Relevant bibliographies by topics / Softening

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Softening'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Softening"

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Diani, Julie, Yannick Merckel, Mathias Brieu, and Julien Caillard. "COMPARISON OF STRESS–SOFTENINGS IN CARBON-BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (2013): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87964.

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ABSTRACT The authors compared the mechanical behavior and, more precisely, the Mullins and the cyclic (post-Mullins) softenings of two filled rubbers. A crystallizing natural rubber and a noncrystallizing styrene–butadiene rubber of similar compositions resulting in similar cross-link densities and filled with 40 phr of N347 carbon-black fillers were tested in cyclic uniaxial tension at room temperature and at 85 °C. Crystallization in filled rubbers is known to increase stress at high stretch, stretch at break, cycle hysteresis, and fatigue lifetime and to reduce crack propagation. In this st
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KING, P. E. "Water Softening." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 34, no. 12 (2008): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1918.tb00992.x.

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CHAMBERS, E. V. "Water Softening." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 34, no. 12 (2008): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1918.tb00993.x.

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Smith, E. "The elastically equivalent softening zone size for an elastic-softening material: I. Power law softening behaviour." Mechanics of Materials 17, no. 4 (1994): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)90026-4.

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WU, YANG, JIANGANG ZHU, QIAN QI, and LINA CUI. "RESEARCH PROGRESS OF SOLID WOOD BENDING SOFTENING TECHNOLOGY. REVIEW." WOOD RESEARCH 67(6) 2022 67, no. 6 (2022): 1056–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.6.10561073.

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The softening process of wood bending has a very important influence on theperformance, forming shape, and yield of bentwood. The paper reviewed the typical softening processes in solid wood bending by analyzing the various softening mechanism and softening processes. Themain influencing factors of the softening technology on the bending properties were summarized based on the comparative analysisof the related research progress of wood softening. In view of the lack of systematic analyses of the cost and environmental factors associated with the softening process, this paper goes in detail an
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Ingle, Morris, and J. C. Morris. "Predicting Firmness Changes of ‘Rome’ Apples in Refrigerated Storage." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 1 (1989): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.1.90.

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Abstract The softening rates of ‘Rome’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from 10 West Virginia orchards stored at two temperatures were compared in 1974, 1976, and 1978. The rate of softening at 20°C declined with time after harvest, and delaying harvest reduced the rate of softening at 20° but had little effect on softening at 0°. Site had little effect on rate of softening. In two of the three years, the rate of softening at 0° was found to be correlated with firmness at harvest and softening at 20°. Regression analysis provided formulas that can be used to predict softening rate in refrigerat
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Schreyer, Howard L., and Z. Chen. "One-Dimensional Softening With Localization." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 4 (1986): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171860.

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The relationship between material softening and structural softening is investigated through the use of a model problem in one dimension. If the size of the softening zone is large the structural softening response is stable under displacement-prescribed loading. For a small size, the softening response is unstable and the loading regime is sensitive to imperfections in stiffness. A nonlocal constitutive equation in which the limit stress is a function of strain and strain gradient is introduced to provide an approach for simulating softening with localization. Implications for the numerical m
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Meffe, Gary K. "Softening the Boundaries." Conservation Biology 12, no. 2 (1998): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.012002259.x.

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Shein, Esther. "Softening up robots." Communications of the ACM 63, no. 12 (2020): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3427942.

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Arnold, Diane. "Softening the blow." Practice Nursing 25, no. 5 (2014): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2014.25.5.216.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Softening"

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Oh, Myongsook Susan. "Softening coal pyrolysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15245.

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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1985.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.<br>Bibliography: leaves 275-284.<br>by Myongsook Susan Oh.<br>Sc.D.
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Vineberg, Daryl Geoffrey. "A study of lead softening /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80149.

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Softening represents one of the stages in the pyrometallurgical refining of lead, in which oxygen is top-blown into a bath of impure bullion through a group of lances in order to preferentially oxidize arsenic, antimony and tin dissolved in the melt. The oxides of these species float to the melt surface, where they are removed as dross.<br>It has been observed at Teck Cominco Lead Operations in Trail, BC that there is an "ignition temperature" in the range of 600°C, below which the softening reactions are reported to occur very slowly, if at all. Currently, disproportionately large effo
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Chugg, Kevin John. "The mechanisms of fabric softening." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385381.

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Firoozi, Sadegh. "Thermodynamics and mechanisms of lead softening." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100362.

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Visualization and quantitative oxidation kinetic experiments on 100 g samples of Pb-As at 600°C; thermal analysis and phase-equilibrium measurements of Pb-PbO-As2O3 samples under argon over the temperature range of 420°C to 875°C; computational thermodynamic solution modeling; and phase diagram and equilibrium calculations using FACTSage(TM) were performed to elaborate the poorly documented thermodynamics of the slags in the lead softening stage in the pyrometallurgical refining of lead. In the softening stage, the minor element impurities: arsenic, antimony and tin are removed from lead bulli
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Zheng, Xiao-Qin Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Packing of particles during softening and melting process." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Materials Science & Engineering, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/31517.

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Softening deformation of iron ore in the form of sinter, pellet, and lump ore in the cohesive zone of an ironmaking blast furnace is an important phenomenon that has a significant effect on gas permeability and consequently blast furnace production efficiency. The macroscopic softening deformation behavior of the bed and the microscopic deformation behavior of the individual particles in the packed bed are investigated in this study using wax balls to simulate the fused layer behavior of the cohesive zone. The effects of softening temperature, load pressure, and bed composition (mono - single
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Aguinaldo, Jorge T. "Precipitative Softening and Ultrafiltration Treatment of Beverage Water." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3895.

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Lime softening, chlorination, clarification and filtration have been long recognized treatment processes for beverage water specifically the carbonated soft drink (CSD) because it provides consistent water quality required for bottling plants, however these processes are becoming uneconomical and causes more problems than the benefits they offer. These processes require very large foot print, occupy large plant volume, and generate large volume of sludge which causes disposal problems. Chlorination produces trihalomethanes (THMs) and other by-products which are detrimental to health and impart
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Tano, Robert. "Localization modelling with inner softening band finite elements." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26293.

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Woo, Zhong-Zheng. "Dynamic analysis for nonlinear materials including strain-softening." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185388.

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The implementation of the δ₀₊ᵣ model in a finite element program is discussed. The idea of considering damage as a structural performance helps to avoid singularity. Strategies in drift correction is considered. The generalized time finite element method (GTFEM) is also discussed and implemented. It shows improved accuracy and stability with highly non-linear material properties.
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Sande, Gunnar. "Softening Behaviour of Selected Commercially Pure Aluminium Model Alloys." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18897.

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A characterization of the softening behaviour of four different commercially pure aluminium alloys has been carried out. The work is related to the MOREAL project (Modelling towards value-added recycling friendly aluminium alloys), where the main goal is to quantify the effect of the elements in recyclable aluminium alloys on microstructure and mechanical properties during thermo-mechanical processing. Typical elements are iron (Fe), silicon (Si) and manganese (Mn), and the alloys studied in this work contain Fe and Si with different amount and ratio: alloy A1 with 0.15 wt% Fe and 0.05 wt% Si
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Gumusoglu, M. Cetin. "Analysis of underground excavations in strain softening rock masses." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38339.

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Books on the topic "Softening"

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Hermanson, Ronald E. Home water softening. Cooperative Extension Service, Washington State University, 1991.

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Lawler, Desmond F. Integrated water treatment: Softening and ultrafiltration. AWWA Research Foundation, 2003.

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Butkus, Sue Nicholson. Sodium content of your drinking water. Cooperative Extension College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1989.

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Li, Ke, and Charlie He. Comparing conventional and pelletized lime softening concentrate chemical stabilization. Water Research Foundation, 2011.

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Apostolopoulos, George. Axial crushing behaviour of chains made of softening elements. UMIST, 1994.

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Baker, Rob. Applications for reuse of lime sludge from water softening. Dept. of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, 2005.

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Radovskiy, Boris, and Bagdat Teltayev. Viscoelastic Properties of Asphalts Based on Penetration and Softening Point. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67214-4.

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Clixby, G. High temperature reduction, softening and meltdown studies of burden materials. Commission of the European Communities, 1987.

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D, Shannon Larry, and AWWA Research Foundation, eds. Beneficial reuse of lime softening residuals for flue gas desulfurization. AWWA Research Foundation, 1997.

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1936-, Lehr Jay H., and McEachern Rod J. 1958-, eds. Water softening with potassium chloride: Process, health, and environmental benefits. Wiley, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Softening"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Softening Point." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10845.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Softening Range." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10846.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Softening Temperature." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10847.

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Byon, Andrew Sangpil. "Softening strategies." In Modern Korean Grammar Workbook. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315178158-73.

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Verma, Subhash. "Water Softening." In Math Problems in Water and Wastewater. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003468745-24.

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Spellman, Frank R. "Water Softening." In Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators: Water Treatment Operations, 3rd ed. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354307-8.

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Verma, Subhash. "Water Softening." In Water and Wastewater Engineering Technology. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003347941-14.

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Pelleg, Joshua. "Strengthening (Softening)." In Structural Integrity. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86118-6_5.

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Verma, Subhash, Varinder S. Kanwar, and Siby John. "Water Softening." In Environmental Engineering. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003231264-10.

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Zhang, Zhongping. "Cyclic Hardening/Softening." In Encyclopedia of Tribology. Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92897-5_245.

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Conference papers on the topic "Softening"

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Gan, Chong-Xin, Youzhi Tu, Zezhong Jin, Man-Wai Mak, and Kong Aik Lee. "Grouped Knowledge Distillation with Adaptive Logit Softening for Speaker Recognition." In ICASSP 2025 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/icassp49660.2025.10887814.

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Harrer, Thomas, Marcel Schäfer, and Rüdiger Brockmann. "Softening of hot formed steel." In ICALEO® 2015: 34th International Congress on Laser Materials Processing, Laser Microprocessing and Nanomanufacturing. Laser Institute of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5063178.

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Rajmeny, P. K., PK Jain, and Vakili Abouzar. "3D-Numerical simulation of a mine using cohesion-softening, friction-softening and hardening behavior." In Recent Advances in Rock Engineering (RARE 2016). Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rare-16.2016.2.

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Akiyama, Mariko, Sebastian Gnapowski, Yoshitaka Shigematsu, and Hidenori Akiyama. "Softening of vegetables by pulsed power." In 2013 IEEE 40th International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2013.6634811.

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"Cooling Water Lime Softening Plant Optimisation." In Nov. 16-17, 2020 Johannesburg (SA). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares10.eap1120219.

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Métivier, Jean-Philippe, Patrice Boizumault, and Samir Loudni. "Softening Gcc and Regular with preferences." In the 2009 ACM symposium. ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1529282.1529593.

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Basak, Uttam Kumar, Alokmay Datta, and Dhananjay Bhattacharya. "Drug induced ‘softening’ in phospholipid monolayers." In NANOFORUM 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4917948.

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Dinovitzer, A., D. Begg, M. Quintana, and R. Lazor. "Heat Affected Zone Softening Susceptibility Test." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9710.

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Abstract There have been a number of unexpected girth weld failures in pipelines, both in-service and during pre-service hydrostatic testing. Investigation of these incidents indicated that the line pipe met industry standard requirements, such as API 5L and the welding procedures had been qualified to API 1104 and construction welding/inspection had been completed according to industry standards. The investigation of these failures indicated that they were not related to hydrogen cracking or misalignment, however, line pipe chemical composition and tensile properties were identified as having
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Leung, Anthony, and Simon Guest. "Actuation-softening in kagome lattice structures." In 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
14th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
7th. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-1888.

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Akiyama, M., S. Gnapowski, Y. Shigematsu, and H. Akiyama. "Softening of vegetables by pulsed power." In 2013 IEEE Pulsed Power and Plasma Science Conference (PPPS 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ppc.2013.6627556.

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Reports on the topic "Softening"

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Dinovitzer, Aaron. PR-214-204505-R01 HAZ Softening Susceptibility Test Development. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012219.

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Based on the investigation of the recent pipe failures, it was clear that HAZ softening was one of the contributing factors. To understand the factors that influence the susceptibility to HAZ softening, a simple weld bead-on-plate testing procedure achieving a full penetration weld was developed in in this project. Test conditions are designed to maximize the effect in an effort to identify line pipe materials that may be more or less resistant to HAZ softening in construction or in-service welding. This work provides industry with a standardized test to rank the relative susceptibility of pip
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Wang, Yong-Yi. PR-350-214511-R01 Impact of HAZ Softening on the Integrity of Type-B Sleeves and Branch Connections. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000046.

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The primary objective of this project is to investigate the occurrence of HAZ softening and its implications for the integrity of sleeve and branch assemblies. By conducting comprehensive tests and analyses, this research aims to provide insights into when HAZ softening may occur and how it could affect the assembly's structural integrity.
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Tzavaras, Athanasios E. Strain Softening in Viscoelasticity of the Rate Type. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada219915.

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Wan, R. G., and Y. S. Yu. A softening elasto-viscoplastic model for potash mines. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328575.

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Pike, L. M., C. T. Liu, I. M. Anderson, and Y. A. Chang. Solute hardening and softening effects in B2 nickel aluminides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/676873.

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Martin, Christopher. Hydrolytic Softening of Ocean Water for Carbon Dioxide Removal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. https://doi.org/10.2172/2205150.

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Mohr. L52241 Strain-Based Design - Strain Concentration at Girth Welds. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010386.

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Strain-based design is used for many situations for pipelines where the loadings from forces other than the internal pressure can be the largest generators of stress and strain in the pipe wall. Such loadings can be generated by soil subsidence, frost heave, thermal expansion and contraction, landslides, pipe reeling, pipe laying, and several other types of environmental loading. Designing based on strain for these cases has an advantage over designing based on stress because these loadings tend to apply a given displacement rather than a given force to the pipe. Standards are much better deve
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Carpita, Nicholas C., Ruth Ben-Arie, and Amnon Lers. Pectin Cross-Linking Dynamics and Wall Softening during Fruit Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585197.bard.

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Our study was designed to elucidate the chemical determinants of pectin cross-linking in developing fruits of apple and peach and to evaluate the role of breakage cross-linkages in swelling, softening, and cell separation during the ripening. Peaches cell walls soften and swell considerably during the ripening, whereas apples fruit cells maintain wall firmness but cells separate during late stages of ripening. We used a "double-reduction" technique to show that levels of non-methyl esters of polyuronic acid molecules were constant during the development and ripening and decreased only in overr
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Fuller, Timothy, Thomas Dewers, and Matthew Swan. Development and deployment of constitutive softening routines in Eulerian hydrocodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1095954.

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Peters, Robert W. USE OF SONICATION FOR IN-WELL SOFTENING OF SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828339.

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