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Journal articles on the topic 'Soft microcapsules'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Bewernitz, Mark A., Archana C. Lovett, and Laurie B. Gower. "Liquid–Solid Core-Shell Microcapsules of Calcium Carbonate Coated Emulsions and Liposomes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 8551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238551.

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Micron-sized core-shell particles consisting of a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mineral shell and a fluidic core were generated using a biomimetic approach, for the purpose of use as biodegradable microcapsules for release of active agents. Dinoflagellate cysts, unicellular organisms which deposit a protective hard mineral shell around their soft and fluidic cellular interior, served as our inspiration. Using the biomimetic polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) mineralization process, calcium carbonate coatings were deposited on charged emulsion droplets and liposomes. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and confocal fluorescence microscopy were used to demonstrate that smooth CaCO3 mineral coatings can be deposited onto the high curvature surfaces of emulsions and liposomes to yield micron-sized microcapsules for the effective entrapment of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic active agents. These biodegradable and biocompatible CaCO3 microcapsules are novel systems for producing a powdered form of fluid-containing capsules for storage and transport of pharma/chemical agents. They may be used in lieu of, or in conjunction with, existing microcapsule delivery approaches, as well as providing a convenient foundation for which polymeric coatings could be further applied, allowing for more complex targeting and/or chemical-release control.

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2

Song, Jie, Firoozeh Babayekhorasani, and Patrick T. Spicer. "Soft Bacterial Cellulose Microcapsules with Adaptable Shapes." Biomacromolecules 20, no. 12 (October 29, 2019): 4437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01143.

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3

Kim, Dong-Min, In-Ho Song, Ju-Young Choi, Seung-Won Jin, Kyeong-Nam Nam, and Chan-Moon Chung. "Self-Healing Coatings Based on Linseed-Oil-Loaded Microcapsules for Protection of Cementitious Materials." Coatings 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8110404.

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Linseed oil undergoes an oxidative drying reaction upon exposure to air, resulting in a soft film. The reaction conversion after 48 h reached 88% and 59% when it reacted at room temperature and −20 °C, respectively. Linseed-oil-loaded microcapsules were prepared using a urea-formaldehyde polymer as the shell wall material. The microcapsules were integrated into a commercially available protective coating formulation to prepare self-healing coating formulations with different capsule loadings. The coating formulations were applied on mortar specimens to prepare self-healing coatings. The effect of capsule loading on adhesion strength of the self-healing coating was studied. The self-healing function of the coating was investigated by SEM, a water sorptivity test and an accelerated carbonation test. Successful self-healing was demonstrated for both scratch and crack damage in the coatings. Low-temperature self-healing was demonstrated with a saline solution sorptivity test conducted at −20 °C. The linseed-oil-based microcapsule-type self-healing coating system is a promising candidate as a protective coating for cementitious materials.

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4

Kudasova, Darikha, Botagoz Mutaliyeva, Kristina Vlahoviček-Kahlina, Slaven Jurić, Marijan Marijan, Svetlana V. Khalus, Alexander V. Prosyanik, Suzana Šegota, Nikola Španić, and Marko Vinceković. "Encapsulation of Synthesized Plant Growth Regulator Based on Copper(II) Complex in Chitosan/Alginate Microcapsules." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 2663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052663.

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A new copper complex, trans-diaqua-trans-bis [1-hydroxy-1,2-di (methoxycarbonyl) ethenato] copper (abbreviation Cu(II) complex), was synthesized and its plant growth regulation properties were investigated. The results show a sharp dependence of growth regulation activity of the Cu(II) complex on the type of culture and its concentration. New plant growth regulator accelerated the development of the corn root system (the increase in both length and weight) but showed a smaller effect on the development of the wheat and barley root systems. Stimulation of corn growth decreased with increasing Cu(II) complex concentration from 0.0001% to 0.01% (inhibition at high concentrations—0.01%). The development of corn stems was also accelerated but to a lesser extent. Chitosan-coated calcium alginate microcapsules suitable for delivery of Cu(II) complex to plants were prepared and characterized. Analysis of the FTIR spectrum showed that complex molecular interactions between functional groups of microcapsule constituents include mainly electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Microcapsules surface exhibits a soft granular surface structure with substructures consisting of abundant smaller particles with reduced surface roughness. Release profile analysis showed Fickian diffusion is the rate-controlling mechanism of Cu(II) complex releasing. The obtained results give new insights into the complexity of the interaction between the Cu(II) complex and microcapsule formulation constituents, which can be of great help in accelerating product development for the application in agriculture

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5

de Loubens, C., J. Deschamps, F. Edwards-Levy, and M. Leonetti. "Tank-treading of microcapsules in shear flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 789 (January 26, 2016): 750–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.758.

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We investigated experimentally the deformation of soft microcapsules and the dynamics of their membrane in simple shear flows. Firstly, the tank-treading motion, i.e. the rotation of the membrane, was visualized and quantified by tracking particles included in the membrane by a new protocol. The period of membrane rotation increased quadratically with the extension of the long axis. The tracking of the distance between two close microparticles showed membrane contraction at the tips and stretching on the sides, a specific property of soft particles such as capsules. The present experimental results are discussed in regard to previous numerical simulations. This analysis showed that the variation of the tank-treading period with the Taylor parameter (deformation) cannot be explained by purely elastic membrane models. It suggests a strong effect of membrane viscosity whose order of magnitude is determined. Secondly, two distinct shapes of sheared microcapsules were observed. For moderate deformations, the shape was a steady ellipsoid in the shear plane. For larger deformations, the capsule became asymmetric and presented an S-like shape. When the viscous shear stress increased by three orders of magnitude, the short axis decreased by 70 % whereas the long axis increased by 100 % before any break-up. The inclination angle decreased from 40° to 8°, almost aligned with the flow direction as expected by theory and numerics on capsules and from experiments, theory and numerics on drops and vesicles. Whatever the microcapsule size and the concentration of proteins, the characteristic lengths of the shape, the Taylor parameter and the inclination angle satisfy master curves versus the long axis or the normalized shear stress or the capillary number in agreement with theory for non-negligible membrane viscosity in the regime of moderate deformations. Finally, we observed that very small deviation from sphericity gave rise to swinging motion, i.e. shape oscillations, in the small-deformation regime. In conclusion, this study of tank-treading motion supports the role of membrane viscosity on the dynamics of microcapsules in shear flow by independent methods that compare experimental data both with numerical results in the regime of large deformations and with theory in the regime of moderate deformations.

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6

Tzvetkov, G., B. Graf, R. Wiegner, J. Raabe, C. Quitmann, and R. Fink. "Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy of phase-change microcapsules." Micron 39, no. 3 (April 2008): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2007.04.002.

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7

Toprakcioglu, Zenon, Tuuli A. Hakala, Aviad Levin, Christian F. W. Becker, Gonçalo J. L. Bernandes, and Tuomas P. J. Knowles. "Correction: Multi-scale microporous silica microcapsules from gas-in water-in oil emulsions." Soft Matter 16, no. 14 (2020): 3586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm90059a.

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8

Kaufman, Gilad, Siamak Nejati, Raphael Sarfati, Rostislav Boltyanskiy, Michael Loewenberg, Eric R. Dufresne, and Chinedum O. Osuji. "Soft microcapsules with highly plastic shells formed by interfacial polyelectrolyte–nanoparticle complexation." Soft Matter 11, no. 38 (2015): 7478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00973a.

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We present a single-step microfluidic approach to fabricate soft microcapsules with nanoparticle–polyelectrolyte and protein–polyelectrolyte shells, and show control of mechanical and release properties.

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9

Hitchcock, Adam P., Harald D. H. Stöver, Lisa M. Croll, and Ronald F. Childs. "Chemical Mapping of Polymer Microstructure Using Soft X-ray Spectromicroscopy." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 6 (2005): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch05054.

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Recently, synchrotron-based soft X-ray spectromicroscopy techniques have been applied to studies of polymer microstructure at the ~50 nm spatial scale. Functional group based chemical speciation and quantitative mapping is provided by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectral (NEXAFS) contrast. The techniques, sample data, and analysis methods of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM) are outlined. The capabilities of STXM are illustrated by results from recent studies of (a) controlled release microcapsules and microspheres, (b) microcapsules being developed for gene therapy applications, (c) conducting polymer films studied in the presence of electrolyte and under potential control, and (d) studies of protein interactions with patterned polymer surfaces. In the latter area, the capabilities of STXM and X-PEEM are compared directly.

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10

Lin, Tao, Zhen Wang, Wen Wang, and Yi Sui. "Correction: A neural network-based algorithm for high-throughput characterisation of viscoelastic properties of flowing microcapsules." Soft Matter 17, no. 15 (2021): 4213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm90049h.

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Correction for ‘A neural network-based algorithm for high-throughput characterisation of viscoelastic properties of flowing microcapsules’ by Tao Lin et al., Soft Matter, 2021, DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02121k.

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11

Toprakcioglu, Zenon, Tuuli A. Hakala, Aviad Levin, Christian F. W. Becker, Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes, and Tuomas P. J. Knowles. "Correction: Correction: Multi-scale microporous silica microcapsules from gas-in water-in oil emulsions." Soft Matter 17, no. 1 (2021): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm90246b.

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12

Yang, Fan, Shenghua Ma, Wei Zong, Nan Luo, Minlan Lv, Ying Hu, Lili Zhou, and Xiaojun Han. "Fabrication of pH sensitive microcapsules using soft templates and their application to drug release." RSC Advances 5, no. 63 (2015): 51271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04476f.

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13

Kaufman, Gilad, Rostislav Boltyanskiy, Siamak Nejati, Abdou R. Thiam, Michael Loewenberg, Eric R. Dufresne, and Chinedum O. Osuji. "Single-step microfluidic fabrication of soft monodisperse polyelectrolyte microcapsules by interfacial complexation." Lab Chip 14, no. 18 (2014): 3494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4lc00482e.

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14

Yufera, M., MC Sarasquete, and C. Fernandez-Diaz. "Testing protein-walled microcapsules for the rearing of first-feeding gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) Larvae." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 2 (1996): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960211.

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Two basic types of protein-walled microcapsules were developed with the aid of using different preparation techniques. One type (Type A) was spherical and hard-walled, whereas the other (Type G) was irregularly shaped and soft-walled. The present work examined the larval growth and development of Sparus aurata reared either with these microcapsules as the sole food source or with a mixed diet of microcapsules and rotifers from the start of feeding. Larvae fed on Type A microcapsules evacuated them practically intact. These larvae showed strong degeneration of the gut epithelium, liver and pancreas and died within two to three days after the onset of feeding. In contrast, larvae fed from first feeding with Type G microcapsules alone ingested and broke down the particles from the onset of feeding. No larval growth was observed, but some larvae were still alive at the end of the experiment (Day 13). Larvae reared with a mixed diet, including Type G microcapsules and a small amount of rotifers (0.5 rotifer mL-1), showed in general normal development of gut epithelium. These larvae had good growth but survival was reduced to one-half of that obtained under routine rearing of larvae fed on rotifers alone. Type G microcapsules appear to represent an adequate departure point for the development of an inert diet able to support larval growth in marine fish.

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15

Gahan, Curran G., Xuanrong Guo, Uttam Manna, and David M. Lynn. "Polymer Coatings Comprised Entirely of Soft and Semipermeable Microcapsules." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 3, no. 8 (July 20, 2021): 4044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c00554.

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16

Polenz, Ingmar, David A. Weitz, and Jean-Christophe Baret. "Polyurea Microcapsules in Microfluidics: Surfactant Control of Soft Membranes." Langmuir 31, no. 3 (January 13, 2015): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la5040189.

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17

Munarin, F., P. Petrini, S. Farè, and M. C. Tanzi. "Structural properties of polysaccharide-based microcapsules for soft tissue regeneration." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 21, no. 1 (September 16, 2009): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-009-3860-8.

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18

Zhou, Can, Shoubin Zhang, Taoran Hui, Qiuhong Cui, and Yuandu Hu. "Microfluidics-Assisted Fabrication of Dual Stopband Photonic Microcapsules and Their Applications for Anticounterfeiting." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 3954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14193954.

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The assembly of two different kinds of colloidal particle-based photonic structures into an individual micro-object can achieve multifunctionality. In this study, core–shell photonic microcapsules with dual structural colors and photonic stop bands were prepared through a standard microfluidic technique. Photocurable resin suspension of silica nanoparticles and an aqueous suspension of nanogels were used as shell and core parts of microcapsules, respectively. The structural colors of shells and cores can be tuned by adjusting the concentrations of silica nanoparticles and soft nanogels in their corresponding suspensions. The individual microcapsules possess two distinct stop bands when the two suspensions are combined appropriately. Remarkably, the color information of the core part cannot be directly viewed at a macroscopic level (such as visual inspection) but can be detected at a microscopic scale (such as optical microscopy observation). The color information hidden enables the capability for information encryption and has potentially critical applications in anti-counterfeiting, display, and other fields.

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19

Kawano, Shintaro, Toshiyuki Kida, Mitsuru Akashi, Hirofumi Sato, Motohiro Shizuma, and Daisuke Ono. "Preparation of Pickering emulsions through interfacial adsorption by soft cyclodextrin nanogels." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (November 30, 2015): 2355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.257.

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Background: Emulsions stabilized by colloidal particles are known as Pickering emulsions. To date, soft microgel particles as well as inorganic and organic particles have been utilized as Pickering emulsifiers. Although cyclodextrin (CD) works as an attractive emulsion stabilizer through the formation of a CD–oil complex at the oil–water interface, a high concentration of CD is normally required. Our research focuses on an effective Pickering emulsifier based on a soft colloidal CD polymer (CD nanogel) with a unique surface-active property. Results: CD nanogels were prepared by crosslinking heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin with phenyl diisocyanate and subsequent immersion of the resulting polymer in water. A dynamic light scattering study shows that primary CD nanogels with 30–50 nm diameter assemble into larger CD nanogels with 120 nm diameter by an increase in the concentration of CD nanogel from 0.01 to 0.1 wt %. The CD nanogel has a surface-active property at the air–water interface, which reduces the surface tension of water. The CD nanogel works as an effective Pickering emulsion stabilizer even at a low concentration (0.1 wt %), forming stable oil-in-water emulsions through interfacial adsorption by the CD nanogels. Conclusion: Soft CD nanogel particles adsorb at the oil–water interface with an effective coverage by forming a strong interconnected network and form a stable Pickering emulsion. The adsorption property of CD nanogels on the droplet surface has great potential to become new microcapsule building blocks with porous surfaces. These microcapsules may act as stimuli-responsive nanocarriers and nanocontainers.

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20

Hong, K., and S. Park. "Preparation of polyurethane microcapsules with different soft segments and their characteristics." Reactive and Functional Polymers 42, no. 3 (December 1999): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-5148(98)00068-6.

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21

Makino, Kimiko, Mebae Umetsu, Yuko Goto, Asami Nakayama, Tomomi Suhara, Jun Tsujii, Akihiko Kikuchi, Hiroyuki Ohshima, Yasuhisa Sakurai, and Teruo Okano. "Interaction between charged soft microcapsules and red blood cells: effects of PEGylation of microcapsule membranes upon their surface properties." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 13, no. 6 (July 1999): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7765(99)00041-7.

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22

López-Torres, Irene Isabel, Javier Vaquero-Martín, Ana-Isabel Torres-Suárez, Federico Navarro-García, Ana-Isabel Fraguas-Sánchez, Víctor Estuardo León-Román, and Pablo Sanz-Ruíz. "The tale of microencapsulated rifampicin: is it useful for the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection?" International Orthopaedics 46, no. 4 (January 6, 2022): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-021-05290-0.

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Abstract Purpose Microencapsulation techniques have allowed the addition of rifampicin to bone cement, but its in vivo efficacy has not been proven. The aim of our study is to determine the superiority of cement containing gentamicin and rifampicin microcapsules in the treatment of PJI versus cement exclusively containing gentamicin. Methods An S. aureus PJI was induced in 15 NZW rabbits. A week after inoculation, the first stage of replacement was carried out, and the animals were divided into two groups: group R received a spacer containing gentamicin and rifampicin microcapsules, and group C received a spacer containing gentamicin. Intra-articular release curve of rifampicin and infection and toxicity markers were monitored for four weeks post-operatively, when microbiological analysis was performed. Results The microbiological cultures showed a significantly lower growth of S. aureus in soft tissue (2.3·104 vs 0; p = 0.01) and bone (5.7·102 vs 0; p = 0.03) in the group with rifampicin microcapsules. No differences were found in systemic toxicity markers. Rifampicin release from the cement spacer showed higher concentrations than the staphylococcal MIC throughout the analysis. Conclusion The in vivo analyses demonstrated the superiority of cement containing gentamicin and rifampicin microcapsules versus the isolated use of gentamicin in the treatment of PJI in the rabbit model without serious side effects due to the systemic absorption of rifampicin. Given the increasing incidence of staphylococci-related PJI, the development of new strategies for intra-articular administration of rifampicin for its treatment has a high clinical impact.

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23

LERCHE, D., D. FROMER, and H. DAUTZENBERG. "F268. Viscoelastic behaviour of soft microcapsules evaluated by step changes of centrifugal acceleration." Biorheology 32, no. 2-3 (March 1995): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-355x(95)92380-s.

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24

Matulyte, Inga, Mindaugas Marksa, and Jurga Bernatoniene. "Development of Innovative Chewable Gel Tablets Containing Nutmeg Essential Oil Microcapsules and Their Physical Properties Evaluation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060873.

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Chewable gel tablets are a dosed pharmaceutical form, which can have an active substance, pharmacological effect, or value of nutrition. The texture of these tablets is soft, springy, flexible, and elastic—this is influenced by the chosen ingredients. The aim of this study was to prepare chewable gel tablets with nutmeg essential oil-loaded microcapsules and determine the volatile compounds released from this pharmaceutical form. Gel tablets were prepared by using gelatin as basis, nutmeg essential oil as active compound, and natural ingredients: thyme-sugar syrup, thyme extract, and citric acid as taste and color additives. Texture properties were measured by a texture analyzer. The release of volatile compounds from nutmeg essential oil and gel tablets were analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy in control and artificial saliva conditions in vitro. Nutmeg essential oil microcapsules had influence on the gel tablet’s physical properties (p < 0.05, by comparing tablets without glycerol and relative sample with glycerol); glycerol protects the tablets from the formation of sugar crystals on top and keeps good physical parameters (p < 0.05). A total of 12 volatile compounds were identified in nutmeg essential oil, and the six compounds with the highest amounts were selected as controls. Gel tablets prolong the release time of volatile compounds and reduce the amount of the compounds compared to the microcapsules (p < 0.05).

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25

Jeoffroy, Etienne, Ahmet F. Demirörs, Pascal Schwendimann, Salomé Dos Santos, Stefano Danzi, Alina Hauser, Manfred N. Partl, and André R. Studart. "One-Step Bulk Fabrication of Polymer-Based Microcapsules with Hard–Soft Bilayer Thick Shells." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 42 (October 11, 2017): 37364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b09371.

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26

Pan, Shou‐he, Hai‐chao Cao, Bei‐xing Li, Da‐xia Zhang, Wei Mu, and Feng Liu. "Improving the efficacy against crop foliage disease by regulating fungicide adhesion on leaves with soft microcapsules." Pest Management Science 77, no. 10 (May 27, 2021): 4418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.6476.

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27

del Mercato, Loretta L., Laura Gioia Passione, Daniela Izzo, Rosaria Rinaldi, Alessandro Sannino, and Francesca Gervaso. "Design and characterization of microcapsules-integrated collagen matrixes as multifunctional three-dimensional scaffolds for soft tissue engineering." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 62 (September 2016): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.05.009.

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28

Harada, Satoshi, Takafumi Segawa, Shigeru Ehara, and Takahiro Sato. "Treatment of primary and metastatic tumors through cancer immunotherapy and abscopal effect by targeted antigen-capturing nanoparticles with programmed death-1 blockade." International Journal of PIXE 28, no. 03n04 (January 2018): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083518500158.

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Microcapsules that release antigen-capturing nanoparticles (AC-NPs) with macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3[Formula: see text]) and anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibody are developed, and these microcapsules have the ability to enhance immunoresponses through cross-priming of cluster of differentiation 8+ (CD8+) T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo in BALB/c mice. Lipid protamine hyaluronic acid nanoparticles containing AC-NPs generated via nanoprecipitation of 4 mg/mL of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), 1,000 ng/mL of MIP-3[Formula: see text] and 400 [Formula: see text]g of anti-PD-1 were mixed with 1 mL of 4.0% alginate and 3.0% of hyaluronate and then sprayed with 0.5 mM of ferrous chloride. These capsules were injected subcutaneously around LM17 tumor in the left hind legs of BALB/c mice. The tumors were exposed to a radiation dose of 10 or 20 Gy from 100 keV soft X-ray radiation. PLGA AC-NPs and MIP-3[Formula: see text] were released in response to the radiation dose. PLGA AC-NPs captured tumor-derived protein antigens are released by exposure to radiation, and these antigens were transported to DCs that were recruited and activated by MIP-3[Formula: see text], intensifying the DC-associated cross-priming of CD8+ T cells. These treatments resulted in increased antitumor effect and reduced metastasis by abscopal effect. Our targeted immunotherapy may lead to better tumor therapy.

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29

Pişkin, E. "Biodegradable polymeric matrices for bioartificial implants." International Journal of Artificial Organs 25, no. 5 (May 2002): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880202500514.

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Biomaterials made of polymers, metals or their alloys, ceramics and their composites, are used as implants to restore or to replace the damaged soft and hard tissue/organ functions for an intended time period. Biomaterials made of synthetic materials are very simple materials compared to their natural counterparts, they only replace very simple functions of the damaged tissue during healing. Natural tissues have been used for both soft and hard repair and replacement, but they do have serious limitations such as: shortage of donor tissue, donor site morbidity, unpredictable resorption characteristics, immunogenic response, risk of disease transmission, and ethical limitations. Tissue engineering is a relatively new approach, in which healthy mammalian cells are used with supporting matrices, usually made of either natural or synthetic polymers as composite bioartificial implants. Primary cells, especially embryonic stem cells, cell lines, hybridomas, genetically modified cells are considered as potential sources for this application. Both closed and open matrices are used as support matrices. Nondegradable and biocompatible microcapsules and hollow fibers are utilized in closed systems, especially for immunoprotection of the transplanted cells. Biodegradable polymers, both natural and synthetic are used in the preparation of bioartificial implants carrying only autogenic cells.

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Lu, Annie Xi, Yijing Liu, Hyuntaek Oh, Ankit Gargava, Eric Kendall, Zhihong Nie, Don L. DeVoe, and Srinivasa R. Raghavan. "Catalytic Propulsion and Magnetic Steering of Soft, Patchy Microcapsules: Ability to Pick-Up and Drop-Off Microscale Cargo." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 24 (June 13, 2016): 15676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b01245.

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31

Taguchi, Yoshinari, Takanori Suzuki, Natsukaze Saito, Hiroshi Yokoyama, and Masato Tanaka. "Preparation of soft microcapsules containing multiple core materials with interfacial dehydration reaction using the (W/O)/W emulsion." Journal of Microencapsulation 34, no. 8 (November 17, 2017): 744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2017.1403494.

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32

Kim, Keekyoung, Ji Cheng, Qun Liu, Xiao Yu Wu, and Yu Sun. "Investigation of mechanical properties of soft hydrogel microcapsules in relation to protein delivery using a MEMS force sensor." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 92A, no. 1 (January 2010): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.32338.

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33

Tupuna-Yerovi, Diego Santiago, Karina Paese, Simone Hickmann Flôres, Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres, and Alessandro Rios. "Addition of norbixin microcapsules obtained by spray drying in an isotonic tangerine soft drink as a natural dye." Journal of Food Science and Technology 57, no. 3 (October 22, 2019): 1021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04135-4.

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34

Zhou, Zhiyuan, Yunhao Gao, Xi Chen, Yan Li, Yuyang Tian, Huachen Wang, Xuan Li, Xueyang Yu, and Yongsong Cao. "One-Pot Facile Synthesis of Double-Shelled Mesoporous Silica Microcapsules with an Improved Soft-Template Method for Sustainable Pest Management." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 33 (August 13, 2021): 39066–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c10135.

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35

Cao, Haichao, Yue Chen, Daxia Zhang, Yan Jin, Peng Zhang, Beixing Li, Wei Mu, and Feng Liu. "Octaphenyl polyoxyethylene regulates the flexibility of pyraclostrobin-loaded soft microcapsules by interfacial polymerization for better foliar adhesion and pesticide utilization." Chemical Engineering Journal 439 (July 2022): 135805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135805.

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Rajamanickam, Raja, Kiyoon Kwon, and Giyoong Tae. "Soft and elastic hollow microcapsules embedded silicone elastomer films with enhanced water uptake and permeability for mechanical stimuli responsive drug delivery applications." Materials Science and Engineering: C 111 (June 2020): 110789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110789.

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Bux, Jaiyana, Mohamed S. Manga, Timothy N. Hunter, and Simon Biggs. "Manufacture of poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres using membrane emulsification." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2072 (July 28, 2016): 20150134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0134.

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Accurate control of particle size at relatively narrow polydispersity remains a key challenge in the production of synthetic polymer particles at scale. A cross-flow membrane emulsification (XME) technique was used here in the preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres at a 1–10 l h −1 scale, to demonstrate its application for such a manufacturing challenge. XME technology has previously been shown to provide good control over emulsion droplet sizes with careful choice of the operating conditions. We demonstrate here that, for an appropriate formulation, equivalent control can be gained for a precursor emulsion in a batch suspension polymerization process. We report here the influence of key parameters on the emulsification process; we also demonstrate the close correlation in size between the precursor emulsion and the final polymer particles. Two types of polymer particle were produced in this work: a solid microsphere and an oil-filled matrix microcapsule. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Soft interfacial materials: from fundamentals to formulation’.

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Sun, Cunxin, Yu Qian, Wenbin Liu, Weina Xu, Kaizhou Wang, and Bo Liu. "Dietary squid paste supplementation promotes feed intake via brain-gut dynamic response in Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis." PeerJ 8 (April 24, 2020): e9031. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9031.

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Background As the primary source of protein for aquaculture, fishmeal has reached the extremity of sustainable development, our previous studies have proven that rice protein concentrate and squid paste are outstanding protein source and stimulant for Pelodiscus sinensis. However, little attention has been given to the molecular mechanism of the appetite modulated by the dietary nutrient factor, especially for a reptile. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate feed intake and brain-gut dynamic responses to dietary rice protein concentrate and squid paste in Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. Methods Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets were formulated including 60% fishmeal (CT), 42% fishmeal + 18% rice protein concentrate (RP) and 42% fishmeal + 18% rice protein concentrate + 1% squid paste (RPS), respectively. Microcapsule lysine was supplemented in RP and RPS diets to balance the amino acid profile. Turtles (initial weight 30.65 ± 0.97 g) were fed three times daily to apparent satiation. After the 8-week feeding trial, the turtles were exposed to 48h food deprivation, then the dynamic expression of the orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides were measured. Results The results showed that no significant effect was observed on feed intake when fishmeal was replaced by rice protein concentrate (P = 0.421), while significantly improved feed intake was found by squid paste supplemented (P = 0.02). The mRNA expression of anorexigenic peptides, such as leptin receptor, insulin receptor, pro-opiomelanocortin, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript, cholecystokinin (and its receptor) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in the brain increased significantly at 3 h past feeding (P < 0.05), and then decreased. Nevertheless, neuropeptide Y and peptide YY mRNA expression showed the valley at 3h and peak at 12h past feeding. Intestinal cholecystokinin receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor mRNA expression showed no difference during the postprandial time (P > 0.05). The results suggested that squid paste is an outstanding stimulant for Pelodiscus sinensis. Furthermore, the orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides evaluated here might play an essential role in short-term fasting to this species, of which the dynamic expression levels were regulated by squid paste.

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Lee, Sangmin, Wahyu Martumpal Hamonangan, Jong Hyun Kim, and Shin‐Hyun Kim. "Soft and Tough Microcapsules with Double‐Network Hydrogel Shells." Advanced Functional Materials, June 12, 2022, 2203761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202203761.

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Bchellaoui, Nizar, Zain Hayat, Mohamed Mami, Rachida Dorbez-Sridi, and Abdel Illah El Abed. "Microfluidic-assisted Formation of Highly Monodisperse and Mesoporous Silica Soft Microcapsules." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (November 27, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16554-4.

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Zhang, Lan, Jia-guang Meng, Ya-ming Liu, Yong-zhen Wang, Zhao-ling Sun, Ling-jie Yu, Xing-yun Gao, and Chao Zhi. "Preparation of multicolor microcapsules and their application in smart color-switching textiles." Textile Research Journal, October 21, 2022, 004051752211320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405175221132013.

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Spiropyran and spiroxazine photochromics have attracted increasing attention in optical data storage, optical switches, and anti-counterfeiting for decades. To expand the applications of spiropyran and spiroxazine, the durability and multi-color changes of spiropyran and spiroxazine still need to be explored. In this article, based on the subtractive principle of dyes, multi-color spiropyran and spiroxazine microcapsules with uniform particle sizes were prepared by the interfacial polymerization method via using compounds (spiropyran and spiroxazine) of different colors as the core material, and polyurethane as the shell material. Among them, toluene diisocyanate and polyethylene glycol constitute the hard and soft segments of polyurethane, respectively. The color of spiropyran and spiroxazine microcapsules can effectively switch between color and colorless, showing excellent photo fatigue resistance. The average particle size of microcapsules is 2.951 µm, and the particle distribution index value is 0.314, which shows the particle size is small and uniform. The maximum thermal decomposition temperature is 426°C, demonstrating good thermal stability. The hydrophobic photochromic fabric was prepared by coating multi-color spiropyran and spiroxazine microcapsules on cotton knitted fabric and hydrophobic treatment. The hydrophobic photochromic fabric is hydrophobic and stain resistant, and exhibits multi-color dynamic switching and long-lasting use. After 50 cycles of washing, the water contact angle of the fabric remains about 109°, showing its good washing resistance and water repellency. In addition, spiropyran and spiroxazine microcapsules are also applied in template and screen printing to impart rich and dynamic color-changing effects to fabrics, fabricating photochromic fabrics. Photochromic fabrics have potential applications in civilian and military fields.

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Yean Leong, Wai, Chin Fhong Soon, Soon Chuan Wong, and Kian Sek Tee. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTRONIC AEROSOL SYSTEM FOR GENERATING MICROCAPSULES." Jurnal Teknologi 78, no. 5-7 (May 19, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8718.

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The encapsulation of living cells in a variety of soft polymers or hydrogels is important, particularly for the generation of microtissues. Various techniques have been developed for the production of microcapsules to encapsulate cells but presented threat to the cells due to the harsh treatment during the encapsulation process. In this paper, we propose a simple, economic and compact design of aerosol electronic system for producing different sizes of microcapsules. The aerosol system was developed with the incorporation of a conventional syringe pump and a customised air pump. The syringe pump purged the droplets of sodium alginate and air pump dispersed the droplets into microdroplets of sodium alginate which was then polymerised in the calcium chloride solution. In this system, the air flow rate from the air pump was controlled by a programmed microcontroller that received input instructions from a potentiometer. The suitable air flow rates that worked synchronously with the speed of the syringe pump were characterised. At 0.2 and 0.3 L/min of air flow and 20 µl/min of alginate solution flow, this device successfully generated round microcapsules with various sizes ranging from 100 to 350 µm.

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Cao, Haichao, Yue Chen, Daxia Zhang, Yan Jin, Peng Zhang, Beixing Li, Wei Mu, and Feng Liu. "Octaphenyl Polyoxyethyiene Regulates the Flexibility of Pyraclostrobin-Loaded Soft Microcapsules by Interfacial Polymerization for Better Foliar Adhesion and Pesticide Utilization." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3995397.

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Yen, Tran Thi Hai, Dang Thuy Linh, and Pham Thi Minh Hue. "The Application of Microfluidics in Preparing Nano Drug Delivery Systems." VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 35, no. 1 (June 21, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1132/vnumps.4150.

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Microfluidics is an emerging and promising interdisciplinary technology which offers powerful platforms for precise production of novel functional materials (e.g., emulsion droplets, microcapsules, and nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles) as well as high-throughput analyses (e.g., bioassays and diagnostics). Microfluidics has recently appeared as a new method of manufacturing nanostructures, which allows for reproducible mixing in miliseconds on the nanoliter scale. This review first describes the fundamentals of microfluidics and then introduces the recent advances in making nanostructures for pharmaceutical applications including nano liposomes, polymer nanoparticles and nano polymerosomes. Keywords Microfluidics, drug nanocarrier, nano liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, polymerosomes. 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