Relevant bibliographies by topics / Soft clusters

Academic literature on the topic 'Soft clusters'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Soft clusters"

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Liu, Yuchu, GengXin Liu, Wei Zhang, Chen Du, Chrys Wesdemiotis, and Stephen Z. D. Cheng. "Cooperative Soft-Cluster Glass in Giant Molecular Clusters." Macromolecules 52, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 4341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00549.

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Peng, Dong Liang, K. Sumiyama, H. Yamada, Takehiko Hihara, and T. Uchida. "Preparation of Magnetically Soft, Highly-Densified Fe Cluster-Assembled Films by Impact Cluster Deposition." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.595.

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Highly-densified Fe cluster-assembled films were obtained at room temperature by an energetic cluster deposition. Fe clusters were produced using a plasma-gas-condensation (PGC)-type cluster deposition apparatus with a high cluster productivity. Ionized clusters in a cluster beam were electrically accelerated and directly deposited onto a substrate together with neutral clusters from the same cluster source. By increasing the impact energy of the ionized clusters up to about 1 eV/atom, the obtained cluster-assemblies have packing fractions higher than 0.8 without any serious size change, and result in a soft magnetic behavior up to a frequency range of few hundred MHz.
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Siddiqui, Mujahuddin M., Shaikh M. Mobin, Irena Senkovska, Stefan Kaskel, and Maravanji S. Balakrishna. "Novel zeotype frameworks with soft cyclodiphosphazane linkers and soft Cu4X4 clusters as nodes." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 82 (2014): 12273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc03810j.

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Two novel zeolitic phosphane cluster frameworks have been synthesized by using ferrocenyl cyclodiphosphazanes [Fe(η5-C5H4)2{P(μ-NtBu)}2] as ditopic linkers and [Cu4X4] clusters as tetrahedral nodes.
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Massa, Carlo Andrea, Francesco Puosi, Antonio Tripodo, and Dino Leporini. "Open and Anisotropic Soft Regions in a Model Polymer Glass." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081336.

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The vibrational dynamics of a model polymer glass is studied by Molecular Dynamics simulations. The focus is on the “soft” monomers with high participation to the lower-frequency vibrational modes contributing to the thermodynamic anomalies of glasses. To better evidence their role, the threshold to qualify monomers as soft is made severe, allowing for the use of systems with limited size. A marked tendency of soft monomers to form quasi-local clusters involving up to 15 monomers is evidenced. Each chain contributes to a cluster up to about three monomers and a single cluster involves a monomer belonging to about 2–3 chains. Clusters with monomers belonging to a single chain are rare. The open and tenuous character of the clusters is revealed by their fractal dimension df<2. The inertia tensor of the soft clusters evidences their strong anisotropy in shape and remarkable linear correlation of the two largest eigenvalues. Owing to the limited size of the system, finite-size effects, as well as dependence of the results on the adopted polymer length, cannot be ruled out.
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Bittner, A. M. "Clusters on soft matter surfaces." Surface Science Reports 61, no. 9 (November 2006): 383–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2006.03.003.

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de Souza Dantas, Mônica, Michel dos Santos, Luiz Lopes, Dartagnan Guedes, Macksuelle Guedes, and Silvia Oesterreich. "Clustering of Excess Body Weight-Related Behaviors in a Sample of Brazilian Adolescents." Nutrients 10, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101505.

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The aim of the study was to identify the existence of clusters in multiple lifestyle behaviors, including consumption of fruits/vegetables, sugary products/soft drinks, physical activity and sedentary behavior. The association between identified clusters and excess body weight in a sample of adolescents from Dourados, Brazil, was examined. This is a cross-sectional school-based study involving 578 participants aged 12–18 of both sexes. Anthropometric measurements were performed and a questionnaire was applied with structured questions to collect data. Excess body weight was identified through body mass index. Cluster analysis was performed to identify sex-specific clusters of multiple lifestyle behaviors. Analysis of covariance and logistic regression were used to analyze associations between clusters and excess body weight. Six clusters were identified in both sexes. Girls and boys in the cluster characterized by greater time spent in sedentary behavior were 53% (OR = 1.53 [1.06–2.26]) and 63% (OR = 1.63 [1.12–2.35]) more likely to present excess body weight compared to their peers in the reference cluster. In the case of adolescents in the cluster characterized by high consumption of sugary products/soft drinks, girls were 47% more likely to be overweight (OR = 1.47 [1.05–2.13]) and boys were 51% more likely (OR = 1.51 [1.05–2.16]). High consumption of fruits/vegetables, low consumption of sugary products/soft drinks and less sedentary behavior was considered the most effective combination for the maintenance of a healthy weight.
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FUTSCHIK, MATTHIAS E., and BRONWYN CARLISLE. "NOISE-ROBUST SOFT CLUSTERING OF GENE EXPRESSION TIME-COURSE DATA." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 03, no. 04 (August 2005): 965–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720005001375.

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Clustering is an important tool in microarray data analysis. This unsupervised learning technique is commonly used to reveal structures hidden in large gene expression data sets. The vast majority of clustering algorithms applied so far produce hard partitions of the data, i.e. each gene is assigned exactly to one cluster. Hard clustering is favourable if clusters are well separated. However, this is generally not the case for microarray time-course data, where gene clusters frequently overlap. Additionally, hard clustering algorithms are often highly sensitive to noise. To overcome the limitations of hard clustering, we applied soft clustering which offers several advantages for researchers. First, it generates accessible internal cluster structures, i.e. it indicates how well corresponding clusters represent genes. This can be used for the more targeted search for regulatory elements. Second, the overall relation between clusters, and thus a global clustering structure, can be defined. Additionally, soft clustering is more noise robust and a priori pre-filtering of genes can be avoided. This prevents the exclusion of biologically relevant genes from the data analysis. Soft clustering was implemented here using the fuzzy c-means algorithm. Procedures to find optimal clustering parameters were developed. A software package for soft clustering has been developed based on the open-source statistical language R. The package called Mfuzz is freely available.
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Muthahharah, Andi Shahifah, Muhammad Arif Tiro, and Aswi Aswi. "Application of Soft-Clustering Analysis Using Expectation Maximization Algorithms on Gaussian Mixture Model." Jurnal Varian 6, no. 1 (November 13, 2022): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30812/varian.v6i1.2142.

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Research on soft-clustering has not been explored much compared to hard-clustering. Soft-clustering algorithms are important in solving complex clustering problems. One of the soft-clustering methods is the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). GMM is a clustering method to classify data points into different clusters based on the Gaussian distribution. This study aims to determine the number of clusters formed by using the GMM method. The data used in this study is synthetic data on water quality indicators obtained from the Kaggle website. The stages of the GMM method are: imputing the Not Available (NA) value (if there is an NA value), checking the data distribution, conducting a normality test, and standardizing the data. The next step is to estimate the parameters with the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. The best number of clusters is based on the biggest value of the Bayesian Information Creation (BIC). The results showed that the best number of clusters from synthetic data on water quality indicators was 3 clusters. Cluster 1 consisted of 1110 observations with low-quality category, cluster 2 consisted of 499 observations with medium quality category, and cluster 3 consisted of 1667 observations with high-quality category or acceptable. The results of this study recommend that the GMM method can be grouped correctly when the variables used are generally normally distributed. This method can be applied to real data, both in which the variables are normally distributed or which have a mixture of Gaussian and non-Gaussian.
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Spirkova, Daniela, Dagmar Caganova, and Jana Sujanova. "Cluster Policy and its Influence on Economic Competitiveness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 718 (December 2014): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.718.16.

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The paper deals with economic benefits of clusters connected to competitiveness and regional development. Hard and soft benefits of clusters are described in relationship to innovation environment. The main focus is put on cluster policy influence on competitiveness of economy from the point of view of advantages of cluster creation for SME ́s. However, cluster policy contributes to the increase of competitiveness of small and medium enterprises.
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de Grijs, Richard, Chengyuan Li, and Aaron M. Geller. "The dynamical importance of binary systems in young massive star clusters." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S316 (August 2015): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921315009096.

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AbstractCharacterization of the binary fractions in star clusters is of fundamental importance for many fields in astrophysics. Observations indicate that the majority of stars are found in binary systems, while most stars with masses greater than 0.5M⊙ are formed in star clusters. In addition, since binaries are on average more massive than single stars, in resolved star clusters these systems are thought to be good tracers of (dynamical) mass segregation. Over time, dynamical evolution through two-body relaxation will cause the most massive objects to migrate to the cluster center, while the relatively lower-mass objects remain in or migrate to orbits at greater radii. This process will globally dominate a cluster’s stellar distribution. However, close encounters involving binary systems may disrupt ‘soft’ binaries. This process will occur more frequently in a cluster’s central, dense region than in its periphery, which may mask the effects of mass segregation. Using high resolution Hubble Space Telescope observations, combined with sophisticated N-body simulations, we investigate the radial distributions of the main-sequence binary fractions in massive young Large Magellanic Cloud star clusters. We show that binary disruption may play an important role on very short timescales, depending on the environmental conditions in the cluster cores. This may lead to radial binary fractions that initially decline in the cluster centers, which is contrary to the effects expected from dynamical mass segregation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soft clusters"

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Siddiqui, Mujahuddin M., Shaikh M. Mobin, Irena Senkovska, Stefan Kaskel, and Maravanji S. Balakrishna. "Novel zeotype frameworks with soft cyclodiphosphazane linkers and soft Cu₄X₄ clusters as nodes." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36036.

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Two novel cyclodiphosphazane cluster frameworks with Cu₄X₄ clusters as tetrahedral nodes and ferrocenyl cyclodiphosphazanes [Fe(η5-C5H₄)₂(PNtBu)₂] as ditopic linkers have been synthesized. These frameworks having sodalite topology display a unique integration of porosity and redox activity and offer new opportunities for the synthesis of zeotype frameworks with soft phosphorus-based ligands.
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Collins, David J. "Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Clusters and Coordination Networks via Hard-Soft Interactions." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1209484624.

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Aguilar, Ayala Roberto. "Applications of Metallic Clusters and Nanoparticles via Soft Landing Ion Mobility, from Reduced to Ambient Pressures." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248434/.

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Nanoparticles, simple yet groundbreaking objects have led to the discovery of invaluable information due to their physiological, chemical, and physical properties, have become a hot topic in various fields of study including but not limited to chemistry, biology, and physics. In the work presented here, demonstrations of various applications of chemical free nanoparticles are explored, from the determination of a non-invasive method for the study of the exposome via using soft-landing ion mobility (SLIM) deposited nanoparticles as a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI-MS) matrix replacement, to the direct SLIM-exposure of nanoparticles onto living organisms. While there is plenty of published work in soft-landing at operating pressures of 1 Torr, the work presented here shows how this technology can be operated at the less common ambient pressure. The ease of construction of this instrument allows for various modifications to be performed for a wide array of applications, furthermore the flexibility in metallic sample, operating pressure, and deposition time only open doors to many other future applications. The work presented will also show that our ambient SLIM system is also able to be operated for toxicological studies, as the operation at ambient pressure opens the door to new applications where vacuum conditions are not desired.
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Mayberry, Darrell D. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Prochiral Ruthenium Clusters and Bimetallic Rhenium Complexes with an Unsymmetrical Diphosphine and Hard-Soft Donor Ligands." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538707/.

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The reaction of [BrRe(CO)₄]₂ with 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine (PN) and 6-(diphenylphosphino)-2-formylpyridine (PON) was investigated. The reactions were regiospecific and exclusively produced the phosphorus-coordinated products, BrRe(CO)₄(κᵖ-PN) and BrRe(CO)₄(κᴾ-PON). The kinetics for the chelate ring closure (κᴾ→ κᴾᴺ) in BrRe(CO)₄(κᴾ-PN) were confirmed to occur by dissociative CO loss. The reaction of [BrRe(CO)₄]₂ with 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine (PN) was modeled computationally by DFT calculations. The preferred reaction pathway for the substitution reaction was determined to occur by direct attack of the pnictogen donor on the dimer and formation of the κᴺ isomer as the kinetic substitution product occurs. The κᴺ kinetic product then rapidly isomerizes to the κᴾ thermodynamic product by way of a reversible ligand dissociation. Treatment of the tetrahedral cluster H₂Ru₃(CO)₃(μ₃-S) (1) with 2-(diphenylphosphino)thioanisole (PS) furnishes the cluster H₂Ru₃(CO)₇(κ²-PS)(μ₃-S) (2). Cluster 2, which exhibits a chelated thiophosphine ligand (κ²-PS), exists as a pair of diastereomers with Keq = 1.55 at 298 K that differ in their disposition of ligands at the Ru(CO)(κ²-PS) center. The PS ligand occupies the equatorial sites (Peq, Seq) in the kinetic isomer and axial and equatorial sites (Pax, Seq) in the thermodynamically favored species. The reversible first-order kinetics to equilibrium have been measured experimentally by NMR spectroscopy and HPLC over the temperature range 293-323 K. The substitution reaction involving 1 and the isomerization of the PS ligand in 2 were investigated by DFT calculations. The computational results support a phosphine-induced expansion of the cluster polyhedron that is triggered by the associative addition of the PS donor to 1. The observed isomerization of the PS ligand in 2 is best explained by a tripodal rotation of the CO and PS groups at the Ru(CO)(κ²-PS) center that is preceded by a regiospecific migration of one of the edge-bridging hydrides to the non-hydride-bridged Ru-Ru bond in 2. The chiral clusters 1,2-Ru₃(μ-H)₂(μ₃-S)(CO)₇(μ-1p1,2p2-POP) (A) and 1,2-Ru₃(μ-H)₂(μ₃-S)(CO)₇(μ-1p2,2p1-POP) (B) were formed were formed from reaction of Ru₃(μ-H)₂(μ₃-S)(CO)₉ with 1-diphenylphosphino-2-[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethoxy]benzene (POP). Chiral clusters A and B were fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the molecular structure of A was solved by X-ray crystallography. Chiral cluster A was resolved into its enantiomers by preparative HPLC with a chiral column. The enantiomers were characterized by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy and their absolute stereochemical configuration was determined by X-ray crystallography.
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Mailer, Alastair George. "Colloidal cluster phases and solar cells." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7651.

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The arrangement of soft materials through solution processing techniques is a topic of profound importance for next generation solar cells; the resulting morphology has a major influence on construction, performance and lifetime. This thesis investigates the connections between the soft matter physics of colloidal systems and solid state dye sensitised (SSDS) and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. A study of aqueous titanium dioxide nanoparticulate suspensions was carried out in order to observe how suspension structure can be controlled by altering the inter-colloid potential via pH-induced electrostatic charging. Measurements were performed at volume fractions between 0.025% and 8.2% with the solution pH set to 3.1, 3.5 or 4.5 before mixing. Suspensions with a volume fraction above 4% formed self-supporting gels regardless of the set pre-mix pH. These gels displayed shear thinning behaviour with a power law exponent of 0.8, a yield stress of 11(1) Pa and rheological response consistent with an aggregated fractal network. At lower volume fractions, suspensions exhibited consolidation interpreted as the collapse of a gel of fractal clusters with a fractal dimension of 2.36. The velocity of the suspension/supernatant interface exhibited delayed sedimentation behaviour, as well as further fractal-based power law scalings with volume fraction. Lower volume fraction suspensions were explored using dynamic light scattering. Limited aggregation of ‘stable’ suspensions was observed when compared to primary aggregate radii measured from electron microscopy images. To connect suspension structure and cell manufacture, the behaviour of more concentrated suspensions was observed during the drying of thin films, a process which forms an essential part of a SSDS solar cell. Lowering the pH of the suspension after mixing from 4 to 3 resulted in an ordering of observed crack domains. An increase in film delamination was also observed. Rates of mass loss during drying followed the expected three phase process, although there was an unexpected increase in rate during the initial phase (where rate is usually constant in time). Dynamic light scattering was found to be a useful but demanding technique for studying cluster formation in titanium dioxide suspensions. A non-linear fitting technique utilising the method of moments was thoroughly explored using computer simulated datasets. The algorithm reduced the systematic error in fitted parameters for moderately polydisperse (0:2 < < 0:4) datasets as compared to the commonly applied linear algorithm. The fitting algorithm was also robust to bad initial estimates of parameters. Finally, test solar cells have been built using blends of titanium dioxide and poly-3-hexylthiophene. Device performance was reduced with blend standing time after mixing but could be improved by remixing the blend before spin coating, implicating a reversible process (e.g. aggregation of titanium dioxide or crystallisation of P3HT) in the loss of performance. Addition of a titanium dioxide hole blocking layer before spin coating reduced cell performance. Combining the above studies and these device designs provides a future platform for continuation of this work in the context of real devices.
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Morawetz, Norbet. "The rise of co-productions in the film industry : the impact of policy change and financial dynamics on industrial organization in a high risk environment." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/3469.

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The main aim of this study is to examine the interrelationship of finance and government intervention in explaining the rise of co-productions in the international film industry in the time period between 1997 and 2004. Mainstream economic geography literature presents the film industry typically as a case study for embeddedness and agglomeration effects, with successful industry clusters drawing their strength from process knowledge, networks and local interaction. However, there is an increasing disparity in the literature between what mainstream theory suggests, and what empirical studies find with respect to the importance of cluster-external relations and dynamics. This, as I will argue, is particularly evident when looking at the picture of the whole film industry production system that emerges from the literature, which fails to include the alternative and complimentary pattern of co-productions. Co-productions are collaborations between film producers from at least two different countries, pooling their resources across distance to produce a feature film project. In the past fifteen years, the number of films made as co-productions has risen continuously in Europe, with co-productions accounting for more than 30 per cent of European film production activity. As a mode of production based on temporary, cross-border collaboration that is supported in its coordination by temporary clusters, such as trade fairs and industry events, the coproduction phenomenon poses a conundrum to economic geography literature and challenges its explanatory framework. As I will argue, in order to arrive at a satisfactory understanding of the phenomenon, it is necessary to look beyond social factors associated with locality, and to examine instead dynamics impacting on the industrial organization of the whole production system. I will argue that in the context of the pervasive demand uncertainty characterizing the film industry, the analytical focus should be on financial dynamics, as production activity and its organizational form are ultimately dependent on finance as an enabling force. Based on a description of the film financing process as the primary process in which the relationship between the economic categories of financial and production capital are played out, I propose that in order to explain the growth of co-productions empirically, it is necessary to examine changes in the film financing environments of the increasingly interrelated European and US film industries. As the State is the most important provider of financial capital in the European film industry through the provision of public aid, the focus will lie in particular on the consequences of a paradigm change in the rationale of State intervention in Europe moving away from funding film for cultural reason, to supporting the industry on economic grounds since the mid 1990s. As will be shown, the most important consequence of this paradigm change has been the introduction of tax incentives to encourage investment into film in a number of European and international countries within a short period of time. As will be demonstrated, this has led to the formation of significant, locally confined capital pools that can dis-embed production; and to the emergence of a distinct capital cycle in international film financing, which has strongly impacted on the productive system of the film industry. Finally, a dynamic explanation for the growth of co-productions in Europe in the time period between 1997 and 2004 will be provided. I will argue that co-productions have firstly grown in order to overcome a lack of finance, but have in the context of a capital cycle based on tax incentives from Germany and the UK, increasingly become driven by the opposite dynamic, namely an abundance of financial capital seeking profitable investment opportunities. The study will conclude with a discussion of policy implications, a summary of contributions to the literature and a brief overview of future research opportunities.
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Phillips, Rhonda D. "A Probabilistic Classification Algorithm With Soft Classification Output." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26701.

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This thesis presents a shared memory parallel version of the hybrid classification algorithm IGSCR (iterative guided spectral class rejection), a novel data reduction technique that can be used in conjunction with PIGSCR (parallel IGSCR), a noise removal method based on the maximum noise fraction (MNF), and a continuous version of IGSCR (CIGSCR) that outputs soft classifications. All of the above are either classification algorithms or preprocessing algorithms necessary prior to the classification of high dimensional, noisy images. PIGSCR was developed to produce fast and portable code using Fortran 95, OpenMP, and the Hierarchical Data Format version 5 (HDF5) and accompanying data access library. The feature reduction method introduced in this thesis is based on the singular value decomposition (SVD). This feature reduction technique demonstrated that SVD-based feature reduction can lead to more accurate IGSCR classifications than PCA-based feature reduction. This thesis describes a new algorithm used to adaptively filter a remote sensing dataset based on signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) once the maximum noise fraction (MNF) has been applied. The adaptive filtering scheme improves image quality as shown by estimated SNRs and classification accuracy improvements greater than 10%. The continuous iterative guided spectral class rejection (CIGSCR) classification method is based on the iterative guided spectral class rejection (IGSCR) classification method for remotely sensed data. Both CIGSCR and IGSCR use semisupervised clustering to locate clusters that are associated with classes in a classification scheme. This type of semisupervised classification method is particularly useful in remote sensing where datasets are large, training data are difficult to acquire, and clustering makes the identification of subclasses adequate for training purposes less difficult. Experimental results indicate that the soft classification output by CIGSCR is reasonably accurate (when compared to IGSCR), and the fundamental algorithmic changes in CIGSCR (from IGSCR) result in CIGSCR being less sensitive to input parameters that influence iterations.
Ph. D.
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Aita, Antonello. "Extended Hubbard model with soft-shoulder interaction." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13999/.

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Recenti studi riguardanti gli Atomi di Rydberg hanno mostrato che, tali sistemi realizzano una peculiare interazione che sembra essere attiva soltanto entro una distanza finita. A partire da questa osservazione negli ultimi anni sono stati svolti studi teorici e sperimentali volti a descrivere le peculiari caratteristiche di tali sistemi. Un’analisi particolarmente interessante `e stata fatta focalizzando su sistemi unidimensionali implementati con bosoni hard-core e fermioni spinless, da cui è stato osservato che dal diagramma di fase si distinguono tre fasi: una prima che sembra soddisfare il paradigma dei liquidi di Luttinger, una seconda che ricalca una struttura critallina, ed una terza che si comporta come un liquido di Luttinger di cluster. Dove per cluster sono intesi particolari aggregati di particelle che vengono a formarsi in funzione del rapporto tra il raggio di interazione e la densita’ di particelle nel sistema. In questo lavoro è stato esteso lo studio a sistemi a due specie fermioniche, cercando di osservare il diagramma di fase solo in un particolare caso limite della teoria definito “limite ad una specie”. Da questa analisi si è dimostrato che in questo limite la struttura del diagramma di fase sembra ricalcare perfettamente quanto visto per i casi precedenti, in pieno accordo con le attese teoriche.
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García, Gutiérrez José Ramón. "Planificación de Diferentes Clases de Aplicaciones en Entornos No Dedicados Considerando Procesadores Multicore." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3066.

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A día de hoy es prácticamente imposible encontrar una gran institución que no disponga de un parque de ordenadores considerable, debido al alto nivel de informatización de la sociedad actual. El enorme potencial que representan estos miles de ordenadores atrae poderosamente la atención en los ámbitos científicos e industriales, generando opciones viables para su aprovechamiento. Las universidades, instituciones que históricamente se han mantenido a la vanguardia en la investigación e innovación científica, representan un caso especialmente bien posicionado a la hora de generar tanto los recursos informáticos como la necesidad de su uso.
El poder de cómputo existente en los laboratorios y aulas de estudio universitarias, agrupaciones naturales de recursos informáticos, crea grandes oportunidades para la computación paralela, animándonos a buscar opciones viables para su aprovechamiento. Como resultado de este interés, nuestro grupo ha creado un entorno de planificación, enfocado hacia los clusters no dedicados. La constante y rápida evolución de los componentes, tanto a nivel de la arquitectura de la CPU como del sistema operativo, así como de las aplicaciones ejecutadas, hace que tengamos que adaptar nuestras propuestas. Nuestra propuesta consiste en crear una Máquina Virtual con doble funcionalidad, ejecutar la carga local de usuario y aprovechar los períodos de inactividad de nodos a efectos de poder usarlos para ejecutar carga paralela. Tanto el tipo de las aplicaciones como las características del hardware del escenario objetivo, y en el momento actual ambas han evolucionado. Nuevos tipos de aplicaciones paralelas con requerimientos periódicos de CPU son cada día más comunes en el mundo científico e industrial. Este tipo de aplicaciones pueden requerir un tiempo de retorno (turnaround) específico o una Calidad de Servicio (Quality of Service, QoS) determinada.
Para nuestro caso particular, reviste especial importancia el conocimiento que poseemos de los usuarios locales, debido a que nuestro entorno está diseñado para trabajar en clusters no dedicados. Un usuario local puede estar visualizando un vídeo almacenado en su ordenador, lo cual implica necesidades de CPU periódicas y un mayor uso de memoria. La aparición de nuevos tipos de aplicaciones, como vídeo bajo demanda ó realidad virtual, que se caracterizan por la necesidad de cumplir sus deadlines, presentando requerimientos periódicos de recursos. Este tipo de aplicaciones, donde la pérdida de deadlines no se considera un fallo severo, han sido denominadas en la literatura aplicaciones soft-real time (SRT) periódicas.
Esta interesante evolución de las necesidades de los usuarios no es el único digno de atención. El crecimiento en la capacidad de cómputo de los procesadores en los últimos años se ha visto frenado a causa de las barreras físicas del espacio y la velocidad de las señales, obligando a los fabricantes de procesadores a explorar otras vías de crecimiento. Desde hace ya algún tiempo el paralelismo de las aplicaciones se ha convertido en una de las grandes apuestas. Hoy en día los procesadores de dos núcleos son la mínima configuración que encontraremos en un ordenador, y se prevé que el número de núcleos continuará creciendo en los próximos años.
Los clusters no dedicados ofrecen un gran potencial de un uso, debido a que los recursos materiales ya están disponibles y el cálculo paralelo se realiza simultáneamente con el del usuario local. Imaginando el escenario actual en los clusters no dedicados, encontramos nuevas aplicaciones de escritorio y paralelas, así como plataformas hardware más potentes y complejas. En esta situación investigar el problema y realizar propuestas relacionadas con la planificación de los diferentes tipos de aplicaciones en clusters no dedicados, considerando las plataformas multicore, supone un nuevo reto a asumir por los investigadores y conforma el núcleo de este trabajo.
Today it is virtually impossible to find an institution that does not have a considerable amount of computers, due to the high level of computerization of society. The enormous potential of these large number of computers attract a lot of attention in science and industry, generating viable options for their use. The universities, institutions that historically have remained at the forefront of research and scientific innovation, represent a case particularly well positioned in generating both, computing resources and the need to use.
The computational power present in laboratories and university study rooms, natural groupings of information resources, creating great opportunities for parallel computing, encouraging us to seek viable options for their use. As a result of this interest, our group has created a parallel scheduling environment, focused on non-dedicated clusters. The constant and fast evolution of the components, both at the architecture of the CPU and the operating system and applications executed, forces us to adapt our proposals. Our proposal is to create a Virtual Machine with dual functionality, run the local load user and take advantage of downtime for the purposes of nodes it can be used to run parallel load. At present both, applications and hardware specifications of the target scenario, have evolved. New types of parallel applications with periodic CPU requirements are becoming more common in science and industry. Such applications may require a return time (turnaround) or a specific QoS (Quality of Service).
Since our framework is designed to work in non-dedicated clusters, having knowledge of the local users behavior is of particular importance. A local user may be viewing a video stored on your computer, which involves periodic CPU requirements and increased use of memory. The emerging new types of applications, such as video on demand or virtual reality are a fact. This new types of applications are characterized by the need to meet their deadlines, presenting periodic resource requirements. This type of application, where the loss of deadlines is not considered a severe failure, has been named in the literature uses soft-real time (SRT) at regular intervals.
This exciting evolution of user needs is not the only one worthy of attention. The growth in computing power of processors in recent years has been hampered because of the physical barriers of space and speed of the signals, forcing chip makers to explore other avenues of growth. For some time the parallelism of the applications has become one of the biggest bets. Today's dual-core processors are the minimum configuration of any computer, and it is expected that the number of nuclei continue to grow in the coming years.
The non-dedicated clusters offer great potential for use, because the computational resources are already available, and parallel computing is performed simultaneously with the local user. Figuring out the current scenario in the non-dedicated clusters, we find new desktop applications, parallel and more powerful and complex hardware platforms. In this situation, research lines related to the planning of the different types of applications in non dedicated clusters, considering multi-core platforms, is a new challenge to be assumed by researchers and constitute the core of this work.
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Nicholls, Jonathan Christopher. "Soft-switching performance analysis of the clustered insulated gate bipolar transistor (CIGBT)." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/2396.

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The use of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) have enabled better switching performance than the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field effect Transistor (MOSFET) in medium to high power applications due to their lower on-state power loss and higher current densities. The power ratings of IGBTs are slowly increasing and are envisaged to replace thyristors in medium power applications such as High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) inverter systems and traction drive controls. Devices such as the MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT) and Emitter Switched Thyristor (EST) were developed in an effort to further simplify drive requirements of thyristors by incorporating a voltage controlled MOS gate into the thyristor structure. However, the MCT is unable to achieve controlled current saturation which is a desirable characteristic of power switching devices while the EST has only limited control. The IGBT can achieve current saturation, however, due to the transistor based structure it exhibits a larger on-state voltage in high power applications compared with thyristor based devices. MOS Gated Thyristor (MGT) devices are a promising alternative to transistor based devices as they exhibit a lower forward voltage drop and improved current densities. This current research focuses on the Clustered Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (CIGBT) whilst being operated under soft-switching regimes. The CIGBT is a MOS gated thyristor device that exhibits a unique self-clamping feature that protects cathode cells from high anode voltages under all operating conditions. The self-clamping feature also enables current saturation at high gate biases and provides low switching losses. Its low on-state voltage and high voltage blocking capabilities make the CIGBT suitable as a contender to the IGBT in medium to high power switching applications. For the first time, the CIGBT has been operated under soft-switching regimes and transient over-voltages at turn-on have been witnessed which have been found to be associated with a number of factors. The internal dynamics of the CIGBT have been analysed using 2D numerical simulations and it has been shown that a major influence on the peak voltage is the P well spacing within the CIGBT structure. For example, Small adjacent P well spacings within the device results in an inability for the CIGBT to switch iv on correctly. Further to this, implant concentrations of the n well region during device fabrication can also affect the turn-on transients. Despite this, the CIGBT has been experimental analysed under soft-switching conditions and found to outperform the IGBT by 12% and 27% for on-state voltage drop and total energy losses respectively. Turn off current bumps have been seen whilst switching the device in zero voltage and zero current switching mode of operation and the internal dynamics have been analysed to show the influence upon the current at turn off. Preliminary results on the Trench CIGBT (TCIGBT) under soft switching conditions has also been analysed for the first time and was found to have a reduced peak over-voltage and better switching performance than the planer CIGBT. Through optimisation of the CIGBT structure and fabrication process, it is seen that the device will become a suitable replacement to IGBT in medium power application.
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Books on the topic "Soft clusters"

1

Lieu, Richard, and Jonathan Mittaz, eds. Soft X-Ray Emission from Clusters of Galaxies and Related Phenomena. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2564-8.

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(Editor), Richard Lieu, and Jonathan Mittaz (Editor), eds. Soft X-Ray Emission from Clusters of Galaxies and Related Phenomena (Astrophysics and Space Science Library). Springer, 2004.

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Lieu, R., and Jonathan Mittaz. Soft X-Ray Emission from Clusters of Galaxies and Related Phenomena. Springer, 2014.

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Lieu, R., and Jonathan Mittaz. Soft X-Ray Emission from Clusters of Galaxies and Related Phenomena. Springer Netherlands, 2010.

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Lieu, R., and Jonathan Mittaz. Soft X-Ray Emission from Clusters of Galaxies and Related Phenomena. Springer London, Limited, 2004.

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Miksza, Peter, and Kenneth Elpus. Multilevel Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391905.003.0012.

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This chapter introduces a statistical approach for analyzing nested data structures that both accounts for the dependence of observations due to hierarchical arrangements and allows for testing hypotheses at multiple levels. The most common application of multilevel models is for analyses of objects (e.g., people) nested within groups or clusters of some sort. Multilevel models can also be applied to longitudinal data analyses such that the “levels” do not refer to objects nested within groups but instead refer to multiple measurements (e.g., measures made at different occasions/time points) nested within individuals. The chapter illustrates some of the major considerations and basic steps for performing multilevel analyses so that the reader can begin to imagine how to apply this technique to the reader’s own research questions.
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Mallet, Nicolas. Elastic Kubernetes Service: Quelles Sont les Questions à Se Poser Pour Bâtir un Cluster de Production ? Independently Published, 2020.

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Bertea, Mihai. Headache Journal: 190 Detailed Pain Diary Pages with Annual Overview for Chronic Migraines, Cluster, Tension, TMJ and Sinus Headaches Soft Paperback. Independently Published, 2021.

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Bertea, Mihai. Headache Journal: 190 Detailed Pain Diary Pages with Annual Overview for Chronic Migraines, Cluster, Tension, TMJ and Sinus Headaches Soft Paperback. Independently Published, 2021.

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Bertea, Mihai. Headache Journal: 190 Detailed Pain Diary Pages with Annual Overview for Chronic Migraines, Cluster, Tension, TMJ and Sinus Headaches Soft Paperback. Independently Published, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soft clusters"

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Rehm, Frank, Frank Klawonn, and Rudolf Kruse. "Visualization of Single Clusters." In Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing – ICAISC 2006, 663–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11785231_69.

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Klawonn, Frank, and Georg Hoffmann. "Using Fuzzy Cluster Analysis to Find Interesting Clusters." In Building Bridges between Soft and Statistical Methodologies for Data Science, 231–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15509-3_31.

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Krawczak, Maciej, and Grażyna Szkatuła. "On Perturbation Measure of Clusters: Application." In Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 176–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38610-7_17.

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Debierre, Jean-Marc. "Hull of Percolation Clusters in Three Dimensions." In Soft Order in Physical Systems, 159–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2458-8_19.

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Murakami, Kouichi, Atsumi Miyashita, and Osamu Yoda. "Laser-plasma Soft X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Laser-ablated Silicon and Graphite Particles." In Mesoscopic Materials and Clusters, 337–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08674-2_34.

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dos Santos, Fabiano Fernandes, Veronica Oliveira de Carvalho, and Solange Oliveira Rezende. "Selecting Candidate Labels for Hierarchical Document Clusters Using Association Rules." In Advances in Soft Computing, 163–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16773-7_14.

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Xiuyan, Xi, and Liu Xiuqing. "Identification and Decision on Dalian Characteristic Industry Clusters Based on Fuzzy Cluster Layer Model." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 213–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25188-7_26.

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Alfaro-Garcia, Victor Gerardo, Anna Maria Gil-Lafuente, and Anna Klimova. "A Fuzzy Approach to Competitive Clusters Using Moore Families." In Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 137–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19324-3_13.

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Johnston, Roy L., and Christopher Roberts. "Genetic Algorithms for the Geometry Optimization of Clusters and Nanoparticles." In Soft Computing Approaches in Chemistry, 161–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36213-5_7.

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Bréchignac, C., Ph Cahuzac, F. Carlier, M. de Frutos, A. Masson, C. Colliex, C. Mory, and B. Yoon. "Mobility and aggregation of free clusters soft landed on amorphous and crystalline carbon substrates." In Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 516–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60854-4_123.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soft clusters"

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Anderson, Derek T., James M. Keller, Ozy Sjahputera, James C. Bezdek, and Mihail Popescu. "Comparing soft clusters and partitions." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fuzzy.2011.6007474.

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BONAMENTE, MASSIMILIANO, and RICHARD LIEU. "EUV AND SOFT X–RAYS FROM CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES – THE 'CLUSTER SOFT–EXCESS' PHENOMENON." In Proceedings of the Third International Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811363_0006.

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Ma, Xin, and Won Hwa Kim. "Locally Normalized Soft Contrastive Clustering for Compact Clusters." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/460.

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Recent deep clustering algorithms take advantage of self-supervised learning and self-training techniques to map the original data into a latent space, where the data embedding and clustering assignment can be jointly optimized. However, as many recent datasets are enormous and noisy, getting a clear boundary between different clusters is challenging with existing methods that mainly focus on contracting similar samples together and overlooking samples near boundary of clusters in the latent space. In this regard, we propose an end-to-end deep clustering algorithm, i.e., Locally Normalized Soft Contrastive Clustering (LNSCC). It takes advantage of similarities among each sample's local neighborhood and globally disconnected samples to leverage positiveness and negativeness of sample pairs in a contrastive way to separate different clusters. Experimental results on various datasets illustrate that our proposed approach achieves outstanding clustering performance over most of the state-of-the-art clustering methods for both image and non-image data even without convolution.
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Charulatha, B. S., Paul Rodrigues, and T. Chitralekha. "Automatic and Adaptive Clusters for Information Extraction." In 2014 International Conference on Soft Computing & Machine Intelligence (ISCMI). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscmi.2014.29.

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Henriksen, Mark. "The soft γ-ray spectrum of galaxy clusters." In GAMMA 2001: Gamma-Ray Astrophysics 2001. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1419441.

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Patashinski, Alexander. "Pre-Yield Shear in Glasses." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62299.

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A glassy material is treated as a mosaic of soft and hard clusters. Plastic shear under high shear stress takes place in soft clusters as a series of elementary local slip and stick processes; stress-strain relations are discussed in terms of these elementary acts and their activation energies. Two special situations are considered: a glass where the initial distribution of soft clusters is created by damaging irradiation or other factors, and disappears in the process of shear, and a glass where interaction of soft and hard clusters maintains a time-independent distribution of activation energies.
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Caillault, Jean-Pierre. "Stellar clusters and star-forming regions." In The soft x-ray cosmos: ROSAT science symposium and data analysis workshop. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46667.

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Burns, J., K. Roettiger, J. Pinkney, C. Loken, S. Doe, F. Owen, W. Voges, and R. White. "Clumped X-ray emission around radio galaxies in clusters: New tools for investigating cluster evolution." In The soft x-ray cosmos: ROSAT science symposium and data analysis workshop. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46709.

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Mirabel, I. Félix. "Soft Gamma-ray Repeaters in clusters of massive stars." In The fifth huntsville gamma-ray burst symposium. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1361647.

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Wang, Leping, and Ying Lu. "Efficient Power Management of Heterogeneous Soft Real-Time Clusters." In 2008 IEEE 29th Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rtss.2008.31.

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Reports on the topic "Soft clusters"

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Leslie-Pelecky, Diandra L. Cluster-Assembled Soft Magnets for Power Electronics Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444351.

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Elshurafa, Amro, Hatem Al Atawi, Fakhri Hasanov, and Frank Felder. Cost, Emission, and Macroeconomic Implications of Diesel Displacement in the Saudi Agricultural Sector: Options and Policy Insights. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp03.

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The Saudi agricultural sector relies on diesel for irrigation, which is provided to farmers at a much lower price than the average global price, implying significant opportunity costs. With the aid of soft-coupled power and macro-econometric models, we assess the cost and macroeconomic implications of electrifying irrigation activities in the Saudi agricultural sector. Three electrification scenarios are considered: electrifying each individual farm with a dedicated hybrid renewable micro-grid, electrifying the entire farm cluster with central generation and connecting the entire cluster via transmission to the national grid. Compared with the base-case, connecting the farm cluster to the national grid is found to be the most economical but the least environmentally friendly. The renewable and central generation scenarios are costlier (compared with the transmission scenario) due, respectively, to the high battery costs and gas infrastructure needed.
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