 0.7 mg/g, P < 0.05). We also conclude that anoxia-tolerant and anoxia-sensitive turtles exhibit different patterns of myocardial HSP changes during anoxia and recovery. Whether these changes correlate with their relative degrees of anoxia tolerance remains to be determined.
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Mustafa, Hanif, Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi, Fadhilatul Ilmi, Ida Khoirunnisa, and Takrima Takrima. "Comparative Anatomy of Axial Skeleton of Red-eared Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied 1838) and Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea, Boddaert 1770)." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 2 (March 1, 2019): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v2.62.

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Red-eared turtle and softshell turtles belong Cryptodira Suborder which has a different characteristic in neck length and head movement. The aim of this study was to determine of the axial skeleton anatomical structure including vertebrae, carapace and plastron of the red-eared turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans Wied, 1838) and softshell turtles (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert, 1770) females. This research was carried out for five months starting from September 2013 to January 2014. The methods used in this study were th e X-Ray method, boiled bone and Alizarin Red S-Alcian blue staining. The result of research was analyzed descriptively comparatively by direct observation using a digital camera. Based on the results of the study the Red-eared turtle tortoise has a number of 7 cervical vertebrae, 9th vertebrae, sacral vertebrae 1 segment and vertebrae caudalis 27 segments. The anterior and posterior zygapophysis of the cervix elongate thus affecting the limited lateral movement. The thoracic center of the vertebrae adjusts the shape of the carapace. The sacralis vertebrae have 1 centrum segment extending on the lateral side attached to the carapace called the lateral pars, the caudal centrum is short and there is a shortened anterior zygapophysis structure. Whereas softshell turtles have slender and long centrums. The anterior and posterior zygapophysis are smaller and allow the softshell turtles to perform more lateral movements. Centrum vertebrae of the thorachalis have a flat shape adjusting the shape of the carapace. Sacralis vertebrae have 2 centrum and 2 lateral pars extending and meeting each other to form a hole sacralia pelvina, centrum vertebrae caudalis extends and there is a neural spinal structure. Carapace of the red-eared turtle consists of fused pieces. Whereas the carapace in the softshell turtles consists of pieces covered by cartilage. The constituent component of carapace and plastron of the red-eared turtle consists of true bones completely, while the constituent components of the carapace and plastron of softshell turtles consist of true bones and cartilage on the sides and connective between the carapace and plastron.
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Zhang, Zane, and Jason S. Dunham. "A Simulation Study to Evaluate Survey Designs and Assessment Models for Estimation of Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister) Softshell Periods." Open Fish Science Journal 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2016): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874401x01609010057.

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Softshell Dungeness Crabs have inferior meat quality and are vulnerable to handling by harvesters; therefore, knowing when softshell periods occur is important for managing Dungeness Crab fisheries. A computer simulation was used to study the effectiveness of several survey designs and statistical models for estimating softshell periods which normally would be construed from crab shell condition data obtained from trap surveys. Survey designs varied in the number of years of data collection (1, 3, 5 or 10 years) and by the number and arrangement of sampling events per year. Three statistical models, including standardized catch-per-unit-effort (SCPUE), hierarchical, and generalized additive, were tested using catch-per-unit-effort data (CPUEs) or CPUE- transformed data. CPUEs were standardised by dividing CPUE estimates by the maximum CPUE obtained in the sample year, and then transformed using the complementary log-log function. In the hierarchical model, CPUEs were modelled using a lognormal distribution, assuming the expected logarithms of CPUEs are a quadratic function of days plus a random normal error. CPUE-transformed data were modelled using a normal distribution, assuming expected values are a quadratic function of days in the SCPUE model or a spline smooth function of days in the generalized additive model. Results suggest the best survey design requires a relatively high number (6 or 11) of sampling events during several key consecutive months which contain the softshell period, and fewer sampling events during those months when softshell crab abundance is low. A minimum 3 years of data collection is required to produce reliable outputs. The hierarchical model performs best, slightly better than the SCPUE model. Use of the generalized additive model is not recommended.
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Locke, Alison, Michael Sitler, Christopher Aland, and Iris Kimura. "Long-Term Use of a Softshell Prophylactic Ankle Stabilizer on Speed, Agility, and Vertical Jump Performance." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 6, no. 3 (August 1997): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.6.3.235.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a softshell prophylactic ankle stabilizer (PAS) on performance in events involving speed, agility, and vertical jump during long-term use. The events examined were the 24.384-m sprint, 12.192-m shuttle ran, and vertical jump. Subjects were high school basketball players who were randomly assigned to either a PAS (n = 11) or a nonbraced control (n = 13) group. Results of the study revealed that the softshell PAS had no significant effect on any of the three performance events tested over a 3-month basketball season. However, there was a significant difference in 24.384-m sprint and 12.192-m shuttle run times across test sessions regardless of treatment group. In conclusion, the softshell PAS neither enhanced nor inhibited performance in activities involving speed, agility, or vertical jump during long-term use.
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Wagner, Richard E. "Chem Windows (Softshell International Ltd.,)." Journal of Chemical Education 68, no. 5 (May 1991): A133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed068pa133.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Softshell"

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Strasser, Carly Ann. "Metapopulation dynamics of the softshell clam, Mya arenaria." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43818.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Biological Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008.
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In this dissertation, I explored metapopulation dynamics and population connectivity, with a focus on the softshell clam, Mya arenaria. I first worked towards developing a method for using elemental signatures retained in the larval shell as a tag of natal habitat. I designed and implemented an experiment to determine whether existing methods commonly used for fishes would be applicable to bivalves. I found that the instrumentation and setup I used were not able to isolate and measure the first larval shell of M. arenaria. In concert with developing this method for bivalves, I reared larval M. arenaria in the laboratory under controlled conditions to understand the environmental and biological factors that may influence elemental signatures in shell. My results show that growth rate and age have significant effects on juvenile shell composition, and that temperature and salinity affect larval and juvenile shell composition in variable ways depending on the element evaluated. I also examined the regional patterns of diversity over the current distribution of M. arenaria using the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase I (COI). I found minimal variability across all populations sampled, suggesting a recent population expansion in the Northwest Atlantic. Finally, I employed theoretical approaches to understand patch dynamics in a two-patch metapopulation when one patch is of high quality and the other low quality. I developed a matrix metapopulation model and compared growth rate elasticity to patch parameters under variable migration scenarios. I then expanded the model to include stochastic disturbance. I found that in many cases, the spatial distribution of individuals within the metapopulation affects whether growth rate is most elastic to parameters in the good or bad patch.
by Carly A. Strasser.
Ph.D.
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2

Vassiliev, Tracy Nason. "Larval Recruitment of Mya arenaria L. (Softshell Clams) in Eastern and Southern Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/VassilievTN2006.pdf.

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Engstrom, Tag Nicholas. "Molecular studies of phylogenetics, ecology and conservation of softshell turtles (family Trionychidae) and Amazon River turtles (Podocnemis unifilis) /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Hamilton, Scott A. "Investigating Saxitoxin Resistance in Softshell Clams (Mya arenaria): Patterns of Inheritance and Improvements on Methodology for Tracking and Identification." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/HamiltonSA2009.pdf.

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Bernacki, Lucas Edward. "The Molecular Evolution of Non-Coding DNA and Population Ecology of the Spiny Softshell Turtle (Apalone spinifera) in Lake Champlain." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/289.

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ABSTRACT Spiny softshell turtles (Apalone spinifera) occur at the northwest limit of their range in Lake Champlain. This species, although widespread across North America, is listed as threatened in Vermont due to habitat destruction and disturbances of anthropogenic origin. The population of spiny softshell turtles in Lake Champlain is isolated from other North American populations and is considered as an independent management unit. Efforts to obtain information on the biology of spiny softshell turtles in Lake Champlain precede 1936 with conservation measures being initiated in 1987. Methods of studying spiny softshell turtles in Lake Champlain have included direct observation, mark-recapture, nest beach monitoring, winter diving, and radio telemetry. Each of these approaches has provided some information to the sum of what is known about A. spinifera in Lake Champlain. For example major nesting beaches, hibernacula, and home range size have been determined. Currently spiny softshell turtles primarily inhabit two areas within Lake Champlain, Missisquoi Bay and the mouth of the Lamoille River. However, the population structure and gene flow between spiny softshell turtles inhabiting the Lamoille and Missisquoi regions remained unknown. A GIS model was created and tested in order to identify additional nesting beaches used by spiny softshell turtles along the Vermont shores of Lake Champlain. Although some additional small potential nesting beaches were found, no additional major nesting sites were found. The GIS model identified the mouth of the Winooski River (the site of a historical population) as potentially suitable nesting habitat; however, no evidence of spiny softshell turtle nesting was found at this site. A series of methods developed for collecting molecular and population genetic data about spiny softshell turtles in Lake Champlain are described, including techniques for DNA extraction of various tissue types and the design of new primers for PCR amplification and sequencing of the mitochondrial control region (mtD-loop). Techniques for circumventing problems associated with DNA sequence alignment in regions of a variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and the presence of heteroplasmy within some individuals are also described. The mtD-loop was found to be a suitable marker to assess the genetic structure of the Lake Champlain population of spiny softshell turtles. No significant genetic sub-structuring was found (FST=0.082, p=0.223) and an indirect estimate of the migration rate between Lamoille and Missisquoi regions of Lake Champlain was high (Nm>5.576). In addition to consideration of A. spinifera in Lake Champlain, the mtD-loop was modeled across 46 species in 14 families of extant turtles. The primary structure was obtained from DNA sequences accessed from GenBank and secondary structures of the mtD-loop were inferred, (from thermal stabilities) using the program Mfold, for each superfamiliy of turtles. Both primary and secondary structures were found to be highly variable across the order of turtles; however, the inclusion of an AT-rich fold (secondary structure) near the 3' terminus of the mtD-loop was common across all turtle families considered. The Cryptodira showed conservation in the primary structure at regular conserved sequence blocks (CSBs), but the Pluerodira displayed little conservation in the primary structure of the mtD-loop. Overall, greater conservation in secondary structure than primary structure was observed in turtle mtD-loop. The AT-rich secondary structural element near the 3' terminus of the mtD-loop may be conserved across turtles due to it serving a functional role during mtDNA transcription.
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Phillips, Jennifer Michelle. "Population genetic structure of softshell clams (Mya arenaria) with regard to a saxitoxin-resistant mutation and neutral genetic markers in the Gulf of Maine." Thesis, The University of Maine, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10300292.

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The softshell clam, Mya arenaria, is a commercially important bivalve species that is found in soft-bottom intertidal habitats throughout the Gulf of Maine, USA. This species is subjected to seasonal blooms of the toxic algae Alexandrium spp., and acts as a vector for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) during harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. Some clams possess a naturally occurring genetic mutation of their voltage-gated sodium channels that grants them a resistance to the paralytic effects of saxitoxin (STX) produced by Alexandrium spp. The mutation allows these individuals to continue feeding during HABs, and greatly increases their tissue toxicity through bioaccumulation. This work describes the distribution of the resistant mutation in wild clam populations in the Gulf of Maine, and explores the population structure of M. arenaria with regard to the mutation, as well as neutral genetic markers. Analysis of neutral markers revealed no significant population structure within the Gulf of Maine, however M arenaria does exhibit strong localized structure at the STX-resistant mutation locus. This structure is sustained by differential selective pressure exerted by Alexandrium spp. blooms, despite freely occurring gene flow among clam populations. In Penobscot Bay, one area where the prevalence of the resistant mutation did not match the strength of selective pressure, it is likely that the resistant allele is maintained by gene flow through larval transport from other regions, rather than by seeding of hatchery stock carrying the mutation. This work can aid PSP monitoring efforts by identifying areas where risk is greatest to humans due to high numbers of resistant clams. In addition, distinguishing areas where one genotype is clearly favored over the others may be of interest to seeding programs trying to ensure that their stock is well-suited for the location to which they will be transplanted.

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Šimková, Denisa. "Podnikatelský plán." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442996.

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The diploma thesis deals with the creation of a business plan for the establishment of a company with hand-sewn clothing in Brno. The first part of the thesis defines the theoretical basis, which relate to business, business plan and selected methods of strategic analysis. The content of the second part is a strategic analysis of the external and internal environment of the planned company and evaluation of the situation on the market based on the results of the primary marketing survey. The last part of the thesis deals with the business plan and its partial parts.
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Kelley, Melissa L. "Mya arenaria (softshell clam) gonadal tumor formation : identification and characterization of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and its possible role in tumorgenesis /." 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/theses.asp?Cmd=abstract&ID=BMB2001-002.

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Liao, Lin-Yan, and 廖林彥. "The effects of dietary protein levels on growth and body composition of the Chinese softshell turtle (trionyx sinensis) at an optimal temperature and a restoration of temperature after temperature reduction." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12059021135439733926.

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碩士
國立海洋大學
水產養殖學系
87
The purpose of the experimentⅠwas conducted to investigate the optimum dietary protein level of juvenile Trionyx sinensis. Whole body of juvenile T. sinensis was used as reference protein, white fish meal, meat and bone meal and soybean meal were found to be good protein ingredients with respective EAAI values of 0.93, 0.97 and 0.91. A mixture of 50% white fish meal, 15% meat and bone meal and 35% soybean meal were formulated as the experiment basal protein source. Six isoenergetic experimental diets (350kcal/100g) containing 20% to 45% protein were fed to triplicate groups of 10 softshell turtles (initial weight: 5.88±0.07g) for 8 weeks. The water temperature was maintain at 28±2℃. Weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate and feed efficiency were generally increased with dietary protein level and the highest group was fed the diet containing 45% protein. Significant lower values of protein efficiency ratio were found on groups fed dietary protein levels lower than 30%. Softshell turtle fed a higher-protein diet exhibited a higher whole body protein content. Whereas, softshell turtle fed a lower-protein diet exhibited a higher whole body lipid and ash content. The dietary protein level for maximum growth was 44.5% based on the broken-line model estimation of weight gain. The object of the experiment Ⅱ was to investigate the effect of refeeding softshell turtles with different dietary protein levels on the growth and body composition after temperature reduction. After ten weeks of feeding 20-45% dietary protein at 28℃, water temperature was reduced to 15℃ at a rate of 1℃/6hrs. These experimental groups of turtles were held at 15℃ for three weeks before water temperature was elevated back to 28℃ also at 1℃/6hrs. Refeeding began at restoration of temperature to 28℃ for another 3 weeks. The control groups were fed the same diets in correspondence to each of the half of the experimental groups except that they were maintained at 28℃ and fed the corresponding diets throughout the whole experiment . All the triplicated samples were taken at initial (0), 21 and 42 days of the experiment weight loss of softshell turtles were not significant among the six dietary protein levels after 3 weeks of treatment at 15℃ and the values were between 8.20-13.08%. The compensatory growth rate increased with increasing dietary protein levels, and highest value was 16.01% found on the group fed a 45%. Body protein, body fat, hepatolipid and glycogen of T. Sinensis were all significantly decreased after 3 weeks of exposure at 15℃; however, these values expect body fat went back to the values before the onset of temperature reduction after 3 weeks of refeeding at 28℃. The percent of ash body content were significant higher in the samples at 15℃ than those at 28℃ either before or after 15℃ treatment. The percentage of body protein increased whole those of ash and hepatolipid decreased with increasing dietary protein level after 3 weeks of refeeding at 28℃.
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Books on the topic "Softshell"

1

Gillingwater, Scott D. Stewardship of the spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera spinifera). London, ON: Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, 2004.

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2

épines, Québec (Province) Equipe de rétablissement de la tortue-molle à. Plan d'intervention sur la tortue-molle à épines (Apalone spinifera spinifera) au Québec. Québec: Ministère de l'environnement et de la faune, 1997.

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3

Newell, Carter R. Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fish and invertebrates (North Atlantic) : softshell clam. Washington, DC: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1986.

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Abraham, Barbara J. Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic) : softshell clam. Washington, DC: The Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1986.

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Hendricks, P. Amphibian and reptile survey of the Bureau of Land Management Miles City District, Montana. Helena, Mont: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1999.

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Blomquist, Christopher. Spiny Soft-Shell Turtles (The Library of Turtles and Tortoises). PowerKids Press, 2004.

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7

Edelstein, Ludwig. Ancient Medicine: Selected Papers of Ludwig Edelstein (Softshell Books). The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.

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Hughes, Thomas Parke. Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930 (Softshell Books). The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

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A History of Economic Theory: Classic Contributions, 1720-1980 (Softshell Books). The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

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Effects of a semirigid and a softshell prophylactic ankle stabilizer on performance. 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Softshell"

1

Auliya, Mark, Peter Paul van Dijk, Edward Moll, and Peter Meylan. "Amyda cartilaginea (Boddaert 1770) – Asiatic Softshell Turtle, Southeast Asian Softshell Turtle." In Chelonian Research Monographs. Chelonian Research Foundation, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3854/crm.5.092.cartilaginea.v1.2016.

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Das, Indraneil, Shashwat Sirsi, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, and B. H. C. K. Murthy. "Nilssonia leithii (Gray 1872) – Leith’s Softshell Turtle." In Chelonian Research Monographs, 075.1–075.5. Chelonian Research Foundation, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3854/crm.5.075.leithii.v1.2014.

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Das, Indraneil. "Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864 – Asian Giant Softshell Turtle." In Chelonian Research Monographs, 011.1–011.6. Chelonian Research Foundation, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3854/crm.5.011.cantorii.v1.2008.

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Das, Indraneil, and Shailendra Singh. "Chitra indica (Gray 1830) – Narrow-Headed Softshell Turtle." In Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises, 027.1–027.7. Chelonian Research Foundation, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3854/crm.5.027.indica.v1.2009.

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Das, Indraneil, Dhruvajyoti Basu, and Shailendra Singh. "Nilssonia hurum (Gray 1830) – Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle." In Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises, 048.1–048.6. Chelonian Research Foundation, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3854/crm.5.048.hurum.v1.2010.

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Cerdá-Ardura, Adrián, Francisco Soberón-Mobarak, Suzanne McGaugh, and Richard Vogt. "Apalone spinifera atra (Webb and Legler 1960) – Black Spiny Softshell Turtle, Cuatrociénegas Softshell, Tortuga Concha Blanda, Tortuga Negra de Cuatrociénegas." In Chelonian Research Monographs, 021.1–021.4. Chelonian Research Foundation, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3854/crm.5.021.atra.v1.2008.

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Rais, Muhammad, and Aamina Abid. "Softshell Freshwater Turtles in Peril: Research Gaps and Conservation Planning." In Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821139-7.00052-0.

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Platt, Steven, Kalyar Platt, Win Ko Ko, and Thomas Rainwater. "Chitra vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003 – Burmese Narrow-Headed Softshell Turtle." In Chelonian Research Monographs, 074.1–074.7. Chelonian Research Foundation, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3854/crm.5.074.vandijki.v1.2014.

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Moll, Don, and Edward O. Moll. "River Turtle Exploitation: Past and Present." In The Ecology, Exploitation and Conservation of River Turtles. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195102291.003.0008.

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Turtles and their eggs have long served as an important source of food for humans—almost certainly since very early in the evolution of the hominid lineage, and surely for at least the last 20,000 years (Nicholls, 1977). Evidence in the form of shells and skeletal material (some showing burn marks as evidence of cooking) in the middens of Paleolithic aboriginal cultures, and from eyewitness accounts of explorer-naturalists in more recent times is available from numerous locations around the world (e.g., Bates, 1863; St. Cricq, 1874; Goode, 1967; Rhodin, 1992, 1995; Pritchard, 1994; Lee, 1996; Stiner et al., 1999). Skeletal evidence of river turtles, in particular from such locations as Mohenjodaro and Harappa in the Indus Valley (e.g., Indian narrow-headed softshells and river terrapins), Mayapan, and many other Mesoamerican Mayan sites (e.g., Central American river turtles), and Naga ed-Der of Upper Ancient Egypt (e.g., Nile softshell) suggest that river turtles have helped to support the rise of the world's great civilizations as well (de Treville, 1975; Nath, 1959 in Groombridge & Wright, 1982; Das, 1991; Lee, 1996). Their role continues and, in fact, has expanded as human populations have burgeoned and spread throughout the modern world. River turtles have always been too convenient and succulent a source of protein to ignore. Often large, fecund, and easily collected with simple techniques and equipment, especially in communal nesters which may concentrate at nesting sites in helpless thousands (at least formerly), river turtles are ideal prey. Much of the harvesting has been, and continues to be, conducted in relative obscurity in many parts of the world. Occasionally, however, the sheer magnitude of the resource and its slaughter has attracted the attention of literate observers, such as the early explorer-naturalists of the New and Old World tropics. Their accounts have given us some idea of the former truly spectacular abundance of some riverine species, and the equally spectacular levels of consistent exploitation which have brought them to their modern, much-diminished condition. Summaries of the exploitation of the two best documented examples of destruction of formerly abundant riverine species, the Asian river terrapin, and the giant South American river turtle, are provided under their appropriate geographic sections below.
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Moll, Don, and Edward O. Moll. "Indirect Factors Contributing to Extinction." In The Ecology, Exploitation and Conservation of River Turtles. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195102291.003.0009.

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Damming and sand mining are examples of factors that indirectly damage or destroy populations of river turtles. Direct factors such as human exploitation are typically more obvious causes of population decline and often serve as stimuli to incite conservation action by a concerned public or government. While direct factors typically kill animals outright or at least remove them from the gene pool, indirect factors can surreptitiously reduce their chances for survival by altering habitat or reducing food supplies. As such, they may decimate a population before it becomes obvious that something is wrong. Though less conspicuous than the direct causes, indirect factors are at least of equal importance in determining the ultimate survival of a species. Table 6.1 summarizes the types of indirect factors affecting selected species. Two important types of indirect factors, habitat alteration and species introduction, are discussed below. Habitat alteration implies any change in an animal’s environment, but herein we will consider human or anthropogenic alterations. Anthropogenic habitat changes are not necessarily harmful to every type of turtle. Riverine specialists are more vulnerable to such changes than are eurytopic generalists that occupy a variety of lotic and lentic habitats. Generalists are by their nature adaptable and thus are less likely to be harmed by changing conditions. A study by D. Moll (1980) on the Illinois River illustrates this principle well. The original environment of the Illinois River has been greatly altered as a result of clearing and draining land for agriculture, dumping of municipal sewage (particularly by the Chicago Sanitary District), and the construction of a series of locks and dams by the Corps of engineers to facilitate barge traffic. Moll found that while these alterations had reduced or eliminated populations of Blanding’s turtles, yellow mud turtles and smooth softshells, generalist species such as the common slider, false map turtles, spiny softshells and common snapping turtles were thriving in the altered environment (see also Mills et al, 1966; Bellrose et al., 1977). Similarly, Anderson (1965) reported that commercial fishermen of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers noted increases in softshells (spiny?) and snappers in areas having moderate sewage pollution.
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