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Journal articles on the topic 'SOFC stack'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Linderoth, Søren, Peter Halvor Larsen, M. Mogensen, Peter V. Hendriksen, N. Christiansen, and H. Holm-Larsen. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Development in Denmark." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1309.

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The SOFC technology under development at Risø National Laboratory (RISØ) and Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S (TOFC) is based on an integrated approach ranging from basic materials research on single component level over development of cell and stack manufacturing technology to system studies and modelling. The effort also comprises an extensive cell and stack testing program. Systems design, development and test is pursued by TOFC in collaboration with various partners. The standard cells are thin and robust with dimensions of 12 x 12 cm2 and cell stacks are based on internal manifolding. Production of cells is being up-scaled continuously. The durability of the standard stack design with standard cells has been tested for more than 13000 hours including nine full thermal cycles with an overall voltage degradation rate of about 1% per 1000 hours. Recently, the degradation rate has been significantly reduced by introduction of improved stack component materials. 75-cell stacks in the 1+ kW power range have been tested successfully. Stacks have been delivered in a pre-reduced state to partners and tested successfully in test systems with natural gas as fuel. The consortium of TOFC and RISØ has an extended program to develop the SOFC technology all the way to a marketable product. Stack and system modelling including cost optimisation analysis is used to develop multi kW stack modules for operation in the temperature range 700-850oC. To ensure the emergence of cost-competitive solutions, a special effort is focused on larger anode-supported cells as well as a new generation of SOFCs based on porous metal supports and new electrode and electrolyte materials. The SOFC program comprises development of next generation of cells and multi stack modules for operation at lower temperature with increased durability and mechanical robustness in order to ensure long-term competitiveness.

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2

Xu, Yu, Anton Kukolin, Daifen Chen, and Wei Yang. "Multiphysics Field Distribution Characteristics within the One-Cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack with Typical Interdigitated Flow Channels." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061190.

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Generally, the manufacturing technology of fuel cell units is considered to satisfy the current commercialization requirements. However, achieving a high-performance and durable stack design is still an obstacle in its commercialization. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is considered to have performance characteristics that are distinct from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. Within the SOFC stack, vapor is produced on the anode side instead of the cathode side and high flow resistance within the fuel flow path is recommended. In this paper, a 3D multiphysics model for a one-cell SOFC stack with the interdigitated channels for fuel flow path and conventional paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path is firstly developed to predict the multiphysics distribution details. The model consists of all the stack components and couples well the momentum, species, and energy conservation and the quasi-electrochemical equations. Through the developed model, we can get the working details within those SOFC stacks with the above interdigitated flow channel features, such as the fuel and air flow feeding qualities over the electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen concentration distributions within the porous electrodes, temperature gradient distribution characteristics, and so on. The simulated result shows that the multiphysics field distribution characteristics within the SOFC and PEMFC stacks with interdigitated flow channels feature could be very different. The SOFC stack using the paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path and adopting the interdigitated flow channels for the fuel flow path can be expected to have good collaborative performances in the multiphysics field. This design would have good potential application after being experimentally confirmed.

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3

Cheng-HaoYang, Chang, Yen-HsinChan, and Chang. "A Dynamic Analysis of the Multi-Stack SOFC-CHP System for Power Modulation." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193686.

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This paper performs a dynamic analysis of a 10-kW solid oxide fuel cell/combined heat and power (SOFC-CHP) system with a multi-stack module via numerical simulations. The performance of stacks, tail gas burners, heat exchangers, and fuel reformers are modeled by the MATLAB/Simulink module. The effects of fuel and air maldistribution on SOFC-CHP systems are addressed in this work. A two-stack module for 10-kW power generation is adopted to represent the multi-stack module with high power modulation. The air flow rate and operating current, which are related to the fuel use rate of an SOFC system, should be optimally regulated to perform with maximum power generation and efficiency. The proposed dynamic analysis shows that the operating temperatures of the two stacks have a difference of 33 K, which results in a reduced total power generation of 9.77 kW, with inconsistent fuel use (FU) rates of 78.3% and 56.8% for the two stacks. With the optimal control strategy, the output power is increased to 10.6 kW, an increment of 8.5%, and the FU rates of the two stacks are improved to 79% and 70%, respectively. As a potential distributed power generator, the long-term effects of the studied SOFC-CHP systems are also investigated. The dynamic analysis of the long-term operating SOFC-CHP system shows that the total daily output power can be increased 7.34% by using the optimal control strategy.

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4

Menzler, Norbert H., Alexander Beez, Nikolas Grünwald, Doris Sebold, Qingping Fang, and Robert Vaßen. "Diffusion-Related SOFC Stack Degradation." ECS Transactions 78, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 2223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/07801.2223ecst.

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5

Wen, T. "Research on planar SOFC stack." Solid State Ionics 152-153 (December 2002): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00348-x.

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6

Haanappel, V. A. C., P. Batfalsky, S. M. Gross, L. G. J. de Haart, J. Malzbender, N. H. Menzler, V. Shemet, R. W. Steinbrech, and I. C. Vinke. "A Comparative Study Between Resistance Measurements in Model Experiments and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Performance Tests." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2006): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2393301.

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Several combinations of glass-ceramic and steel compositions with excellent chemical and physical properties have been tested in the past in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks, but there have also been some combinations exhibiting pronounced chemical interactions causing severe stack degradation. Parallel to the examination of these degradation and short-circuiting phenomena in stack tests, recently less complex model experiments have been developed to study the interaction of glass-ceramic sealants and interconnect steels. The sealants and steels were tested in the model experiments at operation temperature using a dual air/hydrogen atmosphere similar to stack conditions. The present work compares electrochemical performance under constant current load of SOFC stack tests with the resistance changes in model experiments. In addition, microstructural results of post-operation inspection of various sealant–steel combinations are presented. The model experiments have shown that under the chosen experimental conditions, distinct changes of the specific resistance of the specimens correlate well with the changes of the electrochemical performance of SOFC stacks, indicating that this method can be considered as an excellent comparative method to provide useful information on the physical and chemical interactions between glass-ceramic sealants and ferritic steels.

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7

Gunawan, Sulistyo, and Iwan Setyawan. "Progress in Glass-Ceramic Seal for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 82, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.82.1.3950.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as promising energy conversion devices nowadays. SOFC consists of several components such as cathode, anode, electrolyte, interconnects, and sealing materials. In planar SOFC stack construction, the sealant and interconnection functions play an important role. Glass and ceramics are quite popularly used as SOFC sealing materials to achieve several functions including preventing leakage of fuel and oxidants in the stack and electrically isolating cells in the stack. In this review, material preparation, material composition, ceramic properties especially thermal properties are compared from various systems that have been developed previously. The main challenges and complexities in the functional part of SOFC sealants include: (i) chemical incompatibility and instability in the oxidizing and reducing environment by adjusting the value of the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) with the interconnecting material during SOFC operation, and (ii) insulation of oxidizing fuels and gases by matching CTE anode and cathode. Also, the sealant glass transition determines the maximum permissible working temperature of the SOFC. The choice of method and analysis will provide data on various ceramic attributes. The search for thermal attributes consisting of Glass transition (Tg), Deformation temp (Td), Crystallization temp (Tx), Melting pt (Tm) became a focus on SOFC sealant development.

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8

He, Huan Huan, Shun Dong Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Shi Chuan Su, Bo Wang, and Wan Li Zhang. "Investigating on the Flow Distribution of a Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.97.

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In this paper, a realistic 3D numerical model is established to investigate the flow distribution of a 10-cells short planar SOFC stack. The effect of the basic geometric parameters, such as the sub-manifold radii () and the single channel width (), on the stack flow uniformity is examined. And the results and discusses are presented in this paper. This investigation for the SOFC stack holds great significance for the SOFC stack commercialization.

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9

Morris, Thomas A., Eric A. Barringer, Steven C. Kung, and Rodger W. McKain. "An All-Ceramic Interconnect for Use in Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks." MRS Bulletin 30, no. 8 (August 2005): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2005.167.

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AbstractThis article summarizes a unique approach in which all-ceramic interconnects are used in place of metal interconnects in solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks. The approach combines advanced SOFC materials with the manufacturing technology and infrastructure established for multilayer ceramic (MLC) packaging for the microelectronics industry. The MLC interconnect is fabricated using multiple layers of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) tape, with each layer containing conductive vias to provide for electrical current flow through the interconnect. The all-ceramic interconnect design facilitates uniform distribution of air and fuel gas to the respective electrodes of adjacent cells. The multilayer interconnects are fabricated using traditional MLC manufacturing processes. A detailed description of the processes for fabricating the all-ceramic interconnect is presented.To aid in moving from prototype fabrication to commercialization of these fuel cell systems, a detailed cost model has been used as a roadmap for commercial stack development. Cost model projections are presented for three different interconnect footprint sizes. These projections show an SOFC stack cost of less than $150 per kilowatt for the optimized SOFC stack design produced at high volume.

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10

Babaie Rizvandi, Omid, Henrik Lund Frandsen, and Peter Vang Hendriksen. "Stack-Scale Modeling of Ammonia-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 46 (July 7, 2022): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01461960mtgabs.

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Ammonia is one of the promising fuels that can be used as a hydrogen source for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) due to its high energy density, high hydrogen content, no carbon emission at the consumption site, easy storage and transportation, and potential for low cost owing to a well-developed infrastructure. Ammonia-fueled SOFCs have been studied through several experimental works at both cell and stack levels, while a limited number of numerical models at cell levels have been devoted to this subject. Both experimental and numerical studies show that the ammonia decomposes chemically in the fuel support layer at the common operating temperatures of the SOFCs due to the catalytic role of the nickel particles for the ammonia decomposition. Here, we present the first Multiphysics model of an ammonia-fueled SOFC stack, which couples and solves the transport equations of mass, momentum, species, charges, and heat. The model includes the whole stack with manifolds, active domain, headers, and sealings. For the layered domains of the stack, a homogenization approach is used, which replaces them with an equivalent domain and solves for the effective variables [1-3]. Several research groups and stack manufacturers have been using this homogenization approach to model SOFC stacks due to the advantage of reasonable computational expenses and so runtimes. This makes systematic studies of operating conditions, design changes, and even degradation at the stack-scale computationally feasible [1]. An ammonia decomposition reaction rate model has been developed and validated thoroughly in [4]. The model shows that the ammonia decomposition occurs over the thickness of the fuel support layer, depending on the amount of ammonia in the fuel channel and the operating temperature. With the homogenized model, the variations over the thickness of the electrode are effectively described by a well-accepted 0D model developed, see e.g. [5]. Here, we present such a 0D model that has been validated with a 2D through-plane model of the fuel side of a single cell. We show that the 0D model can describe the effective penetration depth of the ammonia in the fuel support layer through the balance of the fluxes to/from the support layer. The developed relation for the effective ammonia penetration depth in the support layer approximates well the one obtained from the detailed 2D model. A similar idea can be used to find the effective penetration depth of methane in the support layer for the case of a methane-fired SOFC and facilitate its stack-scale modeling with the homogenized model. Ammonia is added to the stack-scale model with the 0D model, which correctly describes the decomposition rate per unit area. The model reproduces well-reported trends from experiments with ammonia-fueled SOFC stacks. Internal cracking of the ammonia is advantageous from a cost/efficiency perspective as the heat consumption of the cracking process facilitates stack cooling; however, depending on the conditions of operation, the ammonia decomposition could be too fast, making a sharp temperature drop at the inlet. This leads to increased thermal stresses in the region and increases the risk of mechanical failure. The model is used to investigate the effects of the operating conditions, e.g. temperature and flow rates of the fuel and air, and flow configuration on the temperature gradients at the inlet to identify safe operating conditions. References [1] Rizvandi, O. B., Miao, X. Y., & Frandsen, H. L. (2021). Multiscale modeling of degradation of full solid oxide fuel cell stacks. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46, 27709-27730. [2] Miao, X. Y., Rizvandi, O. B., Navasa, M., & Frandsen, H. L. (2021). Modelling of local mechanical failures in solid oxide cell stacks. Applied Energy, 293, 116901. [3] Navasa, M., Miao, X. Y., & Frandsen, H. L. (2019). A fully-homogenized multiphysics model for a reversible solid oxide cell stack. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(41), 23330-23347. [4] Kishimoto, M., Furukawa, N., Kume, T., Iwai, H., & Yoshida, H. (2017). Formulation of ammonia decomposition rate in Ni-YSZ anode of solid oxide fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(4), 2370-2380. [5] Leonide, A., Apel, Y., & Ivers-Tiffee, E. (2009). SOFC modeling and parameter identification by means of impedance spectroscopy. ECS Transactions, 19(20), 81. Figure 1

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11

Lang, Michael, Corinna Auer, Paul Jentsch, and Tilman Weckesser. "SOFC Stacks for Mobile Applications." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1170.

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are gaining more and more importance as auxiliary power units (APU), e.g. for passenger cars, trucks and airplanes. In this context, the main challenge is the development of SOFC stacks, which fulfill the strong requirements for mobile applications. These are a low weight, a low volume, and a high power density with reformate gases but also low long term degradation rates. The paper presents results of investigations of SOFC short stacks for mobile applications. Therefore, a light weight stack design was developed in an industrial consortium in cooperation with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Stuttgart and the Research Center Jülich (FZJ). The SOFC stacks were operated at different temperatures, varying fuel gas compositions and different fuel gas flow rates. The short stacks were electrochemically characterized mainly by long-term measurements, by current-voltage measurements and by impedance spectroscopy. The fuel utilizations and the power densities were determined. In order to analyze the uniformity inside the stacks, the electrochemical behaviour of the individual cassettes were analyzed and compared to each other. Finally, the degradation rates and the degradation mechanisms were determined from the long-term measurements.

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12

Arkenberg, Gene, Scott Swartz, and Chad Sellers. "Update on Nexceris' SOFC Stack Technology." ECS Transactions 78, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 1805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/07801.1805ecst.

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13

Wen, T. "Material research for planar SOFC stack." Solid State Ionics 148, no. 3-4 (June 2002): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00098-x.

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14

Barelli, L., G. Bidini, G. Cinti, F. Gallorini, and M. Pöniz. "SOFC stack coupled with dry reforming." Applied Energy 192 (April 2017): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.167.

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15

Mukerjee, Subhasish. "Development Update on Delphi’s SOFC Stack." ECS Proceedings Volumes 2005-07, no. 1 (January 2005): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/200507.0048pv.

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16

Minh, Nguyen Q., and Kyung Joong Yoon. "(Invited) High-Temperature Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen and Syngas - Technology Status and Development Needs." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491906mtgabs.

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High-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology has been considered and developed for production of hydrogen (from steam) and syngas (from mixtures of steam and carbon dioxide). The SOEC, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) in reverse or electrolysis operating mode, is traditionally derived from the more technologically advanced SOFC. The SOEC uses the same materials and operates in the same temperature range (600˚-800˚C) as the conventional SOFC. The SOEC therefore has the advantages shown by the SOFC such as flexibility in cell and stack designs, multiple options in cell fabrication processes, and choice in operating temperatures. In addition, at the high operating temperature of the SOEC, the electrical energy required for the electrolysis is reduced and the unavoidable Joule heat is used in the splitting process. SOEC technology has made significant progress toward practical applications in the last several years. To date, SOEC single cells, multi-cell stacks and systems have been fabricated/built and operated. However, further improvements are needed for the SOEC in several areas relating to the key drivers (efficiency, reliability and cost) to enable commercialization. This paper provides an overview on the status of SOEC technology, especially zirconia based technology, and discusses R&D needs to move the technology toward practical applications and widespread uses.

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17

Bae, J., H. Jee, J. Kim, and Yung Sung Yoo. "Short Stack Performance of Intermediate Temperature - Operating Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Hydrocarbon Fuel Processor." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1338.

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For intermediate temperature operation, we chose an anode-supported, planar type SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) design considering mass production with use ferritic stainless steels as cost-effective interconnects. Anode-supported single cells with thin electrolyte layer of YSZ(Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia) were fabricated and short stacks were built and evaluated. We also developed diesel and methane autothermal reforming(ATR) reactors in order to provide fuels to SOFC stacks. Influences of the H2O/C(steam to carbon ratio), O2/C(oxygen to carbon ratio) and GHSV(Gas Hourly Space Velocity) on performances of stacks have been investigated. Performance of the stack operated with a diesel reformer was lower than with using hydrogen as a fuel due to lower Nernst voltage and carbon formation at anode side. The stack operated with a natural gas reformer showed similar performances as with using hydrogen. Effects of various reformer parameters such as H2O/C and O2/C were carefully investigated. We found O2/C is a sensitive parameter to control stack performance.

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18

Yang, Zhibin, Ze Lei, Ben Ge, Xingyu Xiong, Yiqian Jin, Kui Jiao, Fanglin Chen, and Suping Peng. "Development of catalytic combustion and CO2 capture and conversion technology." International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 8, no. 3 (June 2021): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-021-00444-2.

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AbstractChanges are needed to improve the efficiency and lower the CO2 emissions of traditional coal-fired power generation, which is the main source of global CO2 emissions. The integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) process, which combines coal gasification and high-temperature fuel cells, was proposed in 2017 to improve the efficiency of coal-based power generation and reduce CO2 emissions. Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China, the IGFC for near-zero CO2 emissions program was enacted with the goal of achieving near-zero CO2 emissions based on (1) catalytic combustion of the flue gas from solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks and (2) CO2 conversion using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). In this work, we investigated a kW-level catalytic combustion burner and SOEC stack, evaluated the electrochemical performance of the SOEC stack in H2O electrolysis and H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis, and established a multi-scale and multi-physical coupling simulation model of SOFCs and SOECs. The process developed in this work paves the way for the demonstration and deployment of IGFC technology in the future.

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19

Peng, Qiao Run, Liang Qian Chao, He Jun Neng, and Yang Fan. "Performance analysis of solid oxide fuel cell and micro gas turbine top-level cycle." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126102015.

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First, a simulation model of the SOFC-MGT top-level combined cycle was established through Matlab/Simulink, and then the effect of different methane flow rates on the performance of the stack and the SOFC-MGT system was analyzed. The research results show that with the increase of methane flow, the power of the stack and SOFC-MGT system gradually increases, but the efficiency of the SOFC-MGT system gradually decreases with the increase of methane flow.

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20

Dillig, M., J. Leimert, and J. Karl. "Planar High Temperature Heat Pipes for SOFC/SOEC Stack Applications." Fuel Cells 14, no. 3 (May 2, 2014): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201300224.

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21

AN, JUNE, and YOUNG NAM CHUN. "Development of Microwave-Matrix Reformer for Applying SOFC Stack." Transactions of the Korean Hydrogen and New Energy Society 32, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7316/khnes.2021.32.6.534.

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22

Yu, Rong, Wanbing Guan, and Xiao-Dong Zhou. "Probing Temperature Inside Planar SOFC Short Stack, Modules, and Stack Series." JOM 69, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-016-2155-z.

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23

Masuda, S., Y. Ogura, and J. Shimano. "Development of Toho Gas SOFC Cell Stack." ECS Transactions 68, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 1907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06801.1907ecst.

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24

Fang, Qingping, Ludger Blum, Roland Peters, Murat Peksen, Peter Batfalsky, and Detlef Stolten. "SOFC stack performance under high fuel utilization." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 2 (January 2015): 1128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.11.094.

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25

Boersma, Mark. "Stress Analysis for an Operating SOFC Stack." ECS Proceedings Volumes 2003-07, no. 1 (January 2003): 1473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/200307.1473pv.

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26

Warrier, Sunil. "SOFC Stack Development at United Technologies Corporation." ECS Proceedings Volumes 2005-07, no. 1 (January 2005): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/200507.0141pv.

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27

Lim, Tak Hyoung. "Development of Anode-Supported Tubular SOFC Stack." ECS Proceedings Volumes 2005-07, no. 1 (January 2005): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/200507.0391pv.

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28

Zhang, Ying Ying, Jing Dong Huang, and Ying Zhang. "A Predictive Model of SOFC Thermal Management Based on LS-SVM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 538 (April 2014): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.538.274.

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The thermal management is crucial to the safety and lifespan of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) generation system. For the model-predictive control design, a model of SOFC thermal management system is proposed on the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM). The model is composed of some thermal modules including SOFC stack, combustor, heat-exchanger and thermal equilibrium apparatus. It predicts the temperature distribution in SOFC generation system by computing the electrochemical reaction in the stack, the gas flow and the heat exchange through the modules. Checked by the experimental data, the model can be used for system temperature fast prediction with high precision and strong generalization ability, which meets the requirement of the research on the online predictive control design of SOFC generation system.

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29

Kim, Yang Jae, and Suk Won Cha. "Fabrication of AAO-Based Four-Stack Thin Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for the Low-Temperature Operation Using Sputtering Method." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 47 (October 9, 2022): 1772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02471772mtgabs.

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Anodic Aluminium Oxide (AAO) based four thin-film solid oxide fuel cell (TF-SOFC) stack was fabricated. The fuel cell stack was tested and analyzed at the low-temperature window. Since the low-temperature operation has many advantages, such as lowering the system cost and widening the material selection, there has been much effort to reduce conductive resistance, mainly at the electrolyte, which is the most problematic issue in low-temperature operation. One of the solutions is TF-SOFC deposited on the various substrates or supporting materials. AAO, a non-conductive and nanoporous substrate, has been widely used in fabricating TF-SOFC as a substrate because of its uniformly arranged pores and highly developed manufacturing process. However, AAO is a poor template for stacking TF-SOFCs because it has lower mechanical strength than metal, has no electrical conductivity, and has a different coefficient of thermal expansion from metal. In this study, therefore, planarly stacked TF-SOFC were fabricated to expand its limits of use as a template for the stacked fuel cell. Nickel-based anode, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte with functional layers, and platinum cathode and current collector were sequentially deposited using sputtering and atomic layer deposition methods. All thin-film components of four cells were deposited on the AAO at the same time, making good connections between each electrode. By effectively setting the deposition process, unnecessary pores of AAO were blocked, and current collecting layers were stably formed in between the structure of the cells with a step difference. Then, the stacked TF-SOFC were electrochemically analyzed, including the current density-voltage-power density curve (i-V-P curve) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) being compared to a single cell. The microstructure of the fuel cell and its electrically connected structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) cross-sectional SEM analyses. The cell’s overall voltage was comparable to four times that of a single cell, and the power density was obtained. We revealed the correlation between the electrochemical performance and the microstructure of individual cells and the whole stack. The full stack achieved electrochemical and mechanical stability by forming a complete fuel cell structure and enhanced the applicability of the planar cell stack on the AAO substrate.

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Dziurdzia, Barbara, Zbigniew Magonski, and Henryk Jankowski. "Stack of solid oxide fuel cells." Microelectronics International 31, no. 3 (August 4, 2014): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-12-2013-0081.

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Purpose – The paper aims to present the innovative design of a planar multilayered high temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), which is easy to manufacture, and features high resistance to rapid temperature changes. Temperature resistance was accomplished thanks to easy to heat, thin flat ceramic structure of the cell and elimination of metallic interconnections. Design/methodology/approach – The ceramic fuel cell consists of the anode core made of six to eight layers of nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia tapes (Ni/YSZ) isostatically pressed into a laminate. Two networks of fuel distribution microchannels are engraved on both sides of the anode laminate. The microchannels are subsequently covered with a thin layer of the functional anode tape made of Ni/YSZ and a solid electrolyte tape made of YSZ. Findings – The single planar double-sided ceramic SOFC of dimensions 19 × 60 × 1.2 mm3 provides 3.2 Watts of electric power. The prototype of the battery which consists of four SOFCs provides an output power of > 12 W. Tests show that the stack is resistant to the rapid temperature change. If inserted into a chamber preheated to 800°C, the stack provides the full power within 5 minutes. Multiple cycling does not destroy the stack. Originality/value – This anode-supported fuel cell structure is provided with thin anode functional layers suspended on a large number of fine beams. The whole anode structure is made with the same ceramic material, so the mechanical stress is minimized during the cell operation.

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Xu, Ming, Hanlin Wang, Mingxian Liu, Jianning Zhao, Yuqiong Zhang, Pingping Li, Mingliang Shi, Siqi Gong, Zhaohuan Zhang, and Chufu Li. "Performance test of a 5 kW solid oxide fuel cell system under high fuel utilization with industrial fuel gas feeding." International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 8, no. 3 (May 13, 2021): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-021-00428-2.

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AbstractAs the demand for green energy with high efficiency and low carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has increased, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been intensively developed in recent years. Integrated gasification fuel cells (IGFCs) in particular show potential for large-scale power generation to further increase system efficiency. Thus, for commercial application of IGFCs, it is important to design reliable multi-stacks for large systems that show long-term stability and practical fuel gas for application to industrial equipment. In this work, a test rig (of a 5 kW SOFC system, with syngas from industrial gasifiers as fuel) was fabricated and subjected to long-term tests under high fuel utilization to investigate its performance. The maximum steady output power of the system was 5700 W using hydrogen and 5660 W using syngas and the maximum steady electrical efficiency was 61.24% while the fuel utilization efficiency was 89.25%. The test lasted for more than 500 h as the fuel utilization efficiency was larger than 83%. The performances of each stack tower were almost identical at both the initial stage and after long-term operation. After 500 h operation, the performances of the stack towers decreased only slightly under lower current and showed almost no change under high current. These results demonstrate the reliability of the multi-stack design and the prospect of this SOFC power-generation system for further enlarging its application in a MWth demonstration.

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Malzbender, Jürgen, Rolf W. Steinbrech, and Egbert Wessel. "Brittle Fracture Studies of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.81.

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) with electrical efficiencies above 50 % are considered as very promising option for future decentralized energy conversion. At the Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ) planar SOFC stacks are currently being developed and tested at 800°C and up to 10000 h using H2 and methane as fuel. Stacks in the kW class routinely reach power densities of 700 W/cm². Typically the layered material composite of the FZJ-stack consists of cells with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, Ni-YSZ anode and a cathode of lanthanum strontium manganite. The cells are mounted between ferritic steel interconnects. The fuel and air compartment are sealed by glass-ceramics and more recently also by metal brazes. Significant progress in reliable stack operation has been achieved over the past decade. However, problems with thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical compatibility still remain a major challenge. To illustrate the complexity of material interactions in SOFCs, selected problems related to mechanical failure processes are presented. The role of residual stresses is addressed and fracture phenomena of cell and sealant are described in greater detail.

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33

Shieela Kalib, N., A. Muchtar, V. Zhen Yuan, M. Rao Somalu, and A. Kamal Ariffin Mohd Ihsan. "Thermal Investigation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Ni-YSZ Anode supported with Cooling System: A FEM Approach." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1257, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1257/1/012019.

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Abstract Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is preferred for power generation owing to its high-temperature waste heat recovery and low pollutant emissions. Nevertheless, SOFC operation is highly dependent on an effective cooling system, and the temperature gradient (ΔT) causes the distribution of thermal stress. The trade-off between meeting the SOFC requirement to operate at elevated temperature and minimizing thermal stress by reducing ΔT in the SOFC stack is required. Therefore, a cooling system for the SOFC stack is required to control the temperature homogeneity in the stack. In this study, a 3D finite element method containing heat transfer and energy charge equations was developed and then applied to investigate the effects of the (i) cooling plate and (ii) cooling fin on temperature distribution. The conventional stack orientation (i) parallel flow and (ii) counter flow were considered and compared with the adiabatic model in Ansys thermal analysis. The analysis was carried out under steady-state conditions. Considering that the temperature distribution varies according to the operating temperature and environment, the ambient temperature was set at 800 °C, 750 °C, 700 °C, and 650 °C. The study showed that the steepness of ΔT for a fin with the parallel flow is 1.5% better than for counterflow in the same operating scenario. Notably, the contribution of the cooling plate can minimize ΔT by 10% more than the fin. In addition, cooling measures are required to ensure the long-term stability of the cell during prolonged operation.

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34

Menzler, Norbert H., Hans Peter Buchkremer, Johannes Ernst, Ralf Kauert, Jürgen Ruska, Detlev Stöver, and Stefan Stolz. "Manufacturing of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - Bridging the Gap from Laboratory to Industry." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1315.

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Due to their direct conversion of electrochemical into electrical energy solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have great potential for a future additional energy supply. Even in the last two years numerous developers of SOFCs, both industry and research institutions, have demonstrated long-term stable operation of stacks of various dimensions (ranging from 1 to 125 kWel, with durations of up to 25000 hours of operation). Besides technical proof, single component availability (cells, bipolar plates, sealing…), stable and low-aging operation, as well as cost efficient manufacturing of the components is becoming more and more evident in preparation for a market launch. Close cooperation between SOFC stack developers, SOFC users and manufacturers of powders, semifinished parts or stack components is a prerequisite for success. Within a collaboration project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Labor (BMWA) the development of an SOFC as an auxiliary power unit (APU) is being promoted. The industrial users are BMW for automotive applications and Liebherr for use in construction vehicles or aircraft. The content of this presentation will be the transfer of the manufacturing knowledge developed at Research Center Jülich to CeramTec; including on the one hand the problems and limitations and, on the other hand the successes and positive perceptions. In detail, the transfer of, for example tape casting and screen printing will be addressed, powder characteristics concerning paste or slip formulation and special tests with reference to SOFCs are presented, and single cell tests of various cells manufactured with different powders or fabrication processes are described. Additionally, some remarks will concern different priorities in either R&D or industry (e.g. R&D: high power density; industry: reproducibility), process windows for manufacturing and the search for alternative fabrication methods.

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35

Kumaran, Shri, Zuraida Awang Mat, Zulfirdaus Zakaria, Saiful Hasmady Abu Hassan, and Yap Boon Kar. "A Review on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Designs for Intermediate Temperatures." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 32, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2020-32(1)-18.

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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has significant advantages of clean and quiet operation while providing a relatively high efficiency owing to enhanced reaction kinetics at high operating temperature. The high operating temperature of SOFC, typically around 800 – 1000°C helps to enable internal reforming of hydrocarbons and negate effects of impurities in small quantities in the fuel. However, this limits the application of SOFC only to stationary applications due to the long period needed to reach this temperature range. A high temperature operation is also not ideal in terms of cost reduction and long-term stability of the cell components. Hence, lowering the operating temperature of SOFC is crucial for reduction of cost production and commercialization, which enables SOFC to have a wider range of application areas inclusive of portable and mobile ones. Building a high-performance SOFC with small volume is essential as the underlying criteria for these small-scale portable applications. Therefore, careful design and fabrication methods of SOFC operating on intermediate temperatures with high power outputs need to be considered. The intermediate temperature operation of the fuel cell not only increases the overall lifespan of cell but also allows for longer operation with a lower degradation rate compared to high temperature operation. Furthermore, a modified intermediate temperature stack design can accommodate a wider range of applications compared to the tubular and planar stack designs. This paper reviews the development of SOFC stack designs aimed at intermediate temperature operation towards achieving high performance and the benefits of each design.

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Le, G. T., L. Mastropasqua, J. Brouwer, and S. B. Adler. "Simulation-Informed Machine Learning Diagnostics of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 034530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac59f4.

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This paper reports our initial development of simulation-informed machine learning algorithms for failure diagnostics in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems. We used physics-based models to simulate electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) response of a short SOFC stack under normal conditions and under three different failure modes: fuel maldistribution, delamination, and oxidant gas crossover to the anode channel. These data were used to train a support vector machine (SVM) model, which is able to detect and differentiate these failures in simulated data under various conditions. The SVM model can also distinguish these failures from simulated uniform degradation that often occurs with long-term operation. These encouraging results are guiding our ongoing efforts to apply EIS as a failure diagnostic for real SOFC cells and short stacks.

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Traverso, Alberto, Aristide Massardo, Rory A. Roberts, Jack Brouwer, and Scott Samuelsen. "Gas Turbine Assessment for Air Management of Pressurized SOFC/GT Hybrid Systems." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 4 (June 9, 2006): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2714567.

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This paper analyzes and compares transient and steady-state performance characteristics of different types of single-shaft turbo-machinery for controlling the air through a pressurized solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack that is integrated into a SOFC/GT pressurized hybrid system. Analyses are focused on the bottoming part of the cycle, where the gas turbine (GT) has the role of properly managing airflow to the SOFC stack for various loads and at different ambient conditions. Analyses were accomplished using two disparate computer programs, which each modeled a similar SOFC/GT cycle using identical generic gas turbine performance maps. The models are shown to provide consistent results, and they are used to assess: (1) the influence of SOFC exhaust composition on expander behavior for on-design conditions, (2) the off-design performance of the bypass, bleed, and variable speed controls for various part-load conditions and for different ambient conditions; (3) the features of such controls during abrupt transients such as load trip and bypass/bleed valve failure. The results show that a variable speed microturbine is the best option for off-design operation of a SOFC/GT hybrid system. For safety measures a bleed valve provides adequate control of the system during load trip. General specifications for a radial GT engine for integration with a 550kW pressurized SOFC stack are identified, which allow operation under a wide range of ambient conditions as well as several different cycle configurations.

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38

Nguyen, Xuan-Vien. "Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Six-Cell Two-Dimensional Configuration Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Based on Planar 6 × 6 cm Anode-Supported Cells." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183541.

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Using energy efficiently and reducing environmental pollution caused by energy consumption are becoming increasingly important. In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack configuration was designed to be operated with six cells. This design could potentially be applied in thermal power plants in developing countries where waste heat is more plentiful; the 2D configuration six-cell stack could be an elementary module, and such modules could be more easily placed in contact with hot walls where waste heat recovery is required. In this report, the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of the stack are described. The stack, with six 6 × 6 cm2 cells (5 × 5 cm2 effective area), is connected in series and operates successfully. The results show that the maximum potential of the six-cell stack is around 5.5 V (0.92 V per unit cell) at 700 °C. The maximum output power of the stack is 6.0 W at 700 °C, with humidified hydrogen (with 3% H2O) as the fuel. The results show that the six-cell 2D configuration SOFC stack can be innovatively constructed.

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39

Lu, Chang Wei, Szu Han Wu, Hung Hsiang Lin, Wen Hsiu Chung, Jing Kai Lin, Yung Neng Cheng, and Ruey Yi Lee. "Optimization of Operating Conditions for an SOFC Stack." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.119.

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Performance testing for a single-cell solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is carried out to optimize its operating conditions. In this study, the Taguchi method is employed to effectively define the test matrix. The single-cell stack is composed of a 10x10 cm2 commercial anode-supported cell, metallic interconnects, current collectors, and glass-ceramic sealant. The major parameters for the experiments include: flow rates of fuel (hydrogen) and oxidant (air) gases, and temperatures. The target indices are the electrical power output, electrical efficiency, and fuel utilization. The fuel flow rates (400, 500, and 600 sccm), air flow rates (1000, 1500, and 2000 sccm) and temperatures (650, 675, and 700°C) are evaluated for different experimental combinations. The results reveal that, the operating temperature is the most crucial factor to the stack performance. The maximum power reaches to 46 W (570 mW/cm2) with a current of 58 A (715 mA/cm2) at test conditions of 700°C and fuel and oxidant flow rates of 600 sccm and 2000 sccm, respectively. As the fuel flow rate decreases to 400 sccm, the electrical efficiency can reach to 53% while the power at 34.6 W (427 mW/cm2) and current 42 A (518 mA/cm2). As the current increases to 44 A (543 mA/cm2), the fuel utilization reaches to 83%, nevertheless concentration polarization is observed in such operating condition.

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40

Cadigan, Chris, Christopher Chmura, Soren Højgaard Jensen, Rob J. Braun, and Neal P. Sullivan. "Characterizing SOFC Stack Electrochemical Performance at Elevated Pressure." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-03, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-03134mtgabs.

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Cadigan, Christopher, Christopher Chmura, Soren Højgaard Jensen, James Frazar, Tyrone Vincent, Rob J. Braun, and Neal P. Sullivan. "Characterizing SOFC Stack Electrochemical Performance at Elevated Pressure." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-02148mtgabs.

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42

Blum, L., P. Batfalsky, Q. Fang, L. G. J. de Haart, J. Malzbender, N. Margaritis, N. H. Menzler, and Ro Peters. "SOFC Stack and System Development at Forschungszentrum Jülich." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 162, no. 10 (2015): F1199—F1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0491510jes.

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43

Minh, N., A. Budur, and F. Dogan. "SOFC Stack Operation: Effects of Electrode-Interconnect Contacts." ECS Transactions 68, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 2273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06801.2273ecst.

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Yamaguchi, T., H. Sumi, T. Suzuki, and Y. Fujishiro. "Fabrication and Evaluation of Micro-Tubular SOFC Stack." ECS Transactions 45, no. 1 (April 27, 2012): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3701345.

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45

Lin, Chih-Kuang, Tsung-Ting Chen, Yau-Pin Chyou, and Lieh-Kwang Chiang. "Thermal stress analysis of a planar SOFC stack." Journal of Power Sources 164, no. 1 (January 2007): 238–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.089.

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46

Yakabe, H., Y. Baba, T. Sakurai, M. Satoh, I. Hirosawa, and Y. Yoda. "Evaluation of residual stresses in a SOFC stack." Journal of Power Sources 131, no. 1-2 (May 2004): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.057.

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47

Le-Ny, Mathieu, Olivier Chadebec, Gilles Cauffet, Jean-Marc Dedulle, and Yann Bultel. "A Three Dimensional Electrical Model of SOFC Stack." ECS Transactions 35, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3570071.

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48

Cadigan, Chris, Christopher Chmura, Søren Højgaard Jensen, Robert J. Braun, and Neal P. Sullivan. "Characterizing SOFC Stack Electrochemical Performance at Elevated Pressure." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 41 (November 23, 2020): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-02412706mtgabs.

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49

Huo, Haibo, Haidong Yang, Kui Xu, Xinghong Kuang, and Jingxiang Xu. "Survey on H∞ Robust Control of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6693971.

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Excessive use of fuel or being underutilized will make the actual performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) affected by a lot, and at the same time, in order to meet the demands of DC load voltage, a controller of the SOFC that is subjected to small varying loads is proposed on the basis of H∞ control theory. For the controller design, a state-space representation of the SOFC by using small-signal linearization is derived. To evaluate the control performance, the presented H∞ controller is tested on the SOFC stack with various load disturbances. The results show that the obtained H∞ controller can mitigate the voltage oscillations and deviations and can keep fuel utilization constant at varying loads.

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50

Xu, Ying Qiang, Lei Lei Wang, and Qiong Wei Zhang. "Effect of Thermal Load on Mechanical Properties of Ni/YSZ Anode Support Micro Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 2037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.2037.

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The most commonly used Micro tubular solid oxide fuel cell (MT-SOFC) anode material is a two phase nickel and yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) cermet. And the mechanical stability of anode support layer, in anode-supported electrolyte designs, is very important for large scale applications. During the assembly of stack and normal operation, MT-SOFC is easy to crack under the fuel pressure and thermal loading due to various mechanical properties. In this study, MT-SOFC model was founded on the background of MT-SOFC stack of electric vehicle and was analyzed by finite element method, based on theories of elasto-plasticity, thermo-mechanical coupling. The effect of thermal load was investigated. It concluded that the failure of the micro-tubular cell occurs mainly because of the residual stress due to the mismatch between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials of the electrode assembly. The results are important for studying the life and final spallation of MT-SOFC of electric vehicle.

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