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Journal articles on the topic 'Sodium Pentothal'

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Published: 25 July 2024

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1

Orkaby, Asher, and Sukumar P. Desai. "The Death of Sodium Pentothal: The Rise and Fall of an Anesthetic Turned Lethal." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 76, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 294–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrab016.

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Abstract For nearly a century, sodium pentothal was the undisputed king of anesthetics. Anesthesiologists were not, however, the sole consumers of pentothal, as psychiatrists used it to treat acute anxiety during psychoanalysis. The associated drug-induced inhibitions were attractive not only to psychotherapists, but also to a new generation of policing and Cold War espionage searching for the elusive truth serum. Cameo appearances of pentothal in media, film, and popular culture propagated the anesthetic’s negative public image. While legal challenges to the admissibility of pentothal-induced confessions and congressional investigations of clandestine truth serum programs may have tainted the popular anesthetic, it was pentothal’s widespread adaptation as part of the lethal injection cocktail that finally killed the king of anesthetics as pharmaceutical companies around the world refused to manufacture what had been transformed into a largely unprofitable drug, associated with capital punishment.

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2

Chen, Xianzhen, Shiqing Wang, Youjiong Li, Chunjin Lin, and Xiaofang Liu. "Assessment of the anesthetic effect of modified pentothal sodium solution on Sprague-Dawley rats." Open Life Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0050.

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Abstract Clinically, pentothal sodium has been widely used for primary and general anesthesia induction. Also, it has been used to effectively inhibit convulsion. Pentothal sodium has a strong inhibitory effect on the respiratory center, excessive drug administration, and rapid dose rate that cause death of experimental animals on the respiratory depression. This study used a modified pentothal sodium solution to investigate its anesthetic effect. The pentothal sodium solution was modified based on pentothal sodium upon additions of magnesium sulfate, propylene glycol, and pure ethanol. The anesthetic effect of the modified pentothal sodium on Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats was investigated by comparing traditional pentothal sodium and ketamine; 60 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was treated with traditional pentothal sodium, modified pentothal sodium, or ketamine, respectively, via intraperitoneal injection. The symptoms of experimental rats were observed, and onset time and anesthetic time were both recorded. The data were analyzed using statistical software. There were no significant differences in onset time and anesthetic time between the three groups. The variation of onset time and anesthetic time of the group treated with modified pentothal sodium was shorter than that of the other two groups. Furthermore, the number of anesthetic rats after the first injection was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. The modified pentothal sodium is capable of providing a stable anesthetic effect. The function and effect are much better than traditional pentothal sodium and ketamine.

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3

Dabholkar, P. "Use of ECT in Hysterical Catatonia." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 2 (August 1988): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.2.246.

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Catatonia is now accepted as a non-specific syndrome. Hysteria can very rarely be a cause. A case of hysterical catatonia developing twice in a year, and on both occasions responding to ECT, is presented. Initial diagnostic difficulties, and use of the sodium pentothal interview as a diagnostic test, are also described.

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4

Pernak, J., and W. Erdmann. "Thiopentone (pentothal-sodium) in the treatment of chronic pain." Pain 41 (January 1990): S289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(90)92693-k.

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5

Popovic, Robert, Richard Liniger, and Philip E. Bickler. "Anesthetics and Mild Hypothermia Similarly Prevent Hippocampal Neuron Death in an In Vitro Model of Cerebral Ischemia." Anesthesiology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 1343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200005000-00024.

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Background General anesthetics reduce neuron loss following focal cerebral ischemia in rodents. The relative efficacy of this action among different anesthetics clinically used for neuroprotection is uncertain. In addition, it remains unclear how anesthetics compare to neuroprotection afforded by mild hypothermia. This study was performed to evaluate the comparative effects of isoflurane, sodium pentothal, and mild hypothermia in a hippocampal slice model of cerebral ischemia and to determine if the mechanism of neuroprotection of isoflurane involves inhibition of glutamate excitotoxicity. Methods Survival and morphology of CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus neurons in rat hippocampal slices were examined after 10 or 20 min of combined oxygen-glucose deprivation (in vitro ischemia) followed by a 5-h recovery period. Results 10 or 20 min in vitro ischemia at 37 degrees C killed 35-40% of neurons in CA1 (P < 0.001), 6% in CA3 (not significant) and 18% in dentate (P < 0.05). Isoflurane (0.7 and 2.0%, approximately 0.45 and 1.5 minimum alveolar concentration), pentothal (50 microm, approximately 1 minimum alveolar concentration equivalent) and mild hypothermia (34 degrees C) all reduced CA1 cell loss and morphologic damage to similar degrees in 10- and 20-min periods of ischemia (P < 0.001). The noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK-801 prevented cell damage, showing that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation is an important mechanism of injury in this model. Glutamate (1 mm) produced cell loss similar to in vitro ischemia. Isoflurane (2%) prevented cell damage from glutamate exposure. Conclusions In hippocampal slices, neuron death from simulated ischemia was predominately due to activation of glutamate receptors. Isoflurane, sodium pentothal, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, and mild hypothermia prevented cell death to similar degrees. For isoflurane, the mechanism appears to involve attenuation of glutamate excitotoxicity.

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6

Aggarwal, Naresh. "Pro: Propofol Is a Better Induction Agent than Etomidate." Journal of Cardiac Critical Care TSS 05, no. 01 (January 2021): 070–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726173.

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AbstractInduction refers to the start of anesthesia when the patient is rendered unconscious. The intravenous induction agents allow the patient to experience a pleasant loss of consciousness while also rapidly achieving surgical levels of anesthesia. An ideal induction agent must have a rapid onset and offset of action, and must be easy to administer and without significant side effects. Currently, the commonest used agents include sodium pentothal, propofol, ketamine, and etomidate. Unfortunately, none of these agents possess the characteristics of an ideal induction agent. In this article, we will discuss the merits of propofol as an ideal induction agent for cardiac surgery and how it scores over etomidate for the same purpose.

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7

Simon, Eric P., and Lynn F. Dahl. "The Sodium Pentothal Hypnosis Interview with Follow-up Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 18, no. 2 (August 1999): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-3924(99)00047-0.

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8

Thomas, Dale, and Sydney Aidinis. "Objective Documentation of Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome by Pressure Algometry during Thiopentone Sodium (Pentothal) Anesthesia." Clinical Journal of Pain 5, no. 4 (December 1989): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-198912000-00012.

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9

Russo, Michael B., Franklin R. Brooks, Jason P. Fontenot, Bruce M. Dopier, Edward T. Neely, and Alan W. Halliday. "Sodium Pentothal Hypnosis: A Procedure for Evaluating Medical Patients with Suspected Psychiatric Co-Morbidity." Military Medicine 162, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/162.3.215.

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10

INTRONA, R. P. S., J. K. PRUETT, D. C. MARTIN, D. JOSEPHSON, and M. MANABE. "Effects of Sodium Pentothal and Sufentanil on Serotonin Induced Constriction of Canine Coronary Artery Rings Without Endothelium." Survey of Anesthesiology 36, no. 4 (June 1992): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-199206000-00009.

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11

Introna, R. P. S., J. K. Pruett, D. C. Martin, D. Josephson, and M. Manabe. "Effects of Sodium Pentothal and Sufentanil on Serotonin Induced Constriction of Canine Coronary Artery Rings Without Endothelium." Survey of Anesthesiology 36, no. 3 (June 1992): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-199236030-00009.

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12

Introna, R. P. S., J. K. Pruett, D. C. Martin, D. Josephson, and M. Manabe. "Effects of sodium pentothal and sufentanil on serotonin induced constriction of canine coronary artery rings without endothelium." General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 22, no. 4 (January 1991): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(91)90061-a.

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13

Fryman, D. L., and D. T. Frazier. "Diaphragm afferent modulation of phrenic motor drive." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 2436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2436.

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Experiments were performed in eight lightly anesthetized thiopental sodium (Pentothal) cats to examine whether diaphragmatic afferents can significantly alter the neural drive to the diaphragm when the animal is exposed to lower body negative pressure. Moving-time-averaged diaphragmatic electromyograms (EMGma) were recorded and compared before and during exposure to lower body negative pressure in each of three consecutive conditions: C7 spinalization, bilateral vagotomy, and cervical dorsal rhizotomy. Application of lower body negative pressure in C7-spinalized animals resulted in a decrease in inspiratory time and peak diaphragmatic activity compared with control levels. After bilateral vagotomy, EMGma activity was prolonged with the application of lower body negative pressure. However, there was no increase in peak EMGma activity. After transection of the cervical dorsal roots subserving the phrenic nerve, the prolongation of diaphragmatic activity negative was eliminated. Therefore, we conclude that the significant increase in duration of inspiration in response to application of lower body negative pressure in the C7-spinalized, bilaterally vagotomized cat is mediated by phrenic nerve afferents.

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14

Curtis, M. B., and D. V. Priola. "Mechanical properties of the canine mitral valve: effects of autonomic stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): H56—H62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.1.h56.

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Experiments were designed to determine whether the canine mitral valve actively contracts and, if so, if its mechanical activity can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system. A miniature displacement gauge was sutured to the atrial (muscular) surface of the septal leaflet in 65 dogs under pentothal sodium anesthesia during total cardiopulmonary bypass. During bypass, with blood constantly drained from the left ventricle (LV), the leaflet deflected into the LV during ventricular systole as would be expected with active contraction. With blood present in the LV, leaflet deflection was reversed, indicating a passive displacement. After application of 85% phenol to the atrial surface, ventricular displacement of the leaflet was abolished, whereas the atrial displacement was significantly augmented. There was a positive inotropic effect during sympathetic stimulation and a negative inotropic effect with parasympathetic stimulation, i.e., increased and decreased ventricular deflection, respectively. These effects of autonomic stimulation were abolished by application of phenol to the leaflet muscle. During simultaneous electrical and mechanical recordings from the valve, activation appeared to originate from the atrium, before ventricular depolarization. It was concluded that the valvular muscle actively contracts to assist in bringing the valve leaflets into early apposition. This contraction imparts a measurable level of active “stiffness” to the valve, reducing atrial displacement during ventricular systole. This “stiffness” can be modified by autonomic input and may contribute to dysfunction of morphologically normal mitral valves.

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15

Keya Rushikumar Patel, Yash Akashkumar Soni, Tapan Kumar Mahato, Sunil Kumar Ojha, and Vishwakarma Singh. "Purpose, method, drugs used and health risks of the Narco test." Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjms.2022.4.2.0108.

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Even in print and electronic media, the murder of a girl in Mehroli, Delhi that took place in May 2022 is being covered as leading news. These days, everyone seems to be talking about the incident. Now that the accused person is in police custody, the judge has granted authorization for the police to conduct a Narco test on him in order to uncover the truth and gather evidence. There are now three contemporary methods for discovering the truth. These include the polygraph test, brain mapping and Narco test. The first two don't need any kind of medication, but the third one does, and they have to inject it into the suspect's body. In the Narco test, psychoactive medications such sodium pentothal, scopolamine, and sodium amytal are injected into the subject in order to cause them to experience hypnosis or become sleepy. Under these circumstances, it is highly assumed that the subject will only speak the truth and nothing else throughout the interrogation. Because of this, the test is also referred to as the truth serum test. Although this test is highly helpful in questioning to solve criminal cases, we cannot ignore the bad consequences of the drugs employed and the negative features of the test on both physical and mental health. The court acknowledged that it was illegal and a violation of the right to privacy. In this article, we discuss the necessity of conducting a Narcoanalysis test, as well as its requirements, the procedure to follow in order to carry it out, the potentially harmful effects of the drugs that are used, as well as the potentially harmful effects of the test itself on one's health and some popular Indian criminal cases that are related to Narco testing.

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16

Thorne, A. C., M. Stewart, and S. C. Gulati. "Harvesting bone marrow in an outpatient setting using newer anesthetic agents." Journal of Clinical Oncology 11, no. 2 (February 1993): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1993.11.2.320.

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PURPOSE To evaluate the results of outpatient bone marrow harvest (BMH). PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-two adult patients with various malignancies had 79 BMH procedures performed for future autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in our institution's outpatient surgical facility. All patients were evaluated and educated before the procedure. Newer anesthetic agents specifically developed to have shorter half-lives, more rapid recovery from general anesthesia, and fewer unpleasant side effects were chosen. Propofol was used for induction of anesthesia in 76 patients, the other three were induced with sodium pentothal. The blood volume removed was replaced by colloid (6% hydroxyethyl starch). Also, a new parenteral nonnarcotic pain medication, ketoroloc, was used during the last part of general anesthesia to help with expected postoperative pain in 76 patients. RESULTS BMH took 111 +/- 24 minutes and patients were in postanesthesia care unit (PACU) for 220 +/- 72 minutes before being sent home with a companion and Tylenol with codeine (acetaminophen with codeine; McNeil Pharmaceutical, Spring House, PA). PACU complications were minor and included transient mild dizziness (7.6%), vomiting (3.8%), and fever (2.6%). No life-threatening complication was observed. Only one patient was hospitalized for observation (fever) and then sent home. Seventy-five patients (94.9%) were contacted at home by the hospital nursing staff the day following the procedure. Five (6.7%) complained of nausea or vomiting, and four (5.3%) developed fever at home (temperature, 37.2 to 38.3 degrees C). Only 36% of patients actually took oral narcotic pain medication at home. CONCLUSION Autologous BMH (AuBMH) is a safe outpatient procedure with minimal side effects when newer anesthetic agents are used.

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17

Chen, Jitian, Tianyu Du, Liuzhou Gao, Zhongjing Chai, and Hao Dong. "Computation‐driven synthesis of pentothal sodium." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 121, no. 11 (February 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.26624.

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18

"Narco-Analysis Test." Regular 4, no. 11 (July 15, 2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.i0929.0741120.

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The term narco-analysis is used to define an investigative and psychotherapeutic method that practices psychotropic medicines, mainly barbiturates, to encourage a lethargy in which psychological essentials with strong related affects come to the superficial, where they can be abused by the psychotherapist. This test includes the venous administration of a medicine (such as sodium pentothal, & sodium amytal) that reasons the issue to enter into numerous phases of anesthesia.

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19

Gore, Mangesh S., Lipika A. Baliarsingh, and Deepika Teckchandani. "Hemodynamic Response and Dose Requirement during Induction and Intubation with Propofol and Pentothal Sodium in Patients Undergoing Elective Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery." International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research [IJCMR] 6, no. 5 (May 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijcmr.2019.6.5.36.

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20

Verma, Kapil. "Effects of Codeine, Sodium Pentothal and Different Temperature Factors on the Growth Rate Development of Chrysomya rufifacies for the Forensic Entomotoxicological Purposes." Journal of Bioanalysis & Biomedicine 05, no. 01 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-593x.1000074.

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