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Journal articles on the topic 'Softening'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2024

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1

Diani, Julie, Yannick Merckel, Mathias Brieu, and Julien Caillard. "COMPARISON OF STRESS–SOFTENINGS IN CARBON-BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87964.

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ABSTRACT The authors compared the mechanical behavior and, more precisely, the Mullins and the cyclic (post-Mullins) softenings of two filled rubbers. A crystallizing natural rubber and a noncrystallizing styrene–butadiene rubber of similar compositions resulting in similar cross-link densities and filled with 40 phr of N347 carbon-black fillers were tested in cyclic uniaxial tension at room temperature and at 85 °C. Crystallization in filled rubbers is known to increase stress at high stretch, stretch at break, cycle hysteresis, and fatigue lifetime and to reduce crack propagation. In this study, it is shown that crystallization also seems to enhance the Mullins softening (softening at the first cycle) and to favor the apparent cyclic softening. Results reveal that natural rubber shows an amplitude dependence on the cyclic softening, whereas the styrene–butadiene rubber does not. Finally, results demonstrate that studying filled rubber softening cannot help predict lifetime.

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2

KING, P. E. "Water Softening." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 34, no. 12 (October 22, 2008): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1918.tb00992.x.

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3

CHAMBERS, E. V. "Water Softening." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 34, no. 12 (October 22, 2008): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1918.tb00993.x.

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4

Smith, E. "The elastically equivalent softening zone size for an elastic-softening material: I. Power law softening behaviour." Mechanics of Materials 17, no. 4 (April 1994): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)90026-4.

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5

Meffe, Gary K. "Softening the Boundaries." Conservation Biology 12, no. 2 (April 26, 1998): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.012002259.x.

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6

Shein, Esther. "Softening up robots." Communications of the ACM 63, no. 12 (November 17, 2020): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3427942.

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7

Arnold, Diane. "Softening the blow." Practice Nursing 25, no. 5 (May 2014): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2014.25.5.216.

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8

Mills, A. J. "Modern Water Softening." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 49, no. 9 (October 22, 2008): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1933.tb01771.x.

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9

Grant, Kevin. "Faith: “A Softening”." Journal of Disability & Religion 18, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23312521.2014.966441.

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10

Dean, Elizabeth. "Softening the Sanctuary." American Journal of Medicine 136, no. 2 (February 2023): e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.09.027.

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11

WU, YANG, JIANGANG ZHU, QIAN QI, and LINA CUI. "RESEARCH PROGRESS OF SOLID WOOD BENDING SOFTENING TECHNOLOGY. REVIEW." WOOD RESEARCH 67(6) 2022 67, no. 6 (December 13, 2022): 1056–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.6.10561073.

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The softening process of wood bending has a very important influence on theperformance, forming shape, and yield of bentwood. The paper reviewed the typical softening processes in solid wood bending by analyzing the various softening mechanism and softening processes. Themain influencing factors of the softening technology on the bending properties were summarized based on the comparative analysisof the related research progress of wood softening. In view of the lack of systematic analyses of the cost and environmental factors associated with the softening process, this paper goes in detail analyzing themajor softening technologies with comprehensive comparisonof the economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages.The paper also draws light on thedevelopment trends of softening technology that can be implemented in wood industry which can hence improve the added value of wood. Under the background of green development, the authors believe that the softening technology should not only benefit theeconomic efficiency but also meet the social needs of low-carbon and environment-friendly.

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12

Ingle, Morris, and J. C. Morris. "Predicting Firmness Changes of ‘Rome’ Apples in Refrigerated Storage." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 1 (January 1989): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.1.90.

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Abstract The softening rates of ‘Rome’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from 10 West Virginia orchards stored at two temperatures were compared in 1974, 1976, and 1978. The rate of softening at 20°C declined with time after harvest, and delaying harvest reduced the rate of softening at 20° but had little effect on softening at 0°. Site had little effect on rate of softening. In two of the three years, the rate of softening at 0° was found to be correlated with firmness at harvest and softening at 20°. Regression analysis provided formulas that can be used to predict softening rate in refrigerated air storage at 0° from firmness data at harvest.

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13

Voldřich, M., I. Horsáková, M. Čeřovský, H. Čížková, and H. Opatová. "Factors Affecting the Softening of Pickled Pasteurised Cucumbers." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S314—S318. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1072-cjfs.

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During the last three seasons the specific softening of pickled cucumbers was observed. The defective samples were analysed, but no microbial contamination was confirmed and no residual enzyme activity as well. The hypothesis of residual activity of microbial pectinases and cellulases as the most probable softening cause was proposed. The cellulolytic and pectolytic activities of nineteen strains of moulds and yeasts isolated from the samples of soils, cucumbers and cucumber plants rests were compared. The inactivation parameters (D and z values) of pectolytic enzymes of the most active strains were determined. The inhibitory effect of Ca<sup>2+</sup> addition was evaluated within the model experiments. The residual enzyme activities were confirmed as the main cause of the defect, together with other factors such as the characteristic composition of microbial contamination, the stress or other damage of the cucumbers during the postharvest manipulation (chilling injury, humidity stress, etc.), microbial contamination of cucumbers before processing, conditions of washing, heat treatment parameters, etc. The practical recommendations for the prevention of the defect were formulated.

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14

Schreyer, Howard L., and Z. Chen. "One-Dimensional Softening With Localization." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171860.

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The relationship between material softening and structural softening is investigated through the use of a model problem in one dimension. If the size of the softening zone is large the structural softening response is stable under displacement-prescribed loading. For a small size, the softening response is unstable and the loading regime is sensitive to imperfections in stiffness. A nonlocal constitutive equation in which the limit stress is a function of strain and strain gradient is introduced to provide an approach for simulating softening with localization. Implications for the numerical modeling of softening phenomena are given.

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15

Smith, E. "The elastically equivalent softening zone size for an elastic-softening material: II. A simple piece-wise softening law." Mechanics of Materials 17, no. 4 (April 1994): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)90027-2.

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16

Yoshida, N., N. R. Morgenstern, and D. H. Chan. "Finite-element analysis of softening effects in fissured, overconsolidated clays and mudstones." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-006.

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The softening process as observed in fissured, overconsolidated clays and mudstones is discussed in detail. Softening is classified into internal and external processes. The effect of softening is to decrease the shear strength of a material and its dilatant characteristics. This shear strength reduction is represented as a lowering of the failure envelope and a reduction in the degree of nonlinearity at low stress levels. There are some restrictions related to stress paths that affect the initiation of softening. The softening process may be formulated in terms of a time-dependent yield surface, and the finite-element method can be extended to analyze softening effects. A cut slope is analyzed as an example. The development with time of deformations is traced up to the collapse of the slope. This example contains the essentials to portray the role of the mechanism of softening. A distinction can be made between time-dependent deformation due to softening and those associated with conventional creep mechanisms. Key words: softening, time-dependent strength reduction, finite-element analysis.

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17

Mshana, J. S., and A. S. Krausz. "Rate Dependent Constitutive Equations of Cyclic Softening." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0701.

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Constitutive equations of cyclic strain and stress softening for materials with low internal stress levels are derived from the rate theory. The study shows that over the high stress and low temperature range where the description of plastic flow in cyclic softening can be approximated with activation over a single energy barrier, cyclic strain softening is well related to stress relaxation process while cyclic stress softening is related to creep process. The material structural characteristics for cyclic strain softening, cyclic stress softening and stress relaxation are identical. Subsequently, it is shown that cyclic stress and strain softening within the high stress and low temperature range can be evaluated from the constitutive equations using the material structural characteristics measured from a simple stress relaxation test.

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18

Taylor, GB. "Effect of the environment in which seeds are grown and softened on the incidence of autumn seed softening in two species of annual medics." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 1 (1996): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960141.

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The incidence of autumn seed softening, which is believed to offer some protection against false breaks of season, was investigated under a range of environmental conditions in three medic cultivars over three years of softening. Newly ripened pods of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.) cvv. Serena and Santiago, and barrel medic (M. truncatula Gaertn.) cv. Cyprus, that were grown at three sites were transferred to four seed softening sites in December. Their progress of seed softening was determined in March, April and June. The seed softening process was also studied in a range of laboratory treatments. Seed growing environments were more important than seed softening environments in determining rates of seed softening in all cultivars. However, the distribution of softening between summer and autumn was generally consistent between the growing and softening environments. More than half the annual softening of Serena and Santiago seeds occurred between the first week of March and June in each of the first three years. A smaller proportion of Cyprus seeds softened between March and June in the first and third years than was the case with the other cultivars. In the first year of softening most of the Serena and Santiago seeds that went on to soften between March and June were already present as latent soft seeds (impermeable seeds that soften rapidly once subjected to appropriate temperature fluctuations) in March, as determined by short-term treatment at 35/10�C. There were fewer latent soft seeds present at this time in later years that responded to this same treatment, suggesting that the longer-term hard seeds had other temperature requirements for the final stage of seed softening. High correlations (r2 = 0.90) were obtained between percent seed softening of the three cultivars in the field in the first year and after laboratory treatment with diurnal temperature fluctuations of 60/15�C for 16 weeks, followed by four diurnal cycles of 35/10�C. Autumn seed softening is sufficiently consistent under a wide range of environmental conditions to be a worthwhile selection criterion in medic improvement programs.

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19

Lin, Y. C., Dao-Guang He, Ming-Song Chen, Xiao-Min Chen, Chun-Yang Zhao, and Xiang Ma. "Study of Flow Softening Mechanisms of a Nickel-Based Superalloy With Δ Phase." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0251.

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AbstractThe flow softening behaviors of a nickel-based superalloy with δ phase are investigated by hot compression tests over wide ranges of deformation temperature and strain rate. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are employed to study the flow softening mechanisms of the studied superalloy. It is found that the flow softening behaviors of the studied superalloy are sensitive to deformation temperature and strain rate. At high strain rate and low deformation temperature, the obvious flow softening behaviors occur. With the increase of deformation temperature or decrease of strain rate, the flow softening degree becomes weaken. At high strain rate (1s−1), the flow softening is mostly induced by the plastic deformation heating and flow localization. However, at low strain rate domains (0.001-0.01s−1), the effects of deformation heating on flow softening are slight. Moreover, the flow softening at low strain rates is mainly induced by the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and the dissolution of δ phase (Ni3Nb).

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20

Thumdee, S., A. Manenoi, and R. E. Paull. "ACTIVITY OF PAPAYA FRUIT HYDROLASES DURING NATURAL SOFTENING AND MODIFIED SOFTENING." Acta Horticulturae, no. 740 (March 2007): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.740.39.

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21

Hayama, H., T. Shimada, H. Fujii, A. Ito, and Y. Kashimura. "Ethylene-regulation of fruit softening and softening-related genes in peach." Journal of Experimental Botany 57, no. 15 (November 6, 2006): 4071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl178.

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22

Bergman, Robert A. "Membrane softening versus lime softening in Florida: A cost comparison update." Desalination 102, no. 1-3 (October 1995): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(95)00036-2.

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23

Wang, W. M., L. J. Sluys, and R. de Borst. "Viscoplasticity for instabilities due to strain softening and strain-rate softening." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40, no. 20 (October 30, 1997): 3839–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0207(19971030)40:20<3839::aid-nme245>3.0.co;2-6.

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24

Park, Hyeonjin, Sojeong Yoon, Hyangyeon Jeong, Younglan Ban, Seong Jun Hong, Seong Min Jo, Yang Bong Lee, and Eui-Cheol Shin. "Softening Point Test of Dammar Gum Using Various Softening Point Methods." Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 52, no. 12 (December 31, 2023): 1319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2023.52.12.1319.

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25

Fang, Wei, Huijian Zhang, Shufeng Gao, Yuchao Zheng, and Liu Gongning. "Mechanical characteristics and deformation law of tunnel in diatomite considering various softening conditions." Stavební obzor - Civil Engineering Journal 31, no. 3 (October 30, 2022): 504–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/cej.2022.03.0038.

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At present, the research considering multi-factor softening conditions is rarely performed, and the research on the deformation law and mechanical properties of the tunnel in diatomite is even rarer. Diatomite is easy to soften in water, and its physical and mechanical properties change greatly after softening. Therefore, take the high-speed railway tunnel that passes through the diatomite stratum in East China as an example, considering various softening conditions (including softening degree and softening position), the deformation law and mechanical characteristics of the tunnel are obtained, and corresponding suggestions are also put forward according to different softening conditions. The results show that the deformation law and mechanical characteristics of the tunnel are greatly affected by the symmetry of softening part. The deformation of the inverted arch caused by the lower surrounding rock softening of the tunnel is the largest, and the maximum stress occurs at the arch foot when the upper surrounding rock of the tunnel softens. Different softening degrees and positions have a great influence on the mechanical characteristics and deformation law of the tunnel. The results obtained in this paper may provide some important references for similar projects in the future.

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26

Jonas, John J., Evgueni I. Poliak, and Abbas Najafizadeh. "The Strain Dependence of Post-Deformation Softening during the Hot Compression of 304H Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.100.

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Experiments were carried out in which the dependence of the fractional softening on temperature, time and strain rate was determined in a 304H stainless steel. Three prestrain ranges were identified pertaining to three different post-deformation softening behaviors: 1) prestraining to below the DRX critical strain: strongly strain dependent softening by SRX alone with softening kinetics controlled by growth rate of the nuclei; 2) prestraining to above the DRX critical strain: SRX + MDRX softening with weaker strain dependence of the kinetics but still controlled by grain growth; 3) at a prestrain of ε* and beyond: nucleation-controlled MDRX softening with the full inhibition of SRX. The transition prestrain ε* can exceed the peak strain if the DRX grain refinement ratio g = D0/DDRX > 4. The transition to MDRX-dominated softening can be attributed to a constant value of the normalized strain hardening rate independent of the preloading temperature and strain rate. The softening data from the compression tests show that at ε*, the time for half softening t50 exhibits a minimum. These data differ somewhat from observations obtained in the torsion testing of solid bars, in which no strain dependence of t50 was detected at ε* and beyond. Whether or not the strain dependence of t50 vanishes in the MDRX range is sensitive to the test method employed to study the post-deformation softening.

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27

Liu, Zhen, Xinfu He, Jin Fan, and Cuiying Zhou. "Study on the Softening Mechanism and Control of Red-Bed Soft Rock under Seawater Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070235.

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Red-bed soft rock easily softens and disintegrates when it comes into contact with water, which is the main factor restricting the application of soft rock as an engineering filler. Therefore, research on the influence of seawater on soft rock softening has great significance for the application of soft rock in marine engineering. To examine the softening mechanism of soft rock under seawater conditions, two kinds of soft rock softening experiments, as well as ion inhibition tests of soft rock softening, were performed under seawater and pure water conditions, and the results were compared. The variation in the soft rock composition, the deformation and failure characteristics of soft rock under the influence of sea water, and the variation in main cations in the softening process of soft rock are examined successively; the influences of different ions on soft rock softening are further analysed. Based on the analyses, the softening mechanism and control method of soft rock under sea water conditions are expounded. The study showed that soft rock softening was inhibited by seawater, which decreased the softening degree of soft rock. The main cations in seawater had an inhibitory effect on soft rock softening, and the order of inhibition was Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+. According to the inhibitory effect of ions on soft rock softening, we propose that seawater or calcium salt should be added to reduce the softening of soft rock in soft rock engineering and improve the mechanical strength of soft rock; in addition, soft rock can be considered a raw material in marine engineering. The experimental results have great significance for studies of the disintegration mechanism and inhibitory rules of soft rock under the influence of seawater and provide a theoretical basis for the application of soft rock in marine engineering, such as in artificial reef engineering and coastal dike engineering.

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28

Zhu, Xiaojing, Qingxin Qi, and Yonghui Xiao. "Theoretical study and application of energy extreme value discrimination method of softening zone for bursting hazard." Science Progress 105, no. 4 (October 2022): 003685042211458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221145865.

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Considering the current situation that it's difficult to quantify the discrimination of rockburst hazard, an analytical solution for the softening zone energy of surrounding rock under rockburst in a circular roadway is obtained theoretically based on the elastoplastic softening model of a circular roadway. The critical softening zone energy, critical softening zone radius, critical roadway shrinkage displacement, and critical roadway shrinkage rate are determined. An energy extreme value discrimination method of softening zone for bursting hazard is proposed. The critical softening zone energy is taken as the evaluation basis of the bursting liability of the coal seam where the roadway (a full coal roadway) is located. The uniform energy index, which is the ratio of the external disturbance energy of the surrounding rock softening zone to the critical softening zone energy, is used as the evaluation basis for bursting hazards. Theoretical analysis shows that the smaller the critical softening zone energy of the roadway surrounding rock is, the stronger the bursting liability of the coal seam is, and the greater the uniform bursting hazard index is, the stronger the bursting hazard of the roadway. Subsequently, based on the critical softening zone energy and the uniform energy index, a classification standard of bursting liability and an evaluation method of bursting hazard are proposed. The reliability of the softening zone energy extremum criterion, the bursting liability classification standard, and the bursting hazard evaluation method was verified through indoor and field tests. The energy extreme value discrimination method of softening zone for bursting hazard considers the internal and external factors of roadway rockburst comprehensively and can judge the rockburst risk through field real-time observation, which is a more scientific and reasonable method to predict the risk of roadway rockburst. The research work has important theoretical guiding significance for the prevention and control of roadway rockbursts.

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29

Abdualiev, N. Kh, and N. M. Egamov. "Harness softening roller for cotton cultivators." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1076, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1076/1/012028.

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Abstract The article presents the technical means and technology of softening the areas formed after the germination of seeds in cotton farms. For this purpose, the designs of the existing softening devices are analyzed, and a softening device equipped with a softening coil with the most convenient structural solution is recommended. When using this device, the process of softening the dough reduces the labor consumption by 35% compared to the existing one, it allows to increase the productivity by 2-3 times.

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30

Belytschko, T., Xiao-Jun Wang, Z. P. Bazant, and Y. Hyun. "Transient Solutions for One-Dimensional Problems With Strain Softening." Journal of Applied Mechanics 54, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173062.

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Closed-form solutions are presented for the transient response of rods in which strain softening occurs and the stress-strain laws exhibit nonvanishing stresses after the strain-softening regime. It is found that the appearance of any strain softening results in an infinite strain rate if the material is inviscid. For a stress-strain law with a monotonically decreasing stress the strains are infinite also. If the stress increases after the strain-softening portion, the strains remain finite and the strain-softening point moves through the rod.

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31

Wang, Wanyu, Guojie Huang, Wenjing Zhang, Haofeng Xie, Lijun Peng, Zhen Yang, Xue Feng, and Xujun Mi. "Microstructure and softening resistance of Cu-Cr-Ag alloy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2256, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2256/1/012013.

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Abstract In this paper, Cu-0.5Cr and Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Ag alloys were used as experimental materials to test the softening resistance of the alloys. The results show that the addition of Ag can improve the hardness and softening temperature of the Cu-Cr alloy, and has little effect on the conductivity. The softening resistance temperature of Cu-0.5Cr-0.1Ag alloy is 575 °C, which is 25 °C higher than that of Cu-0.5Cr alloy. The softening process of the alloy is accompanied by grain recovery, recrystallization and coarsening. Ag atom improves the recrystallization activation energy of copper alloy and delays the recrystallization and recrystallization grain growth in the softening process. Recrystallization is the main factor leading to the softening of the alloy.

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32

Choi, Dong Geun, and Song Joong Yun. "Reduced Cell Size and Cell Wall Components of Apple Softening before Ripening on the Tree." HortScience 39, no. 6 (October 2004): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1227.

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The softening of fruit dramatically reduces its market value, especially when this occurs on the tree before ripening. The causes of fruit softening, before ripening, were examined through anatomical and phytochemical comparative analyses between normal fruit, fruit softened on the tree, and stored fruit. The typical morphological changes that occurred with the fruit included early senescence and decreased firmness. The decrease in firmness of softening fruit was due to smaller cell sizes but larger intercellular spaces. The water and free sugar content of the fruit flesh, as well as the weight and sugar content of the cell walls, were significantly lower in softening fruit. Conversely, uronic acid levels and β-galactosidase activity were slightly higher in the softening compared to normal fruit, but the latter was lower than in stored fruit. The results indicated that reduced cell size and cell wall mass were major changes occurring during fruit softening on the tree before ripening, suggesting a difference in the softening mechanisms in ripening and stored fruit.

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33

Kweon, J. H., and D. F. Lawler. "Effects of characteristics of softening as a pretreatment for ultrafiltration." Water Supply 3, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2003): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0199.

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Softening was proposed as a pretreatment for ultrafiltration, which reduces foulants prior to membrane processes. The objectives of this research were to understand the nature of the fouling mechanisms for ultrafiltration when used for waters that either require softening or have been softened, and to use that understanding to determine promising options for the use of softening as a pretreatment before ultrafiltration (UF). Several characteristics of softening, including extent of softening, precipitation kinetics, and hydrophobicity of membrane materials, were investigated as independent variables. Because of softening, both the organic matter concentration and the particle concentration of feed water to ultrafiltration were reduced, thus reducing the degree of fouling. The slow kinetics of softening had little effect on membrane fouling although precipitation directly occurred on the membrane surface in the system during the operation. Detailed images of the membrane surface obtained by scanning electron microscopy confirmed substantial amounts of the precipitates on the surface. In contrast, the hydrophobicity of the membrane material showed a significant effect on the flux decline behavior. Overall, the integrated water treatment of softening and ultrafiltration is shown to be a promising option for hard waters.

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34

Bylya, O. I., M. K. Sarangi, N. Rohit, A. Nayak, R. A. Vasin, and P. L. Blackwell. "Simulation Of The Material Softening During Hot Metal Forming." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 1887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0322.

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Abstract Deformation softening is quite often observed during hot working of different alloys. Steels, aluminium, titanium or nickel alloys can demonstrate a decrease in flow stress under active deformation at constant temperatures and strain rates. Though the background microstructural mechanisms as well as the softening rates can be quite different, the treatment of such processes requires special attention. Deformation softening can cause significant non-uniformity of the metal flow resulting in flow localization, formation of shear bands and variation of the microstructure across the workpiece. This paper is devoted to the investigation of the specific issues which arise in this respect in FEM simulation of processes involving softening. The possible role of softening in shear band formation is studied using numerical simulation and physical modelling. The effect of the softening rate on the probability of flow localization is discussed. The interplay of deformation softening with the stain rate and temperature sensitivity is demonstrated using as an example the simulation of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). An approach to account for the deformation softening in FEM simulations via process modelling of the microstructure refinement is proposed.

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35

Iwanami, Hiroshi, Shigeki Moriya, Nobuhiro Kotoda, Sae Takahashi, and Kazuyuki Abe. "Estimations of Heritability and Breeding Value for Postharvest Fruit Softening in Apple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, no. 1 (January 2008): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.1.92.

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Progenies from 38 unbalanced crosses using 20 apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) cultivars/selections as parents were evaluated for changes in flesh firmness after harvest in two seasons to determine the mechanism of inheritance of fruit softening. The change in firmness was fitted by linear regression, and the softening rate (N·d−1) expressed as the regression coefficient was used as the phenotypic value of softening after harvest. Fruit were stored under 20 °C and 85% relative humidity after harvest for up to 40 days. The softening rates in the progeny populations were distributed continuously around the softening rates of parents, despite a distinct segregation in the degree of mealiness at 30 days of storage. The narrow-sense heritability of the softening rate was estimated by parent-offspring regression, and the estimate was high (h2 = 0.93). Because the softening rate can be influenced by mealiness, an undesirable trait in the apple industry, the progenies were divided into individuals with and without mealiness, and the breeding values of the parents were estimated based on the softening rate of the nonmealy progeny. The softening rate of the nonmealy progeny was analyzed using a mixed linear model and the restricted maximum likelihood method, with general combining ability (GCA) as parental effects and specific combining ability (SCA) as parental interaction effects. The variance of GCA was significant, but the variance of SCA was small and nonsignificant. The narrow-sense heritability of the softening rate in the nonmealy progeny was estimated by sib analysis, and the estimate was moderately high (h2 = 0.55). A significant correlation was observed between the phenotypic value and the breeding value (twice the GCA effects) in nonmealy parents, but the phenotypic value did not significantly correlate with the breeding value in mealy parents. Therefore, contribution of a mealy parent to the softening rate of nonmealy progenies cannot be predicted by its phenotypic value.

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36

MIAO, CHENGLIANG, and CHENGJIA SHANG. "THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOR OF HIGHER NIOUBIUM CONTENT X80 PIPELINE STEEL." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 1751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209061573.

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In this paper, the softening behavior of higher Nb content X80 pipeline steel was investigated by means of the stress relaxation curve. Deformed above 1050°C, the softening of the steel is fast and controlled by static recrystallization. Although the softening at 1000°C is slower obviously, it was also controlled by static recrystallization, no more than the grain growth rate was declined because of the drag effect of solute Nb . Moreover, the pinning effect of precipitation is more effective to retarding the softening at relatively lower temperature and that can be revealed by the softening curve too.

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LUO, ALBERT C. J., and JIANZHE HUANG. "ASYMMETRIC PERIODIC MOTIONS WITH CHAOS IN A SOFTENING DUFFING OSCILLATOR." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 23, no. 05 (May 2013): 1350086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127413500867.

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In this paper, asymmetric periodic motions in a periodically forced, softening Duffing oscillator are presented analytically through the generalized harmonic balance method. For the softening Duffing oscillator, the symmetric periodic motions with jumping phenomena were understood very well. However, asymmetric periodic motions in the softening Duffing oscillators are not investigated analytically yet, and such asymmetric periodic motions possess much richer dynamics than the symmetric motions in the softening Duffing oscillator. For asymmetric motions, the bifurcation tree from asymmetric period-1 motions to chaos is discussed comprehensively. The corresponding, unstable and stable, asymmetric and symmetric, periodic motions in the softening Duffing oscillator are presented, and numerical illustrations of stable and unstable periodic motions are completed. This investigation provides a better picture of complex motion in the softening Duffing oscillator.

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38

Katcherian, Jeff. "Softening culture, opening Europe." Focaal 2010, no. 56 (March 1, 2010): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2010.560102.

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This article examines the development of cultural policy recommendations, in the form of “soft law,” by the Civil Society Platform for Intercultural Dialogue, a nascent European civil society collaboration aiming to make culture a separate political endeavor within the context of European integration. Drawing on fieldwork among European bureaucrats and members of European civil society in Brussels, Belgium, the article offers an alternative discussion from common understandings of soft law, paying close attention to law as an aesthetic form that challenges dominant modes of policy-making. An investigation of soft forms of law provides a useful perspective to those who attempt to define, locate, and create European identity.

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39

Gogolla, Martin, and Antonio Vallecillo. "On Softening OCL Invariants." Journal of Object Technology 18, no. 2 (2019): 6:1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5381/jot.2019.18.2.a6.

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40

Gao, Yipeng. "Middle Chinese labial softening." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 14, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 74–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-01401004.

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Abstract Labiodentalization was an important phonetic change in Middle Chinese sounds. This essay introduces and analyzes Chinese scholars’ views and arguments on some problems on labiodentalization. These problems contain the exact time when the labiodentals developed from the bilabials in phonetic value, the condition of development and a special phenomenon of the onset spellers in the Division-III rhymes.

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41

Hurtley, Stella M. "Softening up your target." Science 355, no. 6330 (March 17, 2017): 1170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2017.6330.355_1170d.

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42

Miskin, Al. "Mediations: Softening Structural Adjustment." Middle East Report, no. 180 (January 1993): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3013233.

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43

Ragland, C. P. "Softening Fischer’s Hard Compatibilism." Modern Schoolman 88, no. 1 (2011): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/schoolman2011881/24.

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44

Hurtley, Stella M. "Softening up your target." Science 355, no. 6330 (March 16, 2017): 1170.4–1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.355.6330.1170-d.

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Tucker, Greg, Xueren Yin, Aidi Zhang, MiaoMiao Wang, Qinggang Zhu, Xiaofen Liu, Xiulan Xie, Kunsong Chen, and Don Grierson. "Ethylene† and fruit softening." Food Quality and Safety 1, no. 4 (December 2017): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyx024.

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46

Carroll, John M., and Robert L. Campbell. "Softening Up Hard Science." ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 19, no. 1 (July 1987): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/28189.1044812.

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47

Newell, Allen, and Stuart Card. "Straightening Out Softening Up." ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 19, no. 1 (July 1987): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/28189.1044813.

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Zhu, Bowen, Shu Gong, and Wenlong Cheng. "Softening gold for elastronics." Chemical Society Reviews 48, no. 6 (2019): 1668–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00609a.

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Kamikawa, S., I. Ishii, Y. Noguchi, H. Goto, T. K. Fujita, F. Nakagawa, H. Tanida, M. Sera, and T. Suzuki. "Elastic Softening in HoFe2Al10." Physics Procedia 75 (2015): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.12.024.

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50

COTTRELL, ALAN. "Work softening yield drops." Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 58, no. 2 (January 2003): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359190309520463.

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