Relevant bibliographies by topics / SOFC stack

Academic literature on the topic 'SOFC stack'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "SOFC stack"

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Linderoth, Søren, Peter Halvor Larsen, M. Mogensen, Peter V. Hendriksen, N. Christiansen, and H. Holm-Larsen. "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Development in Denmark." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1309.

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The SOFC technology under development at Risø National Laboratory (RISØ) and Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S (TOFC) is based on an integrated approach ranging from basic materials research on single component level over development of cell and stack manufacturing technology to system studies and modelling. The effort also comprises an extensive cell and stack testing program. Systems design, development and test is pursued by TOFC in collaboration with various partners. The standard cells are thin and robust with dimensions of 12 x 12 cm2 and cell stacks are based on internal manifolding. Production of cells is being up-scaled continuously. The durability of the standard stack design with standard cells has been tested for more than 13000 hours including nine full thermal cycles with an overall voltage degradation rate of about 1% per 1000 hours. Recently, the degradation rate has been significantly reduced by introduction of improved stack component materials. 75-cell stacks in the 1+ kW power range have been tested successfully. Stacks have been delivered in a pre-reduced state to partners and tested successfully in test systems with natural gas as fuel. The consortium of TOFC and RISØ has an extended program to develop the SOFC technology all the way to a marketable product. Stack and system modelling including cost optimisation analysis is used to develop multi kW stack modules for operation in the temperature range 700-850oC. To ensure the emergence of cost-competitive solutions, a special effort is focused on larger anode-supported cells as well as a new generation of SOFCs based on porous metal supports and new electrode and electrolyte materials. The SOFC program comprises development of next generation of cells and multi stack modules for operation at lower temperature with increased durability and mechanical robustness in order to ensure long-term competitiveness.
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Xu, Yu, Anton Kukolin, Daifen Chen, and Wei Yang. "Multiphysics Field Distribution Characteristics within the One-Cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack with Typical Interdigitated Flow Channels." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061190.

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Generally, the manufacturing technology of fuel cell units is considered to satisfy the current commercialization requirements. However, achieving a high-performance and durable stack design is still an obstacle in its commercialization. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is considered to have performance characteristics that are distinct from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. Within the SOFC stack, vapor is produced on the anode side instead of the cathode side and high flow resistance within the fuel flow path is recommended. In this paper, a 3D multiphysics model for a one-cell SOFC stack with the interdigitated channels for fuel flow path and conventional paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path is firstly developed to predict the multiphysics distribution details. The model consists of all the stack components and couples well the momentum, species, and energy conservation and the quasi-electrochemical equations. Through the developed model, we can get the working details within those SOFC stacks with the above interdigitated flow channel features, such as the fuel and air flow feeding qualities over the electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen concentration distributions within the porous electrodes, temperature gradient distribution characteristics, and so on. The simulated result shows that the multiphysics field distribution characteristics within the SOFC and PEMFC stacks with interdigitated flow channels feature could be very different. The SOFC stack using the paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path and adopting the interdigitated flow channels for the fuel flow path can be expected to have good collaborative performances in the multiphysics field. This design would have good potential application after being experimentally confirmed.
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Cheng-HaoYang, Chang, Yen-HsinChan, and Chang. "A Dynamic Analysis of the Multi-Stack SOFC-CHP System for Power Modulation." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193686.

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This paper performs a dynamic analysis of a 10-kW solid oxide fuel cell/combined heat and power (SOFC-CHP) system with a multi-stack module via numerical simulations. The performance of stacks, tail gas burners, heat exchangers, and fuel reformers are modeled by the MATLAB/Simulink module. The effects of fuel and air maldistribution on SOFC-CHP systems are addressed in this work. A two-stack module for 10-kW power generation is adopted to represent the multi-stack module with high power modulation. The air flow rate and operating current, which are related to the fuel use rate of an SOFC system, should be optimally regulated to perform with maximum power generation and efficiency. The proposed dynamic analysis shows that the operating temperatures of the two stacks have a difference of 33 K, which results in a reduced total power generation of 9.77 kW, with inconsistent fuel use (FU) rates of 78.3% and 56.8% for the two stacks. With the optimal control strategy, the output power is increased to 10.6 kW, an increment of 8.5%, and the FU rates of the two stacks are improved to 79% and 70%, respectively. As a potential distributed power generator, the long-term effects of the studied SOFC-CHP systems are also investigated. The dynamic analysis of the long-term operating SOFC-CHP system shows that the total daily output power can be increased 7.34% by using the optimal control strategy.
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Menzler, Norbert H., Alexander Beez, Nikolas Grünwald, Doris Sebold, Qingping Fang, and Robert Vaßen. "Diffusion-Related SOFC Stack Degradation." ECS Transactions 78, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 2223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/07801.2223ecst.

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Wen, T. "Research on planar SOFC stack." Solid State Ionics 152-153 (December 2002): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00348-x.

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Haanappel, V. A. C., P. Batfalsky, S. M. Gross, L. G. J. de Haart, J. Malzbender, N. H. Menzler, V. Shemet, R. W. Steinbrech, and I. C. Vinke. "A Comparative Study Between Resistance Measurements in Model Experiments and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Performance Tests." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2006): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2393301.

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Several combinations of glass-ceramic and steel compositions with excellent chemical and physical properties have been tested in the past in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks, but there have also been some combinations exhibiting pronounced chemical interactions causing severe stack degradation. Parallel to the examination of these degradation and short-circuiting phenomena in stack tests, recently less complex model experiments have been developed to study the interaction of glass-ceramic sealants and interconnect steels. The sealants and steels were tested in the model experiments at operation temperature using a dual air/hydrogen atmosphere similar to stack conditions. The present work compares electrochemical performance under constant current load of SOFC stack tests with the resistance changes in model experiments. In addition, microstructural results of post-operation inspection of various sealant–steel combinations are presented. The model experiments have shown that under the chosen experimental conditions, distinct changes of the specific resistance of the specimens correlate well with the changes of the electrochemical performance of SOFC stacks, indicating that this method can be considered as an excellent comparative method to provide useful information on the physical and chemical interactions between glass-ceramic sealants and ferritic steels.
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Gunawan, Sulistyo, and Iwan Setyawan. "Progress in Glass-Ceramic Seal for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 82, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.82.1.3950.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as promising energy conversion devices nowadays. SOFC consists of several components such as cathode, anode, electrolyte, interconnects, and sealing materials. In planar SOFC stack construction, the sealant and interconnection functions play an important role. Glass and ceramics are quite popularly used as SOFC sealing materials to achieve several functions including preventing leakage of fuel and oxidants in the stack and electrically isolating cells in the stack. In this review, material preparation, material composition, ceramic properties especially thermal properties are compared from various systems that have been developed previously. The main challenges and complexities in the functional part of SOFC sealants include: (i) chemical incompatibility and instability in the oxidizing and reducing environment by adjusting the value of the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) with the interconnecting material during SOFC operation, and (ii) insulation of oxidizing fuels and gases by matching CTE anode and cathode. Also, the sealant glass transition determines the maximum permissible working temperature of the SOFC. The choice of method and analysis will provide data on various ceramic attributes. The search for thermal attributes consisting of Glass transition (Tg), Deformation temp (Td), Crystallization temp (Tx), Melting pt (Tm) became a focus on SOFC sealant development.
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He, Huan Huan, Shun Dong Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Shi Chuan Su, Bo Wang, and Wan Li Zhang. "Investigating on the Flow Distribution of a Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.97.

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In this paper, a realistic 3D numerical model is established to investigate the flow distribution of a 10-cells short planar SOFC stack. The effect of the basic geometric parameters, such as the sub-manifold radii () and the single channel width (), on the stack flow uniformity is examined. And the results and discusses are presented in this paper. This investigation for the SOFC stack holds great significance for the SOFC stack commercialization.
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Morris, Thomas A., Eric A. Barringer, Steven C. Kung, and Rodger W. McKain. "An All-Ceramic Interconnect for Use in Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks." MRS Bulletin 30, no. 8 (August 2005): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2005.167.

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AbstractThis article summarizes a unique approach in which all-ceramic interconnects are used in place of metal interconnects in solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks. The approach combines advanced SOFC materials with the manufacturing technology and infrastructure established for multilayer ceramic (MLC) packaging for the microelectronics industry. The MLC interconnect is fabricated using multiple layers of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) tape, with each layer containing conductive vias to provide for electrical current flow through the interconnect. The all-ceramic interconnect design facilitates uniform distribution of air and fuel gas to the respective electrodes of adjacent cells. The multilayer interconnects are fabricated using traditional MLC manufacturing processes. A detailed description of the processes for fabricating the all-ceramic interconnect is presented.To aid in moving from prototype fabrication to commercialization of these fuel cell systems, a detailed cost model has been used as a roadmap for commercial stack development. Cost model projections are presented for three different interconnect footprint sizes. These projections show an SOFC stack cost of less than $150 per kilowatt for the optimized SOFC stack design produced at high volume.
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Babaie Rizvandi, Omid, Henrik Lund Frandsen, and Peter Vang Hendriksen. "Stack-Scale Modeling of Ammonia-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 46 (July 7, 2022): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01461960mtgabs.

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Ammonia is one of the promising fuels that can be used as a hydrogen source for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) due to its high energy density, high hydrogen content, no carbon emission at the consumption site, easy storage and transportation, and potential for low cost owing to a well-developed infrastructure. Ammonia-fueled SOFCs have been studied through several experimental works at both cell and stack levels, while a limited number of numerical models at cell levels have been devoted to this subject. Both experimental and numerical studies show that the ammonia decomposes chemically in the fuel support layer at the common operating temperatures of the SOFCs due to the catalytic role of the nickel particles for the ammonia decomposition. Here, we present the first Multiphysics model of an ammonia-fueled SOFC stack, which couples and solves the transport equations of mass, momentum, species, charges, and heat. The model includes the whole stack with manifolds, active domain, headers, and sealings. For the layered domains of the stack, a homogenization approach is used, which replaces them with an equivalent domain and solves for the effective variables [1-3]. Several research groups and stack manufacturers have been using this homogenization approach to model SOFC stacks due to the advantage of reasonable computational expenses and so runtimes. This makes systematic studies of operating conditions, design changes, and even degradation at the stack-scale computationally feasible [1]. An ammonia decomposition reaction rate model has been developed and validated thoroughly in [4]. The model shows that the ammonia decomposition occurs over the thickness of the fuel support layer, depending on the amount of ammonia in the fuel channel and the operating temperature. With the homogenized model, the variations over the thickness of the electrode are effectively described by a well-accepted 0D model developed, see e.g. [5]. Here, we present such a 0D model that has been validated with a 2D through-plane model of the fuel side of a single cell. We show that the 0D model can describe the effective penetration depth of the ammonia in the fuel support layer through the balance of the fluxes to/from the support layer. The developed relation for the effective ammonia penetration depth in the support layer approximates well the one obtained from the detailed 2D model. A similar idea can be used to find the effective penetration depth of methane in the support layer for the case of a methane-fired SOFC and facilitate its stack-scale modeling with the homogenized model. Ammonia is added to the stack-scale model with the 0D model, which correctly describes the decomposition rate per unit area. The model reproduces well-reported trends from experiments with ammonia-fueled SOFC stacks. Internal cracking of the ammonia is advantageous from a cost/efficiency perspective as the heat consumption of the cracking process facilitates stack cooling; however, depending on the conditions of operation, the ammonia decomposition could be too fast, making a sharp temperature drop at the inlet. This leads to increased thermal stresses in the region and increases the risk of mechanical failure. The model is used to investigate the effects of the operating conditions, e.g. temperature and flow rates of the fuel and air, and flow configuration on the temperature gradients at the inlet to identify safe operating conditions. References [1] Rizvandi, O. B., Miao, X. Y., & Frandsen, H. L. (2021). Multiscale modeling of degradation of full solid oxide fuel cell stacks. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46, 27709-27730. [2] Miao, X. Y., Rizvandi, O. B., Navasa, M., & Frandsen, H. L. (2021). Modelling of local mechanical failures in solid oxide cell stacks. Applied Energy, 293, 116901. [3] Navasa, M., Miao, X. Y., & Frandsen, H. L. (2019). A fully-homogenized multiphysics model for a reversible solid oxide cell stack. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(41), 23330-23347. [4] Kishimoto, M., Furukawa, N., Kume, T., Iwai, H., & Yoshida, H. (2017). Formulation of ammonia decomposition rate in Ni-YSZ anode of solid oxide fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(4), 2370-2380. [5] Leonide, A., Apel, Y., & Ivers-Tiffee, E. (2009). SOFC modeling and parameter identification by means of impedance spectroscopy. ECS Transactions, 19(20), 81. Figure 1
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SOFC stack"

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Tan, Wee Choon. "Numerical Investigation of Ammonia-fueled Planar SOFC Stack－Internal and External Cooling Effects." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235990.

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Marra, Dario. "Development of solid oxide fuel cell stack models for monitoring, diagnosis and control applications." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1014.

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2011 - 2012
In the present thesis different SOFC stack models have been presented. The results shown were obtained in the general framework of the GENIUS project (GEneric diagNosis Instrument for SOFC systems), funded by the European Union (grant agreement n° 245128). The objective of the project is to develop “generic” diagnostic tools and methodologies for SOFC systems. The “generic” term refers to the flexibility of diagnosis tools to be adapted to different SOFC systems. In order to achieve the target of the project and to develop stack models suitable for monitoring, control and diagnosis applications for SOFC systems, different modeling approaches have been proposed. Particular attention was given to their implementability into computational tools for on-board use. In this thesis one-dimensional (1-D), grey-box and blackbox stack models, both stationary and dynamic were developed. The models were validated with experimental data provided by European partners in the frame of the GENIUS project. A 1-D stationary model of a planar SOFC in co-flow and counter-flow configurations was presented. The model was developed starting from a 1- D model proposed by the University of Salerno for co-flow configuration (Sorrentino, 2006). The model was cross-validated with similar models developed by the University of Genoa and by the institute VTT. The crossvalidation results underlined the suitability of the 1-D model developed. A possible application of the 1-D model for the estimation of stack degradation was presented. The results confirmed the possibility to implement such a model for fault detection. A lumped gray-box model for the simulation of TOPSOE stack thermal dynamics was developed for the SOFC stack of TOPSOE, whose experimental data were made available in the frame of the GENIUS project. Particular attention was given to the problem of heat flows between stack and surrounding and a dedicated model was proposed. The black-box approach followed for the implementation of the heat flows and its reliability and accuracy was shown to be satisfactory for the purpose of its applications. The procedure adopted turned out to be fast and applicable to other SOFC stacks with different geometries and materials. The good results obtained and the limited calculation time make this model suitable for implementation in diagnostic tools. Another field of application is that of virtual sensors for stack temperature control. Black-box models for SOFC stack were also developed. In particular, a stationary Neural Network for the simulation of the HEXIS stack voltage was developed. The analyzed system was a 5-cells stack operated up to 10 thousand hours at constant load. The neural network exhibited very good prediction accuracy, even for systems with different technology from the one used for training the model. Beyond showing excellent prediction capabilities, the NN ensured high accuracy in well reproducing evolution of degradation in SOFC stacks, especially thanks to the inclusion of time among model inputs. Moreover, a Recurrent Neural Network for dynamic simulation of TOPSOE stack voltage and a similar one for a short stack built by HTc and tested by VTT were developed. The stacks analyzed were: a planar co-flow SOFC stack (TOPSOE) and a planar counter-flow SOFC stack (VTT-HTc). All models developed in this thesis have shown high accuracy and computation times that allow them to be implemented into diagnostic and control tool both for off-line (1-D model and grey-box) and for on-line (NN and RNNs) applications. It is important noting that the models were developed with reference to stacks produced by different companies. This allowed the evaluation of different SOFC technologies, thus obtaining useful information in the models development. The information underlined the critical aspects of these systems with regard to the measurements and control of some system variables, giving indications for the stack models development. The proposed modeling approaches are good candidates to address emerging needs in fuel cell development and on-field deployment, such as the opportunity of developing versatile model-based tools capable to be generic enough for real-time control and diagnosis of different fuel cell systems typologies, technologies and power scales. [edited by author]
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Al-Masri, Ali [Verfasser], Detlef [Akademischer Betreuer] Stolten, and Wilfried [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker. "Numerische Modellierung der thermomechanischen Fluid-Struktur-Interaktion im SOFC-Stack / Ali Al-Masri ; Detlef Stolten, Wilfried Becker." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/113059064X/34.

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BRUNACCINI, GIOVANNI. "Investigation on low and high temperature fuel cell components and their evaluation in short stack configuration." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1300.

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La ricerca sulle celle a combustibile ad ossidi solidi (SOFC) ed a membrana ad elettrolita polimerico è attualmente indirizzata al miglioramento delle performance e della loro vita utile, così come alla riduzione dei costi. Tali aspetti sono importanti per rendere questi dispositivi più interessanti per il mercato, sia nelle applicazioni stazionarie che automotive. Da questo punto di vista, per la tecnologia PEMFC sembra necessario un incremento della temperatura (da 80°C a 110-120°C, high temperature PEMFC o HT-PEMFC). Ciò porterebbe ad una migliore resistenza alle impurezze di CO nel fuel, un migliore thermal and water management ed una migliore efficienza per la co-generazione. Al contrario, la tecnologia SOFC va verso temperature intermedie (IT-SOFC); ciò permetterebbe una riduzione dei costi nello sviluppo di celle planari, grazie a processi di fabbricazione meno onerosi ed ad un incremento della stabilità. Questi modi di estendere l'applicazione sono ben studiati per celle singole, ma il processo di scale-up verso dispositivi di potenza necessita di ulteriori specifici approfondimenti. Inoltre, tecnologie differenti necessitano di procedure di test differenti, adattate a specifici settori applicativi. In questa tesi di Dottorato, sono stati testati dispositivi a celle a combustibile basati su tecnologia ad ossidi solidi od ad elettrolita polimerico per applicazioni specifiche. In particolare, sono stati studiati stack di fuel cells di potenza nominale pari ad 1kW, per verificare la possibilità dell'utilizzo di fuel cell per applicazioni di piccola taglia. Attualmente, i dispositivi basati su HT-PEMFC stanno suscitando interesse per lo sviluppo delle celle a combustibile. Nonostante una profonda conoscenza delle proprietà dei materiali, la valutazione degli stessi a livello di stack è stata oggetto di un piccolo numero di studi. In questa attività di ricerca è stato approfondito proprio questo aspetto. La tecnologia IT-SOFC è considerata adatta per applicazioni stazionarie e per la produzione di energia distribuita, poiché può usare combustibile poco costoso in processi elettrochimici ad elevata efficienza. Inoltre, per applicazioni relative ad utenze residenziali, i dispositivi studiati possono essere considerati come la base per lo sviluppo di un sistema turn-key e non come la versione downscaled per studi da laboratorio. Questa tesi di Dottorato include considerazioni per applicazioni sia stazionarie che automotive, analizzando stack di fuel cells di potenza sufficiente per essere considerati come proof-of-concept. In altre parole, la potenza è sufficiente per studiare i principali fenomeni che appaiono in stack di dimensioni superiori orientate ad applicazioni pratiche. L'intera attività può essere suddivisa in due parti: 1) test di short stack HT-PEMFC per la valutazione delle performance in condizioni tipiche del settore automovtive (corrente, temperatura, umidificazione, pressione) e per individuare il punto di lavoro ottimale; 2) test di stack IT-SOFC in gas naturale per valutare la perdita di prestazioni per fenomeni legati a cicli redox che possono avvenire durante l'uso reale. Tecniche di diagnosi, come il metodo di interruzione di corrente e la spettrocopia d'impedenza hanno completato lo studio fornendo informazioni circa l'ottimizzazione dell'assemblaggio degli stack. La sperimentazione è stata interamente condotta in laboratorio, per controllare in maniera accurata le variabili di processo; nonostante ciò, le prestazioni ottenute sono comunque utili per applicazioni concrete, una volta che siano state definite condizioni di lavoro appropriate come compromesso tra prestazioni e costi.
Research activities on solid oxide (SOFC) or polymer electrolyte membrane (PEMFC) fuel cells are currently focused on performance and lifetime enhancement as well as costs reduction. These aspects are relevant to make such systems more attractive for the market, both for stationary and automotive applications. From this point of view, an increase of temperature (from 80°C to 110-120°C) appears necessary for PEMFC technology (high temperature PEMFC, or HTPEMFC). This would allow more resistance to CO contaminants in the fuel, better thermal and water management and a better efficiency for co-generation. On the contrary, SOFC technology is moving towards intermediate temperature (IT-SOFC); this would allow cost reduction while developing planar cells, due to less critical construction processes and an increase of stability. These ways to enhance the fuel cells applications are well studied for single cell but the scale-up process to significant power production devices needs specific investigations. Moreover, different technologies need different field test procedures, tailored on the specific application sectors. In this Ph.D. thesis, fuel cell devices exploiting either solid oxide or polymer electrolyte technologies, were tested for specific applications. In particular, 1kW fuel cell stacks were tested in order to verify the possibility of fuel cell use in small size applications. Nowadays, HT-PEMFC devices are creating lot of interest for FC technology development. Anyway, despite a deep knowledge of material properties, the assessment of the new materials at stack level have undergone only few studies. In this research activity this aspect was investigated. Moreover, IT-SOFC technology is considered valuable for stationary applications and distributed energy production, using cheap fuels and a highly efficient electrochemical process. Nevertheless, for residential energy consumption, the studied SOFC device can be considered not as a downscaled device for laboratory study, but as the base to develop a complete system. This Ph.D. thesis involves considerations for both stationary and automotive applications, by analysing fuel cells stack with a size large enough to be considered a proof-of-concept. In other words, the size appears sufficient to investigate main phenomena visible in larger stack oriented to real world applications. The whole activity can be divided in two lines: 1) tests of HT-PEMFC short stacks that were carried out to evaluate their performance in typical automotive working conditions (current, temperature, humidification, pressure) and to establish an optimal operating point. 2) tests of IT-SOFC stacks in natural gas, in order to evaluate performance decay and its response to detrimental effects due to thermal and redox cycles that can appear in "out of laboratory" usage. Diagnostic analysis such as current interrupt method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy completed the study by supplying information about the optimization of stack assembling procedure. The whole experimental activities were carried out in laboratory, to accurately control the process variables; nevertheless, the recorded performances are anyway meaningful with respect to real world applications, once defined tailored working conditions by a good compromise between performances and costs.
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Allen, Jeremy L. "The Effect of Baffle Arrangements on Flow Uniformity in a Manifold for a Unique Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Design." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1320851931.

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Sivasankaran, Visweshwar. "Manufacturing and characterization of single cell intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells for APU in transportation application." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS027/document.

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La fabrication de cellules de piles à combustible IT-SOFC de large dimension par un nouveau procédé simple et peu coûteux est présentée dans ce manuscrit. L’optimisation de ce nouveau procédé en regard de l’utilisation d’agents de porosité, d’épaisseur de couches et de température de frittage a été réalisée. Les résultats des tests électrochimiques sur des cellules de surface active 10 cm2 réalisés dans le dispositif Fiaxell semi-ouvert ont été détaillés pour différentes cellules. Des tests de performance de longue durée ont également été menés sur le dispositif Fiaxell, présentés et discutés. La préparation et la réalisation d’un nouveau banc de test de stack a également été mené et présenté dans ces travaux
The fabrications of large area IT-SOFC planar cell by new simple and cost effective process were explained. The optimization of the new process with respect to pore formers, thickness of layers, sintering temperature were performed. The electrochemical results of 10cm2 performed in Fiaxell open flange set up were detailed with respect to different configuration. Long term ageing performance tests of single cells were conducted in Fiaxell device and results are discussed. Preparation of new test bench and stacking process performed till now were briefed
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Price, Robert. "Metal/metal oxide co-impregnated lanthanum strontium calcium titanate anodes for solid oxide fuel cells." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16018.

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) are electrochemical energy conversion devices which allow fuel gases, e.g. hydrogen or natural gas, to be converted to electricity and heat at much high efficiencies than combustion-based energy conversion technologies. SOFC are particularly suited to employment in stationary energy conversion applications, e.g. micro-combined heat and power (μ-CHP) and base load, which are certain to play a large role in worldwide decentralisation of power distribution and supply over the coming decades. Use of high-temperature SOFC technology within these systems is also a vital requirement in order to utilise fuel gases which are readily available in different areas of the world. Unfortunately, the limiting factor to the long-term commercialisation of SOFC systems is the redox instability, coking intolerance and sulphur poisoning of the state-of-the-art Ni-based cermet composite anode material. This research explores the ‘powder to power' development of alternative SOFC anode catalyst systems by impregnation of an A-site deficient La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 (LSCT[sub](A-)) anode ‘backbone' microstructure with coatings of ceria-based oxide ion conductors and metallic electrocatalyst particles, in order to create a SOFC anode which exhibits high redox stability, tolerance to sulphur poisoning and low voltage degradation rates under operating conditions. A 75 weight percent (wt. %) solids loading LSCT[sub](A-) ink, exhibiting ideal properties for screen printing of thick-film SOFC anode layers, was screen printed with 325 and 230 mesh counts (per inch) screens onto electrolyte supports. Sintering of anode layers between 1250 °C and 1350 °C for 1 to 2 hours indicated that microstructures printed with the 230 mesh screen provided a higher porosity and improved grain connectivity than those printed with the 325 mesh screen. Sintering anode layers at 1350 °C for 2 hours provided an anode microstructure with an advantageous combination of lateral grain connectivity and porosity, giving rise to an ‘effective' electrical conductivity of 17.5 S cm−1 at 850 °C. Impregnation of this optimised LSCT[sub](A-) anode scaffold with 13-16 wt. % (of the anode mass) Ce0.80Gd0.20O1.90 (CGO) and either Ni (5 wt. %), Pd, Pt, Rh or Ru (2-3 wt. %) and integration into SOFC resulted in achievement of Area Specific Resistances (ASR) of as low as 0.39 Ω cm−2, using thick (160 μm) 6ScSZ electrolytes. Durability testing of SOFC with Ni/CGO, Ni/CeO2, Pt/CGO and Rh/CGO impregnated LSCT[sub](A-) anodes was subsequently carried out in industrial button cell test rigs at HEXIS AG, Winterthur, Switzerland. Both Ni/CGO and Pt/CGO cells showed unacceptable levels of degradation (14.9% and 13.4%, respectively) during a ~960 hour period of operation, including redox/thermo/thermoredox cycling treatments. Significantly, by exchanging the CGO component for the CeO2 component in the SOFC containing Ni, the degradation over the same time period was almost halved. Most importantly, galvanostatic operation of the SOFC with a Rh/CGO impregnated anode for >3000 hours (without cycling treatments) resulted in an average voltage degradation rate of < 1.9% kh−1 which, to the author's knowledge, has not previously been reported for an alternative, SrTiO3-based anode material. Finally, transfer of the Rh/CGO impregnated LSCT[sub](A-) anode to industrial short stack (5 cells) scale at HEXIS AG revealed that operation in relevant conditions, with low gas flow rates, resulted in accelerated degradation of the Rh/CGO anode. During a 1451 hour period of galvanostatic operation, with redox cycles and overload treatments, a voltage degradation of 19.2% was observed. Redox cycling was noted to briefly recover performance of the stack before rapidly degrading back to the pre-redox cycling performance, though redox cycling does not affect this anode detrimentally. Instead, a more severe, underlying degradation mechanism, most likely caused by instability and agglomeration of Rh nanoparticles under operating conditions, is responsible for this observed degradation. Furthermore, exposure of the SOFC to fuel utilisations of >100% (overloading) had little effect on the Rh/CGO co-impregnated LSCT[sub](A-) anodes, giving a direct advantage over the standard HEXIS SOFC. Finally, elevated ohmic resistances caused by imperfect contacting with the Ni-based current collector materials highlighted that a new method of current collection must be developed for use with these anode materials.
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Hyde, Andrew Justin. "A Portable Generator Incorporating Mini-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2582.

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Modern society has become reliant on battery powered electronic devices such as cell phones and laptop computers. The standard way of recharging these devices is by connecting to a reticulated electricity supply. In situations with no electricity supply some other recharging method is required. Such a possibility is a small, portable, generator based on fuel cell technology, specifically mini-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (MT-SOFC). MT-SOFCs have been developed since the 1990s but there is limited analysis, discussion or research on developing and constructing a portable generator based on MT-SOFC technology. Such a generator, running on a portable gas supply, requires combining the key aspects of cell performance, a heating and fuel reforming system, and cell manifolds. Cell design, fuel type, fuel flow rate, current-collection method and operating temperature all greatly affected MT-SOFCs performance. Segmenting the cathode significantly increased the power output. Maximum power density from an electrolyte supported MT-SOFC was 140 mW/cm2. The partial oxidation reactor (POR) developed provided the required heat to maintain the MT-SOFCs at an operating temperature suitable for generating electricity. The exhaust gas from the POR was a suitable fuel for MT-SOFCs, having sufficient carbon monoxide and hydrogen to generate electricity. Various manifold materials were evaluated including solid metal blocks and folded sheet metal. It was found that manifolds made from easily worked alumina fibre board decreased the thermal stresses and therefore the fracture rate of the MT-SOFCs. The final prototype developed comprised a partial oxidation reactor and MT-SOFCs mounted in alumina fibre board manifolds within a well-insulated enclosure, which could be run on LPG. Calculated efficiency of the final prototype was 4%. If all the carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the partial oxidation reactor were converted to electrical energy, efficiency would increase to 39%. Under ideal conditions, efficiency would be 78%. Efficiency of the prototype can be improved by increasing the fuel and oxygen utilisation ratios, ensuring heat from the exhaust gases is transferred to the incoming gases, and improving the methods for collecting current at both the anode and cathode.
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Kornely, Michael [Verfasser], and E. [Akademischer Betreuer] Ivers-Tiffée. "Elektrische Charakterisierung und Modellierung von metallischen Interkonnektoren (MIC) des SOFC-Stacks / Michael Kornely ; Betreuer: E. Ivers-Tiffée." Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1184493332/34.

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Liu, Zhengyang. "Characterization and Failure Mode Analysis of Cascode GaN HEMT." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49580.

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Recent emerging gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is expected to be a promising candidate for high frequency power conversion techniques. Due to the advantages of the material, the GaN HEMT has a better figure of merit (FOM) compared to the state-of-the-art silicon (Si) power metal oxide silicon field effect transistor (MOSFET), which allows the GaN HEMT to switch with faster transition and lower switching loss. By applying the GaN HEMT in a circuit design, it is possible to achieve high frequency, high efficiency, and high density power conversion at the same time. To characterize the switching performance of the GaN HEMT, an accurate behavior-level simulation model is developed in this thesis. The packaging related parasitic inductance, including both self-inductance and mutual-inductance, are extracted based on finite element analysis (FEA) methods. Then the accuracy of the simulation model is verified by a double-pulse tester, and the simulation results match well with experiment in terms of both device switching waveform and switching energy. Based on the simulation model, detailed loss breakdown and loss mechanism analysis are made. The cascode GaN HEMT has high turn-on loss due to the body diode reverse recovery of the low voltage Si MOSFET and the common source inductance (CSI) of the package; while the turn-off loss is extremely small attributing to the cascode structure. With this unique feature, the critical conduction mode (CRM) soft switching technique are applied to reduce the dominant turn on loss and increase converter efficiency significantly. The switching frequency is successfully pushed to 5MHz while maintaining high efficiency and good thermal performance. Traditional packaging method is becoming a bottle neck to fully utilize the advantages of GaN HEMT. So an investigation of the package influence on the cascode GaN HEMT is also conducted. Several critical parasitic inductors are identified, which cause high turn on loss and high parasitic ringing which may lead to device failure. To solve the issue, the stack-die package is proposed to eliminate all critical parasitic inductors, and as a result, reducing turn on loss by half and avoiding potential failure mode of the cascode GaN device effectively. Utilizing the proposed stack-die package and ZVS soft switching, the GaN HEMT high frequency, high efficiency, and high density power conversion capability can be further extended to a higher level.
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Books on the topic "SOFC stack"

1

Faure-Grimaud, Antoine. Soft budget constraint and stock price information. London: London School of Economics, Financial Markets Group, 1996.

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A, Pickard Lee, and Practising Law Institute, eds. Trading practices, the portfolio execution process, and soft dollar arrangements. New York, N.Y. (810 7th Ave., New York 10019): Practising Law Institute, 1989.

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A, Pickard Lee, ed. Securities portfolio executions, transaction-based compensation, and soft dollar practices, 1991. New York, N.Y. (810 Seventh Ave.): Practising Law Institute, 1991.

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Inspection report on the soft dollar practices of broker-dealers, investment advisers and mutual funds. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations, U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission, 1998.

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United States. Securities and Exchange Commission. Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations. Inspection report on the soft dollar practices of broker-dealers, investment advisers and mutual funds. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations, U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission, 1998.

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Conan, Doyle A. The Valley of Fear and Selected Cases. London, England: Penguin Books, 2001.

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The Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Reader: From Sherlock Holmes to Spiritualism. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2002.

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Conan, Doyle A. Sherlock Holmes Reader. Philadelphia, USA: Courage Books, 1994.

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Conan, Doyle Arthur. The Sherlock Holmes Mysteries. New York: Signet Classic, 1987.

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Conan, Doyle Arthur. The Sherlock Holmes Mysteries. New York, USA: Signet Classics, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "SOFC stack"

1

Kishimoto, Masashi. "Ammonia-Fueled SOFC Stack." In CO2 Free Ammonia as an Energy Carrier, 441–50. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4767-4_29.

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Chiba, Reiichi, Hiroaki Taguchi, Takeshi Komatsu, Himeko Orui, Kazuhiko Nozawa, Kimitaka Watanabe, Yoshiteru Yoshida, et al. "Recent Development of SOFC Cell and Stack at NTT." In Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 1–13. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118095249.ch1.

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Naumovich, Yevgeniy, Marcin Błesznowski, and Agnieszka Żurawska. "Contemporary Approaches to Planar SOFC Stack Design and Performance Characterization." In Modeling, Design, Construction, and Operation of Power Generators with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, 49–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75602-8_3.

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Faes, A., A. Hessler-Wyser, D. Presvytes, A. Brisse, C. G. Vayenas, and J. Van Herle. "Quantitative study of anode microstructure related to SOFC stack degradation." In EMC 2008 14th European Microscopy Congress 1–5 September 2008, Aachen, Germany, 763–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85156-1_382.

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Lee, Hae-Weon, Hwa-Young Jung, Ji-Won Son, Joosun Kim, and Jong-Ho Lee. "Development of SOFC Stack at Kist Using 10 × 10 cm2Anode Supported Cells." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 285–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118144091.ch27.

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Béal, Marie-Pierre, and Dominique Perrin. "Complete Codes in a Sofic Shift." In STACS 2006, 127–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11672142_9.

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Fang, Qingping, Mario Heinrich, and Christian Wunderlich. "Crofer22 APU in Real SOFC Stacks." In Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 99–114. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118095249.ch9.

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Suzuki, Toshio, Toshiaki Yamaguchi, Yoshinobu Fujishiro, Masanobu Awano, and Yoshihiro Funahashi. "Fabrication and Optimization of Micro Tubular SOFCs for Cube-Type SOFC Stacks." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells III, 25–32. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470339534.ch3.

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Wunderlich, C. "Technology Readiness of SOFC Stacks - A Review." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 77–87. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119234531.ch7.

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Sick, K., N. Grigorev, N. H. Menzler, and O. Guillon. "Development of Cathode Contacting for SOFC Stacks." In Proceeding of the 42nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, 99–111. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119543343.ch9.

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Conference papers on the topic "SOFC stack"

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Kim, Sunyoung, Sangho Yoon, Joongmyeon Bae, and Young-Sung Yoo. "Performance Analysis of CH4 Driven SOFC Short Stack." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85157.

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The performance of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack system driven by simulated reformate was investigated in this study. CH4 was used as a surrogate fuel for low hydrocarbon components in reformate gas. One of the motivations for this study is to articulate the effects of low hydrocarbons in reformate gas, such as CH4, on SOFCs. The effects of low hydrocarbons on SOFC have been widely investigated in SOFC button cells, but it does not provide the practical information to develop an SOFC system. Hence, we investigated the performance changes in SOFC stack operation with simulated reformate gas. Open-circuit voltage of the SOFC and discharge condition decreased as the fraction of CH4 in anode inlet gas was increased. The limit current density also decreased. As Eguchi et al. reported, CH4 does not directly participate in the electrode reaction (14). Hence, concentration overvoltage occurred in SOFC operation with CH4. The effect of CH4 on SOFC long-term performance will be investigated in future studies.
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Burt, A. C., I. B. Celik, R. S. Gemmen, A. V. Smirnov, and W. A. Rogers. "Cell-to-Cell Variations With Increasing SOFC Stack Size." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2448.

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This numerical study considers the influence of stack size on cell-to-cell performance variations within a stack of planar solid oxide fuel cells. In order to model large stacks (>10 cells) a pseudo 2-D scheme was implemented using the parallel technique of domain decomposition and was solved on a Beowulf cluster. Results were obtained for stacks of 5, 10, and 20 cells. The results indicate that although significant variations in temperature were observed the voltage variations were practically negligible for cases with uniform flow distribution. Non-uniform fuel flow distribution resulted in more significant cell voltage variations. With the assumption of adiabatic boundary conditions, increasing stack size resulted in slightly lower average cell temperatures but increased outlet temperature of the fuel and air channel in the top cell.
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Swartz, Scott L., Gene B. Arkenberg, Joshua S. Emerick, Chad T. Sellers, and Lora B. Thrun. "Sulfur-Tolerant SOFC Stack Technology." In SAE 2012 Power Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-2162.

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Barabasz, Robin, Emma Dutton, Brian Feldman, Guangyong Lin, Aravind Mohanram, Yeshwanth Narendar, John Pietras, et al. "Saint-Gobain’s All Ceramic SOFC Stack: Architecture and Performance." In ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2014-6715.

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Saint-Gobain has developed a unique all ceramic SOFC stack with performance characteristics that make it an attractive solution to the cost and durability challenges of commercializing conventional SOFCs. Saint-Gobain’s all ceramic stacks achieve power density higher than 200 mW/cm2 when operating at 800 °C and 0.75 V/cell. Power degradation is low at <0.2% per kilohour over more than 12,000 hours of testing. Ceramic interconnect stability is verified for >16,000 hours using accelerated testing. Good performance under thermal cycling, power cycling and unplanned transients such as fuel or air loss has also been confirmed. With reliable R&D scale manufacturing and targeted testing platforms, Saint-Gobain has increased sub-scale stack power density by 61% and decreased interconnect cell resistance by 65% with further improvements in development.
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Akbay, Taner, Norihisa Chitose, Takashi Miyazawa, Naoya Murakami, Kei Hosoi, Futoshi Nishiwaki, and Toru Inagaki. "A Unique Seal-Less Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack and Its CFD Analysis." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97072.

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Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation units based on intermediate temperature (600∼800°C) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) modules have been collaboratively developed by Mitsubishi Materials Corporation and The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. Currently, hydrocarbon fuel utilising units designed to produce modular power outputs up to 10 kWe-AC with overall efficiencies greater than 80% (HHV) are being tested. A unique seal-less stack concept is adopted to build SOFC modules accommodating multiple stacks incorporated of stainless steel separators and disk-type planar electrolyte-supported cells. In order to advance the current technology to achieve improved levels of efficiency and reliability, through design iterations, computational modelling tools are being heavily utilised. This contribution will describe the results of coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis performed on our fourth-generation 1 kW class SOFC stack. A commercially available CFD code is employed for solving the governing equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy. In addition, a local electrochemical reaction model is coupled to the rest of the transport processes that take place within the SOFC stack. It is found that the CFD based multi-physics model is capable of providing necessary and proper guidance for identifying problem areas in designing multi-cell SOFC stacks. The stack performance is also estimated by calibrating the computational model against data obtained by experimental measurements.
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Bae, Joongmyeon, Jin Woo Park, Hee Chun Lim, Kyo-Sang Ahn, and Young-Sung Yoo. "Performance of Small Stack for Intermediate Temperature-Operating Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using Stainless Steel Interconnects." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2451.

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Recently we have started a project to develop 1 kW-class SOFC system for Residential Power Generation (RPG) application supported by Korean Government. For a 1 kW-class SOFC stack that can be operated at intermediate temperatures, we started to develop anode-supported, planar type SOFC to have advantages for commercialization of SOFCs considering mass production and using cost-effective interconnects such as ferritic stainless steels. Anode-supported single cells with thin electrolyte layer of YSZ were fabricated and their small stacks were built and evaluated. The size of anode-supported single cells after final sintering was about 5 × 5 cm2, and the thickness of electrolyte and the cathode layer were about 20 μm and 30 μm, respectively. I-V and AC impedance characteristics of these single cells and small stacks were evaluated at intermediate temperature (650 ∼ 750°C) by using hydrogen gas as a fuel. We have already carried out long-term performance test for YSZ thin electrolyte single cell for above 26,000 h (3 years) at 750°C, applying 0.76 V with power density of 200 mW/cm2. Using these YSZ thin electrolyte 5 × 5 cm2 cells and Inconel interconnect plates coated by silver paste, the 15-cell and 60-cell short stack were prepared. The initial stack (15 cell) voltage at 150 mW/cm2 was 12.5 V in hydrogen as fuel of 120 sccm/cell at 750°C and decreased to about 10.9 V at 500 h of operation time. It was then stabilized and kept until 4,000 h with a degradation rate of 10 mV/(1000 h, 1 cell). AC impedance of this small stack and microstructure of cell components were analyzed during and after the operation. Furthermore thin electrolyte cells and ferritic stainless steel interconnects were built into a 4-cell stack and the small stack was operated at 650°C for cost-effective planar SOFC RPG system. I-V and AC impedance characteristics of the small stack were evaluated at 650°C by using hydrogen as a fuel.
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Siefert, Nicholas, Dushyant Shekhawat, Randall Gemmen, Edward Robey, Richard Bergen, Daniel Haynes, Kevin Moore, Mark Williams, and Mark Smith. "Operation of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell on Biodiesel With a Partial Oxidation Reformer." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33326.

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The National Energy Technology Laboratory’s Office of Research & Development (NETL/ORD) has successfully demonstrated the operation of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using reformed biodiesel. The biodiesel for the project was produced and characterized by West Virginia State University (WVSU). This project had two main aspects: 1) demonstrate a catalyst formulation on monolith for biodiesel fuel reforming; and 2) establish SOFC stack test stand capabilities. Both aspects have been completed successfully. For the first aspect, in–house patented catalyst specifications were developed, fabricated and tested. Parametric reforming studies of biofuels provided data on fuel composition, catalyst degradation, syngas composition, and operating parameters required for successful reforming and integration with the SOFC test stand. For the second aspect, a stack test fixture (STF) for standardized testing, developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) for the Solid Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) Program, was engineered and constructed at NETL. To facilitate the demonstration of the STF, NETL employed H.C. Starck Ceramics GmbH & Co. (Germany) anode supported solid oxide cells. In addition, anode supported cells, SS441 end plates, and cell frames were transferred from PNNL to NETL. The stack assembly and conditioning procedures, including stack welding and sealing, contact paste application, binder burn-out, seal-setting, hot standby, and other stack assembly and conditioning methods were transferred to NETL. In the future, fuel cell stacks provided by SECA or other developers could be tested at the STF to validate SOFC performance on various fuels. The STF operated on hydrogen for over 1000 hrs before switching over to reformed biodiesel for 100 hrs of operation. Combining these first two aspects led to demonstrating the biodiesel syngas in the STF. A reformer was built and used to convert 0.5 ml/min of biodiesel into mostly hydrogen and carbon monoxide (syngas.) The syngas was fed to the STF and fuel cell stack. The results presented in this experimental report document one of the first times a SOFC has been operated on syngas from reformed biodiesel.
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Kang, Inyong, Sangho Yoon, Gyujong Bae, Junghyun Kim, Seungwhan Baek, Joongmyeon Bae, and Yungsung Yoo. "Preparatory Tests for 1kW Diesel-Powered SOFC Systems." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65096.

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High operating temperature of SOFCs can make internal reforming effective as well as inhibit CO poison over the Ni-based anode. Therefore, SOFCs give us a wide range of fuel choice. In this study, diesel known as a very tough fuel for fuel cell applications was chosen as the SOFC fuel. Our final goal is to develop the 1kWe diesel-powered SOFC systems for residential power generation purpose. Before the system construction, we have drawn a few engineering and scientific problems from the bench tests of reformer and stack. Most of all, coke formation in the reformer and stack was very serious. Coking in the diesel reformer was greatly associated with fuel delivery process in our micro-reactor tests, which was more serious in scaled-up reformer. With several fundamental tests, the prototype construction of 1kWe SOFC system is in progress. Essentially, all heat-related components (e.g. stack, reformer, heat exchanges, after-burner) were installed inside one chamber, so called ‘hot box’. The design was mainly focused on thermal sustenance. In a 6-cell stack test using sulfur-free synthetic diesel, the system initially showed the power of ∼110We at average 0.8V of the cells. But, there was severe coke formation after a few hours operation.
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Koeppel, Brian J., Kevin Lai, and Moe A. Khaleel. "Effect of Geometry and Operating Parameters on Simulated SOFC Stack Temperature Uniformity." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2011-54803.

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A uniform temperature field is desirable in the solid oxide fuel cell stack to avoid local hot regions that contribute to material degradation, thermal stresses, or very high current densities. Various geometric and operational design changes were simulated by numerical modeling of co-flow and counter-flow multi-cell stacks, and the effects on stack maximum temperature, stack temperature difference, and maximum cell temperature difference were characterized. The results showed that 11–17% methane fuel composition for on-cell steam reforming and a reduced reforming rate of 25–50% of the nominal rate was beneficial for a more uniform temperature field. Fuel exhaust recycling up to 30% was shown to provide lower temperature differences for reforming fuel in the co-flow stack, but counter-flow stacks with hydrogen fuel showed higher temperature differences. Cells with large aspect ratios showed a more uniform temperature response due to either the strong influence of the inlet gas temperatures or the greater thermal exchange with the furnace boundary condition. Improved lateral heat spreading with thicker interconnects was demonstrated, but greater improvements towards a uniform thermal field for the same amount of interconnect mass could be achieved using thicker heat spreader plates appropriately distributed along the stack height.
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Lee, Taehee, Jin Hyeok Choi, Mi-hwa Choi, and Young-Sung Yoo. "Development of kW Class Planar Type SOFC Stacks and a 5kW Class Cogeneration System." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33265.

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Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI) has studied anode-supported planar type SOFCs and cogeneration systems. The cell was composed of NiO-YSZ/YSZ/LSCF and the fabrication process of 10 × 10 cm2 and 15 × 15 cm2 cells was established. KEPRI successfully manufactured and operated a 1 kW class SOFC cogeneration system in 2008. The 1 kW stack was made of 48 cells with 10 × 10 cm2 area and ferritic stainless steel interconnectors. The 1 kW system showed about 1.3 kWDC power with hydrogen and 1.2 kWDC with a city gas under self-sustained operating condition. The system also recuperated heat of about 1.1 kW by making hot water. A 5 kW SOFC system consisted of a hot box part and a cold BOP part for the effective thermal management. The hot box part included 2 sub-module stacks, a fuel reformer, a catalytic combustor and heat exchangers. A sub-module stack was designed to comprise 65 cells with 15 × 15 cm2 area and ferritic stainless steel interconnectors. The system was manufactured and tested using short stacks.
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Reports on the topic "SOFC stack"

1

Michael A. Carpenter. Feasibility of a Stack Integrated SOFC Optical Chemical Sensor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/924880.

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Michael A. Carpenter. FEASIBILITY OF A STACK INTEGRATED SOFC OPTICAL CHEMICAL SENSOR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838021.

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Wang, Wensheng. Advanced SOFC quality control and the role of manufacturing defects on stack reliability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1430240.

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Vesely, Charles, Paul Barnard, and Bal Dosanjh. Metal-Supported Ceria Electrolyte-based SOFC Stack for Scalable, Low‐Cost, High‐Efficiency and Robust Stationary Power Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1772925.

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Chou, Yeong Shyung, Jung-Pyung Choi, Wei Xu, Elizabeth V. Stephens, Brian J. Koeppel, Jeffry W. Stevenson, and Edgar Lara-Curzio. Compliant Glass Seals for SOFC Stacks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171902.

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Blackburn, Bryan, Stelu Deaconu, Lei Wang, Kevin Doherty, and Yue Li. Red-Ox Robust SOFC Stacks for Affordable, Reliable Distributed Generation Power Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1882509.

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7

Recknagle, Kurtis P., and Brian J. Koeppel. Analyses of Large Coal-Based SOFCs for High Power Stack Block Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1009408.

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Recknagle, Kurtis P., Satoru T. Yokuda, Daniel T. Jarboe, and Mohammad A. Khaleel. Analysis of Percent On-Cell Reformation of Methane in SOFC Stacks: Thermal, Electrical and Stress Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/936215.

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