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1
Lang, Michael, Young-sang Lee, In-sung Lee, Patric Szabo, Jongsup Hong, Joonhoon Cho, and Rémi Costa. "Analysis of Degradation Phenomena of SOC Stacks Operated in Reversible SOFC / SOEC Cycling Mode." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015429mtgabs.
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The reversible SOFC/SOEC operation of solid oxide cell (SOC) stacks promise high overall electricity-to-electricity round-trip efficiencies and low storage costs. Although in recent years the degradation rates of SOFC and SOEC stacks in single mode long-term operation have been steadily decreased, the understanding of degradation mechanisms during reversible SOFC/SOEC operation remains an important and challenging issue. Therefore, the Korean-German project “Solid Oxide Reversible Fuel Cell / Electrolysis Stack” (SORFES) focuses on the development of the core component technology for a 1 kW reversible SOC stack in order to enhance the hydrogen productivity and its utilization. The primary goals are the improvement of the performance and the durability of SOC stacks during reversible SOFC/SOEC operation and the quantification and the qualification of the relevant degradation effects. The paper presents and compares the performance and degradation results of two SOC stacks which were operated mainly in galvanostatic steady-state SOFC mode and in reversible SOFC/SOEC cycling mode. The stacks with ASC cells of Elcogen (Estonia) were fabricated by the industrial project partner E&KOA (Daejeon, Korea). The reversible cycles consist of day/night switches between SOEC and SOFC, thus covering intermittent renewable electricity supply (e.g. of photovoltaics). The stacks were electrochemically characterized by jV-curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The first SOC stack with 10 cells was operated during 500 h in SOFC at constant current density followed by 500 h of operation under reversible SOFC/SOEC cycling conditions. The initial performance and homogeneity along the repeat units (RUs) of the stack in SOFC and SOEC at the beginning of operation are presented. In order to better understand the stack degradation, the results between reversible SOFC/SOEC cycling and galvanostatic steady-state SOFC operation are compared. The degradation, especially of the OCV, the power density and the area specific resistance (ASR) of the different RUs are analyzed and discussed. Moreover, the progression of the individual resistances, specifically of the ohmic-, the electrode polarization- and the gas concentration resistances of the RUs are evaluated and presented. The influence of temperature gradients and thermo-mechanical stresses during reversible exothermic (SOFC) and endothermic (SOEC) cycling are outlined and discussed. The results of the first stack test were used to improve the stack components and setup, e.g. the contacting and sealing of the cells in the stack and the protective coating on the interconnects. Moreover, the operating conditions during reversible SOFC/SOEC cycling were optimized. The second improved stack with 6 RUs was operated for 2800 h in galvanostatic steady-state SOFC mode and reversible SOFC/SOEC cycling mode with low degradation rate. The results of the present paper help to understand and improve the long-term stability of SOC stacks during reversible SOFC/SOEC cycling, thus promoting the SOC technology for renewable energy storage applications.
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Imabayashi, Takumi, Koichi Asano, and Yoshihiro Mugikura. "Evaluation of Electrolytic Characteristics with a Single Cell Developed as SOFC." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 1493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1493ecst.
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The reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) can operate both SOFC and SOEC modes reversibly. It is necessary for developing the rSOC to clear the reversible operation problems by evaluating cell performance of SOFC and SOEC modes. Based on our original performance evaluation method of SOFC which was previously developed, a new performance evaluation method of SOEC which can be adapted under various temperature conditions has been developed in this report. The cell, which was developed as SOFC, performance before and after the CO2 direct electrolysis test (CO2+2e-→CO+O2-) was compared by using the performance evaluation methods of SOEC and SOFC. As a result, the IR loss and the cathode overvoltage increased after the CO2 direct electrolysis test in both SOEC and SOFC modes.
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Song, Rak-Hyun. "(Invited) Current Status of SOFC Deployment and Technology Developments in Korea." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01546mtgabs.
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In Korea, the supply of stationary fuel cells for power generation is being promoted by the mandatory RPS program. The deployment of fuel cells in Korea began in 2012. Currently, fuel cells of about 880 MW have been supplied. Among them, the amount of SOFC system is about 220 MW, and the SOFC installation started in 2014. About 40 MW in 2021 and 50 MW in 2022 were installed. The deployment of residential SOFCs has just begun, and a small number of systems have been deployed. In Korea, fuel cell deployment is accelerated by the mandatory supply amount allocated to power generation companies by the RPS policy, and in addition, the clean energy supply promotion regulation granted to public buildings partially contributes to fuel cell supply. Several Korean companies have developed the SOFC and SOEC technologies under the national program, and major projects are the development of a 200 kW SOFC and a 20 kW SOEC systems. The 2~8kW class SOFC products have been developed already and are in deployment. In Korea, SOEC demonstration is being also promoted to store electricity generated from renewable energy, and about 1.5MW SOEC is scheduled to be demonstrated by 2024. The Korean government enacted the Hydrogen Law in 2019, and under this law, development and deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell-related technologies are in progress. In addition, a hydrogen roadmap was established as an implementation plan to encourage achievement of the deployment targets. In this talk, the achievements of the SOFC R&D and deployment, and national hydrogen roadmap in Korea are introduced in more detail.
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Athanasiou, Costas, Christos Drosakis, Gaylord Kabongo Booto, and Costas Elmasides. "Economic Feasibility of Power/Heat Cogeneration by Biogas–Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Integrated Systems." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010404.
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Based upon the thermodynamic simulation of a biogas-SOFC integrated process and the costing of its elements, the present work examines the economic feasibility of biogas-SOFCs for combined heat and power (CHP) generation, by the comparison of their economic performance against the conventional biogas-CHP with internal combustion engines (ICEs), under the same assumptions. As well as the issues of process scale and an SOFC’s cost, examined in the literature, the study brings up the determinative effects of: (i) the employed SOFC size, with respect to its operational point, as well as (ii) the feasibility criterion, on the feasibility assessment. Two plant capacities were examined (250 m3·h−1 and 750 m3·h−1 biogas production), and their feasibilities were assessed by the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Pay Back Time (PBT) criteria. For SOFC costs at 1100 and 2000 EUR·kWel−1, foreseen in 2035 and 2030, respectively, SOFCs were found to increase investment (by 2.5–4.5 times, depending upon a plant’s capacity and the SOFC’s size) and power generation (by 13–57%, depending upon the SOFC’s size), the latter increasing revenues. SOFC-CHP exhibits considerably lower IRRs (5.3–13.4% for the small and 16.8–25.3% for the larger plant), compared to ICE-CHP (34.4%). Nonetheless, according to NPV that does not evaluate profitability as a return on investment, small scale biogas-SOFCs (NPVmax: EUR 3.07 M) can compete with biogas-ICE (NPV: EUR 3.42 M), for SOFCs sized to operate at 70% of the maximum power density (MPD) and with a SOFC cost of 1100 EUR·kWel−1, whereas for larger plants, SOFC-CHP can lead to considerably higher NPVs (EUR 12.5–21.0 M) compared to biogas-ICE (EUR 9.3 M). Nonetheless, PBTs are higher for SOFC-CHP (7.7–11.1 yr and 4.2–5.7 yr for the small and the large plant, respectively, compared to 2.3 yr and 3.1 yr for biogas-ICE) because the criterion suppresses the effect of SOFC-CHP-increased revenues to a time period shorter than the plant’s lifetime. Finally, the economics of SOFC-CHP are optimized for SOFCs sized to operate at 70–82.5% of their MPD, depending upon the SOFC cost and the feasibility criterion. Overall, the choice of the feasibility criterion and the size of the employed SOFC can drastically affect the economic evaluation of SOFC-CHP, whereas the feasibility criterion also determines the economically optimum size of the employed SOFC.
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Williams, Mark, and Randall Gemmen. "Total Energy for the SOFC and SOEC." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 1327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1327ecst.
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The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Program at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) managed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) is currently developing low-cost SOFC and Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) systems. This paper develops the Total Energy (TE) (kilowatt-hours per kilogram hydrogen, kWh/kgH2 ) for the SOEC and SOFC. The Total Energy includes heat input, exergetic flows, enthalpy of vaporization, pressurization, heat loss, area specific resistance, etc. The SOEC Total Energy developed at NETL, as it would happen, correlates well with the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) proven SOEC performance of forty-five kilowatt-hours per kilogram hydrogen at twenty bars, 1.3 volt and 725oC. Total Energy is necessary for designing, predicting, and planning for SOEC and SOFC performance and cost.
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Radhika, D., and A. S. Nesaraj. "Materials and Components for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells – an Overview." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 2 (June 17, 2013): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.2.87-95.
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This article summarizes the recent advancements made in the area of materials and components for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs). LT-SOFC is a new trend in SOFCtechnology since high temperature SOFC puts very high demands on the materials and too expensive to match marketability. The current status of the electrolyte and electrode materials used in SOFCs, their specific features and the need for utilizing them for LT-SOFC are presented precisely in this review article. The section on electrolytes gives an overview of zirconia, lanthanum gallate and ceria based materials. Also, this review article explains the application of different anode, cathode and interconnect materials used for SOFC systems. SOFC can result in better performance with the application of liquid fuels such methanol and ethanol. As a whole, this review article discusses the novel materials suitable for operation of SOFC systems especially for low temperature operation.
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Song, Rak-Hyun. "(Invited) Current Status of SOFC Deployment and Technology Developments in Korea." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0027ecst.
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The current deployment of stationary fuel cells in Korea is about 880 MW including the 220 MW SOFC systems, About 40 MW in 2021 and 50 MW in 2022 were installed respectively. In Korea, the fuel cell deployment is accelerated by the mandatory supply and the promotion regulations driven by government. Several Korean companies have developed the SOFC and SOEC technologies under the national program, and major projects are the development of a 200 kW SOFC and a 20 kW SOEC systems. The 2~8kW class SOFC products have been developed already and are in deployment. The Korean government enacted the Hydrogen Law in 2020, and under this law, development and deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell-related technologies are in progress. The achievements of the SOFC R&D and deployment, and national hydrogen roadmap in Korea are introduced in more detail.
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Corigliano, Orlando, Leonardo Pagnotta, and Petronilla Fragiacomo. "On the Technology of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Energy Systems for Stationary Power Generation: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 15276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215276.
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This paper presents a comprehensive overview on the current status of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) energy systems technology with a deep insight into the techno-energy performance. In recent years, SOFCs have received growing attention in the scientific landscape of high efficiency energy technologies. They are fuel flexible, highly efficient, and environmentally sustainable. The high working temperature makes it possible to work in cogeneration, and drive downstream bottomed cycles such as Brayton and Hirn/Rankine ones, thus configuring the hybrid system of a SOFC/turbine with very high electric efficiency. Fuel flexibility makes SOFCs independent from pure hydrogen feeding, since hydrocarbons can be fed directly to the SOFC and then converted to a hydrogen rich stream by the internal thermochemical processes. SOFC is also able to convert carbon monoxide electrochemically, thus contributing to energy production together with hydrogen. SOFCs are much considered for being supplied with biofuels, especially biogas and syngas, so that biomass gasifiers/SOFC integrated systems contribute to the “waste to energy” chain with a significant reduction in pollution. The paper also deals with the analysis of techno-energy performance by means of ad hoc developed numerical modeling, in relation to the main operating parameters. Ample prominence is given to the aspect of fueling, emphasizing fuel processing with a deep discussion on the impurities and undesired phenomena that SOFCs suffer. Constituent materials, geometry, and design methods for the balance of plant were studied. A wide analysis was dedicated to the hybrid system of the SOFC/turbine and to the integrated system of the biomass gasifier/SOFC. Finally, an overview of SOFC system manufacturing companies on SOFC research and development worldwide and on the European roadmap was made to reflect the interest in this technology, which is an important signal of how communities are sensitive toward clean, low carbon, and efficient technologies, and therefore to provide a decisive and firm impulse to the now outlined energy transition.
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Wei, J., T. Osipova, J. Malzbender, and M. Krüger. "Mechanical characterization of SOFC/SOEC cells." Ceramics International 44, no. 10 (July 2018): 11094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.03.103.
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Baharuddin, Nurul Akidah, Andanastuti Muchtar, and Dedikarni Panuh. "Bilayered Electrolyte for Intermediate-Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Review." Jurnal Kejuruteraan si1, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2018-si1(2)-01.
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Fuel cell is an energy converter device that generates electricity through electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. An example of fuel cell is the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) which uses a ceramics based solid electrolyte. Due to the use of ceramics, SOFC normally operates at high temperatures up to 1000 °C. This high operating temperature makes SOFC known for its efficient energy conversion capability and excellent fuel flexibility. However, despite the advantages, the extreme temperatures limit the uses of SOFC. High operation temperature leads to long term operational issues in durability and cell degradation. Yttria stabilized zirconia, YSZ is a commonly used material for electrolyte in high temperature SOFCs. However, YSZ electrolyte is unable to perform well when the operating temperature is reduced to intermediate-low zones below 800 °C. Thus, development of new materials for SOFC components is needed whereby the production of electrolyte materials becomes one of the main scopes for research in intermediate-low temperature SOFCs. Apart from the synthesis of new materials, another approach in increasing the ionic conductivity of intermediate-low temperature SOFC is through the fabrication of a bilayered electrolyte. As such, this review article focuses on the potential of bilayered electrolyte for intermediate-low temperature SOFCs
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Nur Nadhihah Mohd Tahir, Nurul Akidah Baharuddin, Mahendra Rao Somalu, Andanastuti Muchtar, Abdullah Abd Samat, and Lai Jian Wei. "Comparative Analysis of LiCo0.6Sr0.4O2 Cathode Electrochemical Performance in Oxide- and Proton-Conducting Intermediate-Temperature Solid Fuel Oxide Cells." Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engieering 15, no. 1 (March 22, 2024): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/armne.15.1.2230.
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Solid fuel oxide cells (SOFCs) are made up of three main parts: anode, electrolyte, and cathode. The main challenge in SOFCs is their high operating temperature, which can reach 1000 °C and lead to cell degradation issues. To address this, the utilization of lithium-based materials is suggested for the cathode component, facilitating intermediate-temperature SOFC operation within the temperature range of 500 to 800 °C. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of producing high-quality lithium-based cathode ink using a triple-roll mill (TRM). By employing the fabrication parameters recommended in these studies, the lithium-based cathode (LCSO) was tested in different working environments, specifically the oxide-conducting SOFC and proton-conducting SOFC. The LCSO inks were screen-printed on SDC for oxide-conducting SOFC and BCZY for proton-conducting SOFC electrolyte before the analysis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the electrochemical performance and morphology of the LCSO cathode. Based on the results, the LCSO cathode is found to respond well in oxide-conducting SOFC environment with an area-specific resistance (ASR) value of 0.75 ohms-cm2 compared to proton-conducting SOFC which shows an ASR value higher by 11.45 ohms-cm2.
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Sun, Boxiang, Huiyu Wang, Songyan Zou, and Xiang Shao. "Optimized design of planar solid oxide fuel cell interconnectors." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 3, 2024): e0298277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298277.
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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are vital for alternative energy, powering motors effi-ciently. They offer fuel versatility and waste heat recovery, making them ideal for various applications. Optimizing interconnector structures is crucial for SOFC advancement. This paper introduces a novel 2D simulation model for interconnector SOFCs, aiming to enhance their performance. We initially construct a single half-cell model for a conventional interconnector SOFC, ensuring model accuracy. Subsequently, we propose an innovative interconnector SOFC model, which outperforms the conventional counterpart in various aspects.
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Wang, Zhe, Fan Zhao, Yue Ma, Rui Xia, and Fenghui Han. "Performance Analysis and Design of Direct Ammonia Fuel Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Shipborne Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Aerospace 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2023): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10050397.
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Ammonia is being considered as a promising alternative to hydrogen fuel in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to its stability and ease of storage and transportation. This study investigates the feasibility of using ammonia fuel in a tubular SOFC for shipborne unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The paper develops a 3D model of a tubular-anode-supported SOFC single cell and conducts numerical simulations to analyze the impact of different operating conditions on SOFC performance. The study optimizes the SOFC’s performance by adjusting its working parameters and overall structure, revealing that increasing temperature and porosity enhance performance, but excessively high values can cause deterioration and instability in the cell. The study also finds that the cathode-supported (CS)-SOFC outperforms the anode-supported (AS)-SOFC, mainly due to its thicker cathode layer, providing better sealing and oxygen supply, resulting in a more uniform current density distribution. The paper provides valuable insights into the potential use of ammonia fuel for shipborne UAVs and offers a foundation for future research and development in the field of SOFCs. The results indicate that increasing the temperature and porosity of the SOFC can enhance battery performance, but excessive values can cause deterioration and instability in the cell. The study also highlights the impact of different operating conditions on SOFC performance, with a significant performance improvement observed in the range of 0.6–0.8 V. Additionally, the CS-SOFC outperforms the AS-SOFC due to its thicker cathode layer, but both have significant potential for development.
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Lee, Byeong Jun, and Chul Han Bae. "Combustion Characteristics of the SOFC Products for SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Power Generation System." Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15231/jksc.2014.19.3.044.
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Minh, Nguyen Q., and Kyung Joong Yoon. "(Invited) High-Temperature Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen and Syngas - Technology Status and Development Needs." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491906mtgabs.
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High-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology has been considered and developed for production of hydrogen (from steam) and syngas (from mixtures of steam and carbon dioxide). The SOEC, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) in reverse or electrolysis operating mode, is traditionally derived from the more technologically advanced SOFC. The SOEC uses the same materials and operates in the same temperature range (600˚-800˚C) as the conventional SOFC. The SOEC therefore has the advantages shown by the SOFC such as flexibility in cell and stack designs, multiple options in cell fabrication processes, and choice in operating temperatures. In addition, at the high operating temperature of the SOEC, the electrical energy required for the electrolysis is reduced and the unavoidable Joule heat is used in the splitting process. SOEC technology has made significant progress toward practical applications in the last several years. To date, SOEC single cells, multi-cell stacks and systems have been fabricated/built and operated. However, further improvements are needed for the SOEC in several areas relating to the key drivers (efficiency, reliability and cost) to enable commercialization. This paper provides an overview on the status of SOEC technology, especially zirconia based technology, and discusses R&D needs to move the technology toward practical applications and widespread uses.
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Williams, Mark, and Randall Gemmen. "Total Energy for the SOFC and SOEC." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154206mtgabs.
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The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Program, managed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) is currently developing low-cost SOFC and SOEC systems. This paper develops the governing Total Energy (TE) (kilowatt-hours per kilogram hydrogen) equation for the SOEC. The eight-component TE equation includes heat input, exergetic flows, enthalpy of vaporization, pressurization, heat loss, area specific resistance, etc. The eight-component TE equation developed, as it would happen, correlates well with the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) proven SOEC performance of 45 kilowatt-hours per kilogram hydrogen at 20 bars and 725K. TE is the key performance equation necessary for designing, predicting, and planning for SOEC and SOFC performance and cost. Important ramifications of TE are discussed.
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Pike, Jenna, Dennis Larsen, Tyler Hafen, Jeffrey Lingen, Becca Izatt, Michele Hollist, Abel Gomez, et al. "Reversible SOFC/SOEC System Development and Demonstration." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154254mtgabs.
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The OxEon Energy team continues its 30+ year solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development history with the design, fabrication, and installation of two reversible solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC)/SOFC demonstration modules (rSOC), at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and a private, stand-alone microgrid, scheduled for installation and commissioning in early 2023. OxEon’s SOEC/SOFC technology builds on the success of the SOEC stack installed on NASA’s Mars Perseverance Rover that has produced high-purity O2 by electrolyzing Mars atmosphere CO2 nine times to date. OxEon Energy’s technology space integrates cross-sector coupling to produce hydrogen or syngas from SOEC, electricity via SOFC, and transportation fuels from syngas through Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. A low energy plasma reformer provides an alternative approach of producing syngas from low value hydrocarbons. OxEon’s four complementary technologies enable a flexible approach to leveling fluctuating energy from renewables and converting it to accessible, storable, and higher value fuels and chemicals. The reversible SOEC/SOFC systems described in this work demonstrate the opportunity to generate and store H2 fuel as a method to stabilize and capture excess production from renewable or nuclear energy sources. The two demonstration units described in this work integrate OxEon’s reversible SOEC/SOFC stacks with an effective and reliable balance of plant (BOP) system. The high temperature electrolysis (HTE) systems produce hydrogen through electrolysis using solid oxide cell (SOC) technology derived from OxEon’s heritage stack technology and the advancements made during the development of stacks for NASA’s Mars2020 mission. The two demonstration units described in this work use the same modular system design based on 4-stack quad assemblies. The INL system consists of three 4-stack quad assemblies to meet the 30 kW SOEC/ 10 kW SOFC target. OxEon also designed the manifold and plenum assembly to interface with INL’s existing 50 kW test stand and scaled the hot section unit (HSU) to enclose the system. Pressure drop across the system is minimized by supplying even flow to each of the three stack quads, and allows for air delivery in SOFC mode with a blower rather than an air compressor. INL system installation and testing is scheduled for early 2023. A previous 10 kW SOEC system demonstration at INL exceeded project objectives with 14.5 kW system power output, with uniform performance measured from each of 4 stacks. OxEon is scheduled to deliver a 20 kW SOEC/ 10 kW SOFC system to the private microgrid at Stone Edge Farm in early 2023. The system is comprised of 2 quad modules and BOP that will connect with onsite hydrogen storage and renewable energy generation plant. The system will generate hydrogen in SOEC mode using renewable energy supplied by the farm’s solar array. Hydrogen produced in SOEC mode will be compressed and stored by a system designed by HyET Hydrogen B.V. During times of low renewable power generation, the SOFC system will use stored hydrogen to generate power. The Stone Edge Farm system includes two heat exchangers (one for air, one for fuel) that raise the gas feeds to within 50 ⁰C of operating conditions, and minimize pre-heating required for operation. Pre-heating is accomplished with heaters in the HSU enclosure. The feed path is routed to use a portion of the exotherm generated in SOFC mode. The air heat exchanger is oversized for SOEC mode but sized to accommodate the excess flow required for cooling in SOFC mode. The fuel heat exchanger is sized appropriately to deliver H2 in SOFC operation and steam in SOEC operation. Both systems apply mechanical compression to the stacks outside of the HSU enclosure. This design produces greater force than if the springs are enclosed in the hot zone and reduces the insulation envelope size. The end load is applied through a loading rod, an upper load plate, layers of insulation, and an additional outer load plate, placing the springs outside the insulation package that surrounds the hot region where the stacks are located. Low thermal conductivity ceramic rods minimize heat loss through the load transmission path. The materials set used in the rSOC systems uses a scandia-stabilized zirconia electrolyte-supported cell design with nickel-cermet fuel electrode and perovskite air electrodes. Green electrolyte is tape cast, cut, and fired to produce a dense electrolyte of about 250 microns thickness. Electrode inks are applied via screen printing, then fired to form porous electrode layers. Recent advancements in the air side electrode barrier layer, air electrode layers, and fuel electrode catalyst have improved stack performance and stability. Figure 1
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Mugikura, Yoshihiro, Takumi Imabayashi, and Koichi Asano. "Development of SOEC Performance Model Based on Cell Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 47 (October 9, 2022): 1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02471786mtgabs.
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Central Research Institute of electric Power Industry (CRCIEPI) has developed original SOFC performance evaluation method and applied to a wide variety of cells. Based on the SOFC performance evaluation method, a new SOEC performance evaluation method has been developed this time. By this evaluation method, the difference between the open circuit voltage and the cell voltage can be expressed by the internal resistance loss (measured value), the fuel electrode overvoltage, the oxygen electrode overvoltage, and the Nernst loss. In this study, cell performance before and after the CO2 direct electrolysis test was compared by SOFC and SOEC evaluation methods and clarification of cell degradation factor by CO2 direct electrolysis.
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Nehter, Pedro, Helge Geisler, Vignesh Ahilan, Stephan Friedl, Oliver Rohr, Aurelie Walter, Christian Metzner, and Kristian Zimmermann. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Aviation." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0143ecst.
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The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) offers major benefits, namely electrical efficiency and fuel versatility, for hybrid-electric aircraft propulsion. The combined development of novel SOFC concepts and corresponding manufacturing processes are regarded as key objectives for the SOFC activities at Airbus Central Research and Technology. Airbus is designing, manufacturing and testing SOFC concepts with the aim to achieve highest gravimetric power densities. Novel manufacturing technologies for metallic and ceramic materials have the potential to enable lighter functional layers for SOFCs with increased intrinsic mechanical stability and surface area. Different cell concepts with an optimized current collection are currently under development at Airbus. The micro-tubular and monolithic SOFC are seen as the most promising concepts, whereas around 2 kW/kg on a cell level has recently been achieved in a performance test at Airbus.
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Pike, Jenna, Dennis Larsen, Tyler Hafen, Jeffrey Lingen, Becca Izatt, Michele Hollist, Abel Gomez, et al. "Reversible SOFC/SOEC System Development and Demonstration." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 1629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1629ecst.
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The OxEon Energy team continues its 30+ year solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development history with the design, fabrication, and installation of two reversible solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC)/SOFC demonstration modules scheduled for installation and commissioning in 2023. The high temperature electrolysis (HTE) systems produce hydrogen through electrolysis using solid oxide cell (SOC) technology derived from OxEon’s heritage stack technology and advancements made during stack development for NASA’s Mars2020 mission. The demonstration units integrate reversible SOC stacks with an effective and reliable balance of plant (BOP) system. A 4-stack quad assembly forms the basis for a modular, scalable system. Thermal management includes pre-heaters within the hot section unit (HSU) enclosure and a feed path that takes advantage of the exotherm generated in SOFC mode. The system design applies mechanical compression to the stacks outside the HSU enclosure to minimize insulation envelope size and produce greater force on the stacks.
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Vora, Shailesh, and Mark Williams. "(Invited) The SOFC Program at the DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) and National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0009ecst.
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The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Program, managed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) and administered by the FECM’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is currently developing low-cost SOFC’s and reversible SOFC systems (rSOCFs). SOFC power systems have the potential to achieve greater than 60 percent efficiency. The SOFC’s operating temperature is lower than combustion-based processes and precludes NOx formation. In addition, there are near-zero emissions of CO2, criteria pollutants, and particulates. Furthermore, SOFC power systems require approximately one-third the amount of water relative to conventional combustion-based power systems. The Program includes the testing of SOFC with natural gas in distributed applications, including data centers. In addition to SOFC, there are several projects on various aspects of high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) for electrolysis of water. Development of reversible SOFC systems, rSOCFs, is the new central focus of FECM. The development of efficient systems for hydrogen production is very interesting, especially when supplementary heat is provided from solar or other waste heat sources such as nuclear power plants.
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van Veldhuizen, Berend, Lindert van Biert, Purushothaman Vellayani Aravind, and Klaas Visser. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Marine Applications." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (May 30, 2023): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5163448.
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The marine industry must reduce emissions to comply with recent and future regulations. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are seen as a promising option for efficient power generation on ships with reduced emissions. However, it is unclear how the devices can be integrated and how this affects the operation of the ship economically and environmentally. This paper reviews studies that consider SOFC for marine applications. First, this article discusses noteworthy developments in SOFC systems, including power plant options and fuel possibilities. Next, it presents the design drivers for a marine power plant and explores how an SOFC system performs. Hereafter, the possibilities for integrating the SOFC system with the ship are examined, also considering economic and environmental impact. The review shows unexplored potential to successfully integrate SOFC with thermal and electrical systems in marine vessels. Additionally, it is identified that there are still possibilities to improve marine SOFC systems, for which a holistic approach is needed for design at cell, stack, module, and system level. Nevertheless, it is expected that hybridisation is needed for a technically and economically feasible ship. Despite its high cost, SOFC systems could significantly reduce GHG, NOX, SOX, PM, and noise emissions in shipping.
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Nishikawa, Takeshi, Keiji Yashiro, Takumi Komaya, and Tatsuya Kawada. "Electrochemical Performance and Mechanical Stress Evaluation of Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fabricated By Plasma Spray Method." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015473mtgabs.
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At present, the most common type of SOFC is anode-supported SOFC (AS-SOFC), in which the cell is mechanically supported by the thick fuel electrode layer. Recently, Metal-supported SOFCs (MS-SOFCs) have attracted attention because of their potential for low cost and high mechanical robustness. However, the fabrication process of MS-SOFCs has not been established. The mechanical behavior of the cells under high temperature operation has not been clarified. In this study, we fabricated prototype MS-SOFCs using the plasma spray method. The cell was tested by electrochemical measurements, residual stress measurements, and SEM/EDX to clarify the mechanical behavior of MS-SOFCs under high temperature operation. The layers of anode (NiO-YSZ), electrolyte (LSGM9182), and cathode (LSCF6428) were formed on a metal substrate (SUS430) by atmospheric pressure plasma spraying (APS) to fabricate a single cell of MS-SOFC. Open circuit voltage, AC impedance, and I-V measurements were performed at 600°C, 650°C, and 700°C. The residual stress of LSGM9182 electrolyte was evaluated by cosα method [1] under the cell operation condition using specially designed chamber. The MS-SOFC with thicker electrode layers showed the much lower OCV than that of theoretical. In addition, the electrolyte had vertical cracks between cathode and anode after the 2nd thermal cycle. However the MS-SOFC with thinner electrode layers showed the higher OCV, which was nearly theoretical value, and much better I-V characteristics than the cell with thicker electrodes. Electrochemical impedance measurement revealed the plasma sprayed electrodes showed acceptable performance even though its microstructure was not optimized. The residual stress of LSGM electrolyte in the cell did not change so much during the cell operation. This might be caused by existence of small cracks in the electrolyte layer. This research was financially supported by NEDO. [1] K.Tanaka, Journal of the Society of Materials Science,japan,vol.66,No.7 (2017) 479-487
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Lapushkina, E. Y., V. P. Sivtsev, I. V. Kovalev, M. P. Popov, and A. P. Nemudry. "Optimization of the BSCFM5 cathode layer in the composition of microtube sofc and the study of the power characteristics." Электрохимия 60, no. 1 (July 12, 2024): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0424857024010089.
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The design of microtubular (MT) solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) shows increased resistance to thermal cycling and high power density (from 300 to 1000 W/kg and higher) among other SOFC types. Currently one of the main problems is the choice of material to be used as the cathode. As well as the problems associated with its microstructure in the cathode layer of the MT SOFC itself. This work is aimed at studying the power characteristics of MT SOFC using BSCFM5 as a cathode material. A cathode layer with a thickness of 65 µm, including 4 CFS layers and 4 CTS, is optimal and allows reaching the power of a single MT SOFC of 750 – 850 mW/cm2.
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Vora, Shailesh, and Mark Williams. "(Invited) The SOFC Program at the DOE’s Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) and National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01543mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Program, managed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy (FE) and administered by the FE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is currently developing low-cost SOFC power generation systems. SOFC power systems have the potential to achieve greater than 60 percent efficiency. The SOFC’s operating temperature is lower than combustion-based processes and precludes NOx formation. In addition, there are near-zero emissions of CO2, criteria pollutants, and particulates. Furthermore, SOFC power systems require approximately one-third the amount of water relative to conventional combustion-based power systems. The Program includes the testing of SOFC with natural gas in distributed applications, including data centers. In addition to SOFC, there are several projects on various aspects of high temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) for electrolysis of water. The development of efficient systems for hydrogen production is very interesting, especially when supplementary heat is provided from solar or other waste heat sources such as nuclear or coal power plants.
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Ávila, A., J. Poveda, D. Gómez, D. Hotza, and J. Escobar. "Characterization of SOFCS: A Crystallographic Analysis and First Steps towards an Impedance Spectroscopy Approach." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.769.
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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as an efficient way to transform chemical energy into electrical energy. However, a major disadvantage of this technology is related to the high temperatures required for SOFC operation. In this way, new materials are necessary to maintain the electrical properties of the cell at intermediate temperatures. Based on these ideas, it is necessary to study both the structural variation of the cells components at different temperatures and their electrochemical behavior. In this work, a crystallographic characterization is presented, which was performed in a commercial SOFC cell using X-ray diffraction (XRD). An equivalent linear electrical model to predict SOFC losses is developed as well. Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs); AC impedance; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS); Equivalent circuit models.
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Gunawan, Sulistyo, and Iwan Setyawan. "Progress in Glass-Ceramic Seal for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 82, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.82.1.3950.
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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as promising energy conversion devices nowadays. SOFC consists of several components such as cathode, anode, electrolyte, interconnects, and sealing materials. In planar SOFC stack construction, the sealant and interconnection functions play an important role. Glass and ceramics are quite popularly used as SOFC sealing materials to achieve several functions including preventing leakage of fuel and oxidants in the stack and electrically isolating cells in the stack. In this review, material preparation, material composition, ceramic properties especially thermal properties are compared from various systems that have been developed previously. The main challenges and complexities in the functional part of SOFC sealants include: (i) chemical incompatibility and instability in the oxidizing and reducing environment by adjusting the value of the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) with the interconnecting material during SOFC operation, and (ii) insulation of oxidizing fuels and gases by matching CTE anode and cathode. Also, the sealant glass transition determines the maximum permissible working temperature of the SOFC. The choice of method and analysis will provide data on various ceramic attributes. The search for thermal attributes consisting of Glass transition (Tg), Deformation temp (Td), Crystallization temp (Tx), Melting pt (Tm) became a focus on SOFC sealant development.
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Aravind, P. V., C. Schilt, B. Türker, and T. Woudstra. "Thermodynamic Model of a Very High Efficiency Power Plant based on a Biomass Gasifier, SOFCs, and a Gas Turbine." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.1.2.51-55.
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Thermodynamic calculations with a power plant based on a biomass gasifier, SOFCs and a gas turbine are presented. The SOFC anode off-gas which mainly consists of steam and carbon dioxides used as a gasifying agent leading to an allothermal gasification process for which heat is required. Implementation of heat pipes between the SOFC and the gasifier using two SOFC stacks and intercooling the fuel and the cathode streams in between them has shown to be a solution on one hand to drive the allothermal gasification process and on the other hand to cool down the SOFC. It is seen that this helps to reduce the exergy losses in the system significantly. With such a system, electrical efficiency around 73% is shown as achievable.
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Asano, Koichi, Takumi Imabayashi, Akifumi Ido, Hiroshi Morita, Tohru Yamamoto, and Yoshihiro Mugikura. "Degradation Analysis of SOFC Performance for Long-Term Operation with High Fuel Utilization (2)." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0155ecst.
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Three types of SOFC stacks have been operated in a NEDO’s project from FY2020 to FY2024 in order to clarify the technical issues for high efficiency and toughness of SOFC stacks and establish the methods for advanced degradation diagnosis of SOFC stacks. Long-term durability tests of two types of SOFC stacks as flatten-tubular type and planar type have been conducted toward 20,000 h under the high fuel utilization at 80 and 85 %, respectively close to the operational limits of the stacks. In addition, the degradation factors of SOFCs were analyzed by using the electrode polarization model developed by CRIEPI. As a result, cathode overvoltage and IR loss were the major degradation factors in the durability tests over 10,000 h.
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Aravind, P. V., C. Schilt, B. Türker, and T. Woudstra. "Thermodynamic Model of a Very High Efficiency Power Plant based on a Biomass Gasifier, SOFCs, and a Gas Turbine." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2012.3803.
Full textAbstract:
Thermodynamic calculations with a power plant based on a biomass gasifier, SOFCs and a gas turbine are presented. The SOFC anode off-gas which mainly consists of steam and carbon dioxides used as a gasifying agent leading to an allothermal gasification process for which heat is required. Implementation of heat pipes between the SOFC and the gasifier using two SOFC stacks and intercooling the fuel and the cathode streams in between them has shown to be a solution on one hand to drive the allothermal gasification process and on the other hand to cool down the SOFC. It is seen that this helps to reduce the exergy losses in the system significantly. With such a system, electrical efficiency around 73% is shown as achievable.
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Solovyev, Andrey, Anna Shipilova, Egor Smolyanskiy, Sergey Rabotkin, and Vyacheslav Semenov. "The Properties of Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Thin Film Gadolinium-Doped Ceria Electrolyte." Membranes 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2022): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090896.
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Mixed ionic-electronic conducting materials are not used as a single-layer electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) at relatively high operating temperatures of ~800 °C. This is because of a significant decrease in the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and, consequently, the SOFC power density. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the anode-supported SOFC properties obtained within the temperature range of 600 to 800 °C with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte and gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) electrolyte thin films. Electrolyte layers that are 3 µm thick are obtained by magnetron sputtering. It is shown that at 800 °C, the SOFC with the GDC electrolyte thin film provides an OCV over 0.9 V and power density of 2 W/cm2. The latter is comparable to the power density of SOFCs with the YSZ electrolyte, which is a purely ionic conductor. The GDC electrolyte manifests the high performance, despite the SOFC power density loss induced by electronic conductivity of the former, which, in turn, is compensated by its other positive properties.
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Zhou, Mingyang, Zhijun Liu, Xiaomin Yan, Kai Tan, Fengyuan Tian, and Jiang Liu. "Simultaneous Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide and Partial Oxidation of Methane in a Solid Oxide Cell with Silver-Based Cathode and Nickel-Based Anode." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 034502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac554d.
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Simultaneous electrochemical reduction of CO2 and partial oxidation of CH4 in a solid oxide cell (CO2/CH4 redox SOC) with Ag-based cathode and Ni-based anode is compared with CO2 reduction in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (CO2-SOEC) and CH4 oxidation in a solid oxide fuel cell (CH4-SOFC). Overpotential losses from different sources and gases products from each electrode are analyzed. Results show that the process of a CO2/CH4 redox SOC is exactly a combination of the cathode process of a CO2-SOEC and the anode process of a CH4-SOFC. With the same CO and syngas obtained, a CO2/CH4 redox SOC consumes less energy because it avoids oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of a CO2-SOEC and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of a CH4-SOFC. At 500 mA cm−2, the overall resistance of an electrolyte-supported CO2/CH4 redox SOC is only half of that for separately reducing CO2 in an SOEC and oxidizing CH4 in an SOFC. The conversion of CH4 and yield of H2 in the SOC approach 81% and 63%, respectively. An anode-supported CO2/CH4 redox SOC is operated stably for 110 h at 1 A cm−2 under an applied voltage of ∼0.9 V. Sufficient current density may prevent high performance Ni-based anode from coking.
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Song, Changhee, Sanghoon Lee, Bonhyun Gu, Ikwhang Chang, Gu Young Cho, Jong Dae Baek, and Suk Won Cha. "A Study of Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Modeling and Optimization Using Neural Network and Multi-Armed Bandit Algorithm." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071621.
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Anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) model based on artificial neural network (ANN) and optimized design variables were modeled. The input parameters of the anode-supported SOFC model developed in this study are as follows: current density, temperature, electrolyte thickness, anode thickness, anode porosity, and cathode thickness. Voltage was estimated from the SOFC model with the input parameters. Numerical results show that the SOFC model constructed in this study can represent the actual SOFC characteristics very well. There are four design parameters to be optimized: electrolyte, anode, cathode thickness, and anode porosity. To derive the optimal combination of the design parameters, we have used a multi-armed bandit algorithm (MAB), and developed a methodology for deriving near-optimal parameter set without searching for all possible parameter sets.
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Jiang, Yidong, Wenfei Mo, Tianyu Cao, Yixiang Shi, and Ningsheng Cai. "Fabrication and performance of atmospheric plasma sprayed solid oxide fuel cells with liquid antimony anodes." International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 8, no. 3 (April 30, 2021): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-021-00430-8.
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AbstractA solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a liquid antimony anode (LAA) is a potential energy conversion technology for the use of impurity-containing fuels. Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) technology has become a promising LAA-SOFC preparation method because of its economy and convenience. In this paper, button SOFCs with different cathode materials and ratios of pore former were prepared by the APS method and were operated at 750 °C. The effect of the cathode structure on the electrochemical performance of the LAA-SOFCs was analyzed, and an optimized spraying method for LAA-SOFCs was developed. A tubular LAA-SOFC was prepared using the APS method based on the optimized spraying method, and a peak power of 2.5 W was reached. The tubular cell was also measured at a constant current of 2 A for 20 h and was fed with a sulfur-containing fuel to demonstrate its impurity resistance and electrode stability.
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Kramer, Trevor Joseph, Mingyang Gong, Rory Roberts, and Jeff Webster. "Evaluation of Tubular SOFC’s Performance at Elevated Pressure for Highly-Efficient Clean Power Generation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 47 (October 9, 2022): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02471792mtgabs.
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Growing global energy needs and demand over imminent reductions of harmful greenhouse gas emissions, call for development of highly efficient, clean and reliable power generation from both renewable and fossil resources. A hybrid solid oxide fuel cell gas turbine (SOFC-GT) system is a promising candidate for fulfilling such need of a low emission, highly efficient power generation. This system can be applied to stationary, transportation, aviation, and maritime power generation applications. This study focuses on understanding operational characteristics of the pressurized SOFC as a key component for the successful design and construction of a highly efficient SOFC-GT hybrid system. Pressurization of an SOFC can cause improvement on electrode kinetics, stack lifetime and round-trip efficiency by cell integration with downstream components such as gas turbines and catalytic reactors (for electrolysis) [1-4]. However, literature data from experimental studies on the electrochemical behavior of the SOFC as a function of operating pressure is relatively scarce. This is presumably due to the complexity involved in the construction and operation of pressurized system. To address such research challenge, a pressurized SOFC test rig as shown in Fig. 1 has been constructed and commissioned at Tennessee Technological University (TTU) to allow tubular SOFCs to be characterized under a maximum operating pressure of 60 psia (~4 bar) and maximum operating temperature of 825oC. A detailed system set-up shown in Fig. 2. The power generation capacity for the test rig can be scaled up to 2.4 kW. For this study, performance of single anode supported SOFC tubes with H2 and CH4 fuels were examined by varying pressure from 1 bara to 4 bara and temperature from 675oC to 775oC, with fuel utilization held constant at 50% and an oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) of 0.6 for the methane operation. The testing cells were gratuitously supplied by Special Power Sources (SPS) LLC, USA, with cathode/electrolyte outside-layers supported on the anode inner-layer as a 14”-long tube. Silver ink and wires are used for cell current collection from active surface area of ⁓100 cm2 . The connection fixture can be seen in Fig. 1. V-I curves of tubular SOFCs in Fig. 3 measured from step-wise electronic load profile indicate total performance gain of 13% as H2 pressure increases from 1 bara to 4 bara, with highest peak power density obtained at 0.61 Wcm-2. As comparison Fig.4 and 5 demonstrate pressurization suppressed gas diffusion limit for tubular SOFC at higher current density in CH4 fuel, leading to 44 % increase of peak power density to 0.51 Wcm-2 at 4 bara. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies were performed using a Solartron 1260/PAR 263 electrochemical testing system in 4-point connection measurement to understand effects of pressurization on the SOFC performance. SOFC impedance spectra as Nyquist and Bode plots in Fig.6 (b) and (d) indicate the tubular SOFC performance is mainly limited by anode mass transports, which are greatly improved by pressurization. From non-linear, least-square cell impedance fitting and previous findings on impedance of similar larger cells, an equivalent-circuit model (ECM) in Fig. 6(a) has been identified to best represent impedance responses from the most rate-limiting processes of tubular SOFCs. The Warburg component (Ws) in the ECM with resonance frequency around 10Hz typically corresponds to gas diffusion in porous electrode of tubular SOFC [3-5], while paralleled R-CPE component at <1Hz resonance frequency can be attributed to gas-conversion impedance (GCI) due to gas phases concentration gradient along fuel-flow channel resulting from reactant conversion [5,6]. Experimentally observed changes of such impedances with fuel compositions, flow rates and tubular SOFC configuration are generally in agreement with theoretical assumptions and other reports [4-6]. Overall, results of this work demonstrate pressurization can effectively boost anode-supported SOFCs’ performance by overcoming fuel-side mass-transport limit associated with practical cell configuration and testing geometry. The experimental performance data collected can then be used to fit key constants and estimate parameters for numerical modeling of the SOFC system performance at elevated pressures. References can be seen in the figure document. Figure 1
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An, Ke, and Kenneth L. Reifsnider. "A Multiphysics Modeling Study of (Pr0.7Sr0.3)MnO3±δ∕8mol% Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Composite Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2004): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1842782.
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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are expected to be a future power source. Simulation analyses of SOFCs can help to understand well the interactive functions among the multiphysics phenomena in the SOFC system. A three-dimensional multiphysics finite-element model was used to simulate the performance of a half-cell SOFC with (Pr0.7Sr0.3)MnO3±δ∕8mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) composite cathode on one side of the 8YSZ electrolyte before and after aging. Multiphysics phenomena in the SOFC were considered in the modeling. The current/voltage curves simulated matched the experimental data before and after aging. The average current density was found to have a linear relationship to the logarithm of the effective exchange current density. The effect of the effective ionic conductivity of the composite cathode was more apparent for small total effective ionic conductivity values than for large ones.
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Fan, Zhongcai, Ruiyu Zhang, Yuqing Wang, and Yabin Wang. "Performance Prediction of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Based on a Neutral Network Model." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015481mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Predicting various parameters in a fast and accurate way plays an important role for the development of high-temperature sealed reactors such as the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, the analysis of SOFC performance parameters mainly focuses on the development of multiphysics models, which is complicated and slow, causing inefficiency in the prediction of key parameters. In our study, a neural network prediction model of SOFCs was developed in combination with the deep learning method. The neural network model was trained by using the results from a multiphysics model validated by experiments. The trained SOFC neural network model was found to have good consistency with the simulation results of multiphysics model. The neural network model was further utilized in a system-level model to provide fast and accurate prediction of the system performance. Keywords: SOFC, Multiphysics model, Neural network model, System simulation
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Magistri, Loredana, Riccardo Bozzo, Paola Costamagna, and Aristide F. Massardo. "Simplified Versus Detailed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Reactor Models and Influence on the Simulation of the Design Point Performance of Hybrid Systems." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1719029.
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High-efficiency hybrid systems (HS) based on the coupling of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and gas turbines (GT) are analyzed in this paper through the use of two different approaches: simplified and detailed SOFC models. The simplified model, already presented by the authors, is very useful for HS design and off-design analysis. The detailed model, developed by the authors and verified through the use of available experimental data, allows the complete description of the SOFC reactor’s internal behavior to be obtained. The detailed model can also be utilized for HS modeling. Both models are presented and discussed in this paper, and they are compared to each other. The results obtained for the stand-alone SOFC reactor, and the HS design point configuration are presented and carefully discussed, also taking into account the nonlinear SOFC response.
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Chen, Shuoshuo, Yu Xiao, and Zhenjun Jiao. "Status of SOC Development at Chaozhou Three-Circle." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015492mtgabs.
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Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co., Ltd. (CCTC) is a leading company in developing and manufacturing of electronic and ceramic components. Since more than 19 years ago, CCTC has been focusing on SOFC R&D and manufacturing, covering the complete value chain from powder to power. Based on anode-supported cell technology (ASC in fuel cell mode), the latest C2-stack in planar design using metallic interconnect exhibits a high efficiency of more than 69% (DC, LHV) at 1.5 kW. Long-term stack tests using pipeline natural gas have been conducted for 20,000 hours, with low degradation rates of below 0.4%/kh. In 2022, several 35 kW SOFC CHP systems were demonstrated with C2 stacks, which showed stable performance over 3,000 hours of operation. According to the verification test by Societe Generale de Surveillance S.A., the net AC efficiency of the system reached 64.1%, and the total efficiency was up to 91.2% after 1,000 hours of continuous operation. In parallel to the continuous progressing in SOFC, optimization in cells and stack designs dedicated for SOEC applications were also conducted in recent years. The status of both SOFC and SOEC development at CCTC will be presented.
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Wachsman, Eric. "(Invited) Achieving Extreme High Ion-Current Densities in Tailored Materials, Structures, and Interfaces." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 46 (December 22, 2023): 3224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02463224mtgabs.
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Rate capability is a limiting factor in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), and oxide-based solid-state lithium (SSLiBs) and sodium (SSNaBs) batteries. In this presentation we will explain the roles of composition, structure, and interfaces in achieving extremely high current densities, and demonstrate SOFC/SOEC current densities of 5 mA/cm2 at 650°C, and SSNaB and SSLiB current densities of 30 mA/cm2 and 100 mA/cm2, respectively, at room temperature.
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Skrzypkiewicz, Marek, Michal Wierzbicki, Stanislaw Jagielski, Yevgeniy Naumovich, Konrad Motylinski, Jakub Kupecki, Agnieszka Zurawska, and Magdalena Kosiorek. "Influence of the Contamination of Fuel with Fly Ash Originating from Biomass Gasification on the Performance of the Anode-Supported SOFC." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041469.
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The integration of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with biomass gasification reactors raises the possibility of solid particle contamination of the gaseous fuel entering the cell. Technical specifications from SOFC manufacturers, among other sources, claim that SOFCs do not tolerate the presence of solid particles in fuel. However, there is very limited literature on the experimental investigation of feeding SOFCs with particulate matter aerosols. In this study, a standard 5 × 5 cm anode-supported SOFC was fueled by two types of aerosols, namely, (1) inert powder of grain sizes and concentration equivalent to gasifier fly ash and (2) a real downdraft gasifier fly ash, both suspended in a gaseous fuel mixture. For reference, cells were also investigated with a dust-free fuel gas of the same composition. A straightforward negative influence of the inert powder aerosol could not be confirmed in experiments with a duration of 6 days. That said, the introduction of carbonaceous fly ash aerosol caused slow but irreversible damage to the SOFC. The degradation mechanisms were studied, and the presence of carbon-containing particles was found to clog the pores of the SOFC anode. The maximum measured power density of the SOFC equaled 855 mW/cm2 (850 °C, reference fuel). Feeding inert aerosol fuel caused no rapid changes in power density. A moderate drop in performance was observed throughout the experiment. The contamination of fuel with fly ash resulted in an initial performance gain and a ca. 25% performance drop longer term (43 h of contamination). Post-mortem analysis revealed contamination on the walls of the gas channels, with some visible alumina or fly ash spots in the anode area.
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Irvine, J. T. S. "Microstructural Engineering of SOFC and SOEC Electrode Interfaces." ECS Transactions 57, no. 1 (October 6, 2013): 1297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05701.1297ecst.
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Billing, David Gordon, and Stuart Frank Miller. "Structure–property correlation in SOFC and SOEC materials." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 73, a2 (December 1, 2017): C132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273317094402.
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Veldhuizen, Berend, Emanuele Zera, Lindert van Biert, Stefano Modena, P. V. Aravind, Klaas Visser, and Hans Hopman. "Experimental Evaluation of SOFC System Exposed to Marine Inclination Conditions." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0687ecst.
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Marine actors are showing an increased interest in the application of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) for deep sea shipping, because of their high conversion efficiency, low pollutant emissions, and fuel flexibility. However, it is unknown how the operation of SOFC systems is affected by large inclinations and motions, which can be present in ships for instance by seawaves. The goal of this research is to evaluate the influence of static and dynamic inclinations on the operation and safety of SOFC systems. Ship motions are emulated using a one-axial oscillation platform up to 30 degrees of inclination. The SOFC system was successfully operated on the platform and demonstrated stable power production under a variety of test conditions without any noticeable safety hazards. The results of the experiments are used to propose design improvements for marine SOFC systems, ultimately contributing to reduce the emissions of the shipping industry.
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Liu, Yuhang, Jinyi Liu, Lirong Fu, and Qiao Wang. "Numerical Study on Effects of Flow Channel Length on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Integrated System Performances." Sustainability 16, no. 4 (February 16, 2024): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16041643.
Full textAbstract:
The structural dimensions of the SOFC have an important influence on the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-integrated system performance. The paper focuses on analyzing the effect of the flow channel length on the integrated system. The system model includes a 3-D SOFC model, established using COMSOL, and a 1-D model of the SOFC-integrated system established, using Aspen Plus V11. This analysis was conducted within an operating voltage range from 0.4 V to 0.9 V and flow channel length range from 6 cm to 18 cm for the SOFC-integrated system model. Performance evaluation indicators for integrated systems are conducted, focusing on three aspects: net electrical power, net electrical efficiency, and thermoelectric efficiency. The purpose of the paper is to explore the optimal flow channel length of SOFC in the integrated system. The results indicate that there is inevitably an optimal length in the integrated system at which both the net electrical power and net electrical efficiency reach their maximum values. When considering the heat recycling in the system, the integrated system with a flow channel length of 16 cm achieves the highest thermoelectric efficiency of 65.68% at 0.7 V. Therefore, there is a flow channel length that allows the system to achieve the highest thermoelectric efficiency. This study provides optimization ideas for the production and manufacturing of SOFCs from the perspective of practical engineering applications.
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Shao, Le, Shaorong Wang, Jiqin Qian, Yanjie Xue, and Renzhu Liu. "Fabrication of Cathode-supported Tubular Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell for High Temperature Steam Electrolysis." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 14, no. 3 (April 29, 2011): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v14i3.107.
Full textAbstract:
The cathode-supported tubular solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) fabricated by dip-coating and co-sintering techniques have been studied for high temperature steam electrolysis application. The microstructure and electrochemical performeances were investigated in both SOEC and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) modes. In SOFC model, the maximum power densitity reached 390.7, 311.0 and 248.3 mW cm-2 at 850, 800, and 700 °C, respectively, running with H2 (105 mL min-1) and O2 (70 mL min-1) as working gases. In SOEC mode, the results indicated that the steam ratio had a strong impact on the performance of the tubular SOEC, and it’s better to operate the tubular SOEC in high steam ratio. I-V curves and EIS results suggested that the microstructure of the tubular SOEC needs to be optimized for mass transportation.
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Huo, Haibo, Haidong Yang, Kui Xu, Xinghong Kuang, and Jingxiang Xu. "Survey on H∞ Robust Control of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6693971.
Full textAbstract:
Excessive use of fuel or being underutilized will make the actual performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) affected by a lot, and at the same time, in order to meet the demands of DC load voltage, a controller of the SOFC that is subjected to small varying loads is proposed on the basis of H∞ control theory. For the controller design, a state-space representation of the SOFC by using small-signal linearization is derived. To evaluate the control performance, the presented H∞ controller is tested on the SOFC stack with various load disturbances. The results show that the obtained H∞ controller can mitigate the voltage oscillations and deviations and can keep fuel utilization constant at varying loads.
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Rahman, Nurul Farhana Abdul, Hamimah Abdul Rahman, and Mohd Azham Azmi. "Perovskite-Type Oxide-Based Dual Composite Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Short Review." Solid State Phenomena 317 (May 2021): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.317.417.
Full textAbstract:
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that provides efficient power generation. Solid fuel oxide cell (SOFC) is an electrochemical device that generates electrical energy and heat from the gaseous state of fuel using an oxidant. SOFC is a highly efficient and environmentally friendly power generation technology that generates electrical energy from hydrogen gas, natural gas and other renewable fuel. The implementation of SOFCs is still facing challenges because their performance needs to be improved. Constructing cells with solid material alone is difficult because good electrical contacts between the components must be maintained. The concept of a dual composite cathode is important for the development of SOFC single cells. Introducing dual composite cathode can create an ideal cathode microstructure that can improve phase contiguity and interfacial coherence. This paper reviews the behaviour of a perovskite-type oxide-based dual composite cathode of SOFC for the selection of suitable materials and the preparation of a dual composite cathode.
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Raza, Dr Rizwan, and Shahzad Rasool. "(Digital Presentation) Efficient Mixed Ionic Electronic Conductor (MIECs) for Conventional SOFC." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 49 (December 22, 2023): 3228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02493228mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
A new kind of composite material has been developed to use for electrochemical conversion in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and semi-ionic fuel cells (SIFCs). The developed composite material based on Ni0.1Cu0.1Ce0.8, NiCuCeO with different ratios exhibited the exceptional properties of MIECs. Here the material 8NC2C employed in SOFC showed good electronic, ionic conductivity and total conductivity 1.480, 0.098 and 1.578 S/cm respectively. However, by comparison material composition 8NC2C rendered the open circuit voltage (OCV) 1.097 V and fuel cell performance 765.099mW/cm2at 550°C for SOFC and reasonably good value of good fuel cell performance of 678.659 mW/cm2 at 550°C was observed by SIFC 4NC6C composition. The comparative study showed that total conductivity, fuel cell performance and polarization resistance of SOFC exhibited better results than SIFC nevertheless 4NC6C composition polarization resistance Rp was lower in SIFC over SOFC which establish the SIFC as a good candidate for fuel cell application.
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Singh, Swati, Vijay Kumar Tayal, Hemender Pal Singh, and Vinod Kumar Yadav. "Optimal Design of Fractional Order PID Controllers for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Employing PSO Algorithm." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 21, no. 1 (May 12, 2022): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v21i1.225.
Full textAbstract:
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are gaining attraction in order to facilitate various applications owing to portability, low pollution and high efficiency. However, due to strong nonlinearity, fast variations in loading conditions and sluggish dynamics, regulation of the output voltage of SOFCs is disturbed. This paper aims to enhance the dynamic performance of SOFC by employing PI, PI Fast, PIDF, 2-DOF PID and PSO optimized FO-PID controllers under uncertain input conditions. The PID tuner is used for tuning the PI, PI fast, PIDF and 2-DOF PID controller parameters. The PSO technique is utilized for optimizing of FO-PID controller. The SOFC output with various controllers is compared in terms of performance specifications such as peak overshoot, settling time, steady state error and rise time. The comparison of computer simulation results manifests that the proposed PSO-FOPID controller scheme yields in far better performance with SOFC subjected to uncertain input.