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1
Dragan, Mirela. "Closing the Loop: Solid Oxide Fuel and Electrolysis Cells Materials for a Net-Zero Economy." Materials 17, no. 24 (December 13, 2024): 6113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246113.
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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOECs) represent a promising clean energy solution. In the case of SOFCs, they offer efficiency and minimal to zero CO2 emissions when used to convert chemical energy into electricity. When SOFC systems are operated in regenerative mode for water electrolysis, the SOFCs become solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOECs). The problem with these systems is the supply and availability of raw materials for SOFC and SOEC components. This raises significant economic challenges and has an impact on the price and scalability of these technologies. Recycling the materials that make up these systems can alleviate these economic challenges by reducing dependence on the supply of raw materials and reducing overall costs. From this point of view, this work is a perspective analysis and examines the current research on the recycling of SOFC and SOEC materials, highlighting the potential paths towards a circular economy. The existing literature on different approaches to recycling the key materials for components of SOFCs and SOECs is important. Mechanical separation techniques to isolate these components, along with potential strategies like chemical leaching or hydrometallurgical and material characterization, to ensure the quality of recycled materials for reuse in new SOFCs and SOECs are important as well. By evaluating the efficiency of various methods and the quality of recovered materials, this study aims to provide valuable insights for advancing sustainable and economically viable SOFC and SOEC technologies within a net-zero economic framework.
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Yoon, Kyung Joong. "(Invited) Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies for High-Temperature Solid Oxide Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 48 (November 22, 2024): 3367. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02483367mtgabs.
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Solid oxide cell technology represents one of the most efficient methods for energy conversion and has been the subject of extensive research over the past few decades. With significant technological progress, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have made their way into the market, steadily increasing their market share across various sectors for power generation. Additionally, solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have attracted substantial interest recently as a highly promising method for the clean production of hydrogen and various chemicals. However, the economic competitiveness of SOFCs and SOECs against conventional fossil fuel-based technologies remains a challenge, with cell and stack lifetimes being a critical factor. Operating at high temperatures, both SOFCs and SOECs are prone to various degradation phenomena, which have been a focal point in their development. SOECs operate under an even harsher environment, leading to additional degradation mechanisms beyond those observed in SOFCs. Studying the degradation mechanisms of SOFCs and SOECs is challenging, primarily due to limitations in characterization techniques. However, recent advancements in characterization techniques for high-temperature phenomena, coupled with theoretical modeling tools, have significantly enhanced our understanding. This progress has provided valuable insights into strategies to prolong the lifetime of SOFC/SOEC cells and stacks. This presentation will review recent advancements in degradation studies and discuss mitigation strategies for major degradation issues, including Cr poisoning, electrode delamination, and Ni agglomeration.
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Nagatomo, Yohei, Yuya Tachikawa, Stephen Matthew Lyth, Junko Matsuda, and Kazunari Sasaki. "Distribution of Relaxation Times of Fuel Electrodes for Reversible Solid Oxide Cells Fabricated Under Various Conditions." ECS Transactions 112, no. 5 (September 29, 2023): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11205.0121ecst.
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Reversible solid oxide cells (r-SOCs) are electrochemical energy devices that can reversibly switch between power generation by solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), and hydrogen production by solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) the reverse operation of SOFCs. For the development of high-performance and durable r-SOCs, it is essential to understand not only the I-V characteristics but also the electrode reaction processes systematically. Here in this study, Ni-GDC cermet fuel electrodes, a composite of Ni and mixed-conducting Gd-doped ceria (GDC), were prepared at different sintering temperatures and electrode thicknesses. Electrochemical impedance measurements and distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis were performed in both SOFC and SOEC modes to investigate the influence of fabrication conditions on the fuel electrode reaction processes.
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Ikegawa, Kazutaka, Kengo Miyara, Yuya Tachikawa, Stephen Matthew Lyth, Junko Matsuda, and Kazunari Sasaki. "Performance and Durability of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Air Electrodes Prepared By Various Conditions." ECS Transactions 109, no. 11 (September 30, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10911.0071ecst.
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Fuel electrode materials are important for achieving higher performance and durability in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), and reversible solid oxide cells (r-SOCs). On the other hand, the air electrode also faces performance and durability issues. For air electrodes, studies have been conducted on their performance and durability in SOFC operation, but the performance and durability of air electrodes in SOEC and r-SOC operation needs to be investigated in more detail. The electrochemical performance and durability of SOEC and r-SOC are evaluated by conducting electrolysis performance tests of LSCF-based air electrodes with different preparation conditions, electrolysis durability tests at the thermoneutral potential, and a 1000-cycle test in r-SOC mode.
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Toriumi, Hajime, Katherine Develos Bagarinao, Haruo Kishimoto, and Toshiaki Yamaguchi. "Effect of SOEC Operating Conditions on the YSZ Electrolyte Conductivity." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 48 (November 22, 2024): 3431. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02483431mtgabs.
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Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) using the reverse reaction of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have attracted attention as green hydrogen production methods and H2O-CO2 co-electrolysis technologies. SOEC has an advantage of higher efficiency than other electrolysis technologies because it can utilize not only electrical energy but also thermal energy. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is often used for the electrolyte materials in SOECs. Generally, in fuel-electrode-supported SOECs utilizing YSZ electrolyte, the NiO-YSZ fuel electrode support and YSZ electrolyte are co-sintered at high temperatures in the range of 1300-1400 oC, so the NiO in the fuel electrode support inevitably diffuses into the YSZ electrolyte. It is known that the NiO dissolution into YSZ accelerates the YSZ conductivity degradation especially under reducing atmosphere, because the fast phase transformation from the cubic (higher conductivity) phase to the tetragonal (lower conductivity) one occurs via nickel reduction in the YSZ lattice [1,2]. Such conductivity degradation has already been well observed in YSZ bulk materials, but in the case of fuel-electrode-supported SOECs, the details of how the conductivity of the Ni-diffused YSZ electrolyte on the fuel-electrode support changes under the SOEC operating conditions are not clear. In this work, in order to clarify the relationship between the conductivity changes of Ni-diffused YSZ electrolytes and SOEC operating conditions of the fuel-electrode-supported cells, we used the fuel-electrode-supported SOECs with Ni-diffused YSZ electrolytes via high temperature co-sintering process. The EIS data at 1.3 V are analyzed by fitting with an equivalent circuit to separate each resistance component. These results will be shown in this presentation. This study is partly based on results obtained from a project, JPNP21022, commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). References [1] T. Shimonosono, et al., Solid State Ionics 225 (2012) 69-72. [2] W.G. Coors, et al., Solid State Ionics 180 (2009) 246–251.
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Yang, Zhibin, Ze Lei, Ben Ge, Xingyu Xiong, Yiqian Jin, Kui Jiao, Fanglin Chen, and Suping Peng. "Development of catalytic combustion and CO2 capture and conversion technology." International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 8, no. 3 (June 2021): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40789-021-00444-2.
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AbstractChanges are needed to improve the efficiency and lower the CO2 emissions of traditional coal-fired power generation, which is the main source of global CO2 emissions. The integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) process, which combines coal gasification and high-temperature fuel cells, was proposed in 2017 to improve the efficiency of coal-based power generation and reduce CO2 emissions. Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China, the IGFC for near-zero CO2 emissions program was enacted with the goal of achieving near-zero CO2 emissions based on (1) catalytic combustion of the flue gas from solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks and (2) CO2 conversion using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). In this work, we investigated a kW-level catalytic combustion burner and SOEC stack, evaluated the electrochemical performance of the SOEC stack in H2O electrolysis and H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis, and established a multi-scale and multi-physical coupling simulation model of SOFCs and SOECs. The process developed in this work paves the way for the demonstration and deployment of IGFC technology in the future.
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Wachsman, Eric. "(Invited) Achieving Extreme High Ion-Current Densities in Tailored Materials, Structures, and Interfaces." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 46 (December 22, 2023): 3224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02463224mtgabs.
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Rate capability is a limiting factor in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), and oxide-based solid-state lithium (SSLiBs) and sodium (SSNaBs) batteries. In this presentation we will explain the roles of composition, structure, and interfaces in achieving extremely high current densities, and demonstrate SOFC/SOEC current densities of 5 mA/cm2 at 650°C, and SSNaB and SSLiB current densities of 30 mA/cm2 and 100 mA/cm2, respectively, at room temperature.
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Li, Shian, Zhi Yang, Qiuwan Shen, and Guogang Yang. "A Parametric Study on the Interconnector of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells for Co-Electrolysis of Water and Carbon Dioxide." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2023): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051066.
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The shipping industry is trying to use new types of fuels to meet strict pollutant emission regulations and carbon emission reduction targets. Hydrogen is one of the options for alternative fuels used in marine applications. Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology can be used for hydrogen production. When water and carbon dioxide are provided to SOECs, hydrogen and carbon monoxide are produced. The interconnector of SOECs plays a vital role in cell performance. In this study, a 3D mathematical model of cathode-supported planar SOECs is developed to investigate the effect of interconnector rib width on the co-electrolysis of water and carbon dioxide in the cell. The model validation is carried out by comparing the numerical results with experimental data in terms of a polarization curve. The rib width is varied from 0.2 mm to 0.8 mm with an interval of 0.1 mm. It is found that the cell voltage is decreased and then increased as the rib width increases. When the current density is 1 A/cm2, the voltages of SOECs with rib widths of 0.2 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.8 mm are 1.272 V, 1.213 V, and 1.221 V, respectively. This demonstrates that the best performance is provided by the SOEC with a rib width of 0.6 mm. In addition, the local transport processes of SOECs with different rib widths are presented and compared in detail. This study can provide guidelines for the design of interconnectors of SOECs.
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Zhang, Chi, Bin Lu, Haiji Xiong, Chengjun Lin, Lin Fang, Jile Fu, Dingrong Deng, Xiaohong Fan, Yi Li, and Qi-Hui Wu. "Cobalt-Based Perovskite Electrodes for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells." Inorganics 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10110187.
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Recently, many efforts and much attention has been paid to developing environmentally friendly energy. Solid oxide electrolyte cells (SOECs) process in reverse to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) producing hydrogen gas as a green energy source. However, in this application, high-performance catalysts are usually required to overcome the sluggish oxygen evolution reactions (OER) during water decomposition. For this reason, discovery of catalysts with high performance is a crucial issue for the wide application of SOECs. Owning to their inherent activity and adequate stability in electrochemical conditions, perovskite oxides have been intensively employed in SOECs. In this mini review, we summarize the currently available studies concerning the applications of cobalt-based perovskite oxide catalysts in SOECs. Particularly, their structural properties and corresponding electronic structures are discussed based on their electrochemical performance, both experimentally and theoretically.
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Williams, Mark. "Total Energy and Total Power for the SOEC: Critical Role of Area Specific Resistance in Hydrogen Production Rate." ECS Transactions 112, no. 5 (September 29, 2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11205.0061ecst.
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This paper develops the governing Total Energy (TE) (kilowatt-hours per kilogram hydrogen) and Total Power (TP) equations for Solid Oxide ElectrolyzerCells (SOECs) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). The TE equation includes heat input, exergetic flows, enthalpy of vaporization, pressurization, heat loss, area specific resistance (ASR), etc. The TE equation developed, as it would happen, correlates well with the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) proven SOEC performance of 45 kilowatt-hours per kilogram hydrogen at 20 bars and 725 K. TE is the key performance equation necessary for designing, predicting, and planning for SOEC and SOFC performance and cost. The ASR has a critical role in SOEC TE and TP. The ASR and the targets for ASR necessary to meet important DOE performance targets are discussed.
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Naughton, Matthew, Yuchen Zhang, Quanwen Sun, Zeyu Zhao, Wei Wu, Yushan Yan, and Dong Ding. "Proton-Conducting Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells with Scandia-Doped Barium Zirconate Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 48 (November 22, 2024): 3338. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02483338mtgabs.
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Proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (P-SOECs) leverage their low activation energy for proton-conduction to achieve high water electrolysis performance in the intermediate temperature regime (400-600°C). In this sought after temperature zone critical challenges that face high-temperature systems (>700°C) such as balance-of-plant costs, degradation, and oxidation may be alleviated while still retaining favorable reaction kinetics with earth-abundant materials. The electrolyte in P-SOECs plays a vital role in full cell performance and efficiency. P-SOEC electrolytes must have high ionic conductivity, low electronic conductivity, and exceptional durability in high steam atmospheres. Yttrium-doped barium zirconate (BZY) and yttrium/ytterbium co-doped barium cerate zirconate (BZCYYb) are the most widely used P-SOEC electrolyte materials to date. However, practical applications for these materials are in question due to the low protonic conductivity of BZY, poor durability of BZCYYb in high steam environments, and the depressed faradaic efficiencies achieved by P-SOECs utilizing these electrolytes. In this work we show that scandium-doped barium zirconate (BZSc) is a promising electrolyte material to produce P-SOECs with a combination of high performance, efficiency, and durability. Relevant electrolysis current densities were attained below 500°C and long-term durability is demonstrated. Cell architecture and operating conditions are optimized to maximize faradaic efficiency. Our results indicate that high proton concentrations in the electrolyte achieved through high dopant levels can boost performance in barium zirconate-based P-SOECs while preserving unrivalled durability. This work demonstrates the potential for BZSc as an effective P-SOEC electrolyte and we anticipate future studies to further characterize BZSc. Furthermore, this work opens the door for more research into proton conducting materials with dopant levels exceeding 20 mol%.
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Zhang, Qian, Dalton Cox, Clarita Yosune Regalado Vera, Hanping Ding, Wei Tang, Sicen Du, Alexander F. Chadwick, et al. "Interface Problems in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 47 (October 9, 2022): 2425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02472425mtgabs.
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In this talk, I introduce topics, that I have been working on, in solid oxide electrolysis cells involving complicated interfacial structures and dynamics of interfaces. Then I will focus on my recent work on nickel (Ni) particle migration in electrodes consisting of Ni, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and pores during the operation of oxygen-ion conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (o-SOECs) and Faraday efficiency in proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (p-SOECs) under electrolysis operations. SOECs can have a significant impact on climate change over the next decade and beyond, in applications such as balancing renewable grid electricity via electrolytic fuel production. However, long-term performance degradation remains a key issue that may limit further implementation of O-SOECs, and the dependency of operation conditions on Faraday efficiency in P-SOECs has been under debate. In particular, in Ni/YSZ/pore electrode of O-SOEC, a phase-field model is proposed that employs the Ni-YSZ 3D microstructure as the initial condition and large-scale numerical simulation is implemented that predicts the directional Ni migration. The results are thus directly comparable to experimental observations. Quantitative predictions of the evolution of the Ni/YSZ/pore system's microstructures due to Ni particles' migration are studied through theoretical analysis and data analysis. In P-SOECs, an electrochemical model is proposed to study the dependency of Faraday efficiency on operation conditions for P-SOECs with yttrium-doped barium zirconates (BZY) and co-doping barium zirconate-cerate oxides with ytterbium and yttrium (BCZYYb) as electrolytes respectively. Our numerical predictions are verified by experimental results obtained in INL. An optimal structure of electrolyte is proposed to boost the Faraday efficiency in P-SOECs.
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Fluri, A., H. Kusaba, J. Druce, M. Döbeli, T. Lippert, J. Matsuda, and T. Ishihara. "Strain effects on the Co oxidation state and the oxygen dissociation activity in barium lanthanum cobaltite thin films on Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 13 (2020): 6283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta13142f.
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Zhao, Jianguo, Zihan Lin, and Mingjue Zhou. "Three-Dimensional Modeling and Performance Study of High Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell with Metal Foam." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 7064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127064.
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Optimizing the flow field of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) has a significant effect on improving performance. In this study, the effect of metal foam in high temperature SOEC electrolysis steam is investigated by a three-dimensional model. The simulation results show that the SOEC performance is improved by using metal foam as a gas flow field. The steam conversion rate of the SOEC increases from 72.21% to 76.18% and the diffusion flux of steam increases from 2.3 × 10−4 kg/(m2∙s) to 2.5 × 10−4 kg/(m2∙s) at 10,000 A/m2. In addition, the permeability, temperature, steam mole fraction, and gas utilization are investigated to understand the effect of the improved performance of the SOEC with metal foam. The results of this study provide a baseline for the optimal design of SOECs with metal foam.
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Park, Hunmin, Sun-Dong Kim, and Yoonseok Choi. "Enhanced Durability and Performance of SOEC Stacks at Intermediate-Low Temperature Operation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 46 (November 22, 2024): 3230. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02463230mtgabs.
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Recognizing the urgent need for sustainable and efficient energy technologies, we have investigated the durability of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) over a demanding 1000-hour period at a constant temperature of 650°C. A key discovery was that SOECs equipped with advanced conductive coatings on the separators exhibited a significantly lower degradation rate(-0.7%) compared to traditional cells(29.0%). Cells using these coated separators maintained structural integrity and demonstrated excellent performance at low voltages. Testing under stringent conditions highlighted the exceptional durability of the coated separators, which is essential for large-scale hydrogen production. The low degradation rate and consistent voltage demonstrate the revolutionary potential to enhance the stability and long-term efficiency of SOECs operated at 650°C. This research proves the critical importance of separator coatings in developing SOECs that perform operate continuously and perform excellently at low voltage levels in intermediate-low temperature conditions. This study is significant as it presents the first instance of a 650°C operating SOEC stack capable of stable, long-term operation over 1000 hours. Such advancements support the introduction of SOECs into the clean energy market and set the stage for the next generation of technologies essential for a sustainable energy future.
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Riyad, M. Faisal, Mohammadreza Mahmoudi, and Majid Minary-Jolandan. "Manufacturing and Thermal Shock Characterization of Porous Yttria Stabilized Zirconia for Hydrogen Energy Systems." Ceramics 5, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5030036.
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Porous yttriastabilized zirconia (YSZ), in a composite with NiO, is widely used as a cermet electrode in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). Given cycles of high temperature in these energy devices, mechanical integrity of the porous YSZ is critical. Pore morphology, as well as properties of the ceramic, ultimately affect the mechanical properties of the cermet electrode. Here, we fabricated porous YSZ sheets via freezing of an aqueous slurry on a cold thermoelectric plate and quantified their flexural properties, both for as-fabricated samples and samples subjected to thermal shock at 200 °C to 500 °C. Results of this work have implications for the hydrogen economy and global decarbonization efforts, in particular for the manufacturing of SOFCs and SOECs.
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Wang, Wanhua, Wei Wu, Zeyu Zhao, Hanping Ding, Fanglin (Frank) (Frank) Chen, and Dong Ding. "New Observations on Material Processing and Investigation on Long Term Stability for Proton Conducting Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (P-SOEC)." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 48 (November 22, 2024): 3335. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02483335mtgabs.
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New clean energy technologies with higher energy conversion efficiency and lower emissions are needed to meet the global energy and climate change challenges. As an efficient clean energy conversion device, solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) have emerged as a promising avenue for hydrogen production, garnering considerable attention in recent years. Compared with conventional oxygen ion-conducting SOECs (O-SOECs), proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (P-SOEC) can operate at a lower temperature (400-600°C) because of the generally lower activation energy associated with proton conduction in oxides compared to oxygen ion conduction, thereby reducing operating costs and the need for high-temperature material technology. Central to the functionality of P-SOECs is the proton-conducting electrolyte, which profoundly influences the electrochemical performance and stability of the cell. Extensive researches have been conducted to develop and design excellent protonic ceramic as electrolyte materials. However, the challenge remains on delivering high conductivity after experiencing the high-temperature ceramic heat treatments. In this work, we reported segregation phenomenon during the aging process of the most employed protonic ceramics and its significant impact on microstructure and conductivity. We also investigate the long term stability of the P-SOEC under varied conditions with different electrolytes.
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Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.06.
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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.
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Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.42.
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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.
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Zhang, Qian, Clarita Y. Regalado Vera, Hanping Ding, Wei Tang, Wei Wu, Scott A. Barnett, Peter W. Voorhees, and Dong Ding. "Dependence of Faraday Efficiency on Operation Conditions and Cell Properties for Proton Ceramic Electrolysis Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154186mtgabs.
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Proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (p-SOECs) have attracted much attention due to their low operating temperature and low degradation rate compared with conventional oxygen-ion conducting solid oxide electrolysis cells (o-SOEC). However, p-SOECs suffer from relatively low Faradaic efficiency due to the electronic leakage of the electrolyte. Using an electrolyte charge carrier transport model, we quantified the dependence of Faraday efficiency on the electrolysis operation conditions. Our model describes the transport of charge carriers in the electrolyte when the polarization resistance can not be neglected during cell operations. By accounting for the overpotentials at the interface of electrode and electrolyte in the model, we found that the Faraday efficiency decreases with the increasing current densities at electrolysis mode for both BZY20 and BCZYYb. Our results provide significant insights into the development of highly efficient p-SOECs.
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Okamoto, Takeaki, Masahiro Yasutake, Yuya Tachikawa, and Kazunari Sasaki. "In-Situ Observation of Temperature Distribution on a Planar Type SOEC During Start-Stop Cycle Operation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015433mtgabs.
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Introduction It is important to establish various analytical methods for solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) under practical operating conditions in order to improve their performance and to analyze their degradation phenomena. In-situ observation of temperature distribution on a planar type SOEC enables to reveal the distributions of electrochemical reactions and the cell degradation. While there have been several reports on the internal visualization of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)1, 2, there have been only a few reports on that of SOECs. Since the endothermic electrolysis reaction occurs in SOECs, comparing with SOFCs, a different temperature distribution will appear. Therefore, it should be necessary to evaluate the phenomena on the planar SOECs for analyzing the temperature distribution taking gas flow and current distribution into consideration. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of cell degradation caused by the start-stop cycle operation on the temperature distribution using a 5 cm × 5 cm planar cell observed by infrared camera. Experimental In this study, a planar cell was fabricated using a scandia-stabilized zirconia electrolyte (ScSZ, 200 µm thick, 5 cm × 5 cm in area) as a substrate. LSM ((La0.8Sr0.2)0.98MnO3) and LSM-ScSZ composite materials were used for the air electrode, and nickel and ScSZ cermet were used for the fuel electrode. The electrode area was 4 cm × 4 cm (16 cm2). Each electrode material was screen-printed and sintered. A platinum mesh was used as the current collector. In this test, the cell was operated at 800 °C and 50%-humidified hydrogen (200 ml min-1) was supplied to the fuel electrode. The durability test was conducted under the accelerated degradation conditions of a start-stop cycle repeated in every 1 hour with 0.2 A cm-2 for 500 cycles (1000 hours). Electrochemical characteristics were measured by connecting Pt wires, spot-welded every 1 mm on one side of both electrode surfaces, to the voltage terminals of the electrochemical measurement setup and to the current terminals of the external power supply unit. Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the experimental setup and temperature change compared with the initial condition. The temperature distribution was observed by infrared camera (FLIR SC2500 - NIR, uncertainty ±0.02 oC) from the air electrode side open to the electric furnace. The difference between the temperatures before and during current loading was derived as the distribution of temperature changes. Results and discussion First, the electrochemical characteristics of the planar type SOECs during the start-stop cycle test were obtained. The cell voltage at 0.2 A cm-2 increased from 1.19 V to 1.29 V during the test up to 500 cycles. The cell voltage was 1.27 V even after the initial 50 cycles. This suggests that SOEC electrode degradation3,4 occurred in the early stage of the start-stop cycling. The temperature changes after 50 cycles showed that each temperature change was relatively small because the cell was operated near the thermoneutral potential (around 1.29 V at 800 °C). It was confirmed that the endothermic electrolysis reaction was predominant near the fuel inlet. In addition, heat generation due to Joule heating was also appeared near the current collecting Pt wire connected to the power supply. Therefore, in SOEC operation, it is suggested that the temperature distribution is affected by the shape of current collector, gas supply condition, and electrochemical reaction distribution. The detailed analysis on the SOEC electrochemical properties and temperature distribution observed by in-situ measurements during cycling tests is also presented. Acknowledgements A part of this research was supported by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), project No. JPNP14026. References (1) S. Shinichi and H. Iwai, J. Power Sources, 482, 229070 (2021). (2) Y. Shiratori, T. Ogura, H. Nakajima, M. Sakamoto, Y. Takahashi, Y. Wakita, T. Kitaoka, and K. Sasaki, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38 (25), 10542 (2013). (3) M. Keane, M. K. Mahapatra, A. Verma, and P. Singh, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 37 (22), 16776 (2012). (4) M. Hubert, J. Laurencin, P. Cloetens, B. Morel, D. Montinaro, and F. Lefebvre, J. Power Sources, 397, 240 (2018). Figure 1
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Hernández, E., F. Baiutti, A. Morata, M. Torrell, and A. Tarancón. "Infiltrated mesoporous oxygen electrodes for high temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 in solid oxide electrolysis cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 20 (2018): 9699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01045e.
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In the last years high temperature Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) have emerged as a promising solution for energy conversion and storage. Oxygen electrodes based on mesoporous materials are proposed for enhancing the performance and durability of SOEC devices.
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Endo, Naoki, Takuro Fukumoto, Yuya Tachikawa, Stephen Matthew Lyth, Junko Matsuda, and Kazunari Sasaki. "Polarization Resistance of Ceria-Containing Fuel Electrodes in Solid Oxide Cells Studied By Impedance and DRT Analysis." ECS Transactions 109, no. 11 (September 30, 2022): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10911.0003ecst.
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Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) can be used to perform steam electrolysis in a process which is the reverse of power generation using a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs). They are capable of highly efficient hydrogen production. In this study, various model fuel electrode materials were compared and evaluated over a wide range of current densities in both SOFC and SOEC modes. Here, we prepared three types of cells: (i) with a conventional Ni-scandia-stabilized-zirconia (Ni-ScSZ) cermet fuel electrode, (ii) with a Ni-gadolinia-doped ceria (Gd0.1Ce0.9O2, Ni-GDC) cermet fuel electrode, and (iii) with a Ni-GDC co-impregnated fuel electrode fabricated by the co-impregnation method. The electrode reactions are characterized through measurements of electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and subsequent analysis of distribution of relaxation times (DRT). The results suggest that the use of mixed ionic and electronic conductor GDC as a fuel electrode material is advantageous especially in SOEC operation mode.
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Duranti, Leonardo, Anna Paola Panunzi, Umer Draz, Cadia D'Ottavi, Silvia Licoccia, and Elisabetta Di Bartolomeo. "Pt-Doped Lanthanum Ferrites as Versatile Electrode Material for Solid Oxide Cells." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 2425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.2425ecst.
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The tailoring of multi-tasking perovskite oxide-based electrodes for solid oxide cells has shown growing interest. The development of flexible structures represents a crucial step towards the design of symmetric and possibly SOFC/SOEC reversible systems. In this work, low (0.5 mol%) B-site Pt-doping in a lanthanum strontium ferrite is presented as a successful approach to enhance the parent perovskite properties as both SOC air and fuel electrode. Structural, morphological and electrochemical characterizations of La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.995Pt0.005O3-δ (LSFPt005) are provided and compared to the undoped compound. LSFPt005-symmetric devices are tested as CO-SOFCs and CO2-SOECs at 850 °C, respectively, obtaining a maximum power density of 301 mW/cm2 and a current density of 0.82 A/cm2 at 1.5 V. Insights of cell operating mechanisms are provided through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Hauch, A., R. Küngas, P. Blennow, A. B. Hansen, J. B. Hansen, B. V. Mathiesen, and M. B. Mogensen. "Recent advances in solid oxide cell technology for electrolysis." Science 370, no. 6513 (October 8, 2020): eaba6118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6118.
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In a world powered by intermittent renewable energy, electrolyzers will play a central role in converting electrical energy into chemical energy, thereby decoupling the production of transport fuels and chemicals from today’s fossil resources and decreasing the reliance on bioenergy. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) offer two major advantages over alternative electrolysis technologies. First, their high operating temperatures result in favorable thermodynamics and reaction kinetics, enabling unrivaled conversion efficiencies. Second, SOECs can be thermally integrated with downstream chemical syntheses, such as the production of methanol, dimethyl ether, synthetic fuels, or ammonia. SOEC technology has witnessed tremendous improvements during the past 10 to 15 years and is approaching maturity, driven by advances at the cell, stack, and system levels.
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Nakashima, Yuhei, Yuya Tachikawa, and Kanzunari Sasaki. "Design Optimization of Highly Efficient SOEC Co-Electrolysis Processes." ECS Transactions 109, no. 11 (September 30, 2022): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10911.0025ecst.
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High-temperature co-electrolysis of water and carbon dioxide using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) has attracted interest as an efficient synthesis gases production method. The SOECs and a fuel synthesis reactor are usually combined to produce hydrocarbon-rich fuel. In this study, we focused on investigating the effects of H2O/CO2 ratio of feed gas to the SOEC fuel electrode and gas and heat recycles on the fuel production efficiency were evaluated by mass and heat balance analysis. The results described that the amount of fuel production depended on the feed gas composition. In the case of increasing CO2 flow rate to the fuel electrode, the maximum amount of methane was produced and the efficiency of fuel production became 93.1% when the feed gas composition was controlled as H2O/CO2 = 4.32. These results indicate that the fuel production efficiency significantly depended on the operation condition of SOEC co-electrolysis and the system design.
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Wen, Yeting, Yongliang Zhang, and Kevin Huang. "Solid Oxide Iron-Air Battery for Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Study on Reduction Kinetics of Energy Storage Material Fe-ZrO2 Catalyzed By Ir Particles." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015499mtgabs.
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Using high temperature solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOECs) to make hydrogen from steam has thermodynamic advantages in efficiency and yield over its low temperature water electrolyzer counterparts. However, SOECs generally exhibit faster performance degradation than solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), thus presenting a major challenge to the technology scale up for mass production of hydrogen. One leading cause for the degradation is associated with the delamination of oxygen electrode (OE), particularly under high current densities or hydrogen production rate. In this presentation, we show our efforts to determine the experimental conditions under which OE can safely operate without delamination. We first show application of DC-biased electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method to three-electrode symmetrical cells (STEC) to delineate OE polarization resistance RP and overpotential h as a function of current density (J) and time (t) under both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) operation modes. From this set of basic data, we extract intrinsic exchange current density (io) of the OE using the “low-field” approximation approach embedded in the classical Butler-Volmer equation. We then correlate the obtained io with time-to-delamination (TTD) defined by the time at which io become zero. We finally establish the analytical relationship between TTD and io for three typical operating current densities ranging from 0.5-1.5 A/cm2, from which the lifetime of SOEC is predicted at a specific H2-producing current density.
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Kan, Wang Hay, Alfred Junio Samson, and Venkataraman Thangadurai. "Trends in electrode development for next generation solid oxide fuel cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 46 (2016): 17913–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta06757c.
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High temperature electrochemical devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), will play a vital role in the future green and sustainable energy industries due to direct utilization of carbon-based fuels and their ability to couple with renewable energies to convert by-products into valuable fuels using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs).
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Lo Faro, Massimiliano, Sabrina Campagna Zignani, Sebastian Vecino-Mantilla, Giuseppe Monforte, and Antonino Arico. "Co-Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O Using an Exsoluted Perovskite Layer." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0241ecst.
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Solid oxide electrolysers (SOECs) are a key class of technology that offers an efficient solution to storing renewable energy. One of the key characteristics of this technology is its ability to reduce both H2O and CO2. Currently, commercial cells are adapted from those made for power generation (i.e. SOFCs) and are not suitable for generating gas of higher quality than syngas due to the limited behaviour of the cells. Electrochemical analyses and gas chromatography were used to examine the ability of SOEC cells to improve gas quality. With the addition of a functional layer to the cathode, we achieved a complementary effect between electrochemical mechanisms taking place at the cathode and catalytic mechanisms involving CO2 and CO methanation. In spite of the fact that the results could be significantly improved, this approach demonstrated the potential for CO2 and H2O co-electrolysis at intermediate temperatures.
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Minary-Jolandan, Majid. "Formidable Challenges in Additive Manufacturing of Solid Oxide Electrolyzers (SOECs) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) for Electrolytic Hydrogen Economy toward Global Decarbonization." Ceramics 5, no. 4 (October 14, 2022): 761–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5040055.
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Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are the leading high-temperature devices to realize the global “Hydrogen Economy”. These devices are inherently multi-material (ceramic and cermets). They have multi-scale, multilayer configurations (a few microns to hundreds of microns) and different morphology (porosity and densification) requirements for each layer. Adjacent layers should exhibit chemical and thermal compatibility and high-temperature mechanical stability. Added to that is the need to stack many cells to produce reasonable power. The most critical barriers to widespread global adoption of these devices have been their high cost and issues with their reliability and durability. Given their complex structure and stringent requirements, additive manufacturing (AM) has been proposed as a possible technological path to enable the low-cost production of durable devices to achieve economies of scale. However, currently, there is no single AM technology capable of 3D printing these devices at the complete cell level or, even more difficult, at the stack level. This article provides an overview of challenges that must be overcome for AM to be a viable path for the manufacturing of SOECs and SOFCs. A list of recommendations is provided to facilitate such efforts.
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Kim, Suji, Sang Won Lee, Seok Hee Lee, Jong Hak Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Revolutionizing Hydrogen Production with LSGM-Based Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells: An Innovative Approach to Green Energy Generation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 40 (August 28, 2023): 2811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01402811mtgabs.
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Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) are particularly considered a promising system for generating green hydrogen, an alternative source of new energy. Many studies have been reported for the efficient production of hydrogen via SOECs, and La1-xSrxGa1-yMgyO3-δ (LSGM), a substitute for yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has emerged as a rising candidate for the electrolyte due to its superior ionic conductivity even in intermediate temperature (≤1073K). Since a cell with LSGM can work in intermediate temperatures, it can have better durability and efficiency at lower-temperature operating conditions. In this study, a SOEC concept for H2 production was studied using LSGM electrolyte support. Here we demonstrate the successful electrochemical H2 production in LSGM-based SOEC. During electrochemical electrolysis at 1073K, a current density as high as 1.15 A·cm-2 was achieved when the voltage of 1.3V was applied. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was also analyzed in different forms. Moreover, the faradaic efficiency of hydrogen production was calculated by collecting the hydrogen formed by the cell, which reached as high as 80%. This improved performance is attributed to the high ionic conductivity of LSGM electrolyte, even though the cell employed a 200 µm thick electrolyte support.
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Afroze, Shammya, Amal Najeebah Shalihah Binti Sofri, Md Sumon Reza, Zhanar Baktybaevna Iskakova, Asset Kabyshev, Kairat A. Kuterbekov, Kenzhebatyr Z. Bekmyrza, Lidiya Taimuratova, Mohammad Rakib Uddin, and Abul K. Azad. "Solar-Powered Water Electrolysis Using Hybrid Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) for Green Hydrogen—A Review." Energies 16, no. 23 (November 27, 2023): 7794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16237794.
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The depletion of fossil fuels in the current world has been a major concern due to their role as a primary source of energy for many countries. As non-renewable sources continue to deplete, there is a need for more research and initiatives to reduce reliance on these sources and explore better alternatives, such as renewable energy. Hydrogen is one of the most intriguing energy sources for producing power from fuel cells and heat engines without releasing carbon dioxide or other pollutants. The production of hydrogen via the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, is one of the possible uses for solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). SOECs can be classified as either oxygen-ion conducting or proton-conducting, depending on the electrolyte materials used. This article aims to highlight broad and important aspects of the hybrid SOEC-based solar hydrogen-generating technology, which utilizes a mixed-ion conductor capable of transporting both oxygen ions and protons simultaneously. In addition to providing useful information on the technological efficiency of hydrogen production in SOEC, this review aims to make hydrogen production more efficient than any other water electrolysis system.
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Lee, John-In, Emily Ghosh, Jillian Rix Mulligan, Ayesha Akter, Uday Pal, Soumendra Basu, and Srikanth Gopalan. "Influence of Process Parameters on SOEC Performance." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 1975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1975ecst.
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Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are highlighted as promising power-to-gas (P2G) devices that can provide a reliable supply of hydrogen gas to store renewable energy. Despite the potential of SOECs, there are many challenges facing their commercialization. In this work, the influence of process parameters and fuel electrode optimization on initial SOEC performance (500 hours) is investigated. Electrolysis experiments were performed with both GDC (gadolinia doped ceria)-infiltrated and uninfiltrated Ni-YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) fuel electrodes under various hydrogen flow rates with different ratios of H2-H2O and current densities. All cells marginally improve in performance initially, then undergo a brief period of rapid performance degradation followed by stabilization. The observed three stages of cell performance, in terms of length of time and rate of change, are found to be dependent on the type of fuel electrode and experimental process parameters used.
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Hossain, Md Jamil, Gorakh Machindranath Pawar, Prashik Gaikwad, Yun Kyung Shin, Jessica Schulze, Kate Penrod, and Adri van Duin. "An Atomic Scale Simulation Framework to Decipher the Complex, High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Electro-Chemistries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 40 (August 28, 2023): 2799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01402799mtgabs.
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Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have received a significant attention due to their high hydrogen (H2) generation efficiency. However, the major scientific challenges such as low faradaic efficiency of SOECs affects the costs per kilogram of H2 and the large-scale adoption of H2 as a fuel. Therefore, it is imperative to address the fundamental issues surrounding the low faradaic efficiency bottleneck and pave the way for a better SOEC design with a relatively higher faradaic efficiency. In the present research, we present eReaxFF atomic scale simulations workflow that can reproduce quantum mechanical (QM) calculations on relevant condensed phase and cluster systems of solid oxide materials describing oxygen vacancies, vacancy migrations, water adsorption, water splitting and hydrogen generation on the solid oxide material surfaces in a typical electrocatalysis process. We used barium zirconate doped with 20 mol% of yttrium (BZY20) solid oxide as model system. Using the developed eReaxFF force field, we performed zero-voltage molecular dynamics simulations to observe water adsorption and the steps leading to the eventual hydrogen production. In addition, the introduction of explicit electron concept to the force field led to the understanding of the non-zero-voltage effects on hydrogen generation. Based on our simulation results, we conclude that this force field opens an avenue to simulate electron conductivity, electron leakage and provide us a far-reaching molecular understanding of improving the faradaic efficiency of SOECs.
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Sone, Yurika, Kazuyoshi Sato, Toshiaki Yamaguchi, and Haruo Kishimoto. "Fabrication of SOECs Hydrogen Electrode Active Layer Using Liquid Phase Grown NiO/YSZ Nanocomposite Particles." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 48 (November 22, 2024): 3423. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02483423mtgabs.
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Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), which are categorized as high temperature steam electrolysis device are receiving much attention because of its higher efficiency compared to conventional electrolysis technologies. Now a days. much efforts have been devoted on a global scale to bring SOECs into the market, particularly from the perspective of green hydrogen production and utilization. Improvement of electrolysis performance as well as long term performance stability is crucial for practical implementation of SOECs. Ni/YSZ cermet is one of the most promising materials for hydrogen electrode of SOECs, thereby it has widely been investigated. However, the electrochemical reaction rate at the cermet sometime limits overall electrolysis performance. Electrochemical reaction occurs at so-called triple-phase boundaries (TPBs) consist of Ni, YSZ and pore (steam) in the electrode. The TPB density within the unit effective volume of the electrode must be increased as high as possible to improve the performance. Although the fabrication of the electrode with finer microstructure is effective way to increase TPBs, this approach seems inferior in terms of durability for high temperature operating SOECs in common sense. However, as pointed out by Hauch et al [1], compatibility of better performance due to the formation of huge amount of TPBs and excellent durability due to suppression of microstructural changes can be expected, if the electrode is composed of uniformly distributed, finer as well as size-matched Ni, YSZ and pore phases. Here, we have attempt to fabricate active layer of SOEC hydrogen electrode with such microstructure using NiO/YSZ nanocomposite particles as starting precursor, which is grown by means of a co-precipitation method. The nanocomposite particles have finer and uniform size of approximately 200 nm diameter even after the heat treatment at 1000 ºC, suggesting prevented growth by uniformly distributing NiO and YSZ phases each other. The electrode supported cells with and without hydrogen electrode active layer was fabricated. The active layer was formed between YSZ electrolyte and NiO/YSZ supporting layer by spin-coating using the nanocomposite particles, followed by co-sintering at 1350 ºC. La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3/GdxCe1-xO2- δ (LSCF/GDC) composite oxygen electrode was formed by screen-printing onto GDC barrier layer deposited on YSZ electrolyte, followed by sintering. The performance of SOEC was tested at 750℃ under 30 %H2O-H2 atmosphere with the thermo-neutral potential of 1.3 V. The SOEC with the active layer showed high current density of 1.94 A·cm-2, which is approximately 1.5 times higher than that without active layer of 1.31 A·cm-2. Better performance of the cell with active layer can be attributed to higher TPB density formed by using homogeneous nanocomposite particles. The performance degradation rate was almost the same for the cell with and without active layer. The fact suggests that the degradation may be due to component other than the active layer. Acknowledgement This study is partly based on results obtained from a project, JPNP21022, commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). References [1] A. Hauch et al., Solid State Ion., 293 (2016) 27-36
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Price, Robert, Aida Fuente Cuesta, Holger Bausinger, Gino Longo, Jan Gustav Grolig, Andreas Mai, and John Irvine. "Evaluation and Upscaling of Impregnated La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 Fuel Electrodes for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Under H2O, CO2 and Co-Electrolysis Conditions." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 899–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0899ecst.
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Recent research into Rh and Ce0.80Gd0.20O1.90-impregnated La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 fuel electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells has demonstrated the high-stability of these material sets to a variety of harsh operating conditions at small scales (button cells with 1 cm2 active area), as well as full commercial scales (100 cm2 cells) in short stacks (5 cells) and full micro-combined heat and power systems (60 cells). In this work, the authors present a comprehensive evaluation of the ability of these novel titanate-based materials to function as fuel electrodes in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). Short-term and durability testing of button cell scale SOECs, under CO2 and steam electrolysis conditions, highlighted the limited stability of lanthanum strontium manganite-based air electrodes with lanthanum strontium cobaltite ferrite-based air electrodes offering improved degradation. Upscaling of this optimized cell chemistry to a 16 cm2 active area SOEC and testing under CO2, CO2/steam and steam electrolysis conditions demonstrated encouraging performance over a period of ~600 hours.
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Oh, Min Jun, and Sungeun Yang. "Opportunities and challenges in co-electrolysis with a focus on downstream processing." Ceramist 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2024): 415–32. https://doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2024.00143.
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Global warming has intensified in recent years, necessitating abrupt changes in the chemical industry to dramatically reduce CO2 emissions. Electrochemical CO2 conversion is one of the most promising carbon capture and utilization technologies. High-temperature co-electrolysis using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) efficiently produces syngas (H2 and CO), a key feedstock for synthesizing hydrocarbons. Here, we review the opportunities and challenges of co-electrolysis technology, focusing on its integration with downstream processes. We introduce the basic principles of co-electrolysis, discuss operating conditions affecting syngas composition and carbon deposition, and explore direct methane production under high pressure operation. Various downstream processes utilizing syngas from co-electrolysis are examined, including the Fischer-Tropsch process for e-fuel, e-CO, e-methanol, and e-methane. Then, we summarize the current development status of SOEC and co-electrolysis technology, highlighting industrial efforts for commercialization. Finally, we discuss future prospects, emphasizing the need to improve system durability, enhance economic viability through integration with renewable energy, and develop low-temperature SOECs.
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Tezel, Elif, Dezhou Guo, Ariel Whitten, Genevieve Yarema, Maikon Freire, Reinhard Denecke, Jean-Sabin McEwen, and Eranda Nikolla. "Elucidating the Role of B-Site Cations toward CO2 Reduction in Perovskite-Based Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 034532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5e9b.
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Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are promising for the selective electrochemical conversion of CO2, or mixed streams of CO2 and H2O, into high energy products such as CO and H2. However, these systems are limited by the poor redox stability of the state-of-the-art Ni-based cathode electrocatalysts. Due to their favorable redox properties, mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) oxides have been considered as promising alternatives. However, improvement of the electrochemical performance of MIEC-based SOEC electrocatalysts is needed and requires an understanding of the factors that govern their activity. Herein, we investigate the effect of B-site 3d metal cations (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni) of LaBO3 perovskites on their CO2 electrochemical reduction activity in SOECs. We find that their electrochemical performance is highly dependent on the nature of the B-site cation and trends as LaFeO3 > LaCoO3 > LaNiO3 > LaCrO3. Among these perovskites, LaNiO3 is the least stable and decomposes under electrochemical conditions. In situ characterization and ab initio theoretical calculations suggest that both the nature of the B-site cation and the presence of oxygen surface vacancies impact the energetics of CO2 adsorption and reduction. These studies provide fundamental insights critical toward devising ways to improve the performance of MIEC-based SOEC cathodes for CO2 electroreduction.
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Adjah-Tetteh, Christabel, Yudong Wang, Yanhua Sun, Zhiyong Jia, Xingwen Yu, and Xiao-Dong Zhou. "A Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) with High Current Density and Energy Efficiency for Hydrogen Production." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491956mtgabs.
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Water splitting with solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) has gained increasing attention as an efficient, affordable, and sustainable technology for hydrogen production. Since electricity represents the bulk of projected hydrogen cost for operating SOECs, enhancing the utilization efficiency of electricity (electrochemical energy efficiency) is critical to reach the cost-effective milestone for cell/electrolyzer development. In this study, we present a SOEC design with an ultra-thin solid electrolyte (based on an yttria-stabilized zirconia material) layer as well as an electrode support layer with reduced thickness to minimize the cell resistance. The thin electrolyte and electrode-support layers were fabricated with our optimized tape casting process. In addition to reducing the cell resistance, the implementation of thin electrolyte and electrode-support layers offers a facile and short path for gas diffusion, which can reduce the efficiency loss caused by diffusion. With our optimized cell configuration design, a high electrolysis current density was achieved at 750 oC. Over the process of cell-configuration optimization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and microscopic analysis were systematically performed on the cell and cell components to rationalize the cell architecture toward accessing high electrochemical performance and high energy efficiency of the SOEC. The relevant analysis strategies and results will be presented as well.
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Rowberg, Andrew, Heather S. Slomski, Namhoon Kim, Nicholas A. Strange, Brian Gorman, Sarah Shulda, David Ginley, Kyoung E. Kweon, and Brandon C. Wood. "(Invited) Impact of Sr-Containing Secondary Phases on Oxide Conductivity in Solid-Oxide Electrolyzer Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 48 (November 22, 2024): 3349. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02483349mtgabs.
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Solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOECs) are among the most promising devices for producing hydrogen from the electrolysis of water, as they can be operated using excess heat. However, due to their high operating temperatures, they can suffer from materials degradation phenomena, including the segregation of cation species across the cells. Notably, in SOECs based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as the oxide-conducting electrolyte, strontium segregation from the air electrode through the barrier layer toward the electrolyte can lead to the formation of certain unwanted secondary phases, including SrO and SrZrO3. Here, use density-functional theory (DFT) calculations based on a hybrid functional in conjunction with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to characterize these Sr-containing secondary phases and to quantify their impact on oxide conductivity in SOECs. Using our DFT calculations, we calculate the mobility and concentration of oxygen vacancies in each material, which we combine to estimate their oxide ion conductivity. We find that SrO has a low oxide ionic conductivity that will dramatically reduce SOEC performance if it is present in thick, continuous layers. Similarly, we find that SrZrO3 does not have a high conductivity due to low intrinsic vacancy concentrations; however, doping SrZrO3 with yttrium will raise oxygen vacancy concentrations and thereby oxide conductivity, even to the point of parity with YSZ. Yttrium-doping of SrZrO3 is likely, considering that it is present in YSZ alongside zirconium, which reacts with strontium to produce SrZrO3. Our EDS analysis of post-operando SOECs confirms that Y is present as a majority impurity in SrZrO3 precipitates, while other dopants, which we find will generally reduce oxide conductivity, have significantly lower concentrations. Furthermore, EDS does not reveal large concentrations of SrO, implying that it will not form in sufficiently thick layers to block oxide conductivity, at least until the duration of testing considered here. Our work provides a comprehensive analysis into the role that Sr-containing secondary phases play in YSZ-based SOECs, along with insights that can be used to engineer better performing and more resilient devices. Part of this work was performed under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Part of this work was performed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308.
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Du, Yanhai, Theo Woodson, and Dhruba Panthi. "Fabrication and Characterization of Freeze-Cast Tubular Solid Oxide Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154160mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing triple phase boundaries (TPBs) and reducing gas diffusion limitation in electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have always been a goal for highly desirable electrochemical performance. Freeze-casting (also called ice-templating) is a promising method to produce hierarchically arranged porous ceramics with aligned and directional pores that could assist to reach such a goal. After reviewing the previous work on ceramic freeze casting, we focused on optimizing the processes to better engineer tubular supports for SOFC as well as SOEC applications. Although the optimized process does not have too many constraints on the types of ceramic materials (except particle size and surface area), we selected the commonly used 8 mol.% yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ)/NiO composite material set as a starting point. Cast slurry formulations, cast temperatures, slurry feeding methods and freeze-drying conditions were studied. Microstructures of the tubular parts prepared at various conditions were examined. Finally, as an example for SOFC application, the fuel cell performance was reported. Figure 1
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Du, Yanhai, Theo Woodson, and Dhruba Panthi. "Fabrication and Characterization of Freeze-Cast Tubular Solid Oxide Cells." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 1043–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1043ecst.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing triple phase boundaries (TPBs) and reducing gas diffusion limitation in electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have always been a goal for highly desirable electrochemical performance. Freeze-casting (also called ice-templating) is a promising method to produce hierarchically arranged porous ceramics with aligned and directional pores that could assist to reach such a goal. After reviewing the previous work on ceramic freeze-casting, we focused on optimizing the processes to better engineer tubular supports for SOFC as well as SOEC applications. Although the optimized process does not have too many constraints on the types of ceramic materials (except particle size and surface area), we selected the commonly used 8 mol.% yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ)/NiO composite material set as a starting point. Cast slurry formulations, cast temperatures, slurry feeding methods and freeze-drying conditions were studied. Microstructures of the tubular parts prepared at various conditions were examined. Finally, as an example for SOFC application, the fuel cell performance is reported.
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Macalisang, Christine Mae, and Rinlee Butch M. Cervera. "Screen-Printing of NiO-ScSZ on YSZ Substrate Using Solid-State Reaction and Glycine-Nitrate Process Precursors for Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells." Key Engineering Materials 950 (July 31, 2023): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-r9pdjg.
Full textAbstract:
Solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOCs) consisting of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are widely studied for the development of high-efficiency energy generation and storage devices. To investigate the effect of precursor particle size on the microstructural and morphological properties of the electrode, glycine nitrate process and solid-state reaction ball-milling were utilized as synthesis methods for Nickel oxide-scandia stabilized zirconia (NiO-ScSZ) powders. The synthesized powders were then screen-printed on commercial YSZ solid electrolyte substrates. The structure and morphology of the sintered electrodes were investigated. Particle size analysis (PSA) revealed that NiO-ScSZ precursor powders obtained from GNP ball-milled had a smaller average particle size than solid-state reaction ball-milled powders. For the sintered NiO-ScSZ films, cubic structures of both NiO and ScSZ have been observed from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. A better porous morphology with less agglomeration and better dispersion of NiO and ScSZ phases was revealed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs and elemental mapping for the GNP-ball-milled synthesized powders.
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Shan, Fei, Tao Chen, Lingting Ye, and Kui Xie. "Ni–Doped Pr0.7Ba0.3MnO3−δ Cathodes for Enhancing Electrolysis of CO2 in Solid Oxide Electrolytic Cells." Molecules 29, no. 18 (September 21, 2024): 4492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184492.
Full textAbstract:
Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) can electro-reduce carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, which not only effectively utilizes greenhouse gases, but also converts excess electrical energy into chemical energy. Perovskite-based oxides with exsolved metal nanoparticles are promising cathode materials for direct electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 through SOECs, and have thus received increasing attention. In this work, we doped Pr0.7Ba0.3MnO3−δ at the B site, and after reduction treatment, metal nanoparticles exsolved and precipitated on the surface of the cathode material, thereby establishing a stable metal–oxide interface structure and significantly improving the electrocatalytic activity of the SOEC cathode materials. Through research, among the Pr0.7Ba0.3Mn1−xNixO3−δ (PBMNx = 0–1) cathode materials, it has been found that the Pr0.7Ba0.3Mn0.9Ni0.1O3−δ (PBMN0.1) electrode material exhibits greater catalytic activity, with a CO yield of 5.36 mL min−1 cm−2 and a Faraday current efficiency of ~99%. After 100 h of long-term testing, the current can still remain stable and there is no significant change in performance. Therefore, the design of this interface has increasing potential for development.
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Horiguchi, Genki, Toshiaki Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Tateno, Katherine Develos Bagarinao, Haruo Kishimoto, and Takehisa Mochizuki. "Preparation of Ni/YSZ Catalysts for Application of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Methanation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015457mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Co-electrolysis of CO2 and steam using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is a major focus of the CO2 conversion. Furthermore, SOECs have the potential to drive high value-added products with reduced carbon footprint. For example, the syngas (mixture of CO and H2) can be produced by SOEC-driven co-electrolysis of CO2 and steam, and utilized in the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process for the synthesis of artificial hydrocarbon. The artificial hydrocarbons would be environmentally friendly fuels when CO2 is obtained from carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. The Ni-based cermet, such as Ni with yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ), is a typical material of SOEC device, and Ni has been found to be an active catalyst for CH4 production (methanation). Therefore, use of the Ni/YSZ has potential to directly convert CO2 and H2O to CH4. In the catalytic process, the activity, selectivity and durability of the Ni/YSZ catalyst are significantly influenced by the structural property of Ni and YSZ, which is varied by the Ni loading and calcination conditions in addition to the studied reaction conditions. The preparation of Ni/YZS catalyst with high performance in co-electrolysis and methanation is still challenging. Herein, the preparation of the Ni/YSZ catalysts with enhanced activity in SOEC methanation was studied. The Ni/YSZ catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation, one of the catalyst preparation methods, and characterized by several conventional methods. Effects of Ni loading and calcination conditions on the performance of Ni/YSZ catalysts were examined by CO2 methanation. A Ni/YZS catalyst gave a high CO2 conversion of 86% and a high methane selectivity at around 300 ºC under ambient pressure. With Ni/YSZ prepared using the optimized method, we are planning to prepare tubular cells and evaluate their activity in SOEC methanation.
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Wang, Dewei, Jie Bao, Christopher Coyle, and Olga A. Marina. "Multi-Physics Modeling and the Sensitivity Analysis for the Critical Factors in Solid Oxide CO2-Steam Co-Electrolysis System Performances." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 37 (August 9, 2024): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01372249mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
A multi-physics modeling framework, which includes electrochemical and chemical reactions, mass transfer, and energy balance, has been developed and validated against experiment measurements to investigate the performance of solid oxide CO2-steam co-electrolysis (SOEC) under various operating conditions and cell designs. However, multi-physics modeling for complex SOEC systems can be computationally expensive and not tractable for general system design and optimization. Reduced-order models (ROMs) have been proven as a powerful tool for reducing computational costs, closely mimic the high-fidelity SOEC stack models and identify the operational condition parameters to which the SOEC stack is sensitive and needs appropriate controls for stable operation. In this study, the deep neural networks (DNN) algorithm is employed to construct ROMs according to multi-physics simulations for SOECs to systematically investigate the SOECs’ electrochemical performance and rank the contributions of operational condition parameters for both 2 cm2 button cell and 300 cm2 planar cells. Sensitivity analysis reveals that cell voltage, fuel composition (denoted by CO2/H2O ratio), and the operating temperature impact the cell performance most. The product ratio ΔCO/ΔH2 has a stronger dependence on the CO2/H2O ratio in the fuel compositions than on other operating condition parameters. The large 300 cm2 planar cells were modeled under both adiabatic and furnace environment. The simulation and sensitivity analysis indicate that the large cell operating in adiabatic environment usually provides relatively lower performances than the one in furnace environment. Additionally, the adiabatic environment also causes the cell’s performances are more sensitive to the operation conditions, such as external voltage, fuel flow rate, and fuel compositions. The large cell in adiabatic environment also leads to higher internal temperature variation, which may impact the structure reliability.
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Price, Robert, Aida Fuente Cuesta, Holger Bausinger, Gino Longo, Jan Gustav Grolig, Andreas Mai, and John Irvine. "Evaluation and Upscaling of Impregnated La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 Fuel Electrodes for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Under H2O, CO2 and Co-Electrolysis Conditions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154141mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
As a result of a successful collaboration between the University of St Andrews and HEXIS AG over the past >10 years, an alternative solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) fuel electrode material (to the state-of-the-art Ni/CGO fuel electrode) has been intensively researched and developed 1 at a button cell scale (1 cm2 active area), 2 tested under harsh operating conditions and upscaled to short stack scale (5 cells each of 100 cm2 active area), 1,3 in addition to being integrated into full combined heat and power units (60 cells each of 100 cm2 active area) with nominal 1-1.5 kW power outputs. 3,4 This highly robust fuel electrode comprises a La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 (LSCTA-) ‘backbone’ with cerium gadolinium oxide (CGO) and Rh impregnates, offering stability toward redox/thermoredox/thermal cycling, overload or stress testing, degradation comparable to the state-of-the-art SOFCs and exposure to sulphurised natural gas. 1 This material, therefore, addresses many of the challenges presented by the Ni/CGO fuel electrodes. Given the success of this material as a SOFC fuel electrode and the growing demand for production of ‘green’ hydrogen and synthesis gas through high-temperature electrolysis, 5 it is also desirable to assess its performance in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive study of the performance of SOECs containing the aforementioned titanate-based fuel electrodes. Firstly, testing of button cell scale SOECs (1 cm2 active area) in pure CO2 and H2O/H2 mixtures, carried out at the University of St Andrews and HEXIS AG, will be outlined, including promising initial test data from VI curves and AC impedance spectroscopic analysis. Subsequently, information on durability testing of the aforementioned SOECs will be provided. This data indicates that high degradation is observed during testing in H2O/H2/N2 mixtures when employing a LSM-YSZ/LSM air electrode, most likely due to delamination caused by oxygen evolution at the triple phase boundary between LSM and YSZ particles and at the air electrode-electrolyte interface, which is significantly minimised by replacement with a LSCF-CGO air electrode. Finally, upscaling of this technology to a 5 x 5 cm footprint SOEC (16 cm2 active area) containing the aforementioned fuel electrode, a stabilised zirconia electrolyte and a LSCF-CGO air electrode will be outlined. Encouraging results from a ~600 hour test at 850 °C will be presented, including operation in 54 % H2O:46 % CO2 and pure CO2 at 1.47 V, as well as in 51 % H2O:49 % N2 at 1.29 V (without the use of a reducing gas). References 1 R. Price, M. Cassidy, J. G. Grolig, G. Longo, U. Weissen, A. Mai and J. T. S. Irvine, Advanced Energy Materials, 2021, 11, 2003951. 2 R. Price, M. Cassidy, J. G. Grolig, A. Mai and J. T. S. Irvine, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2019, 166, F343–F349. 3 M. C. Verbraeken, B. Iwanschitz, E. Stefan, M. Cassidy, U. Weissen, A. Mai and J. T. S. Irvine, Fuel Cells, 2015, 5, 682–688. 4 R. Price, H. Bausinger, G. Longo, U. Weissen, M. Cassidy, J. G. Grolig, A. Mai and J. T. S. Irvine, In Preparation, 2022. 5 J. B. Hansen, Faraday Discuss., 2015, 182, 9 – 48.
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Huang, Kevin. "(Invited) Enabling Materials for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 48 (November 22, 2024): 3455. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02483455mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
High-efficiency and high-flux hydrogen production via electrolytic cells are of vital importance to the realization of a clean and sustainable hydrogen energy future. High-temperature solid oxide steam electrolyzer (SOEC) technology is thermodynamically and kinetically advantageous over its low-temperature counterparts. However, the commercial development of SOEC technology is severely challenged by the poor durability, largely attributed to the high operating temperature that triggers a wide range of materials degradation mechanisms. Therefore, reducing the operating temperature of SOEC from the current 750oC to 650oC, for example, is highly preferred to improve durability by mitigating or even completely shutting down the degradation mechanisms. Here in this presentation, materials options to enable the reduced operating temperature for SOEC are thoroughly discussed from a viewpoint of material properties. Several examples of cell materials well positioned for intermediate-temperature SOECs are illustrated. Future research directions in materials development for SOEC technology are suggested.
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Bervian, A., Matias Angelis Korb, I. D. Savaris, G. A. Ludwig, L. S. Barreto, G. Gauthier, and Célia de Fraga Malfatti. "Phases Obtained from Heat Treatment of Mn-Co-Based Coatings Deposited by Dip Coating." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.323.
Full textAbstract:
Studies have been performed to improve the oxidation resistance of ferritic stainless steels at high temperatures because these materials have been proposed for the manufacture of interconnectors for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) operating at intermediate temperatures (IT-SOFCs). Among the coatings employed, ceramic spinel-type oxides have been the most frequently applied. In this context, Mn-Co-based coatings were deposited on ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430) in this study using a dip-coating technique. The obtained coatings were characterized with respect to their morphology by SEM, their elementary composition by EDS and their structure by XRD. It was possible to produce continuous and adherent Mn-Co-based coatings on the surface of the metallic substrates.
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Lee, John-In, Emily Ghosh, Jillian Rix Mulligan, Ayesha Akter, Uday Pal, Soumendra Basu, and Srikanth Gopalan. "Influence of Process Parameters on SOEC Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154309mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are highlighted as futuristic Power-to-gas (P2G) devices that can provide reliable supply of hydrogen gas as a renewable energy carrier. Despite the great potential of SOECs there are many challenges facing their commercialization. In this work we investigated the influence of fuel electrode and process parameters on initial SOEC performance (500 hours). Electrolysis experiments were performed with both GDC (gadolinia doped ceria)-infiltrated and un-infiltrated Ni-YSZ fuel electrode under various hydrogen flow rates with different ratios of H2-H2O mix, and current density including open circuit conditions. All cells marginally improve in performance initially, then undergo a brief period of rapid decay followed by a stable performance. The observed three stages of variations in cell performance, in terms of length of time and rate of change, are dependent on the type of fuel electrode and experimental process parameters used. These are investigated employing I-V measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), distribution of relaxation time (DRT), and microstructural characterization. The role of GDC infiltration and process parameters driving these performance variations and efficiency of hydrogen generation is analyzed in this work.