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1
Demina, Irina F. "Conjugacy of yield and its structural elements in spring soft wheat samples." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 22, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2021.22.4.477-484.
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The article presents an analysis of genotypic correlations between the yield of 33 variety samples of spring soft wheat and elements of its structure in the conditions of Penza region, the degree of variability of agronomic valuable traits during the years of research (2018-2020) has been determined. It has been established, that the low-varying agronomic valuable traits (CV = 7.8-9.9 %) include the wheat ear length, number of spikelets in the ear, weight of 1000 grains; moderately varying traits (СV = 13.8-15.6 %) include productive bushiness capacity, the number of grains in the ear and weight of grains in one ear; highly-varying traits (СV = 21.7-22.7 %) include the number of grains per ear and weight of the grain per ear. A strong positive interrelation has been established between the yield of spring soft wheat and the number of grains per ear (r = 0.706...0.816) and weight of grain per ear (r = 0.754...0.875). There has been revealed an average positive interrelation between the yield and the weight of ears (r = 0.467...0.621), the number of spikelets per ear (r = 0.358...0.582), the number of grains per plant (r = 0.446...0.541) and the weight of grain per plant (r = 0.309...0.608). The correlation dependence of yield on productive bushiness (r = 0.091…0.415), ear length (r = 0.074…0.503) and weight of 1000 grains (r = 0.193…0.583) turned out to be unstable. Thus, the formation of grain yield was influenced by the number of grains per ear and the weight of grain per ear. The analysis showed the degree of influence of various elements of productivity on the formation of yield of spring soft wheat variety samples that provides a more targeted selection in the breeding process.
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Lozhkin, Alexander Gennadievich, Petr Nikolaevich Malchikov, Natalia Valeryevna Mardaryeva, and Vyacheslav Vitalievich Sidorov. "Influence of Bioactivesoil combined fertilizers on yield and quality of spring hard and soft wheat." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2020-15-1-51-61.
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The experimental data on effect of Bloom & Grow and Immune System fertilizers on growth, development, yield and grain quality of spring durum and soft wheat in light gray forest soils of the Chuvash Republic are presented. The results of two research years revealed that in plants treated with fertilizers, the growth period ‘seedling-ripening’ is reduced by 7-8 days, height of the treated soft wheat plants exceeded the control variant by 12.5 cm, length of the main spike - by 0.4 cm, number of grains per spike - by 6.1, and grain mass per spike - by 0.23 g. Plants of spring durum wheat treated with micronutrient fertilizers exceeded the control variant by 25.1 cm in plant height, length of the main spike, number of grains in it and grain weight significantly exceeded the control variant. The 1000 seed mass exceeded the control variant by 7.28 grams. The increase in the yield of spring soft wheat was 0.89 t/ha (26.3%), and durum wheat - 0.93 t/ha (28.6%). Application of Bloom & Grow and Immune System fertilizers led to an increase in gluten content in spring soft and durum wheat grains, and an improvement in gluten deformation rate to group 1 with the accumulation of minerals.
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Василова, Нурания, Nuraniya Vasilova, Эльмира Багавиева, El'mira Bagavieva, Мухаббат Тазутдинова, and Muhabbat Tazutdinova. "BULYAK - PERSPECTIVE VARIETY OF YARN SOFT WHEAT." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5afafe238cc745.02640947.
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A new semi-intensive variety of spring soft wheat Bulyak, bred in Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, by intraspecific hybridization, the method based on the principle of expected transgressions was based on the selection of parental forms for the creation of the cultivar. The variety has a realized yield potential at the level of 5.5 tons per hectare, the advantage over the three-year test (2014-2016) over the standard Simbirtsit variety in the differing pressure of abiotic and biotic environmental factors is 0.93 tons per hectare, standard in all years of the test. The variety forms a valuable grain in quality. The technological parameters of grain meet the requirements for valuable and strong wheat: nature - 809-815 gramms per litre, vitreousity - 55-87%, protein content in grain – 11.7-13.9%, gluten in grain – 28.2-31.1% of the first and second quality groups. Rheological properties of the dough: strength of flour - 308 units, valorimetric evaluation - 71.3 units, which meets the requirements for strong varieties. The bakery quality is excellent. The variety is medium-ripening, it belongs to the erythospermum (estivum) variety. Middle-growing, height – 82.2 cm, resistance to lodging in the cultivar was not marked below 8 points. The variety has a high-grain ears - 25.6 grains and a high mass of 1000 grains, an average of 42.5 g, in 2014, it reached 47 g. The variety has a low productive bushiness - 1.08 pieces per plant, which is also characteristic of other varieties of selection of the Tatar SRIA. The variety was transferred to the State Variety Test in the Middle Volga and Central regions of the Russian Federation in 2016.
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Prokhorova, T. M., M. V. Kharitonova, S. A. Stepanov, M. Iu Kasatkin, and V. V. Korobko. "Morphogenetic productivity index of winter soft wheat." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 979, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/979/1/012066.
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Abstract This research is dedicated to the study of the morphogenetic index of productivity of winter soft wheat. While studying, the number of spikelets in the ear, grains in the ear and the mass of grains in the ear were measured, the morphogenetic index of productivity was calculated according to the main indicators of the shoot. In selection practical work the morphogenetic productivity index is a convenient criterion for evaluating the morphogenetic potential and the yield of the cultivar. 8 (eight) cultivars of winter soft wheat of Saratov selection were taken as study material. The study reveals that the morphogenetic productivity index (MPI) for the number of spikelets per ear varies from 2.36 (Lutescens 230) to 5.43 (Saratovskaya 17). According to the number of grains in the ear, Saratovskaya 17 shows the variety of 2.31 while Kalach 60 shows the variety of 3.9. The Pearl of Povolzhe, Mironovskaya 808, and Kalach 60 demonstrate high values of MPI according to the weight of grains in the ear. The analyzing of the obtained data allows to find out that the MPI values of each of the productivity elements for the same cultivar can greatly differ over the growing years, which, in our opinion, indicates the wide plasticity of the variety in specific weather conditions of the growing season. The analysis of the correlation of MPI indicators with productivity shows that cultivars which have high morphogenetic productivity index (Guberniya, Saratovskaya 90, Kalach 60) are characterized by high productivity.
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Storlie, E., E. N. Yang, Y. C. Zou, D. S. Chen, J. Sheppard, D. Martin, S. Huang, D. Mares, and M. W. Sutherland. "Effect of the puroindoline locus and environment on Chinese fresh noodle texture." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 5 (2006): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05248.
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Grain produced from doubled-haploid (DH) wheat lines, developed from a hard- and a soft-grained wheat cultivar, were bulked according to Pinb (puroindoline b) genotypes for an assessment of Chinese fresh noodle texture by a trained taste panel. Each DH line was designated as ‘soft’ or ‘hard’ grained, based on a PCR amplification of the wildtype, soft allele, or the mutant, hard allele. Theoretically, the soft and hard grain bulks represented respective Pinb alleles and an independent assortment of unlinked alleles from the parents, Sunco and Chuanyu 12. Grains from the parents and DH lines were grown at 2 locations in Queensland, Australia, and one in Sichuan, China. The grains were milled and processed for a taste panel evaluation in Chengdu, Sichuan. Results suggest the Pinb alleles had a significant effect on noodle softness and explained 30% of the variation; the ‘soft’ Pinb allele conferred a softer noodle texture. Location had a significant effect on noodle smoothness; wheat grain grown at Biloela, Queensland, produced a smoother noodle texture than grain grown in Sichuan. The effect of location confirms the importance of environment as a variable for this quality character. This investigation exemplifies the utility of Pinb markers for specifically altering Chinese Fresh Noodle texture.
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Hospodarenko, Hrigorij, Vitaliy Liubich, and Volodymyr Novikov. "OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESS OF PEELED GRAINS OF WHEAT OF DIFFERENT SOLIDITY." EUREKA: Life Sciences 5 (September 28, 2018): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2018.00718.
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Wheat is a leading agricultural plant with one of most gross grain harvest in the world. It is a valuable raw material for producing the wide assortment of food products. That is why little studied peculiarities of it need specification, and processing technologies – improvement. The aim of the conducted studies was in specifying of processing regimes of solid and soft wheat grains into peeled ones that allowed to choose rational regimes of water-thermal processing for attaining their maximal output, boiling coefficient and decrease of a preparation duration. It was proved, that the effect of heat and moisture mostly influences the output of grains and duration of their boiling, despite the solidity. The boiling coefficient depends on the solidity type more. The optimal mode as to thermal processing at production of peeled grains of soft wheat is is steaming during 10 min with hydration during 10–12 min. It is rational to steam solid wheat during 10 min with further hydration during 12–13 min at processing.
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Romanov, Boris Vasilievich, Konstantin Igorevich Pimonov, Alexandr Aleksandrovich Kozlov, Lydmila Anatolievna Chernogor, and Irina Yurievna Sorokina. "Comparative analysis of shot wheat and its macromutant forms." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i1pp32-36.
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The main task of wheat production is to obtain high grain yields, with minimal quality losses. It is distinguished by a number of useful properties for breeding, which was used in the creation of shot winter wheat Sharada. This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of morphostructural and production characteristics, including grain quality, of the initial Sharada wheat and the macromutant forms isolated from it: "Soft from Sharada" and "Line 1/10- 17", against the background of the indicators of the zoned varieties. It is shown that the selected macromutant forms significantly exceed the original Charade in their morphostructural parameters. At the same time, the "1/10- 17 line" of spherical wheat occupies an intermediate place between the cleaved "Soft from Sharada " of wheat and the original Sharada, both in plant height and in the area of the flag leaf. According to the production characteristics of the "1/10- 17 Line", in particular, according to such an important indicator as the weight of grain from the ear, it is already closer to the "Soft from the Sharada" than to the original Charade and the zoned varieties are rising. The increase in the production indicators of the "1/10- 17 Line" and its proximity to the indicators of the macromutant "Soft from the Sharada" wheat, provides its somewhat larger grains and a large number of them. The production indicators of the grain of the macromutant "1/10- 17 Line" in 2021 significantly exceeded the initial Sharada: the number of grains in the ear - 51.6 pieces; the weight of grain from the ear - 2.16 g; M1000 - 41.36 g. and qualitative indicators: protein content 16.4%; gluten content - 41.2%; IDC - 79 units. At the same time, the increase in the production characteristics of the "1/10- 17 Line" practically did not change the qualitative characteristics of the grain, compared with the original fine-grained Sharada and other varieties of spherical wheat, which makes it and the isolated macromutant "Soft from Sharada" wheat quite valuable starting material for use in breeding practice.
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Kosenko, Svetlana Valentinovna. "New variety of soft winter wheat Alyonushka." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 7 (August 5, 2021): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i7pp27-30.
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The article presents the main methods of creating and the results of studying a new variety of winter soft wheat Alyonushka. The variety was created at the FSBRI OP Penza Research Institute of Agriculture by the method of intraspecific hybridization of varieties with subsequent individual selection from the hybrid population F3 Kazanskaya 237 // Moshinskaya 2 / Zolushka. The characteristics of the new variety are given according to the most important economically valuable traits and properties. The new variety Alyonushka in terms of grain yield and the elements composing it, during the years of research (2015–2018), significantly exceeded the standard variety Fotinya. The average increase in grain to the standard for these years was 0.78 t / ha. The high yield of the new variety is formed due to the high mass of 1000 grains, the number and weight of grain per spike. It has high winter hardiness (88% on average), high lodging resistance (9 points) and grain quality at the level of valuable wheat. The new variety Alyonushka stably forms a completed grain (grain nature is 756-797 g / l), the content of crude protein in the grain is 14.8-16.2%, gluten is 28.2-30.2% with a gluten quality of 50-85 units. ... IDK (I-II group), baking strength of flour - 296 units, volumetric yield of bread from 100 g of flour - 780 cm3, overall assessment of bread - 4.7 points. The economic efficiency of cultivation of the Alyonushka variety in comparison with the Fotinya standard was 3780 rubles / ha. The profitability level of the new variety was 135%, which is 21% higher than that of the standard.
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Lozinska, T., Yu Fedoruk, and S. Obrajyy. "Assessment of spring wheat varieties by the productivity elements in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(142) (December 22, 2018): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2018-142-2-40-46.
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The article highlights the problems of forming the economically valuable features which affect the productivity of soft spring wheat varieties. The structural analysis data reveal that the number of spikelets in the investigated varieties of wheat ears ranged within 15.4 pcs. In the Triso variety to 20.1 pcs. in the Kharkivska 30, the rate for the variety standard was registered 16.0. The variability amplitude rate varied from 2.0 spikelets in Hordynya and Simkoda Myronivska varieties to 5.0 in the Kharkivska 30 and standart Elhiya Myronivska varieties. The variability range of spikelets number in an ear in the Hordynya, Simkoda Myronivska and Speranza varieties and the average one in all the other varieties was revealed. It was established that grains number in soft spring wheat varieties ranged from 41.1 grains in the Tria variety to 52.6 in the Hordynya variety, in the standard variety of Elehiya Myronivska the rate leveled 36.3. Thus, in all the studied varieties the number of grains in an ear exceeded the standard. The variability of grains number in an ear was significant in the Speranza variety, while in other varieties as well as in the standard sort of Elehiya Myronivska it was medium. It was shown that an ear grains weight in the varieties ranged from of 1.6 g in the Triso variety to 2.2 g in the Hordynya variety. This feature varied in the varieties by the variability range. The largest (1.1 g) it was in the the Hordynya and Speranza varieties, the smallest (0.5 g) – in the variety of Simkoda Myronivska. The variation factor proved significant variability of the trait in the Trizo and Speranza varieties and in the variety standard. All the other studied varieties were the average variability of grain weight in an ear. It was found that all but wheat varieties of soft spring wheat had high indices of 1000 seeds and this trait variation was insignificant indicated by the variation ratewhich was below 10 %. The correlation of crop yield and the basic economically valuable traits are analyzed; positive and negative correlations are established. It was noted that the crop yield of the studied soft spring wheat varieties correlates most closely with the number of grain in an ear (r = 0.77 ± 0.06) and the number of spikelets in an ear (r = 0.61 ± 0.07), and therefore it is necessary to pay attention to these data uppermost. Thus, the study of economically valuable traits of modern varieties of soft spring wheat reveals different variability nature and correlation degrees which enables to define the sources of economically valuable traits in the studied varieties and to further use them in research and selection programs as valuable parent material. Key words: spring wheat, varieties, productivity, ears number, grains number, grain weight, weight of 1000 seeds, correlation.
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Zarnowski, Robert, Yoshikatsu Suzuki, and J. Pietr. "Alkyl- and Alkenylresorcinols of Wheat Grains and their Chemotaxonomic Significance." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 59, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2004): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-3-411.
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Resorcinolic lipid contents and homologue compositions in extracts isolated from soft winter, soft spring and hard (durum) wheat grains were evaluated by both instrumental and chromatography means. Resorcinol concentrations determined in wheat were diverse and varied in samples harvested within two consecutive vegetative years, whereas their homologue profiles were found to be rather invariable. The predominant alkylresorcinols identified in wheat grains were saturated 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-heneicosylbenzene and 1,3-dihydroxy-5-nnonadecylbenzene. 1,3-Dihydroxy-5-n-heptadecylbenzene and 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-tricosylbenzene were also determined, whereas 1,3-dihydroxy-5-n-pentadecylbenzene and 1,3-dihydroxy- 5-n-pentacosylbenzene were present in these extracts only in spurious amounts. Furthermore, our results show that alk(en)ylresorcinols may be useful as chemotaxonomic markers for a distinction between soft and hard wheat plants. Cluster analysis with Ward’s amalgamation algorithm and five different distance linkage types clearly discriminated particular wheats into species- and cultivar-specific clusters, whereas the use of principal component analysis allowed us to specify, which of the variables analysed were decisive. This approach may be useful for both plant breeders and taxonomists to classify wheat species/ cultivars.
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Hassoon, Waleed H., Dariusz Dziki, Antoni Miś, and Beata Biernacka. "Wheat Grinding Process with Low Moisture Content: A New Approach for Wholemeal Flour Production." Processes 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010032.
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The objective of this study was to determine the grinding characteristics of wheat with a low moisture content. Two kinds of wheat—soft spelt wheat and hard Khorasan wheat—were dried at 45 °C to reduce the moisture content from 12% to 5% (wet basis). Air drying at 45 °C and storage in a climatic chamber (45 °C, 10% relative humidity) were the methods used for grain dehydration. The grinding process was carried out using a knife mill. After grinding, the particle size distribution, average particle size and grinding energy indices were determined. In addition, the dough mixing properties of wholemeal flour dough were studied using a farinograph. It was observed that decreasing the moisture content in wheat grains from 12% to 5% made the grinding process more effective. As a result, the average particle size of the ground material was decreased. This effect was found in both soft and hard wheat. Importantly, lowering the grain moisture led to about a twofold decrease in the required grinding energy. Moreover, the flour obtained from the dried grains showed higher water absorption and higher dough stability during mixing. However, the method of grain dehydration had little or no effect on the results of the grinding process or dough properties.
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Lozinskiy, M. "Assessment of soft winter wheat breeding numbers adaptability by the number of grains in the spike." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(142) (December 22, 2018): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2018-142-2-60-70.
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In 2011-2017, the competitive testing breeding units of soft winter wheat selected at the Bila Tserkva Research Selection Station of the Institute of Bioenergetic Crops and Sugar Beet of NAAS by hybridizing various ecotypes were examined. The aim of the research was to determine the reaction norm and parameters of adaptability by the number of grains in the spike ear under changing growing environment in selection winter wheat numbers. Of equal importance was to establish the correlation of the ear grain productivity and the yield structure elements. Hydrothermal conditions in the research years were contrasting and significantly influenced the growth and development of wheat plants during ontogenesis. The research revealed a direct correlation between the number of grains in the spike and the grain yield leveled as a strong one (r = 0.702 ... 0.866) in 2011 and 2012 and as a significant (r = 0.668) in the most unfavorable 2013. The reduced correlation relationships are indicative of the extremely important importance of the grain production in the spike in soft winter wheat yield formation under conditions of the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. We have established a direct close correlation between the number of grains in the spike and the number of grains in the crop, between the head ear grain weight and the crop weight, crop aboveground weight, main stem weight and the spike weight. On average for three years, breeding numbers 24 KS (42.6 pcs.) and 54 KS (40.7 pcs.) had significantly higher grain yields in the spike than that of is the best standard of Bila Tserkva semidwarf (35.6 pcs) . On average for the experiment coefficient of variation (13.9 %), its variability was 1.0–28.7 %, indicating a different reaction of the tested genotypes to the environmental conditions by the number of grains from the spike. Insignificant variation of the spike grain productivity (0.6–4.9 pcs) and low variation coefficients (V = 1.0–6.6 %) are indicated in the selection numbers 26 KS, 22 KS and 42 KS. In this case, genotypes 22 KS and 42 KS had higher than the standard and average for the experiment number of grains in the spike. The results of the dispersion analysis indicate that the interaction of genotype and the year conditions factors had the greatest impact (53.96 %) on the variability of grains number in the spike. At the same time, the share of variability predermined by the genotype influenced the spike grains formation by 31.02 %, and the conditions of the year influenced only by 7.90 %. Indicator of homeostatic standards (Hom = 158.97-347.13) exceeded the three breeding numbers: 26 KS (Hom = 2972.19), 22 KS (Hom = 724.23) and 42 KS (Hom = 558.67). By the breeding value the standards (Sc = 21.83–27.94) were dominated by the following: 22 KS (Sc = 34.27), 42 KS (Sc = 32.49), 54 KS (Sc = 32.20), 24 KS (Sc = 30.62), 26 KS (Sc = 29.54), 8 KS (Sc = 28.76) and 29 KS (Sc = 28.26). High indicators of ZAZ by the number of grains from the spike as compared with the standards (ZAZ = 52.46) were typical of the following breeding numbers 24 KS (ZAZ = 67.99), 54 KS (ZAZ = 58.29), 22 KS (ZAZ = 54.69), 44 KS (ZAZ = 53.99) and 42 KS (ZAZ = 52.86). The genotype breeding value indicator by the number of grains in the spike, exceeded the standard variety of the Forest-steppe Pearl (GBV = 22,10) for their breeding value: numbers 22 KS (GBV = 31.44), 26 KS (GBV = 29.00), 42 KS (GBV = 28.60) and 54 KSCOP (GBV = 22.69). The breeding number 22 KS (steppe ecotype / US) is the first in the variety adaptability rate. Breeding numbers 42 KS, 54 KS and 24 KS, which optimally combined indicators of the grains number in the spike and adaptability parameters rate from the second to fourth in the varieties adaptability rate. Conclusions and further research prospects. 1. Grains number in the spike has a significant impact on the winter wheat spike productivity formation under conditions of the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. 2. Detection of correlation between quantitative signs engaged in yields formation enables to set the model parameters for further genotypes in future varieties. 3. The dispersion analysis has established that the variability of the grains number in the spike was mostly conditioned (53.96 %) by the interaction of factors of the genotype and the year conditions. At the same time, the share of variability predetermined by the genotype was 31.02 %, and the effect of the year was only 7.90 %. 4. Breeding numbers 22 KS (steppe ecotype / USA), 42 KS (steppe ecotype / forest-steppe ecotype) and 54 KS (forest-steppe ecotype / forest-steppe ecotype) hold high positions in the variety adaptability rate by the grains number in the spike. We included the soft winter wheat breeding numbers 22 KS, 42 KS and 54 KS with the optimal combination of the grains number in the spike and the parameters of plasticity and stability, allocated on the basis of the research results into further selective work for setting the source material and varieties with a high level of productivity and adaptability to the conditions of the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Key words: soft winter wheat, breeding numbers, ecotypes, number of grains, spike, correlation relationships, adaptability parameters, adaptation rating.
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Pasynkov, A. V., and E. N. Pasynkova. "Method for prediction of raw gluten content in wheat grain." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 858, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/858/1/012013.
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Abstract The possibility of using the developed equations reflecting the dependence of the raw gluten content (Y, %) on the protein content (X1, %) and the 1000-grain weight (X2, g) to predict its (gluten) content in wheat grain is discussed. The developed equations allow to determine the main trends in the change in raw gluten content of wheat grains, occurring when the protein content and 1000-grain weight vary under the influence of various factors, and explain the contradictory nature of these dependencies available in the scientific literature. The equations can be used to control the quality of the manual or mechanical determination of the raw gluten content of winter and spring soft and hard wheat grains, as well as to test the operation and reliability of the various analyzers used in protein and gluten analysis.
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Hourston, James E., Michael Ignatz, Martin Reith, Gerhard Leubner-Metzger, and Tina Steinbrecher. "Biomechanical properties of wheat grains: the implications on milling." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 126 (January 2017): 20160828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0828.
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Millennia of continuous innovation have driven ever increasing efficiency in the milling process. Mechanically characterizing wheat grains and discerning the structure and function of the wheat bran layers can contribute to continuing innovation. We present novel shear force and puncture force testing regimes to characterize different wheat grain cultivars. The forces endured by wheat grains during the milling process can be quantified, enabling us to measure the impact of commonly applied grain pretreatments, such as microwave heating, extended tempering, enzyme and hormone treatments on grains of different ‘hardness’. Using these methods, we demonstrate the importance of short tempering phases prior to milling and identify ways in which our methods can detect differences in the maximum force, energy and breaking behaviours of hard and soft grain types. We also demonstrate for the first time, endosperm weakening in wheat, through hormone stratification on single bran layers. The modern milling process is highly refined, meaning that small, cultivar specific, adjustments can result in large increases in downstream profits. We believe that methods such as these, which enable rapid testing of milling pretreatments and material properties can help to drive an innovation process that has been core to our industrial efforts since prehistory.
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Batten, GD. "Concentrations of elements in wheat grains grown in Australia, North America, and the United Kingdom." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 1 (1994): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940051.
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Concentrations of elemental nitrogen, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur, calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc, sodium (Na), boron, copper (Cu), and iron were compared in 47 samples of wheat grain collected from 17 grain terminals and a commercial flour mill in Australia and 38 samples of wheat obtained from a range of sites in North America and the U.K. The Australian samples included grain from the Prime Hard, Australian Hard, Australian Standard White, Australian Soft, and Durum grades, while the overseas samples included wheat of Hard Red Winter, Hard Red Spring, Soft Red Winter, Soft White Winter, Western White, and Canadian Red Spring grades. The Australian wheats, with the exception of 1 sample of Durum, contained less P, K, Mg, and Cu, but more Na, than most of the wheats grown overseas. The concentrations of P, K, Mg, Ca, and Mn in wheats grown overseas appear to have declined since earlier surveys were conducted. The relations between elements suggest that the amount of P deposited in the grain determines the concentrations of other elements, especially Mg and K. The P data presented in this study indicate that Australian wheats contain only 59-77% as much phytic acid as white and red wheats grown overseas. The claim that Australian wheats contain little Na compared with wheat from America is refuted. Consumers of unleavened, wholemeal products may be less likely to suffer nutritional imbalances if they use Australian wheat.
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Sharapov, Ivan Ivanovich, and Yulia Andreevna Sharapova. "Influence of weed hemp (Canabis Ruderalis) on the elements of productivity and grain damage by wheat thrips and cereal bugs in the agrocenosis of winter soft wheat." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 9 (September 28, 2021): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i9pp50-54.
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Field studies were conducted in the forest-steppe zone of the Samara region on the experimental fields of the Volga Research Institute of Breeding and Seed Production in 2013 and 2015. The plots that were not littered (control) and were littered with weed hemp were compared. Due to its high plasticity to weather conditions and well-developed root system, weed hemp has a great competitiveness in relation to winter wheat. The spread of сannabis Ruderalis is focal in nature. Cannabis Ruderalis has contributed to the decrease in aboveground dry mass of wheat in 17-32 %, weight of ears per 13-18 %, the number of productive stems per 16-23 %, grain weight per spike on 4-51 %, mass of 1000 grains for 1-7 %, biological yield grain for 16-20% increase in the length of the ear by 7-10%, and the number of grains per spike by 3-8 %. The influence of weed hemp on the damage of grain by pests was ambiguous. The weather conditions of the spring–summer growing season of winter wheat have a great influence on the damage caused by wheat thrips. In the year with a dry and warm spring (2013), the number of grains damaged by wheat thrips was higher in the clogged areas than in the control. In the year with a wet and warm spring (2015), on the contrary, more wheat thrips-damaged grains were in control. During two years of research, an increase in grains damaged by bread bugs was observed in the clogged areas. Weed hemp has both a direct effect on winter wheat (a decrease in the elements of productivity) and an indirect effect (on the feeding process of wheat thrips and bread bugs).
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Kovtun, Viktor Ivanovich, and Liudmila Nikolaevna Kovtun. "Yield with high quality grain variety of wheat soft winter Verochka." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i4pp17-20.
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The article presents a new variety of soft winter wheat Verochka, created in the North Caucasian Federal Research Center. On average, over the years of study (2018-2020), the excess in grain yield over the standard was high and reliable and amounted to 1.21 t / ha. The new genotype is distinguished by an increased formation of productive stems per 1 m2, a high grain weight of an ear and a weight of 1000 grains. Reliably and significantly exceeds the standard variety Thunder in frost resistance and disease resistance. Verochka is characterized by high quality grain and bread, high drought resistance and lodging resistance. The new variety is well recommended for growing on all fertilized predecessors using intensive and medium-intensity technologies on farms of all forms of ownership.
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Stankevych, G., and A. Borta. "RESEARCH OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLUTEN OF WHEAT GRAINS DAMAGED BY THE WHEAT BUG." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i3.1506.
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Favorable weather and climate conditions for growing grain are also favorable for the livelihoods and reproduction of pests of grain stocks, and especially for wheat bug (Eurygaster integriceps Put.). Grain damaged by this pest loses its genetically incorporated properties, negative changes occur in the quantity and quality of gluten. Due to the ingestion of bug’s saliva with its special enzymes into the grain, the baking properties of the flour from such grain deteriorate – the dough becomes liquid, sticky, it loses elasticity. Thus, the issue of further effective use of grain damaged by the shield bugis very urgent. This requires information on the dependence of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of gluten on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The aim of the study was to establish patterns of change in the quantity and quality of gluten depending on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug, which will increase the efficiency of the formation of batches for further use in the food industry. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: during the grain harvesting periods of 2015–2018, at the enterprises of the industry, wheat samples were taken with the content damaged by the wheat bug in the range of 0.5...5.0 %, the quantity and quality were determined in them gluten, trends in the quantity and quality of gluten have been established depending on the content of damaged grains and their comparison with published data. The object of the study was the gluten complex of wheat, with various contents of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The subject of research was the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of soft wheat of grades 2–3 of the 2015– 2018 crop samples with various grains damaged by a wheat bug selected at enterprises in the Odessa region. Based on the results of determining the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of the 2015–2018 crop and the available literature data on the quantity and quality of gluten in grain 2005– 2007, a crop with the content of grain damaged by the wheat bug was shown to be 5.0 %, that between the amount of gluten and the content in the grain mass of the grains damaged by the wheat bug, there are no regularities.Existing fluctuations in the amount of gluten are reliably associated with different origins of grain samples grown under different agrotechnological conditions, different protein contents, varietal characteristics of grain and other factors. The regularities of changes in the quality of gluten depending on the content of grain damaged by a wheat bug have been established – with an increase in the content of damaged grains, according to a linear law, the gluten quality index determined on the VDK device also increases. It was also established that the intensity of changes in the quality of gluten significantly depends on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug; there was a slight increase in the quality index of gluten with the content of damaged grains up to 2.0 %, and its rapid growth with the content of damaged grains from 2.0 % to 5,0 % It is shown that in the studied wheat samples with the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug up to 2.5...2.7 %, the VDK indicator belongs to the 2nd group of gluten quality – satisfactory weak and wheat belongs to 1–3 grades in this indicator. With a further increase in the content of grains damaged the wheat bug, the index of VDK increases and gluten passes to the 3rd group – unsatisfactory weak, and the batch of wheat belongs to the 4th class.
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Antoshina, Olga, Julia Odnodushnova, Gennadiy Fadkin, Irina Kondakova, and Olga Fedosova. "The study of the nature of the inheritance of quantitative traits in F1 hybrids of winter soft wheat." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700084.
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In the conditions of the south of the Nonchernozem Zone, intraspecific hybridization of winter soft wheat was carried out. When selecting parental forms used in crossing, special attention was paid to such economically valuable traits as productive tilling capacity, the number of grains and the mass of grain per spike. The true (Htru) and hypothetical heterosis (Hhyp) on the basis of “plant height”, “length of the lower internode”, “length of the upper internode”, “general tilling capacity”, “productive tilling capacity”, “spike length”, “number of spikelets”, “number of grains” and “grain weight per spike” were determined. It was established that the inheritance of quantitative traits in hybrids of the first generation was distinguished by the complex nature of distribution by types. Studies have made possible to identify 5 hybrid combinations F1, in which the effect of heterosis manifests itself simultaneously on five quantitative characteristics (ear length, number of spikelets per ear, number of grains per ear, grain weight per ear, mass grain from a plant).
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Radchenko, O. M., L. V. Sirant, and M. O. Dykun. "Polymorphism of alpha-amylase of soft wheat." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 22 (September 9, 2018): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v22.946.
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Aim. Study of polymorphism of alpha amylase in winter wheat varieties. Methods. Isoenzymes of alpha-amylase were detected by electrophoretic protein separation in a polyacrylamide gel. The germination index (GI) was calculated by Walker-Simmons: GI = (7xn1 + 6xn2 + ... + 1xn7) / 7 x N, where n1, n2, ..., n7 is the number of seeds sprouted on the first, second, and further days to the seventh day, respectively, N – the total number of grains. Results. Varieties were explored: Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, The Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Ukraine, Odesa and german varieties.The polymorphism of wheat grain alpha-amylase was detected by the method of electrophoretic protein separation. We searched associations between variants of alpha-amylase and resistance to pre-harvest germination, the germination index in the studied samples was determined. Conclusions. The frequency of the prevalence of variants for isoenzymes of alpha-amylase in soft wheat varieties was estimated. It was shown that genotypes containing the variant of the isoenzymes АbC are more resistant to pre-harvest germination. Among the studied varieties of PBGI NAAS and IPPG NAS of Ukraine, the variant of alpha-amylase AbC.
Keywords: α-amylase, soft wheat, electrophoresis, varieties.
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Sartin, Abigail, Kallie Calus, Alyssa Hall, Morgan Grabau, Daren Redfearn, and Mary E. Drewnoski. "5 Effect of Species and Maturity on Winter Hardy Small Grain Silage Yield and Quality." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_4 (October 22, 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac313.001.
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Abstract Winter-hardy small grains offer an opportunity to improve soil health as a cover crop, and they can also be used as a forage source for cattle. Winter-hardy small grains differ in the time needed to reach various maturity stages. Species selection may also impact yield and nutritive value. A two-year study was conducted in eastern Nebraska to determine the effect of species and maturity on yield and nutritive value of winter-hardy small grains used for silage. Three species were evaluated; cereal rye, winter wheat, and winter triticale at four stages of maturity: boot, anthesis, milk, and soft dough. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four blocks per year. Small grain species were considered whole plots with maturity at harvest considered sub-plot. Each year, the small grain species were randomly assigned within each block. Within each plot, maturity was randomly assigned to one quarter of each plot. Dry matter (DM) forage yield, crude protein (CP), digestible organic matter (DOM), and nutrient yield per hectare were measured and analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. Forage yield increased for all species (P < 0.01) with maturity, except for wheat, where there was a decrease at soft dough. Forage yield of cereal rye and triticale did not differ (P>0.05), except at soft dough where triticale was greater (P < 0.01) than cereal rye. Forage yield of triticale and cereal rye yield was greater (P£0.05) than wheat at anthesis and soft dough. Crude protein (% DM) decreased (P < 0.01) with maturity across all species. Among species, CP for cereal rye was greater (P£0.01) than triticale at boot, anthesis, and soft dough, but not different (P³0.10) from wheat at boot, milk, and soft dough. At boot, anthesis, and milk stages, CP of triticale was not different (P³0.07) than wheat, but triticale was lower than wheat (P < 0.01) at soft dough. The DOM (% DM) decreased (P < 0.01) with maturity, except at soft dough. The DOM of cereal rye and wheat did not differ (P > 0.05), but both were greater (P < 0.01) than triticale. Cereal rye and triticale had greater (P £ 0.05) nutrient yields than wheat in terms of energy (DOM) and CP. There was no difference for CP yield across stages (P = 0.10), but there was an effect of maturity on DOM yield. The DOM yield increased from boot to anthesis, (P = 0.05), anthesis and milk did not differ (P = 0.08) and increased (P < 0.01) again at soft dough. This suggests that planting either cereal rye or triticale resulted in the greatest nutrient yield per acre. Harvest at anthesis had increased yield compared to boot with minimal loss in nutritive value; for maximizing energy yield per acre, harvesting at soft dough was the best option.
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Kovtun, Viktor Ivanovich, and Alesya Aleksandrovna Sukhareva. "Productivity and elements of its structure in new genotypes of soft winter wheat of the south of Russia." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i11pp16-19.
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The article presents the best in yield genotypes of soft winter wheat, created in recent years in the North Caucasus FNATS. In terms of grain yield, on average, for two years of study (2018-2019), the best genotypes exceeded the standard variety Thunder from 0,50 to 1,97 t / ha. A particularly high excess over the standard was noted for the main elements of the yield structure: a mass of 1000 grains, the number of grains per spike, and a mass of spike grain. It is indicated that such varieties as Shield, Armada, Lyuda, Batya, Moretz, Source, 1217/14, 1008/15, 1332/15, 1731/15 can be effectively used as genetic sources when creating new winter wheat varieties for the conditions of the Russian Federation.
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Лысиков and Pavel Lysikov. "CEPHUS PYGMAEUS INFLUENCE FOR SOFT WINTER WHEAT ELEMENTS YIELD IN THE FOREST SAMARA REGION." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 1, no. 1 (March 18, 2016): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18331.
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The purpose of the study is to reduce yield loss of winter wheat crops infested with stem borer. The studies were conducted in the forest of the Samara region in the vicinity of st. Ust-Kinelsky in 2011, 2012 and 2014. in the fields of the Povolzsje Science Research Institute of selection and seeds production of P. N. Konstantinov with the meso form of the relief at the landscape profile length of about 8 m to 4 varieties of soft winter wheat: Povolgskaya 86, Kinelskay 8, Kinelskay 4 and Konstantinovskaya (Erythrospermum). The damage of productive stalks of wheat sawfly larvae was 0.5-1.2%, peaking at an average of weather conditions in 2012, the minimum – in a relatively arid 2014 and depended on the plant population, sawflies favored more sparse crops with a correlation coefficient In 2011, 2012 –0,472- –0.480, –0.734 – in 2014. Under the influence of the sawfly larvae damaged ear stem length was reduced by no more than 5.2, the number of grains per ear – 14.4, the weight of grain in the ear – 14.4, weight of 1000 seeds – 15,2%. The largest decrease in the length of the spike observed in average weather conditions for 2012, the number and grains weight per ear – in a wet 2011, the mass of 1000 grains – in the dry 2014 from wet to dry years, the harmfulness of the sawfly increased from an average to the bottom of the slope. The smallest decrease in all indicators of productivity observed in the upper part of the slope. The number of adults cephus pygmaeus in all parts of the slopes were almost equally low (0.2-0.4 ind./100 net sweeps). The cephus pygmaeus loss of of wheat grain productivity were minor and were 3-35 kg/h.
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Szabó, B. P., E. Gyimes, A. Véha, and Zs H. Horváth. "Flour quality and kernel hardness connection in winter wheat." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Alimentaria 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausal-2016-0003.
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Abstract Kernel hardness is controlled by friabilin protein and it depends on the relation between protein matrix and starch granules. Friabilin is present in high concentration in soft grain varieties and in low concentration in hard grain varieties. The high gluten, hard wheat our generally contains about 12.0–13.0% crude protein under Mid-European conditions. The relationship between wheat protein content and kernel texture is usually positive and kernel texture influences the power consumption during milling. Hard-textured wheat grains require more grinding energy than soft-textured grains. The aim of our research was to determine the possible relationship between kernel hardness and various other parameters of the our (dough visco-elastic characteristics, wet gluten, water absorption, our recovery, alveograph). We used Perten SKCS 4100 to determine the kernel hardness, while the Perten 3303 mill was used to establish Particle Size Index (PSI). Registered and widely used Hungarian wheat varieties (7 of HRWW and 4 of SRWW) were applied in the study. Twin correlations were used to determine the relationship among the various traits. According to the results, there is a very strong correlation between milling energy and kernel hardness (r = 0:99): The correlation between hardness index and the examined our parameters was also significant (r = 0:81–0:87). We found strong correlation between the milling energy and water absorption (r = 0:88) of our. The associations found in this study will help the better understanding of the technological aspects concerning wheat grain and our quality.
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NOVIKOV, N. N., A. A. ZHARIKHINA, and N. E. SOLOVYEVA. "GRAIN QUALITY FORECASTING BY AMINO ACID CONCENTRATION IN THE LEAF JUICE." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 1 (2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2021-1-29-41.
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Field experiments with soft wheat and malting barley, conducted on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil showed that under the influence of increasing rates of nitrogen nutrition in the leaf juice in the first stem node phase, the concentration of amino acids decreases. This fact is confirmed by high correlation coefficients. There is also a close correlation between the concentration of amino acids in the leaf juice, plant productivity and grain quality indicators. Wheat showed a close negative correlation of the concentration of amino acids in the leaf juice with the weight of 1000 grains, the total content of proteins and gluten in the grain, as well as gliadin and glutenin proteins, and a close positive correlation with the content of water-soluble, non-extractable proteins in the grain and the activity of proteases. The concentration of amino acids in the malting barley leaf juice was negatively correlated with the total content of proteins in the grain, the amount of gordeins, the total activity of amylases, and positively correlated with the test value indicators, grain extractivity, and the content of water-soluble proteins in the grain. The research results indicate that the concentration of amino acids in the leaf juice in the first stem node phase provides for a fairly accurate diagnoctics of nitrogen nutrition and prediction of the quality of soft wheat and malting barley grains.
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Chuprina, Yu Yu, I. V. Klymenko, and D. V. Havva. "The level of adaptability of perspective samples of soft and durum spring wheat in Ukrainian forest-steppe." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 6 (November 28, 2020): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_251.
Full textAbstract:
In the Eastern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, which is characterized by a sharp change in weather conditions during the growing season of agricultural crops, it is very important to grow hybrids that are most adapted to frequent weather anomalies during the growing season. This can significantly reduce their negative impact on the productivity of spring wheat. The results of a study of 20 samples (soft spring wheat Triticum aestivum L.) and (durum spring wheat Triticum durum) of different ecological and geographical origin for adaptability when changing environmental conditions (Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Sweden) are presented. Adaptability indicators were determined by the following characteristics: mass of one spike, mass of grain from one spike, number of grains from one spike, mass of 1000 seeds, mass of grain from 1 m2. Samples that have high plasticity and stability by these characteristics have been identified. As a result of the conducted studies, the dependence between the main signs of productivity were established: the number of grains from one spike, the mass of grains from one spike, the mass of 1000 seeds, the mass of one spike, the mass of seeds from 1 m2 of Triticum aestium and Triticum durum samples. We have considered the adaptability of selection characteristics of samples by years with different environmental conditions: air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation amount, and hydrothermal coefficient.
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URSUNBAYEVA, S. A., R. IZTAYEV, R. GOMEDOV, A. YAKIYAYEVA, and B. Zh ULDABEKOVA. "STUDY OF THE QUALITY OF LOW-CLASS WHEAT AND BREAD OBTAINED BY THE ACCELERATED TEST METHOD." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 33 (March 20, 2019): 809–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n33.2019.824_periodico33_pgs_809_822.pdf.
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The quality of bread is determined by the quality of the raw materials used, and above all, flour and water as the main types of raw materials. The article presents the results of a study of physico-biochemical properties, indicators of bread baking by the accelerated method, obtained from finely ground soft wheat flour 3, 4, 5, and out-of class. A baking dough prepared in an accelerated way for 2-3 minutes can improve its rheological properties, reduce baking time to 36 minutes, improve the quality of bread from low-quality soft wheat flour. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the changes in the physicochemical properties of soft wheat grains 3, 4, 5 and out-of class were studied, finely ground whole-ground flour separately from different classes of soft wheat grains was obtained, and the quality of bread prepared using the accelerated test method from soft wheat flour was studied, different classes. In general, all wheat samples can be classified as recommended for consumption since they have increased organoleptic and physico-biochemical parameters of rheological properties compared to a wheat sample out-of class. Thus, the results of studies using the accelerated test method showed that wheat of classes 3, 4, and 5 studied formed the necessary properties of semi-finished products and contributed to improving the quality of bakery products and improving their quality.
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Муслимов, Нуржан Жумартович. "Studying the quality of wheat grain of domestic varieties of breeding as a valuable source for the production of functional beverages." Food processing industry, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52653/ppi.2022.5.5.001.
Full textAbstract:
В статье представлены результаты мониторинга качества отечественных сортов селекции зерна пшеницы как объекта для производства функциональных напитков. Исследования выполнены с целью сбора и анализа информации о качестве и технологических свойствах зерна урожая 2021 г. В качестве объектов исследования отобраны сорта пшеницы: мягкая озимая, сорт «Стекловидная»; мягкая озимая «Мереке 70»; мягкая яровая «Алмакен»; мягкая яровая «Самғау»; твердая яровая «Наурыз 6»; мягкая озимая «Шымкала». Представленные сорта являются последними научными достижениями отечественных научных коллективов научно-производственных центров в области растениеводства. Сравнительный анализ образцов зерна пшеницы проводили на основе следующих показателей качества: количество клейковины, масса 1000 зерен, натура, содержание белка и крахмала методом ИК-спектроскопии, зольность. В результате исследования количества клейковины установлено, что максимальное количество клейковины содержится в образцах пшеницы мягкая яровая «Алмакен» и мягкая озимая «Стекловидная» - по 85 % соответственно. Масса 1000 зерен представленных сортов пшеницы находится в допустимых значениях. Наилучшие показатели отмечаются у мягкой озимой пшеницы сорта «Шымкала» - 43,5 г, минимальные значения соответствуют сорту мягкой яровой пшеницы «Алмакен» - 35,3 г. Результаты испытаний по показателю натура соответствуют требованиям нормативно-технической документации. Максимальная натура установлена у сорта пшеницы «Наурыз» - 810 г/л. Установлены максимальные значения содержания белка методом ИК-спектроскопии, которое соответствует сорту пшеницы твердой яровой «Наурыз» - 17,9 % белка. Минимальные значения у проб пшеницы мягкой яровой «Самғау» - 12,7 %. Максимальные значения содержания крахмала соответствуют сорту пшеницы мягкая яровая «Самғау» - 66,3 %. Минимальные у пшеницы твердая яровая «Наурыз» - 59,4 %. По совокупности показателей качества для дальнейших исследований определили пшеницу мягкую яровую сорта «Алмакен». Оригинатором сорта является ТОО «Казахский научно-исследовательский институт земледелия и растениеводства». The article presents the results of monitoring the quality of domestic varieties of wheat grain breeding as an object for the production of functional beverages. The research was carried out in order to collect and analyze information about the quality and technological properties of grain of the 2021 harvest. Wheat varieties were selected as objects of research: soft winter, grade «Vitreous»; soft winter, grade «Mereke 70»; soft spring «Almaken»; soft spring «Samgau»; hard spring «Nauryz 6»; soft winter «Shymkent». The presented varieties are the latest scientific achievements of domestic research teams of research and production centers in the field of crop production. Comparative analysis of wheat grain images was carried out on the basis of the following quality indicators: the amount of gluten, the mass of 1000 grains, nature, protein and starch content by IR spectroscopy, ash content, viability. As a result of the study of the amount of gluten, it was found that the maximum amount of gluten is contained in the samples of wheat soft spring «Almaken» and soft winter varieties «Vitreous» by 85%, respectively. The mass of 1000 grains of the presented wheat varieties is within acceptable values. The best indicators are noted in the variety of soft winter wheat of the variety «Shymkent» - 43.5 g, the minimum values correspond to the variety of soft spring wheat «Almaken» - 35.3 g. The test results for the indicator natura meet the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation. The maximum natura is set for the wheat variety «Nauryz» - 810 g/l. The maximum values of protein content by IR spectroscopy have been established, which correspond to the hard spring wheat variety «Nauryz» - 17.9 % protein. The minimum values for samples of soft spring wheat «Samgau» are 12.7 %. Starch content, the maximum starch content values correspond to the soft spring wheat variety «Samgau» - 66.3 %. Minimum hard spring wheat «Nauryz» - 59.4 %. According to the totality of quality indicators for further research, they determined: soft spring wheat of the «Almaken» variety. Тhe originator of the variety is the «Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing» LLP.
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Rumbos, C. I., I. Pantazis, and C. G. Athanassiou. "Population Growth of Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on Various Commodities." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 1001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz313.
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Abstract The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is a serious pest, but at the same time has been authorized in European Union (EU) for feed in aquaculture. In this study, we investigated, in laboratory bioassays, the population growth of this species, on a wide variety of commodities. In four series of bioassays, we studied the development of A. diaperinus population on various intact cereal grains, on soft wheat grains with different percentages of cracked kernels, on non-grain amylaceous commodities and on a variety of non-amylaceous commodities. Briefly, 20 g of each commodity were put separately inside plastic cylindrical vials. Then, 20 A. diaperinus adults were placed inside each vial and all vials were incubated at 30°C and 55% r.h. After 30 d, the vials were opened and the progeny production was evaluated. Alphitobius diaperinus showed a clear preference in amylaceous commodities, but in contrast, poor development was recorded on the non-amylaceous commodities tested. Hence, it developed well in most of the cereal intact grains tested, with the hard and soft wheat being the most suitable. Additionally, most non-grain amylaceous commodities were suitable, to a various degree, for the population growth of A. diaperinus. The increase of the percentage of cracked wheat positively affected the population growth of A. diaperinus. To our knowledge, this is the first study that examined the suitability of a wide range of commodities for the population growth of A. diaperinus.
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Zinatullina, A. E. "THE QUALITY OF POLLEN GRAINS IN WHEAT MATURE ANTHERS OF ZHNITSA CULTIVAR IN PLANTA CONDITIONS." ÈKOBIOTEH 4, no. 1 (2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31163/2618-964x-2021-4-1-24-32.
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Biotechnological and selection investigations for making of wheat high-yielding resistant varieties require a significant amount of high-quality mature pollen. It is important to assess It is important to assess the quality of pollen grains in mature anthers in planta of the wheat genotypes included in the experiments. In the course of research the analysis of the histological status of mature anthers was carried out and qualitative cytological evaluation inside them pollen grain of spring soft wheat Zhnitsa cultivar was done in in planta conditions. It was shown that the structure of the wall locule anther presented by exothecium and endothecium is typical for cereals. It was established that 3-cell mature pollen grains are fertile (87-92%) and viable (75–80%) in general. At the same time in every mature anther abnormal pollen grains were observed and the cellular, nuclear, cytoplasmic and architectonic deviations from the norm were revealed. On the base of literature date the analysis of the reasons for the formation of abnormal pollen grains in planta was done and the classification of anomalies of plant pollen grains and the terminology used in this field of research were discussed.
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Rubets, Valentina, Irina Voronchikhina, Vladimir Pylnev, Yulia Kotenko, and Andrey Blinkov. "Grain quality and associated characteristics and properties of spring wheat of Canadian breeding." E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 01043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125401043.
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The article presents the results of the study of soft spring wheat varieties of Canadian breeding in order to identify the genetic sources of high baking value. A comprehensive assessment of the following economic and useful traits was carried out: yield, plant height, resistance to lodging and major fungal diseases, weight of 1000 grains, grain unit, vitreous content, protein and gluten content in the grain. The method of complex indices was used for the final evaluation of the varieties. It was found that the studied Canadian varieties are unsuitable for use in breeding for high yields in the conditions of the Central part of Russia. It was revealed that the varieties Bluesky, Oslo, Biggar, BW 90, Ac Kagma, CDC Merlin and Ac Taber have the highest values of complex indices. They are recommended for use in the breeding of soft spring wheat varieties with high yield and baking values of grain.
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Герасимчук, О. П. "VARIETY PRODUCTIVITY AND GRAIN QUALITY OF SOFT SPRING WHEAT UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE." Bulletin of Uman National University of Horticulture 1 (August 2022): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2310-0478-2022-1-58-63.
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Variety productivity and grain quality of soft spring wheat depending on the variety are identified, namely the varieties of spring wheat Struna Myronivska (yield 5.19 t/ha, weight of 1000 grains – 35 g, grain-unit – 800 g/l, hardness – 98%), falling number – 331 s, protein content – 4.8%, gluten – 32%) and Panianka (yield - 4.14 ha, fall number - 286 s, gluten quality – 67 units, flour strength – 300 units, volume yield of bread – 1030 cm3, bread porosity – 5 points) best combine high yields and good grain quality. The rheological properties of the dough (flour strength, its elasticity and extensibility) characterize the varieties of soft spring wheat as varieties with high technological properties. The best baking properties are observed in Panianka variety, with porosity and color of bread crumbs 5.0 and 4.8 points, respectively. It is found that Panianka variety has the greatest value as improvers in terms of rheological and baking properties of flour, Struna Myronivska and Simkoda Myronivska are middle filler varieties.
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Szabó, Balázs P. "Connection Between the Debranning Time and the Kernel Hardness of Wheat." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2017.1.16-22.
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Surface cleaning has an important role in the technology of milling of wheat considering food security. Wheat hardness has an effect on the milling process, it determines the properties, qualities and end use of flours. In the last decade new debranning methods have appeared, which are able to better remove the shell of wheat grains applying rubbing surfaces. In my thesis I examined how different levels of debranning affect hardness and content of ash in wheat types with different grain structure. Conclusion is with approximately 4% of shell removed the hardness of grain. Further removing of shell does not result in further changes though. Reduction of hard wheat’s general grain size with longer debranning process is larger compared to soft wheat’s.
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Menibaev, А. I., А. А. Zueva, and S. N. Shevchenko. "INHERITANCE OF THE "MASS OF 1000 GRAINS" PROPERTIES OF SPRING SOFT WHEAT IN DIALLEL CROSSES." Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy, no. 3(50) (September 8, 2020): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2020-3-98-104.
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Weight of 1000 grains - one of the component characteristics of yield is included in the group of main characteristics that are used for wheat breeding. In addition, the weight of the grain along with its performance is a sign of grain quality, largely determining its milling properties. The aim of the research is to determine the inheritance of a trait in the system of diallel crosses. The research was performed on the experimental field of the Samara research Institute in 2016-2018. The following varieties from the Ekada program were studied: Arhat, Estivum 1079, Estivum 1311, Omskaya 36, Ekada 148, Ekada 113, and Ekada 204. The varieties selected for the study were characterized by stable yield and significant differences in the studied feature-the mass of 1000 grains. Sowing was carried out manually on single-row plots 1 meter long with rows of 20 centimeters of 20 grains, rendomized blocks in three-fold repetition. Phenological observations were noted for the phases of development: tillering, earing and maturation. The results were analyzed using the B. I. Hayman method. As a result, the following genetic and statistical effects were revealed: 1) the functioning of epistatic interactions based on the genetic systems of Arhat and Ekada148 varieties; 2) directed dominance, dominant genes increase feature values ; 3) dominant and recessive alleles are distributed asymmetrically across varieties, with the predominance of dominant alleles in the population as a whole; 4)interaction in locuses between alleles occurs with the demontration of superdominant effects; 5) the additive component was significant in all environments, which implies good heritability of the trait; 6) varieties Estivum 1079 and Ekada 204 carry the maximum number of dominant alleles in all environments and are donors of dominant alleles that increase the trait.
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Vucelic-Radovic, Biljana V., Vjaceslav M. Nesic, Mirjana A. Demin, and Mirjana M. Milovanovic. "The B Group Vitamins and Mineral Elements in the Selective Removal of Wheat Kernel Layers." Natural Product Communications 1, no. 11 (November 2006): 1934578X0600101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0600101115.
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The objective of this study was to investigate how selective removal of the surface layers of whole wheat grains by abrasive scouring affects the distribution of mineral elements (macronutrients, micronutrients and trace elements) and the B group vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin pyridoxine, pantothenic acid and niacin) in three soft winter wheat varieties (Partizanka, Novosadska rana and Lasta). Although representing technologically different quality classes of wheat, the varieties were not significantly different in the B group vitamin contents, except for pyridoxine. Whole grains of all varieties exhibited very similar scouring behavior in reduction of vitamins: the most intensive investigated regime only slightly, but not significantly reduced the concentration of the B group vitamins. The nutritive value of scoured wheat grains with regard to the B group vitamins was preserved. The investigated minerals were: Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Se, Pb and Cd. The concentrations of minerals in scoured wheat grains were significantly reduced, dropping on average to 65% of the initial values for macro and 55% for microelements. The change of concentrations with the duration of applied treatment followed different patterns for different elements. Furthermore, a different pattern of the change for the same element in different wheat varieties was noticed. This might be due either to different mechanical properties of bran and bran layer interfaces or genotypic variability in distribution of elements in wheat grain. Severe reduction in Pb concentrations was achieved leading to improvement of whole-wheat food safety.
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GERVAIS, P., C. A. ST-PIERRE, and F. LOISELLE. "COMPARAISONS DE TROIS CEREALES DE PRINTEMPS ET DE CERTAINS DE LEURS CULTIVARS RECOLTES EN VERT ET A LA MATURITE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-016.
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Three spring cereals and nine of their cultivars were compared over a period of 3 yr for the production of forage and grains. No significant difference was found in the yields of forage (soft dough stage) between cultivars within a given species except for barley where Birka yielded less than the other cultivars. No significant difference was recorded in the yields of grains between cultivars within oats, wheat, two-rowed barley or six-rowed barley. For the whole experiment, the six-rowed barley produced the highest yields of grains and belonged to the first group for the production of forage. Within a species, the forages produced by the cultivars did not vary significantly in their organic constituents or in their mineral composition except for a few elements. The fat content was higher in oats than in wheat and barley, but the hemicellulosis content was higher in barley than in the two other cereals. Wheat contained less Ca, K, Mg and Na than oats and barley while oats has more Na and Mn than barley. The cultivars of the three main spring cereals recommended for grain production in Quebec are also adapted, except Birka, for forage production.Key words: Oat, wheat, barley, forage, grains, yield, quality
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Moskovskiy, Maksim, Maksim Litvinov, Andrey Boiko, and Sergey Maklakov. "Research of the spectral characteristics of healthy and fusarium-infected wheat seeds variety Moskovskaya 56 by hyperspectral spectroscopy." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128502016.
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In this paper, a spectroscopic identification method is considered for determining the maxima and minima of spectral lines to identify pathogenic microflora in grain seeds. The paper presents the justification for the application of the method of hyperspectral imaging, in order to identify the disease fusarium in the seeds of soft winter wheat. Based on the graphs, it can see the general picture of the influence of the disease fusarium on wheat grains. There is a general decrease in the reflectivity of the grain surface. The strongest deviation of spectral lines is observed in the limit from 660 nm to 900 nm.
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Timakova, Roza, Iuliia Iliukhina, and Ruslan Iliukhin. "Practical Applicability of Radiation Technologies in Food Systems." BIO Web of Conferences 57 (2023): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235702007.
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While achieving the food security, the use of radiation technologies for the processing of food wheat grains is distinguished by its practical significance. The use of inactivating (1-5 kGy) and sterilizing (25 kGy) doses of gamma radiation shall ensure the biosafety of radiation-treated grain. Changes in the main signs of freshness (color, odor) after treatment with different doses of ionizing radiation and during storage for up to 30 days have not been established. Varietal (species) grain purity of “Ekaterina” soft spring wheat is 99.7%, its grain purity is 99.93%. As a result of the research, a decrease in grain moisture content by 0.02-0.83% has been found compared to non-irradiated wheat grain at the stage of setting up for the experiment, after 15 days of storage – by 0.15-1.02%, and after 30 days of storage – by 0.44-1.40%, respectively; there is a significant decrease in the grain microflora established by the quantitative parameters of QMAFAnM and fungal microbiota, which makes it possible to establish the positive effect of using gamma radiation to improve the storage capacity of food grains in food systems. Research work needs to be continued in matters of nutritional value assessment.
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Belyaev, Vladimir I., Nikolai V. Rudev, and Liudmila V. Sokolova. "YIELD STRUCTURE AND GRAIN QUALITY OF SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES OF ALTAI AND FOREIGN SELECTION (TYUMENTSEVSKY DISTRICT, ALTAI KRAI)." Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 14, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2022-14-2-427-440.
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Wheat is one of the three major agricultural crops worldwide. The yield of any agricultural crop, including spring soft wheat, largely depends on compliance with regional requirements during its cultivation, while variety is one of the decisive factors. The current research aims to identify the difference in the yield structure and grain quality of spring wheat varieties of Altai and foreign selection for the Tyumentsevsky district (Altai Krai) for the first time.
The tasks are as follows: (1) to analyze the growing season weather conditions, (2) to compare the yield, yield structure elements, and indicators of grain quality, and (3) to find the best variety of spring soft wheat. Sampling during the experiment and processing of the results was carried out in accordance with standard methods. There was a difference in the yield structure and grain quality of spring wheat varieties of Altai and foreign selection in the Tyumentsevsky district of Altai Krai. The 2020 growing season was extreme, with droughts, higher temperatures, and precipitation lower than in multiannual terms.
A comparison of varieties has shown the highest yield variability. The highest amount of grains (21.1 c/ha) was received by Variant 2 – Altayskaya 75 (elite seeds). The research results have shown that it is best to use the varieties of local selection to obtain the maximum yield of spring soft wheat in the conditions of the Tyumentsevsky district of Altai Krai.
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Герман, М. М., and О. В. Міщенко. "ДИНАМІКА НАКОПИЧЕННЯ СУХОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ ЗЕРНА ПШЕНИЦІ М’ЯКОЇ ОЗИМОЇ." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 1 (March 27, 2014): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2014.01.03.
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Наведено результати досліджень, встановленонайкращу фазу стиглості зерна пшениці м'якої ози-мої для отримання високоякісного насіння. Визначе-но, що основна кількість білка і клейковини в зернісинтезуються до середини молочного стану, у на-ступні фази стиглості зерна продовжується їхнєнакопичення в достатньо зволожені роки до настан-ня повної стиглості, в посушливі – до середини воско-вої стиглості зерна незалежно від попередника, фонуудобрення і норм висіву насіння пшениці м'якої ози-мої. Встановлено, що за сухої теплої погоди та від-сутності опадів під час формування й достиганнязерна добовий приріст маси 1000 зерен значно біль-ший, ніж у роки зі значною кількістю опадів.
The results of the studies found the best stage of ripeness soft winter wheat to produce high-quality seed. Determined that the principal amount of protein and gluten in grains synthesized by the middle of the milk, the next phase of ripening grain continues their accumulation in sufficiently moist years before full maturity, in the dry - the middle of ripeness of grain, regardless of its predecessor, background fertilizer and seed rates soft winter wheat seeds. Found that in dry warm weather and lack of rain during the development and ripening of grain daily gain mass of 1000 grains is much larger than in years with high rainfall.
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Тимошенкова, Татьяна, Tatyana Timoshenkova, Феофан Самуилов, and Feofan Samuilov. "QUALITY OF GRAINS OF COLLECTIVE SAMPLES OF SOFT WHEAT OF DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN IN THE STEPPE ZONE OF THE ORENBURG REGION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 3 (November 7, 2018): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5bcf556ea22261.67097310.
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In scientific work the estimation of technological parameters of grain of wheat varieties of different ecological groups is presented at cultivation in steppe of Orenburg region. Investigations of qualitative properties of grain of spring soft wheat revealed that high-grade grain forms varieties of steppe Volga, eastern and southern ecotypes. More vitreous grains are characteristic of varieties of steppe Volga and eastern ecological groups. Grain with a protein content of 14% and higher is characterized by varieties of forest-steppe West Siberian and forest-steppe eastern, steppe Volga, steppe eastern and steppe southern ecological groups. A high content of gluten (33-34%) was noted in varieties of the steppe Volga, eastern and southern ecotypes. From all studied ecotypes, a grain was obtained with quality gluten of Groups I-III. Most of the varieties of the forest-steppe West Siberian and eastern, steppe Volga, eastern and southern ecological groups in the steppe zone of the Orenburg region form 1-2 grade grains, and samples of forest North Russian and East Siberian forest ecological groups - 3-4 classes.
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Djaaboub, S., A. Moussaoui, B. Meddah, S. Gouri, and K. Benyahia. "Prevalence of Mycoflora and Fusarium graminearum Chemotype DON in Wheat in Bechar Province of South-Western Algeria." Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 55, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/038.55.2020.002.
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Wheat and its derivatives are a main staple food for the Algerian populations. The objective of this study aims to analyze local and imported wheat grains for fungi particularly Fusarium graminearum chemotype DON and evaluate deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated wheat collected from Bechar region, in south-western Algeria. A total of 64 of wheat samples were examined for fungal contamination and fungal load was determined by means of standard microbiological method. DON was detected using the ELISA technique. The results revealed that 98.44% of analyzed samples showed positive results regarding fungal contamination. More precisely, local wheat was dominated by Aspergillus and Penicillium and imported wheat was dominated by Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus species. Results showed that 62.5% of F. graminearum strains produced DON. Contamination levels of wheat with DON ranging from <0.04 ppm to >5ppm for soft wheat and from <0.12ppm to >15ppm for durum wheat. So, 62.96% of soft wheat grains and 55.56% of durum wheat imported from France, and also 18.18% of local durum wheat exceed the permissible limit by far. This study provides basic grounds in assessing the degree of fungal and potential DON contamination in Algerian wheat.
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Pakul, V. N. "Variability and relationships of agronomic traits of spring soft wheat in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of Western Siberia." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 23, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2022.23.1.44-53.
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The purpose of the research is to study the variability and relationships of agronomic traits of spring soft wheat in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of Western Siberia and to identify promising sources for use in the breeding process. Studies were carried out in 2018-2021. The objects of the research were 60 samples of spring soft wheat of various origin (Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, China) from the collections of the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources and Kemerovo Research Institute of Agriculture. Twenty-one samples of spring soft wheat with the growing period of 80-85 days have been identified. According to productivity the following samples have been selected: PM-83-17 (KP-072, Kemerovo, Russian Federation) - 236.0 g/m2, Lyutescents 5-17 (KP-073, Kemerovo, Russian Federation) - 240.0 g/m2, Omskaya 35 (k-64459, Omsk, Russian Federation) - 246 g/m2, Siberian Alliance (k-65242, Barnaul, Kemerovo, Russian Federation) - 252 g/m2, Lyutescents 105/4 (KP-071, Kemerovo, Russian Federation) - 294 g/m2, Ekada 70 (k-64547, Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation) - 310 g/m2 (OMGAU 90 standard - 173 g/m2). The Ekada 70 sample had he lowest yield variability, 19.8 %. The closest conjugation between the yield and the number of grains in the ear was revealed (r = 0.3702), the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0.3769) (confidence threshold R = 0.3323). The mass of grain per ear is largely determined by the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0.9879. The most valuable for breeding work are samples of Russian origin distinguished by a complex of traits: Siberian Alliance, Lyutescens 105/4, Ekada 70.
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Господаренко, Г. М., В. В. Любич, and І. О. Полянецька. "Вихід і якість круп’яних продуктів із зерна сортів і ліній пшениць." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2017.04.01.
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У статті наведено результати вивчення вмісту анатомічних складових у зернівці сортів і ліній пшениць, вихід і кулінарне оцінювання круп’яних продуктів. Встановлено, що високий вихід крупи (85–89 %) та високу кулінарну оцінку (7–9 балів) має зерно сортів пшениці м’якої Ужинок, Вдала, Щедра нива, Паннонікус, Емеріно, Лупус, лінії пшениці щільноколосої Уманчанка і ліній, отриманих гібридизацією Tr. aestivum / Tr. spelta. Екструдування зерна пшениць істотно покращує кулінарну оцінку готового продукту завдяки температурному обробленню. Зерно сортів Кохана, Вдала, Лупус, Емеріно, Паннонікус, Ac Meckinon, Кулундинка, лінії Уманчанка та ліній пшениці м’якої озимої використовувати для екструдування без його лущення.
The article presents the results of studying of anatomical content of grains of wheat varieties and lines, the yield and culinary evaluation of cereal products. It has been established that the high yield of cereals (85–89 %) and the high culinary score (7–9 points) has a grain of wheat varieties of soft Uzhynok, Vdala, Shchedra Nyva, Pannonikus, Emerino, Lupus, wheat lines of compact Umanchanka and lines obtained by hybridization Tr. aestivum/Tr. spelta. Extrusion of wheat grain significantly improves the culinary evaluation of the finished product due to the temperature treatment. Grain varieties Kohan, Vdala, Lupus, Emerino, Pannonikus, Ac Meckinon, Kulundinka, Umanchanka lines and wheat soft wheat lines are used for extrusion without peeling.
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Baranzelli, Julia, Sabrina Somacal, Camila Sant’Anna Monteiro, Renius de Oliveira Mello, Eliseu Rodrigues, Osmar Damian Prestes, Rosalía López-Ruiz, et al. "Grain Germination Changes the Profile of Phenolic Compounds and Benzoxazinoids in Wheat: A Study on Hard and Soft Cultivars." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020721.
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Pre-harvest sprouting is a frequent problem for wheat culture that can be simulated by laboratory-based germination. Despite reducing baking properties, wheat sprouting has been shown to increase the bioavailability of some nutrients. It was investigated whether wheat cultivars bearing distinct grain texture characteristics (BRS Guaraim, soft vs. BRS Marcante, hard texture) would have different behavior in terms of the changes in phytochemical compounds during germination. Using LC-Q-TOF-MS, higher contents of benzoxazinoids and flavonoids were found in the hard cultivar than in the soft one. Free phytochemicals, mainly benzoxazinoids, increased during germination in both cultivars. Before germination, soft and hard cultivars had a similar profile of matrix-bound phytochemicals, but during germination, these compounds have been shown to decrease only in the hard-texture cultivar, due to decreased levels of phenolic acids (trans-ferulic acid) and flavonoids (apigenin) that were bound to the cell wall through ester-type bonds. These findings confirm the hypothesis that hard and soft wheat cultivars have distinct behavior during germination concerning the changes in phytochemical compounds, namely the matrix-bound compounds. In addition, germination has been shown to remarkably increase the content of benzoxazinoids and the antioxidant capacity, which could bring a health-beneficial appeal for pre-harvested sprouted grains.
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Dolijanović, Željko, Dušan Kovačević, Snežana Oljača, Svetlana Roljević Nikolić, and Srđan Šeremešić. "Effect of Fertilizers on the Yield of Alternative Small Grains." Contemporary Agriculture 66, no. 3-4 (December 20, 2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/contagri-2017-0014.
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SummaryThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of organic farming technologies on the yield of alternative types of wheat: hard wheat (Triticum durum), spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) and a common variety of (soft) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare). The experiment was carried out during 2010-11 and 2011-12, at the Radmilovac experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade, according to the randomized block design in four replications. In addition to the control treatment (without fertilizers), microbiological fertilizers were applied in topdressing (alone) and in combination with organic fertilizer before sowing. Crops were grown under a four-crop rotation on leached chernozem in the rainfed water regime. The average yields of the varieties examined were not significantly different depending on the growing year, whereas fertilization showed a highly significant effect on the grain yield. The combined application of microbiological and organic fertilizers resulted in the highest yields in both years (5,209 and 4,992 kg ha-1, respectively). The selected wheat varieties exhibited different responses to the treatments applied. The highest yield was observed in the common soft wheat variety examined (5,170 and 5,611 kg ha-1), whereas the lowest in durum wheat (3,138 and 2,429 kg ha-1). The analysis of experimental factor interactions showed that statistically significant effects on the yield could be attributed to the year-fertilization interaction. The wheat yields obtained are similar to those observed in the conventional production system due to favorable weather conditions and a proper selection of the type and sequence of crops that are part of the four-crop rotation (winter wheat, maize, spring barley + red clover, and red clover).
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Yashchuk, N. O., L. M. Matseiko, and A. V. Bober. "Качество зерна пшеницы разных сортов в зависимости от зараженности амбарным долгоносиком (Sitophilus granarius L.)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_227.
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<p><span lang="EN-US">We considered the influence of varietal features of wheat grain on the degree of its infection by granary weevil and the change of quality indices grain of crop at the pest infestation. We stidued the samples of grain of winter wheat of soft varieties of Oriyka, Zluka, Forest song and spring durum Kharkovskaya 27 variety. Our study consisted in determining the technological and sowing parameters of wheat grains of different varieties after the 1 month of storage (after passing the post-harvest ripening) and after 12 months of storage (after infection of grain by granary weevil). After passing the post-harvest ripening, the wheat grain of all studied varieties was suitable for technological, seed and fodder purposes and grain Kharkovskaya 27 for the food purposes. After 12 months of storage, the most populated barn weevil was wheat grain of winter soft variety Forest song (more than 3000 pieces in one kilogram in obvious form and 34 % in hidden form). The least infected was grain of spring wheat durum Kharkovskaya 27 (about 500 pieces in one kilogram). The difference in the infection of the wheat grain of the studied varieties is explained by the different hardness of the grain. After 12 months of storage, the population with a granary weevil of wheat grains of all studied varieties promoted an increase in the moisture content and content of foreign materials and carried out to decrease in the characteristics of </span><span lang="EN-GB">grain-unit</span><span lang="EN-US">, energy of germination, germinating ability, content of protein and gluten.</span><span lang="EN-US">In the varieties of Oriyka, Zluka and Kharkovskaya 27 energy of germination and germinating ability decreased from 3 till 10 % compared to the initial indices. We observed the most significant decrease in the sowing indices in the variety of Forest song: by 58% less than the initial value of the energy of germination and by 51 % less than germinating ability. We concluded that the wheat grain of the spring durum Kharkovskaya 27 was the most resistant to infection of granary weevil and the preservation of technological quality indicators was.</span></p>
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Жемела, Г. П., and А. О. Курочка. "ВПЛИВ ПОПЕРЕДНИКІВ НА ЕЛЕМЕНТИ СТРУКТУРИ ВРОЖАЙНОСТІ ТА ЯКІСТЬ ЗЕРНА ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД СОРТОВИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 1 (March 29, 2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2012.01.08.
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Розглянуто вплив попередників на елементи структу-ри врожайності: кількість продуктивних стебелна 1 м2, кількість зерен у колосі, масу зерна в коло-сі, масу 1000 зерен, натуру і склоподібність різнихза біологічними властивостями сортів пшеницім,якої озимої. Найоптимальніші показники елементівструктури врожайності були у сортів Землячка,Володарка, Добірна. Встановлено, що найкращимипопередниками були горох та однорічні бобовітрави. Кращі фізичні показники якості зерна булиу сортів Землячка, Володарка і Добірна.
The influence of the predecessors on the elements of thestructure of productivity: the amount of productive stemsper 1 m, the amount of grains in the ear of wheat, themass of 1000 grains, the nature, the glassiness of differentsorts of soft winter-annual wheat according to thebiological characteristics was examined. It was found outthat the best predecessors were pears and annual beanherds. The sorts Zemlyachka, Volodarka, Dobirna had thebest physical indicators of grain quality.
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Mal'ceva, Lidiya, Natal'ya Bannikova, and Elena Filippova. "Reaction of spring soft wheat to drought in the forest-steppe of the Trans-Urals." Agrarian Bulletin of the 215, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-215-12-9-18.
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Abstract. The purpose of the research is the reaction of spring soft wheat varieties to dry phenomena during the growing season in the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals. Methods. The material was 24 varieties of various biotypes for maturation from the nursery of the competitive variety testing of the Kurgan Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Results. The negative effect of the drought reduced the yield in the experiments by 11.9 c/ha, the weight of 1000 grains by 5.7 g, and the nature by 19.7 g/l. The influence of grain size on the yield both in favorable years and in years of drought was noted (r = 0.63…0.98). In arid conditions, vitreous is correlated with yield, 1000 grain weight, in kind, to a lesser extent with gluten content, bread volume, and “flour strength”. The lack of moisture during the grain filling period increased the gluten content by 3.4 %, the quality by 15.1 e. p. IDC, the flour strength by 102.7 e. a., the volume of bread by 106 g/l. In favorable years, the weight of 1000 grains and the vitreous content of the grain correlate with gluten (r = 0.44; r = 0.24–0.84). Indicators of productivity and physical properties of grain increase when sowing at the optimal time, with a certain decrease in the gluten content (by 1.2 %), flour strength (by 5.3 e. a.), bread volume (by 73.2 e. p.). In the early sowing period, moisture deficiency reduces the indicators for all varieties Under these conditions, early-maturing varieties form a larger grain both when sowing at an early time (29.0 g) and when sowing at the optimal (31.3 g). In a drought, the role of the variety is especially high. High drought resistance was shown by the Zauralochka variety of the Kurgan Research Institute of Agriculture, which successfully passed the test in the dry years (2012, 2020) in the GSI system and in the environmental test (KASIB). The yield of the drought-resistant variety Zauralochka on average for the HSU was 20.2 c/ha, exceeding the standard Hercules by 2.2 c/ha. Scientific novelty. The features of the influence of dry phenomena on the yield and the main indicators of the quality of varieties are revealed, the correlation between them is determined. According to drought resistance, a variety of spring soft wheat Zauralochka was selected.
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Lozinskyi, Mykola, Halyna Ustynova, Tetiana Grabovska, Yulia Kumanska, and Oleksandr Horodetskyi. "Manifestation of Heterosis and Degree of Phenotypic Dominance by the Number of Grains from the Main Ear in the Hybridisation of Different Early-Maturing Varieties of Soft Winter Wheat." Scientific Horizons 24, no. 11 (February 23, 2022): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.24(11).2021.28-37.
Full textAbstract:
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the main food crop on a global scale, in the growth and stabilisation of yields, of which varietal resources are a significant factor. In practical breeding work, an essential role is played by a variety of thoroughly investigated source material. The purpose of this study was to determine hypothetical and true heterosis and establish the nature of inheritance of the number of grains from the main ear in hybrids of soft winter wheat. In 2018-2020, 45 combinations of cross-breeding of soft winter wheat varieties obtained from hybridisation of different growing season periods were investigated in the experimental field of the Research and Production Centre of the Belotserkovskyi National Agrarian University. Generally accepted methods were used to determine the hypothetical and true heterosis and the degree of phenotypic dominance by the number of grains in the main ear. Studies indicate that the number of grains in the ear of the main stem of the parent components of hybridisation is determined by genotype and considerably depends on the hydrothermal conditions of the year. The author of this paper established the influence of maternal cytoplasm on the manifestation of the trait under study. Thus, when used in hybridisation of early-maturing varieties with the mother form, the largest average number of grains in the main ear for hybrids (63.3 pcs.) was formed in 2019. At the same time, for the use of medium-early, medium maturing, and medium-late varieties in hybridisation, the maximum number of grains (64.8 pcs.) was marked in 2018. Therewith, all hybrids formed the minimum number of grains in 2020. The obtained experimental data indicate the influence of parental genotypes and year conditions on heterosis indicators and the degree of phenotypic dominance in first-generation hybrids. It is determined that the most common type of inheritance (85.6%) of the number of grains from the main ear is positive overdomination. Practical value for the selection of soft winter wheat are the selected cross-breeding combinations: Myronivska early / Zolotokolosa, Myronivska early / Cherniava, Bilotserkivska semi-dwarf / Cherniava, Bilotserkivska semi-dwarf / Antonivka, Kolchuha / Antonivka, Zolotokolosa / Charniava, Zolotokolosa / Yednist, Cherniava / Vidrada, Cherniava / Stolychna, Shchedra Nyva / Dobirna, Antonivka / Stolychna, Dobirna / Pyvna, which significantly exceeded the average number of grains from the main ear for F1 in the changing fields under hydrothermal conditions the years of research