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Academic literature on the topic 'Sodium Ion Cells'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sodium Ion Cells"

1

Ban, Yue, Benjamin E. Smith, and Michael R. Markham. "A highly polarized excitable cell separates sodium channels from sodium-activated potassium channels by more than a millimeter." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 1 (July 2015): 520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00475.2014.

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The bioelectrical properties and resulting metabolic demands of electrogenic cells are determined by their morphology and the subcellular localization of ion channels. The electric organ cells (electrocytes) of the electric fish Eigenmannia virescens generate action potentials (APs) with Na+ currents >10 μA and repolarize the AP with Na+-activated K+ (KNa) channels. To better understand the role of morphology and ion channel localization in determining the metabolic cost of electrocyte APs, we used two-photon three-dimensional imaging to determine the fine cellular morphology and immunohistochemistry to localize the electrocytes' ion channels, ionotropic receptors, and Na+-K+-ATPases. We found that electrocytes are highly polarized cells ∼1.5 mm in anterior-posterior length and ∼0.6 mm in diameter, containing ∼30,000 nuclei along the cell periphery. The cell's innervated posterior region is deeply invaginated and vascularized with complex ultrastructural features, whereas the anterior region is relatively smooth. Cholinergic receptors and Na+ channels are restricted to the innervated posterior region, whereas inward rectifier K+ channels and the KNa channels that terminate the electrocyte AP are localized to the anterior region, separated by >1 mm from the only sources of Na+ influx. In other systems, submicrometer spatial coupling of Na+ and KNa channels is necessary for KNa channel activation. However, our computational simulations showed that KNa channels at a great distance from Na+ influx can still terminate the AP, suggesting that KNa channels can be activated by distant sources of Na+ influx and overturning a long-standing assumption that AP-generating ion channels are restricted to the electrocyte's posterior face.

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Li, Xianji, Andrew L. Hector, John R. Owen, and S. Imran U. Shah. "Evaluation of nanocrystalline Sn3N4derived from ammonolysis of Sn(NEt2)4as a negative electrode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 14 (2016): 5081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta08287k.

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Bulk nanocrystalline Sn₃N₄powders were synthesised by a two step ammonolysis route. These provided good capacities in sodium and lithium cells, and good stability in sodium cells.

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Sabzpoushan, S. H., and A. Faghani Ghodrat. "Role of Sodium Channel on Cardiac Action Potential." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 2, no. 3 (June 4, 2012): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.174.

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Sudden cardiac death is a major cause of death worldwide. In most cases, it's caused by abnormal action potential propagation that leads to cardiac arrhythmia. The aim of this article is to study the abnormal action potential propagation through sodium ion concentration variations. We use a new electrophysiological model that is both detailed and computationally efficient. This efficient model is based on the partial differential equation method. The central finite difference method is used for numerical solving of the two-dimensional (2D) wave propagation equation. Simulations are implemented in two stages, as a single cardiac cell and as a two-dimensional grid of cells. In both stages, the normal action potential formation in case of a single cell and it's normal propagation in case of a two-dimensional grid of cells were simulated with nominal sodium ion conductance. Then, the effect of sodium ion concentration on the action potential signal was studied by reducing the sodium ion conductance. It is concluded that reducing the sodium ion conductance, decreases both passing ability and conduction velocity of the action potential wave front.

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Niu, Yu‐Bin, Ya‐Xia Yin, and Yu‐Guo Guo. "Nonaqueous Sodium‐Ion Full Cells: Status, Strategies, and Prospects." Small 15, no. 32 (March 25, 2019): 1900233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201900233.

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5

Stanton, B. A., and B. Kaissling. "Regulation of renal ion transport and cell growth by sodium." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 257, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): F1—F10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.1.f1.

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Intracellular sodium has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes including regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase activity, mitogen-induced cell growth, and proliferation and stimulation of Na+-K+-ATPase by aldosterone. In renal epithelial cells a rise in sodium uptake across the apical membrane increases intracellular sodium concentration, which in turn stimulates the turnover rate of Na+-K+-ATPase and thereby enhances sodium efflux across the basolateral membrane. A prolonged increase in sodium uptake causes dramatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia and a rise in the quantity of Na+-K+-ATPase in the basolateral membrane. These structural and functional changes occur in the kidney in the absence of alterations in plasma aldosterone and vasopressin levels. Several mitogens induce growth and proliferation by initiating a cascade of events, which include a rise in intracellular sodium. Accordingly, an increase in the sodium concentration within renal epithelial cells may elicit a “mitogen-like” effect by initiating the cascade at the sodium step, even in the absence of a mitogen. A rise in cell sodium may also stimulate the production of autocrine growth factors that directly or indirectly regulate cell growth and proliferation, by modifying the response to mitogens or to changes in the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid. In this review we will examine the evidence that supports a role for intracellular sodium in regulating these cellular events in renal epithelial cells.

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Karasawa, Akira, Haijiao Liu, Matthias Quick, Wayne A. Hendrickson, and Qun Liu. "Crystallographic Characterization of Sodium Ions in a Bacterial Leucine/Sodium Symporter." Crystals 13, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020183.

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Na+ is the most abundant ion in living organisms and plays essential roles in regulating nutrient uptake, muscle contraction, and neurotransmission. The identification of Na+ in protein structures is crucial for gaining a deeper understanding of protein function in a physiological context. LeuT, a bacterial homolog of the neurotransmitter:sodium symporter family, uses the Na+ gradient to power the uptake of amino acids into cells and has been used as a paradigm for the study of Na+-dependent transport systems. We have devised a low-energy multi-crystal approach for characterizing low-Z (Z ≤ 20) anomalous scattering ions such as Na+, Mg2+, K+, and Ca2+ by combining Bijvoet-difference Fourier syntheses for ion detection and f” refinements for ion speciation. Using the approach, we experimentally identify two Na+ bound near the central leucine binding site in LeuT. Using LeuT microcrystals, we also demonstrate that Na+ may be depleted to study conformational changes in the LeuT transport cycle.

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Berkowitz, L. R., and E. P. Orringer. "Passive sodium and potassium movements in sickle erythrocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 249, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): C208—C214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1985.249.3.c208.

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Deoxygenation causes an increase in passive Na and K movements across the membrane of the sickle erythrocyte. Some investigators find that these ion movements are accompanied by cell dehydration, while others find no evidence for cell water loss with sickling. Because gelation of hemoglobin S would be enhanced by cell water loss, we reinvestigated Na and K movements in sickle cells to define further the role that ion movements might play in the pathogenesis of sickling. With deoxygenation, we found that sickle cells gained Na and lost K without losing cell water. These net ion movements were not seen in control red blood cells. For sickle cells, deoxygenation also increased passive unidirectional influxes of Na and K, effects not observed when control red blood cells were deoxygenated. The deoxygenation-induced passive influxes of Na and K in sickle cells were not diminished by anion substitution or by the addition of the diuretic furosemide. We also found differences in passive Na and K fluxes between oxygenated sickle cells and normal red blood cells. The addition of furosemide or replacement of Cl with NO3 or SCN, maneuvers that largely reduced passive Na and K movements in oxygenated normal cells, had no effect on Na and K movements in oxygenated sickle cells. These findings militate against the idea that solute and water loss occur as a consequence of deoxygenation but do indicate that there are acquired membrane abnormalities in sickle red blood cells.

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8

Peters, Jens, Alexandra Peña Cruz, and Marcel Weil. "Exploring the Economic Potential of Sodium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 5, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010010.

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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a recent development being promoted repeatedly as an economically promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, only one detailed study about material costs has yet been published for this battery type. This paper presents the first detailed economic assessment of 18,650-type SIB cells with a layered oxide cathode and a hard carbon anode, based on existing datasheets for pre-commercial battery cells. The results are compared with those of competing LIB cells, that is, with lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide cathodes (NMC) and with lithium-iron-phosphate cathodes (LFP). A sensitivity analysis further evaluates the influence of varying raw material prices on the results. For the SIB, a cell price of 223 €/kWh is obtained, compared to 229 €/kWh for the LFP and 168 €/kWh for the NMC batteries. The main contributor to the price of the SIB cells are the material costs, above all the cathode and anode active materials. For this reason, the amount of cathode active material (e.g., coating thickness) in addition to potential fluctuations in the raw material prices have a considerable effect on the price per kWh of storage capacity. Regarding the anode, the precursor material costs have a significant influence on the hard carbon cost, and thus on the final price of the SIB cell. Organic wastes and fossil coke precursor materials have the potential of yielding hard carbon at very competitive costs. In addition, cost reductions in comparison with LIBs are achieved for the current collectors, since SIBs also allow the use of aluminum instead of copper on the anode side. For the electrolyte, the substitution of lithium with sodium leads to only a marginal cost decrease from 16.1 to 15.8 €/L, hardly noticeable in the final cell price. On the other hand, the achievable energy density is fundamental. While it seems difficult to achieve the same price per kWh as high energy density NMC LIBs, the SIB could be a promising substitute for LFP cells in stationary applications, if it also becomes competitive with LFP cells in terms of safety and cycle life.

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Cragg, Peter J. "Artificial Transmembrane Channels for Sodium and Potassium." Science Progress 85, no. 3 (August 2002): 219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685002783238780.

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Transport of alkali metals, particularly sodium and potassium, across cell membranes is an essential function performed by special proteins that enable cells to regulate inter- and extracellular ion concentrations with exceptional selectivity. The importance of these channel-forming proteins has led to researchers emulating of their structural features: an ion-specific filter and conduction at rates up to 108 ions per second. Synthetic helical and cyclic polypeptides form channels, however, the specificity of ion transport is often low. Ion-specific macrocycles have been used as filters from which membrane-spanning derivatives have been prepared. Success has been limited as many compounds act as ion carriers rather than forming transmembrane channels. Surfactant compounds also allow ions to cross membranes but any specificity is serendipitous. Overall it seems possible to mimic either ion specificity or efficient transmembrane ion transport. The goal for the future will be to combine both characteristics in one artificial system.

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Van Mil, H. G. J. "Analysis of a Model Describing the Dynamics of Intracellular Ion Composition in Biological Cells." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 08, no. 05 (May 1998): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127498000851.

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An electrophysiological model describing the dynamics of the intracellular ion concentration and the membrane potential (Vm) in biological cells is presented. The model links passive ion fluxes through channels of sodium, potassium and chloride to active ion fluxes generated by the sodium potassium pump. To model the interaction of Vm to the ionic fluxes Kirchhoff current law is used. Only one Vm-dependent permeability as represented by an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (IKR) is incorporated. It is shown that the resulting system of ordinary differential equations is degenerate. Decomposition of the system into noninteracting subsystems allows a dynamically independent description of the currents of sodium and potassium in relation to Vm. Physical and mathematical arguments for the decomposition into subsystems are presented. Analysis of the model show hysteresis properties that can account for the experimentally-observed bistability in skeletal and heart muscles fibers.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sodium Ion Cells"

1

Sculptoreanu, Adrian Carleton University Dissertation Biology. "Intracellular concentration and membrane permeability ratio of sodium and potassium ion in cultured cardiomyocytes of the adult rat." Ottawa, 1988.

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Xaba, Nqobile. "Development of Anode Materials Using Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition (E-ALD) for Energy Applications." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6390.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Chemistry)
Nanomaterials have been found to undeniably possess superior properties than bulk structures across many fields of study including natural science, medicine, materials science, electronics etc. The study of nano-sized structures has the ability to address the current world crisis in energy demand and climate change. The development of materials that have various applications will allow for quick and cost effective solutions. Nanomaterials of Sn and Bi are the core of the electronic industry for their use in micro packaging components. These nanomaterials are also used as electrocatalysts in fuel cells and carbon dioxide conversion, and as electrodes for rechargeable sodium ion batteries. There are various methods used to make these nanostructures including solid state methods, hydrothermal methods, sputtering, and vacuum deposition techniques. These methods lack the ability to control the structure of material at an atomic level to fine tune the properties of the final product. This study aims to use E-ALD technique to synthesis thin films of Sn and Bi for various energy applications, and reports the use of E-ALD in battery applications for the first time. Thin films were synthesised by developing a deposition sequence and optimising this deposition sequence by varying deposition parameters. These parameters include deposition potential, and concentration of precursor solution. The thin films were characterised using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry for electrochemical activity. These were also characterised using scanning electron microscope for morphology, x-ray diffraction for crystal phases, energy dispersive spectroscopy for elemental mapping, and focused ion beam scanning electron microscope for thickness. The elemental content was analysed using electron probe micro analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The electrochemical impedance charge and discharge profile were used for electrochemical battery tests.

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3

Jenkins, Richard J. "The mechanisms whereby the sodium, potassium-ATPhase undergoes adaptive changes in human lymphocytes in response to lithium." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236273.

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Payne, Geoffrey. "NMR studies on the local distributions of sodium ions in living systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329930.

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Tesfamhret, Yonas. "Sb/C composite anode for sodium-ionbatteries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Strukturkemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325794.

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In this thesis, a Sb/C composite electrode for sodium-ion batteries isprepared by a simple high energy ball milling and calenderingmethod. The prepared Sb/C composite electrode was assembled in ahalf-cell and symmetrical cell setups in order to perform avariety of electrochemical measurements.The composite electrode showed a reversible specific capacity of595 mAh/g, at a discharge/charge current rate of 15 mA/g. Theelectrode also showed a relatively good performance (compared toprevious studies) of 95% capacity retention after more than 100cycles, at a higher discharge/charge current rate of 60 mA/g. Theelectrode furthermore showed excellent self-dischargecharacteristics, in pause tests implemented over 200 hours (overeight days), which underlined the electrode materials good shelflife properties. A series of Sb/C symmetrical cells assembledthrough-out the project, furthermore, highlighted the stability ofthe solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formed on the Sb/Ccomposite electrode during cycling. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used tocharacterize the surface morphology and composition of the Sb/Celectrode, respectively.A non-milled and milled (12 hours) graphite electrodes were alsoprepared for reference and comparison. The milled graphite matrixelectrode provided a reversible capacity of 95 mAhg-1 and acoulombic efficiency (CE) of 99% in over 250 cycles, at a currentrate of 30 mA/g. Milled and non-milled graphite were characterizedwith SEM and Raman spectroscopy, to help have a fundamentalunderstanding of the particle size and material phase,respectively.

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Scharlau, Daniel. "Dynamics of the Sodium-D-Glucose co-transporter SGLT1 in mammalian cell lines." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975770322.

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Sgarbi, Stabellini Francesca. "Synthesis and surface characterization of metal (Mn, Ti) hexacyanoferrate electrodes." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24378/.

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Due to the limited resources of lithium, new chemistries based on the abundant and cheap sodium and even zinc have been proposed for the battery market. Prussian Blue Analogues (PBAs) are a class of compounds which have been explored for many different applications because of their intriguing electrochemical and magnetic properties. Manganese and titanium hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF and TiHCF) belong to the class of PBAs. In this work, MnHCF and TiHCF electrodes were synthetized, cycled with cyclic voltammetry (CV) in different setups and subsequently, the surfaces were characterized with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The setups chosen for CVs were coin cell with zinc aqueous solution for the MnHCF series, three-electrode cell and symmetric coin cell with sodium aqueous solution for the TiHCF series. The electrodes were treated with different number of cycles to evaluate the chemical changes and alterations in oxidation states during cycling.

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Campbell, Thomas. "The role of voltage-gated sodium channels in non-small cell lung cancer." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-voltagegated-sodium-channels-in-nonsmall-cell-lung-cancer(a65f4c5e-b217-483b-91d3-bb669965eb03).html.

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Various ion channels are expressed in human cancers where they are intimately involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, migration and invasion. Expression of functional voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels is implicated in the metastatic potential of breast, prostate, colon, cervical and lung cancer cells. However, the cellular mechanisms that regulate Nav channel expression in cancer remain largely unknown. Growth factors are attractive candidates; they not only play crucial roles in cancer progression but are also key regulators of ion channel expression and activity in non-cancerous cells. Here, the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling and Nav channels in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines have been examined. It is shown that functional expression of Nav1.7 promotes invasion in strongly metastatic H460 NSCLC cells. However, in non-invasive A549 NSCLC cells, Nav1.7 is completely absent. Inhibition of Nav1.7 either pharmacologically by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or genetically by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduces H460 cell invasion by up to 50%. Whilst EGFR signalling enhances proliferation, migration and invasion of H460 cells, EGFR-mediated upregulation of Nav1.7 specifically, is required to promote invasive behaviour in these cells. Examination of Nav1.7 expression at the mRNA, protein and functional levels further reveals that EGFR signalling via the ERK1/2 pathway controls transcriptional regulation of Nav1.7 expression to promote cellular invasion in NSCLC. The role of Nav channels in promoting cancer cell invasion is also unclear. Therefore, the effect of Nav channel activity on two likely downstream contributors to cellular invasion, intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, and intracellular pH, pHi, have been examined. It is shown that functional expression of Nav1.7 likely drives H460 NSCLC cell invasion via H+ efflux from the cell in an uncharacterised mechanism potentially involving NHE1, resulting in extracellular acidification of the perimembrane space. However, much more work is needed to understand this Na+-dependent invasive mechanism. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of patient biopsies confirms the clinical relevance of Nav1.7 expression in NSCLC. Thus, Nav1.7 has significant potential as a novel target for therapeutic intervention, possibly in conjunction with existing EGFR inhibitors, and/or as a diagnostic/prognostic marker in NSCLC.

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9

Impheng, Hathaichanok. "Expression Fonctionnelle du canal sodique de fuite NALCN en système recombinant." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT051.

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L’activité électrique des cellules excitables implique une action coordonnée et finement régulée d’un ensemble de protéines spécialisées telles que des canaux ioniques, des transporteurs, des échangeurs ainsi que des récepteurs pour des hormones et des neurotransmetteurs. Le dysfonctionnement d’un seul composant de cet « Excitosome » induit un état pathologique qui peut-être non seulement sévère mais aussi létal chez l’homme. Le projet de thèse a porté sur l’expression du canal sodique de fuite NALCN. NALCN régule le potentiel de repos et donc l’activité électrique de plusieurs types cellulaires dont les neurones et les cellules endocrines/neuroendocrines. L’étude de modèles animaux a montré que NALCN est impliqué dans des grandes fonctions physiologiques telles que la respiration, le rythme circadien, l’activité locomotrice et la nociception. Des mutations ont récemment été décrites chez des patients souffrants des syndromes neuro-développementaux sévères IHPRF1 (Hypotonia, Infantile, with Psychomotor Retardation and Characteristic Facies 1 ; OMIM #615419) et CLIFAHDD (Congenital contractures of the limbs and face, hypotonia, and developmental delay ; OMIM #616266). Ces pathologies sont caractérisées par un large éventail de symptômes incluant un décès prématuré. Les effets de ces mutations sur le courant NALCN n’avaient pas été caractérisés à cause de l’absence de modèle cellulaire fiable pour fonctionnellement exprimer NALCN. Un tel modèle cellulaire est également nécessaire pour identifier des molécules d’intérêt thérapeutique. Dans ce contexte, la première partie du travail de thèse a permis d’identifier la lignée cellulaire neuronale NG108-15 pour l’expression fonctionnelle de NALCN (Bouasse, Impheng et coll, 2019, Sci Rep). Cette lignée cellulaire exprime de manière endogène deux sous-unités de NALCN nommées UNC-79 et UNC-80. Un courant NALCN a été obtenu après transfection des cellules avec NALCN et une autre sous-unité nommée NLF-1. Le courant NALCN a présenté des caractéristiques biophysiques non décrites à ce jour telles qu’une dépendance au potentiel ainsi qu’une cinétique d’inactivation. Ce travail a aussi permis de montrer que des mutations CLIFAHDD et IHPRF1 sont gain- et perte-de-fonction respectivement. De surcroit, le travail a montré que les mutants CLIFAHDD présentaient une cinétique d’inactivation altérée. Dans une deuxième partie du travail de thèse, la lignée cellulaire d’origine hypophysaire GH3 a été identifiée comme d’intérêt pour étudier le courant NALCN (Impheng et coll, FASEB J, en revision). Cette lignée exprime le canalosome NALCN de manière endogène. Une combinaison d’interférence à l’ARN et de surexpression en utilisant des lentivirus suivie d’enregistrements electrophysiologiques a permis de montrer que NALCN est fonctionnel dans ces cellules en étant un acteur essentiel de l’activité électrique des cellules. Cette étude a montré que, en addition des neurones, NALCN module l’excitabilité de cellules hypophysaires et identifie un nouveau modèle cellulaire d’intérêt pour étudier le courant NALCN dans un contexte hypophysaire. La troisième partie du travail a permis de mettre en place un troisième modèle cellulaire. La transfection transitoire de toutes les composantes du canalosome NALCN dans les cellules HEK-293 a permis l’obtention de grands courants NALCN. Ce système cellulaire a été utilisé pour comparer des propriétés biophysiques de NALCN humain avec celles de son orthologue de T. adhaerens. Pris dans son ensemble, ce travail de thèse a permis d’identifier trois modèles cellulaires pour fonctionnellement exprimer NALCN. Cela a permis de caractériser l’impact de mutations humaines sur la fonction de NALCN ainsi que de mettre à jour de nouvelles propriétés biophysiques de NALCN. Ce travail ouvre donc la voie vers l’identification de molécules qui modulent spécifiquement NALCN avec un potentiel thérapeutique
Electrical activity of excitable cells involves a coordinated and tightly regulated action of a panel of specialized proteins including ion channels, transporters, exchangers, and receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters. Any alteration in the function of one component of this « Excitosome » induces a pathological state that may be not only severe but also letal in human. The thesis project focused on the functional expression of the sodium leak channel NALCN. NALCN regulates the resting membrane potential and subsequently the electrical activity of several cell types including neurons and endocrine/neuroendocrine cells. The study of animal models revealed that NALCN is involved in major physiological functions such as respiration, circadian rhythm, locomotor activity and nociception. Mutations were recently described in patients with severe neurodevelopmental disorders refered to as IHPRF1 (Hypotonia, Infantile, with Psychomotor Retardation and Characteristic Facies 1 ; OMIM #615419) and CLIFAHDD (Congenital contractures of the limbs and face, hypotonia, and developmental delay ; OMIM #616266). These diseases are characterized by a large panel of symptoms that includes an early death. The effects of these mutations on the NALCN current were not known because of the lack of a suitable cell model to functionally express NALCN. A such cell model was also required in order to identify molecules of therapeutical interest. In this context, the first part of the thesis work led to the identification of the neuronal NG108-15 cell line as suitable to functionally express NALCN (Bouasse, Impheng et al, 2019, Sci Rep). This cell line endogenously express two known subunits of NALCN referred to as UNC-79 and UNC-80. A NALCN current was recorded after transfection of the cells with NALCN and another subunit referred to as NLF-1. The NALCN current exhibited unexpected and undescribed biophysical properties with a voltage-dependence and inactivation kinetics. This work also led to the discovery that CLIFAHDD and IHPRF1 mutations are gain- and loss-of-function repectively. In addition, this study showed that CLIFAHDD mutants exhibited altered inactivation kinetics. In a second part of the thesis, the pituitary GH3 cell line was dentified as relevant for NALCN expression (Impheng et al, FASEB J, in revision). This cell line endogenously expressed the whole NALCN channelosome. A combination of lentiviral mediated-knockdown and overexpression approaches followed by electrophysiological recordings showed that NALCN is functional in GH3 cells and is a crucial player of excitability of this cell types. This study revealed that, in addition to neurons, NALCN regulates pituitary cell excitability and provided a cell model to study NALCN in a pituitary environment. The third part of the work allowed to setup a third cell model. Indeed, transient expression of the whole NALCN channelosome in HEK-293 cells allowed for a robust expression of the NALCN current. This system was used to compare some properties of the human NALCN with the T. adhaerens counterpart. A a whole, this thesis work resulted in the identification of three cellular models to functionally express NALCN. This led to identify the impact of pathogenic variants on NALCN function as well as to reveal novel biophysical properties of the NALCN current. This study paved the way to the identification the discovery of molecules that specifically modulate NALCN with a therapeutic potential

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10

Šátek, Dominik. "Teplotní závislost kapacity negativní elektrody pro sodno – iontové akumulátory." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442527.

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This work focuses on sodium-ion batteries. It describes the basic principles of accumulators, focusing more on secondary cells, their electrodes, especially negative electrodes. The work is lightly based on the basics of lithium-ion batteries. The practical part of the work is the production of negative electrodes Na2Ti3O7, which are further measured at three different temperatures. These measurements are then evaluated.

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Books on the topic "Sodium Ion Cells"

1

S, Aronson Peter, ed. Na⁺-H⁺ exchange, intracellular pH, and cell function. Orlando: Academic Press, 1986.

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1950-, Karmazyn M., Avkiran M, and Fliegel Larry 1956-, eds. The sodium-hydrogen exchanger: From molecule to its role in disease. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

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3

Ian, Glynn, Ellory J. C, and Company of Biologists, eds. The sodium pump: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Na, K-ATPase, held at the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, in August 1984. Cambridge, U.K: Company of Biologists, 1985.

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E, Vance Dennis, and Vance Jean E, eds. Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins, and membranes. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.

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5

Adragna, Norma, and Peter Lauf. Cell Volume and Signaling. Springer, 2014.

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Cell Volume and Signaling (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology). Springer, 2005.

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Egan, Brian N. Hyponatremia/Hypernatremia. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0037.

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lSodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid and is important for regulation of plasma water concentrations and cell volume. Sodium cannot readily cross the blood-brain barrier, and changes in plasma sodium levels by altering free water movement can expand or shrink brain cells. Changes in brain cell volume can cause brain cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Correction of both high and low sodium levels must be done gradually, as rapid correction of dysnatremias can also damage brain cells. In this chapter we review the physiology of sodium regulation, and discuss the clinical implications of these disorders as well as present a treatment plan for safe correction.

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Rich, Mark M. Critical Illness Neuropathy, Myopathy, and Sodium Channelopathy. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0033.

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Skeletal muscle weakness is a common problem that complicates recovery from critical illness. The primary causes of weakness include neuropathic disorders, myopathic disorders, and mixed disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that reduced excitability of the nerve and muscle cell membranes might contribute to weakness during the acute stages of the polyneuropathy and myopathy encountered in critically ill patients. In both tissues, an acquired sodium channelopathy can lead to increased inactivation of channels, leading to inexcitability an paralysis. Experimental sepsis models have demonstrated a similar reduction in excitability in myocardial cells as well as in motor neurons within the spinal cord. The presence of a channelopathy in multiple tissues raises the possibility that reduced excitability of neurons within the CNS might contribute to septic encephalopathy. If this is the case, a single therapy to improve excitability might treat failure of a number of electrically active tissues.

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Na+-H+ exchange, intracellular pH, and cell function. Orlando: Academic Press, 1986.

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(Editor), Morris Karmazyn, Metin Avkiran (Editor), and Larry Fliegel (Editor), eds. The Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger: From Molecule to its Role in Disease. Springer, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sodium Ion Cells"

1

Fozzard, H. A. "Cytosolic Sodium Ion Activity in Heart Cells." In Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 84–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2621-2_6.

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Hustad, Kristian Gregorius, Ena Ivanovic, Adrian Llop Recha, and Abinaya Abbi Sakthivel. "Conduction Velocity in Cardiac Tissue as Function of Ion Channel Conductance and Distribution." In Computational Physiology, 41–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05164-7_4.

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AbstractIon channels on the membrane of cardiomyocytes regulate the propagation of action potentials from cell to cell and hence are essential for the proper function of the heart. Through computer simulations with the classical monodomain model for cardiac tissue and the more recent extracellular-membrane-intracellular (EMI) model where individual cells are explicitly represented, we investigated how conduction velocity (CV) in cardiac tissue depends on the strength of various ion currents as well as on the spatial distribution of the ion channels. Our simulations show a sharp decrease in CV when reducing the strength of the sodium (Na+) currents, whereas independent reductions in the potassium (K1 and Kr) and L-type calcium currents have negligible effect on the CV. Furthermore, we find that an increase in number density of Na+ channels towards the cell ends increases the CV, whereas a higher number density of K1 channels slightly reduces the CV. These findings contribute to the understanding of ion channels (e.g. Na+ and K+ channels) in the propagation velocity of action potentials in the heart.

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Hofmann, J., A. K. Wurba, B. Bold, S. Maliha, P. Schollmeyer, J. Fleischer, J. Klemens, P. Scharfer, and W. Schabel. "Investigation of Parameters Influencing the Producibility of Anodes for Sodium-Ion Battery Cells." In Lecture Notes in Production Engineering, 171–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62138-7_18.

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Benos, Dale J. "Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channels." In Ionic Channels in Cells and Model Systems, 401–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5077-4_26.

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Clausen, Michael Jakob Voldsgaard, and Hanne Poulsen. "Sodium/Potassium Homeostasis in the Cell." In Metal Ions in Life Sciences, 41–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_3.

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Powell, Trevor. "Single Cells and Rapid Inward Sodium Current." In Advances in Myocardiology, 273–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1287-2_21.

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Gupta, Raj K. "NMR Spectroscopy of Intracellular Sodium Ions in Living Cells." In NMR in Living Systems, 291–308. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4580-7_19.

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Jaimovich, Enrique. "The Use of Specific Ligands to Study Sodium Channels in Muscle." In Ionic Channels in Cells and Model Systems, 89–100. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5077-4_6.

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Venugopal, Gopikrishnan, Manigundan Kaari, Abirami Baskaran, and Radhakrishnan Manikkam. "Immobilization of Actinobacterial Cells: Sodium Alginate and Calcium Chloride Method." In Methods in Actinobacteriology, 491–94. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1728-1_73.

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Schmider, F. X., E. Fossat, G. Grec, and B. Gelly. "Sodium cell spectrophotometer for detection of stellar oscillations." In Advances in Helio- and Asteroseismology, 513–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4009-3_99.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sodium Ion Cells"

1

Vincent, Timothy A., Ivana Hasa, Begum Gulsoy, Jonathan E. H. Sansom, and James Marco. "Battery Cell Temperature Sensing Towards Smart Sodium-Ion Cells for Energy Storage Applications." In 2022 IEEE 16th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics, and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpe-powereng54966.2022.9880876.

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Kim, Kyu-Jung, George Miley, Nie Luo, and Ankeeth Ved. "System Integration Issues for a Direct Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell (DNBFC)." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85178.

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A fuel cell for air independent mobile applications using Direct Sodium Borohydride/Hydrogen Peroxide fuels in a low temperature PEM configuration is under development [1, 2]. As part of the development of this unique all liquid fuel cell, we have been studying methods for system integration, including methods for water management, stacking issues involving fluid conductivity control, and the design of a composite catalysis-diffusion layers. [3, 4] The goal is to find optimal conditions (minimum activation, ohmic and transport losses plus maximum run time per fuel loading) in this unique all liquid fuel cell. In contrast to conventional H2/O2 cells, the high electron and ion conductivity of the aqueous solution based fuels introduces special design considerations. For example, in stack design, the path length of flow channels connecting cells must be lengthened to increase the electric resistance which would otherwise introduce serious electrical shorting. With the catalyst coated throughout the diffusion layer, increasing ion conductivity from reaction sites to the PEM region also becomes a key design consideration, involving the porosity and entanglement of catalyst materials. Water management in this type of cell involves unique issues beyond humidification of the PEM which is automatically wetted by the liquid fuels. Here the issue is recirculation of product water from the cathode side back to the borohydride side to prevent reaction product NaBO2 from exceeding its solubility limit. These system integration issues are studied by a coordinated experimental approach which will be described in the presentation.

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Olsen, Shawn, and Jiro Nagatomi. "An Optical Approach for Studying the Cellular Mechanotransduction of Hydrostatic Pressure by Bladder Urothelial Cells." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53872.

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Recent studies have suggested that the bladder urothelium is sensitive to both stretch and hydrostatic pressure during bladder filling, and is considered to play a mechanosensory role in sensing bladder fullness [1, 2]. In a previous study [3], our group demonstrated that compared to the control, rat bladder urothelial cells (UCs) exposed to hydrostatic pressure (10–15 cmH2O for 5 minutes) in vitro released significantly higher levels of ATP and that this response was attenuated by pharmacologically blocking transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, as well as epithelial sodium channels (ENACs). While blocking these ion channels inhibited the ATP response by UCs to hydrostatic pressure, it remains unclear whether these ion channels are being activated directly by hydrostatic pressure or by membrane deformation. Our current hypothesis is that a change in cell volume may occur due to the application of hydrostatic pressure and subsequent changes in cellular osmolality, which, in turn, activate the membrane-bound mechanosensitive channels. Using real-time fluorescent imaging and a custom experimental setup, the present study sought to quantify the UC cell volume changes during exposure to hydrostatic pressure and to better understand the mechanisms by which UCs sense hydrostatic pressure.

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Fandakov, Alexander, Paul Tourlonias, Alexander Herzog, Emre Özkan, Ronny Kurt Mehnert, and Marc Sens. "Model-Based Energy Consumption Optimization of a Twin Battery Concept Combining Liquid and Solid-State Electrolyte Cells." In 16th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-24-0154.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The majority of powertrain types considered important contributors to achieving the CO<sub>2</sub> targets in the transportation sector employ a battery as an energy storage device. The need for batteries is hence expected to grow drastically with increasing market share of CO<sub>2</sub>-optimized powertrain concepts. The resulting huge pressure on the development of future electrochemical energy storage systems necessitates the application of advanced methodologies enabling a fast and cost-efficient concept definition and optimization process. This paper presents a model-based methodology for the optimization of BEV thermal management concept layouts and operation strategies targeting minimized energy consumption. Starting at the vehicle level, the proposed methodology combines appropriate representations of all primary powertrain components with 1D cooling and refrigerant circuit models and focuses on their interaction with the battery chemistry. To this end, the battery cells are thermally modeled in 3D, complemented by a P2D electro-physicochemical approach. Thanks to online coupling the cell representation with the 1D powertrain and thermal management models, heat transfer and cell temperatures can be calculated as a function of the boundary conditions at each simulation step. The model-based methodology is subsequently employed for the optimization of a novel Twin Battery concept combining sodium-ion and solid-state lithium-ion battery cells. The approach enables the cost-efficient adaption of both thermal management layout and operation strategy, resulting in reduced energy input and shorter time required for reaching operation temperature of the solid-state cells. Ultimately, a minimization of the overall powertrain energy consumption can be achieved while ensuring chemistry-specific optimal temperature levels and hence reduced battery aging.</div></div>

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Sundaresan, Vishnu Baba, and Donald J. Leo. "Modeling and Characterization of a Chemomechanical Actuator Based on Protein Transporters." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43712.

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Plants and animal cells are naturally occurring actuators that exhibit force and motion driven by fluid transport through the cell membrane. The protein transporters embedded in the cell membrane serve as the selective gateway for ion and fluid transport. The actuator presented in this work generates force and deformation from mass transport through an artificial membrane with protein transporters extracted from plant cell membranes. The artificial membrane is formed from purified 1-Palmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-[Phospho-L-Serine] (Sodium Salt) (POPS), 1-Palmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine (POPE) lipids and supported on a porous substrate. The protein transporter used in the actuator membrane is a proton-sucrose cotransporter, SUT4, extracted from yeast cells that genetically modified to grow the cotransporter in their cell membranes. The SUT4 transporter conducts proton and sucrose from the side of the membrane with higher concentration and carries water molecules across the membrane. It is observed from transport characterization experiments that fluid flux through the membrane varies with the applied sucrose concentration and hence is chosen as the control stimulus in the actuator. A modified four-state facilitated diffusion model is applied to the transport characterization data to compute the two characteristic parameters for fluid transport, saturation concentration and translocation rate, through the membrane. The flux rate through the membrane is observed to increase with the concentration till a particular value and saturates at a higher concentration. The concentration at which the flux rate through the membrane saturates is referred to as the saturation concentration. The saturation concentration for the actuator is experimentally found to be 6±0.6mM sucrose on the side with lower pH. The corresponding maximum translocation rate is found to be 9.6±1.2 nl/μ.cm2.min. The maximum steady state deformation produced by the actuator is observed at 30 mM sucrose that corresponds to a force of 0.89 mN.

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Sakai, T., K. Okada, H. Bando, S. Ueshima, N. Tanaka, and O. Matsuo. "ANALYSIS OF THE SECRETION MECHANISM OF TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR IN A HUMAN MELANOMA CELL LINE (BOWES)." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644397.

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The human melanoma cell line (Bowes) secretes tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) into the culture medium. As reported previously, the secretion of t-PA was depressed and t-PA was accumulated in the intracellular compartment at alternative sodium and potassium ion concentrations and also in the presence of monensin, an ionophore for monovalent cations. In the present study, the secretion and intracellular distribution of t-PA were investigated by radioisotope labeling and fractionation of the cell organelles under normal and monensin-treated conditions. Cell homogenate was fractioneted by discontinuous sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The plasminogen activator (PA) activity or t-PA antigenicity in these fractions was not uniformly distributed, but rather localized in those fractions where cell organelles were rich. This implied that t-PA was enclosed by the intracellular membranous system. Cells were incubated with 35s-methionine and/or 3H-mannose to produce labeled intracellular glycoproteins including t-PA and its premature intermediates, which were separated by immunological adsorption to rabbit anti t-PA IgG-protein A Sepharose. Pulse labeling with 35s-methionine (3 min) demonstrated that intracellular t-PA was transported from the heavier fractions (rER), via intermediate ones (Golgi complex), to lighter ones. The radioactivity of the intracellular t-PA reached a maximum in 30 min, while that of secreted t-PA was observed in 30 min and increased linearly at least for the following 20 min. Enzymography revealed the major intracellular PA activity at 72 kDa and minor activity at 50 kDa. Monensin treatment (10 μM, 6 hr) caused accumulation of the 72 kDa component which was immunologically homologous to secreted t-PA. After long term (3 hr) simultaneous 35s-methionine and 3H-mannose labeling, the radioactivity ratio (3H/35S) the intracellular t-PA was increased in the presence of monensin. These results suggest that some sugar chain(s) in the t-PA molecule are of high mannose type, which is interfered with by monensin in the course of the intracellular processing and transport of t-PA.

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Doty, Glenn N., David L. McCree, and F. David Doty. "Projections of Levelized Cost Benefit of Grid-Scale Energy Storage Options." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90377.

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The levelized costs of delivered energy from the leading technologies for grid-scale energy storage are calculated using a model that considers likely number of cycles per year, application-specific expected lifetime, discount rate, duty cycle, and likely trends in the markets. The expected capital costs of the various options evaluated — pumped hydrostorage, underground pumped hydrostorage (UPHS), hydrogen fuel cells, carbon-lead-acid batteries, advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES), lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, flywheels, sodium sulfur batteries, ultra capacitors, and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) — are based on recent installation cost data to the extent possible. The marginal value of the delivered stored energy is analyzed using recent grid-energy prices from regions of high wind-energy penetration. Grid-scale energy storage is expected to lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions only in regions where the off-peak energy is very clean. These areas will be characterized by a high level of wind energy with cheap off-peak and peak prices. At the expected price differentials, the only conventional options expected to be commercially viable in most cases are hydro storage, especially via dam up-rating, and UPHS. The market value of energy storage for short periods of time (under a few hours) is expected to be minimal for grid-scale purposes. Only low-cost daily storage is easily justified both from an economic and environmental perspective.

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Lagarde, Quentin, Serge Mazen, Bruno Beillard, Julien Leylavergne, Joel Andrieu, Jean-Pierre Cancès, Vahid Meghdadi, Michelle Lalande, Edson Martinod, and Marie-Sandrine Denis. "Étude et conception de système de management pour batteries innovantes, Batterie Sodium (NA-ion)." In Les journées de l'interdisciplinarité 2022. Limoges: Université de Limoges, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25965/lji.581.

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La transition énergétique passera notamment par l’autoconsommation et l’autoproduction. L’utilisation de sources d’origines solaire et/ou éolienne permettront d’atteindre les objectifs bas carbone (atteindre la neutralité carbone à l’horizon 20250). Cette production étant intermittente, il est indispensable de les stocker pour pouvoir les utiliser au moment opportun. Actuellement la technologie dominante est l’accumulation d’énergie dans des batteries au lithium qui sont nuisibles à l’environnement et tributaires de la disponibilité au niveau mondial.De nouvelles batteries innovantes, comme celles au sodium-ion paraissent plus écologiques. Néanmoins, elles présentent l’inconvénient d’une durée de vie plus faible. L’utilisation d’un système de management de batterie (BMS – Battery Management System) l’améliore, les rendant ainsi concurrentielles aux batteries lithium-ion.

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Donina, Kristina Y., and D. V. Cherkashin. "EFFECTS OF SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE ON BEETROOT CROP CELLS." In Science Present and Future: Research Landscape in the 21st century. Иркутск: Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки "Иркутский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук", 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54696/isc_49741471.

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Ducheyne, Paul, Hongxia Gao, Ahmed El-Ghannam, Irving Shapiro, and Portonovo Ayyaswamy. "The Use of Bioactive Glass Particles As Microcarriers." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1192.

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Abstract Among the various materials that affect bone cell function, and therefore, could serve as the microcarrier material, bioactive glass has been our material of choice. In the early seventies, Hench et al.[1] formulated these glasses with a typical composition of 45% SiO2, 24.5% Na2O, 24.5% CaO and 6% P2O5 (by weight). They documented that upon implantation in bone tissue, this glass called bioactive glass 45S5, firmly adhered to bone. By now, at least nine groups from around the world have shown that glasses typically containing 40–60 mole % SiO2 and various amounts of Na2O, CaO, P2O5 and some smaller amounts of other oxides bond to bone tissue. As the glass is immersed in vivo, bodily fluids cause the glass to corrode. This corrosion results in selective leaching of sodium ions, the formation of a silica gel layer, and eventually the formation of a calcium phosphate rich layer. It is a recent finding that bioactive glass, when made in granular form with a narrow size range (300–355 μm), has the unique capacity to cause differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells to cells expressing the osteoblastic phenotype [2]. This property of upregulating stromal osteoprogenitor cells to osteoblasts in vivo, as well as the capacity to enhance the expression of the osteoblastic phenotype in vitro, form the basis for our selection of bioactive glass 45S5 as the carrier of choice for culturing typical bone tissue cells in microgravity environment.

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Reports on the topic "Sodium Ion Cells"

1

Shpigel, Muki, Allen Place, William Koven, Oded (Odi) Zmora, Sheenan Harpaz, and Mordechai Harel. Development of Sodium Alginate Encapsulation of Diatom Concentrates as a Nutrient Delivery System to Enhance Growth and Survival of Post-Larvae Abalone. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586480.bard.

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The major bottlenecks in rearing the highly priced gastropod abalone (Haliotis spp.) are the slow growth rate and the high mortality during the first 8 to 12 weeks following metamorphosis and settling. The most likely reason flor these problems is related to nutritional deficiencies in the diatom diet on which the post larvae (PL) feed almost exclusively in captivity. Higher survival and improved growth rate will reduce the considerable expense of hatchery-nursery resisdence time and thereflore the production costs. BARD supported our research for one year only and the support was given to us in order to prove that "(1) Abalone PL feed on encapsulated diatoms, and (2) heterotrophic diatoms can be mass produced." In the course of this year we have developed a novel nutrient delivery system specifically designed to enhance growth and survival of post-larval abalone. This approach is based on the sodium-alginate encapsulation of heterotrophically grown diatoms or diatom extracts, including appetite-stimulating factors. Diatom species that attract the PL and promote the highest growth and survival have been identified. These were also tested by incorporating them (either intact cells or as cell extracts) into a sodium-alginate matrix while comparing the growth to that achieved when using diatoms (singel sp. or as a mixture). A number of potential chemoattractants to act as appetite-stimulating factors for abalone PL have been tested. Preliminary results show that the incorporation of the amino acid methionine at a level of 10-3M to the sodim alginate matrix leads to a marked enhancement of growth. The results ol these studies provided basic knowledge on the growth of abalone and showed that it is possible to obtain, on a regular basis, survival rates exceeding 10% for this stage. Prior to this study the survival rates ranged between 2-4%, less than half of the values achieved today. Several diatom species originated from the National Center for Mariculture (Nitzchia laevis, Navicula lenzi, Amphora T3, and Navicula tennerima) and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083, 2084, 2085, 2086 and 2087 UTEX strains, Austin TX) were tested for heterotrophic growth. Axenic colonies were initially obtained and following intensive selection cycles and mutagenesis treatments, Amphora T3, Navicula tennerima and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083 UTEX strain) were capable of growing under heterotrophic conditions and to sustain highly enriched mediums. A highly efficient selection procedure as well as cost effective matrix of media components were developed and optimized. Glucose was identified as the best carbon source for all diatom strains. Doubling times ranging from 20-40 h were observed, and stable heterotroph cultures at a densities range of 103-104 were achieved. Although current growth rates are not yet sufficient for full economical fermentation, we estimate that further selections and mutagenesis treatments cycles should result in much faster growing colonies suitable for a fermentor scale-up. As rightfully pointed out by one of the reviewers, "There would be no point in assessing the optimum levels of dietary inclusions into micro-capsules, if the post-larvae cannot be induced to consume those capsules in the first place." We believe that the results of the first year of research provide a foundationfor the continuation of this research following the objectives put forth in the original proposal. Future work should concentrate on the optimization of incorporation of intact cells and cell extracts of the developed heterotrophic strains in the alginate matrix, as well as improving this delivery system by including liposomes and chemoattractants to ensure food consumption and enhanced growth.

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Lew, Chong Zhi, and Ting Chi Yeh. Pediatric Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor: Clinical Perspective of Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0081.

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Review question / Objective: A large number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) involving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) in the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have different outcomes. Condition being studied: The efficacy of SGLT-2is on HFpEF is currently a hot topic. However, the results of SRs/MAs conducted on relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are inconsistent. We aim to conduct an umbrella review of existing SRs/MAs, to comprehensively evaluate study quality, and to incorporate calculated data from RCTs to update the results of primary outcomes.

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MARUSICH RM. TOXICOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL CONSEQUENCES FROM SODIUM-WATER REACTION IN CELL CONTAINING THE SECONDARY SODIUM TANK. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/934380.

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Krager, Kimberly J., and Frederick E. Domann. Genetically Targeted Radiotherapy Utilizing the Human Sodium Iodide Symporter in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436156.

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Krager, Kimberly, and Frederick E. Domann. Genetically Targeted Radiotherapy Utilizing the Human Sodium Iodide Symporter in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada455269.

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Gaffin, S. L., M. S. Koratich, and R. W. Hubbard. The Effect of Hyperthermia on Intracellular Sodium Concentration in Isolated Human Cells. A Preliminary Report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada331123.

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Valeri, C. R. Extension of Post-Than-Wash Storage of Glycerol-Frozen Red Blood Cells at 4 C In 0.9% Sodium Chloride-0.1% Glucose Solution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada360423.

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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai, and Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.

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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.

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Law, J. D., K. N. Brewer, R. S. Herbst, T. A. Todd, and L. G. Olson. Demonstration of an optimized TRUEX flowsheet for partitioning of actinides from actual ICPP sodium-bearing waste using centrifugal contactors in a shielded cell facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/573170.

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Sadka, Avi, Mikeal L. Roose, and Yair Erner. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Citric Acid Accumulation in Citrus Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573071.bard.

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Abstract:

The acid content of the juice sac cells is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Pulp acidity is thought to be dependent on two mechanisms: the accumulation of citric acid in the vacuoles of the juice sac cells, and acidification of the vacuole. The major aim of the project was to direct effort toward understanding the mechanism of citric acid accumulation in the fruit. The following objectives were suggested: Measure the activity of enzymes likely to be involved in acid accumulation and follow their pattern of expression in developing fruit (Sadka, Erner). Identify and clone genes which are associated with high and low acid phenotypes and with elevated acid level (Roose, Sadka, Erner). Convert RAPD markers that map near a gene that causes low acid phenotype to specific co dominant markers (Roose). Use genetic co segregation to test whether specific gene products are responsible for low acid phenotype (Roose and Sadka). Objective 1 was fully achieved. Most of the enzymes of organic acid metabolism were cloned from lemon pulp. Their expression was studied during fruit development in low and high acid varieties. The activity and expression of citrate synthase, aconitase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were studied in detail. The role that each enzyme plays in acid accumulation and decline was evaluated. As a result, a better understanding of the metabolic changes that contribute to acid accumulation was achieved. It was found that the activity of the mitochondrial aconitase is greatly reduced early in high-acid fruits, but not in acidless ones, suggesting that this enzyme plays an important role in acid accumulation. In addition, it was demonstrated that increases in the cytosolic forms of aconitase and NADP-IDH towards fruit maturation play probably a major role in acid decline. Our studies also demonstrated that the two mechanisms that contribute to fruit acidity, vacuolar acidification and citric acid accumulation, are independent, although they are tightly co-regulated. Additional, we demonstrated that sodium arsenite, which reduce fruit acidity, causes a transient inhibition in the activity of citrate synthase, but an induction in the gene expression. This part of the work has resulted in 4 papers. Objective 3 was also fully achieved. Using bulked segregant analysis, three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were identified as linked to acitric, a gene controlling the acidless phenotype of pummelo 2240. One of them, which mapped 1.2 cM from acitric was converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR marker, and into co dominant restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) marker. These markers were highly polymorphic among 59 citrus accessions, and therefore, they should be useful for selecting seedling progeny heterozygous for acitric in nearly all crosses between pummelo 2240 and other citrus genotypes. This part of the project resulted in one paper. Objective 4 was also fully achieved. Clones isolated by the Israeli group were sent to the American laboratory for co segregation analysis. However, none of them seemed to co segregate with the low acid phenotype. Both laboratories invested much effort in achieving the goals of Objective 2, namely the isolation of genes that are elevated in expression in low and high acid phenotypes, and in tissue cultures treated with arsenite (a treatment which reduces fruit acidity). However, conventional differential display and restriction fragment differential display analyses could not identify any differentially expressed genes. The isolation of such genes was the major aim of a continuation project, which was recently submitted.

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