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1
Ke, Ying, and n/a. "Mechanisms by which COMMD1 down-regulates Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) activity." University of Otago. Department of Physiology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081205.161914.
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The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) made up of α, β and γ subunits is located at the apical membrane of polarised epithelia and mediates transport of sodium ions into the cells. Tight control of ENaC function is essential for maintaining sodium homeostasis, blood volume and blood pressure. Controlling the number of active channels present at the cell surface appears to be critically important in regulating ENaC activity. The neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated gene 4 (Nedd4) family of proteins (eg. Nedd4-2) ubiquitinate ENaC and decrease its cell surface expression. The activity of Nedd4-2 is modulated by serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (SGK), which phosphorylates Nedd4-2 and increases cell surface expression of ENaC.
The c̲o̲pper m̲etabolism gene M̲URR1 d̲omain 1 (COMMD1) protein is a recently identified ENaC binding partner and negative regulator of channel activity. Studies by other groups suggest that COMMD1 is also involved in the processes of intracellular protein trafficking and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. The aims of this study were 1). To characterise the interactions between COMMD1 and ENaC. 2). To identify the mechanism(s) by which COMMD1 down-regulates ENaC activity.
Here protein-protein interaction studies were used to show that a recently identified conserved C-terminal domain (the COMM domain) in COMMD1 is essential for its binding to ENaC. The binding site for COMMD1 in βENaC was found to be located in its N-terminal domain. COMMD1 was shown to down-regulate ENaC by increasing ubiquitin modification of ENaC and by decreasing the cell surface population. COMMD1 was found to interact with SGK and formed a complex with SGK and Nedd4-2. Ussing chamber studies of Na⁺ transport showed that COMMD1 attenuated the stimulation of ENaC by SGK and abolished insulin-stimulated ENaC current in epithelial cells. Conversely, knock-down of COMMD1 increased ENaC current in mammalian epithelial cells. These data suggest that COMMD1 plays a role in regulating ENaC activity in epithelial cells and its effect is likely mediated via SGK.
In addition COMMD1 was found to bind to the adaptor protein subunit [mu]2. Mutations in COMMD1 that disrupt its interaction with [mu]2 impair its ability to decrease cell surface expression of ENaC in Cos-7 cells, therefore COMMD1 may also have a role in the endocytosis of ENaC by linking cell surface ENaC to the clathrin-dependent endocytosis machinery.
In summary, this study investigated the interactions between COMMD1 and ENaC and identified that the SGK/Nedd4-2 pathway is involved in the COMMD1-mediated ubiquitination and down-regulation of ENaC activity.
2
Rothenbühler, Andreas Fischbacher Andreas. "Body sodium/blood volume state in normotensive members of mormotensive and hypertensive families /." [S.l : s.n.], 1985. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Higgins, M. "The effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on whole body and isolated skeletal muscle performance." Thesis, Coventry University, 2013. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/696c40cf-9b03-4246-b996-9aa62ea4d56e/1.
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This thesis examined four key areas considered to contribute to why the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as an ergogenic aid remains equivocal. Firstly, familiarisation to and test re-test reliability of continuous constant load cycling to exhaustion (TLIM) at 110% peak power output (WPEAK) were investigated. Results indicated two trials are required before participants become fully familiarised and reliable data are obtained and that daily biological variation was 6 ± 11% (16 ± 28 s). The primary aim of study two was to determine the most appropriate exercise intensity for future studies in this thesis. A secondary aim was to elucidate why certain participants appear to respond to NaHCO3 ingestion and others do not (Price and Simons 2010, Saunders et al. 2011). Therefore, we evaluated cycling TLIM at 100%, 110% and 120% WPEAK in the same participants. NaHCO3 ingestion increased TLIM by 17% compared to placebo (PLA) at 100% WPEAK. This was due, at least in part, to attenuated localised ratings of perceived exertion (RPEL). No difference in group level data was observed between treatments at 110% WPEAK or 120% WPEAK although there was marked inter and intra individual variance. Thirdly, in order to evaluate the efficacy of NaHCO3 at a tissue level we examined the effects of NaHCO3 on dynamic isolated muscle performance undergoing cyclical length changes. Acute power output (PO) was on average 7.0% greater for NaHCO3 treated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles and 3.6% greater for NaHCO3 treated soleus (SOL) muscles compared to control (CON). Increases in PO were due to greater force production throughout shortening. Treatment of EDL and SOL did not alter the pattern of fatigue at a group level although similar to study 2 there was marked inter individual variation. Finally, to determine the effects of training status we evaluated the effects of 6 weeks high-intensity cycling training on the efficacy of NaHCO3. Overall, pre-training TLIM was 10% greater with NaHCO3 compared to PLA with a benefit to harm odds ratio of 571. Overall, post-training TLIM was 6% greater with NaHCO3 compared to PLA with a benefit to harm odds ratio of 17. Similar to studies 2 and 3 individual variation was observed. Based on daily biological variation for TLIM of 6% (as determined in study 1) and a recommended benefit to harm odds ratio threshold of > 66, NaHCO3 improved TLIM before training only. We concluded that 6 weeks high-intensity cycling training reduces the effectiveness of NaHCO3 in previously non-cycling trained males. The change in efficacy is likely due to, at least in part, training induced changes in intracellular buffering capacity. In summary, NaHCO3 is an effective ergogenic aid for TLIM cycling at 100% WPEAK in non-cycling trained males. This is due, at least in part, to attenuated localised ratings of perceived exertion (RPEL). In contrast, 6-weeks high-intensity cycling training reduces the efficacy of NaHCO3 for TLIM cycling at 100% WPEAK in previously non-cycling trained males. The change in efficacy is likely due to, at least in part, training induced changes in intracellular buffering capacity. At a skeletal muscle level, NaHCO3 increases acute PO in both predominantly fast (EDL) and predominantly slow (SOL) twitch muscle fibres, due to greater force production throughout shortening.
4
Ng, Chi Wing. "Detection of sodium and potassium in single human erythrocytes by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy : instrumentation and feasibility demonstration." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1999. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/173.
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Sims, Stacy Teresa, and n/a. "Plasma volume and the physiological response to sodium loading in men and women." University of Otago. School of Physical Education, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070418.143047.
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The metabolic heat generated by exercise must be dissipated to maintain body temperature within narrow physiological limits; during exercise and heat exposure, body water is lost via sweating to enable evaporative cooling of the body. When sweating takes place, total body water is reduced (without the intake of additional fluids) from each fluid compartment due to the free exchange of water between compartments with a concomitant loss of electrolytes, primarily sodium. A series of three investigations were undertaken to evaluate: 1) the efficacy of acute sodium citrate-chloride loading on endurance trained males and females as a viable means to expand extracellular fluid volume, 2) any menstrual cycle effects on renal handling of this sodium load at rest, and 3) if any subsequent hypervolaemia reduces the physiological strain of exercise in warm conditions in both genders. The first investigation examined eight endurance-trained (VO₂[max]: 58 ml�kg⁻��min⁻� (SD 5); 36 y (SD 11)) runners in a randomized double-blind crossover study. The participants ingested a high-sodium (HighNa⁺: 164 mmol Na⁺�L⁻�) or low-sodium (LowNa⁺: 10 mmol Na⁺�L⁻�) beverage (10 ml�kg⁻�) before running to exhaustion at 70% VO₂[max] in warm conditions (32�C, 50% RH, V[a]~1.5 m�s⁻�). Results indicate that HighNa⁺ increased PV before exercise (4.5% (SD 3.7)), calculated from Hct and [Hb]), whereas LowNa⁺ didn�t (0.0% (SD 0.5); P = 0.04), and involved greater time to exercise termination in those who were stopped due to ethical end point of 39.5�C and volitional exhaustion (39.5�C: 57.9 min (SD 6) vs. 46.4 min (SD 4); n = 5, P = 0.04; EXH: 96.1 min (SD 22) vs. 75.3 min (SD 21); n = 3, P = 0.03; HighNa⁺ vs. LowNa⁺ respectively). At equivalent times before exercise termination, HighNa⁺ also involved lower core temperature (38.9 vs. 39.3�C; P = 0.00) and perceived exertion (P = 0.01), and a tendency for lower heart rate (164 vs. 174 bpm; P = 0.08).
The main purpose of the second investigation was to investigate the efficacy of an acute sodium load on endurance trained women�s plasma volume and renal mechanisms across the menstrual cycle at rest. This was evaluated by inducing a sodium-mediated plasma volume expansion using HighNa⁺ at rest during the last high hormone week of the OCP cycle (HH[ocp]) or the late-luteal phase of the natural cycle (LUT[nat]) and during the low hormone sugar pill week of the OCP cycle (SUG[ocp]) or during the early follicular phase of the natural cycle (FOL[nat]. Thirteen women completed the study with one woman on a progestin-only pill (results were used for case study, not statistical analyses) and were assigned to one of two groups: 1) control (NAT, n = 6, 24 y (SD 5), 53 ml�kg�ml⁻� (SD 3)) or oral contraceptive pill (OCP, n = 6, progestin only n = 1, 29 y (SD 6), 51 ml�kg�ml⁻� (SD 2)) group according to their usage status. Across the four-hour post loading time there was greater plasma volume expansion in SUG[ocp] and FOL[nat] vs. LUT[nat] and HH[ocp] (5.06% (SD1.16) vs. 3.35% (SD 0.23), P = 0.02). OCP usage did not reliably alter the hypervolaemic response (P = 0.27), and this was not dependent on phase of cycle (P = 0.32). Plasma volume expansion occurred across both types and phases of the menstrual cycle with evidence that estradiol interactions with AVP, P[osm] and body water retention are stronger in the low hormone phase of the OCP than in the follicular phase of the natural cycle; illustrated by greater overall water retention after an acute sodium+water load.
The third investigation was conducted during the high hormone phase of both OCP and NAT menstrual cycles to further examine sodium-loading effects on the physiological capacity of exhaustive cycling in warm conditions. Thirteen endurance-trained (VO₂[peak] 52 ml�kg⁻��min⁻� (SD 2); 26 y (SD 6), 60.8 kg (SD 5), mean (SD)) cyclists completed this double-blind, crossover experiment during the high hormone phase of the menstrual cycle. Cyclists ingested a concentrated sodium (HighNa⁺: 164 mmol Na⁺�L⁻�) or low-sodium (LowNa⁺: 10 mmol Na⁺�L⁻�) beverage (10 ml�kg⁻�) before cycling to exhaustion at 70% VO₂[max] in warm conditions (32�C, 50% RH, V[a]~5.6 m�s⁻�). HighNa⁺ increased PV before exercise, similar to that of the men in the first investigation, whereas LowNa⁺ didn�t (4.4% (SD 1.2) vs. -1.9% (SD 1.3); P < 0.0001), and involved greater time to exhaustion (98.6 min (SD 25.6) vs. 78.5 min (SD 24.6); P < 0.0001). There was a higher baseline core temperature and faster rate of change for HH[ocp] for both beverage conditions (HighNa⁺: 37.15 (SD 0.6) vs. 36.92�C (SD 0.4); P = 0.05, LowNa⁺: 37.04 (SD 0.6) vs. 36.90�C (SD 0.4), P = 0.05; HH[ocp] vs. LUT[nat], respectively). Through this series of investigations a greater understanding was achieved of fluid balance and the effect of pre-exercise hypervolaemia between genders; pre-exercise ingestion of a concentrated sodium beverage increased plasma volume before exercise and involved less thermoregulatory and the actual and perceived physiological strain during exercise and increased endurance in warm conditions.
6
Sanders, Barry. "The effects of sodium chloride ingestion on fluid balance and body fluid distribution during exercise." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27124.
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The aim of the first experiment of this thesis was to determine whether the ingestion of a concentrated sodium chloride solution (100mEq/1) during exercise would expand the plasma volume when fluid was ingested at approximately half the rate at which it was being lost as sweat. Six male cyclists exercised for 90 minutes in the heat (32 ± 1 °C, 55 ± 5% RH) at 66 ± 1 % of VO₂ₘₐₓ while ingesting either no fluid CNF), water (W), or a saline CS) solution (100mEq/1). In the Wand S trials, subjects drank 400ml of the fluid immediately prior to commencing exercise, and 100ml of fluid every 10 minutes during exercise until 80 minutes. In the S trial sodium chloride was ingested in capsules. One capsule containing 0.585g of sodium chloride was ingested with every 100ml of water. At the end of the 90 minute exercise bout they rested in a sitting position for one hour in cool conditions (22 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5% RH). After the initial drop in plasma volume due to the onset of exercise. plasma volume decreased progressively during the NF trial and was significantly less than the 10 minute value at 80 and 90 minutes (p<0.0033). At 40, 60, 80 and 90 minutes of exercise, the plasma volume in the NF trial was significantly less than in the W and the S trials (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the W and the S trials at any time. Further, after the initial drop in plasma volume due to the onset of exercise. plasma volume did not decrease any further in either the W or the S trial. Plasma sodium concentrations in the NF and the S trial were significantly elevated at 40, 60, 80 and 90 minutes (p<0.0033). Plasma sodium concentration in the NF and the S trials were also significantly higher than in the W trial at 80 and 90 minutes of exercise (p<0.05). Since the ingestion of a sodium chloride solution containing 100mEq/1 did not have a beneficial effect on plasma volume and plasma sodium concentration, when fluid ingestion rates were approximately half of the rate of sweat loss, it is concluded the under these conditions, the ingestion of a concentrated sodium chloride beverage has no advantage over the ingestion of water. The aim of the second experiment of this thesis was to determine the effect of varying concentrations of sodium chloride ingestion on fluid balance, when the rate of fluid ingestion matched the sweat rate. Six male cyclists cycled for 4 hours at 55% of VO₂ₘₐₓ in mild conditions (20 ± 1°c and 70 ± 5% RH), while ingesting either a low salt (LS) (4.6 mEq/1), a medium salt (MS) (50 mEq/1) or a high salt (HS) (100 mEq/1) beverage. Each beverage also contained a glucose polymer in an 8% concentration (8g/100ml). The subjects ingested 400ml of beverage immediately prior to commencement of exercise, and 150ml of fluid every 10 minutes during exercise until 220 minutes. Sodium chloride in the MS and HS trials was given to the subjects as supplemental gel capsules so that the drink was palatable. At the end of exercise, subjects recovered in a sitting position for 30 minutes. At the end of the 4 hours of exercise, fluid loss via the urine was significantly greater in the LS and the MS trials than in the HS trial (p<0.05). As a result, the fluid deficits in the LS and the MS trials were significantly greater than the fluid deficit in the HS trial. There was no significant difference between the MS and the LS trials for urinary fluid loss. During the 4 hour exercise bout, plasma sodium concentrations in the LS, the MS and the HS trials were not significantly different from one another, nor were they significantly different from resting values. There was no significant difference in the rectal temperature response to exercise in the three trials. It can therefore be concluded that in conditions where fluid ingestion matches sweat rate, attenuation of urinary fluid loss to optimise fluid replacement, relies on the ingestion of sodium chloride in quantities greater than that lost in the sweat. Therefore, for the ingestion of sodium chloride in excess of that which is currently available in sports drinks to beneficial, fluid must be ingested in volumes matching sweat loss.
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Zarkadas, Marion. "Effects of sodium chloride supplementation on urinary calcium, other urine and blood electrolytes and parathyroid hormone levels in postmenopausal women." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61693.
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McBride, Shawna M. "An examination of early life sodium manipulation and its role in amphetamine sensitization in adult offspring." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1799961721&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Hurley, Seth W. "The sensitization of sodium appetite: Plasticity in neural networks governing body fluid homeostasis and motivated behavior." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1635.
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When most omnivores and herbivores become sodium depleted they engage in the motivated behavior of sodium appetite (AKA salt appetite), or the seeking out and ingestion of salty substances. Sodium appetite is associated with psychological processes that serve to enhance the incentive and rewarding value of salty substances in order to attract animals to salty substances and reinforce the ingestion of them. The experience of sodium depletion also produces long-lasting changes in behavior; one of the most apparent changes being a seemingly life-long increase in hypertonic salt intake which indicates sodium appetite is sensitized. Two neural circuits have been implicated in the sensitization of sodium appetite: 1) a forebrain neural circuit that regulates body fluid homeostasis, and 2) the mesolimbic dopamine system which mediates motivated behaviors. This dissertation has three aims that serve the overall purpose of providing a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate the sensitization of sodium appetite. The first aim is to develop a model of sodium depletion that is amenable to pharmacological manipulation in order to determine whether the -blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, which are critical for neural plasticity, will prevent the sensitization of sodium appetite. The second aim is to determine whether sensitization is associated with relatively long-term molecular changes in forebrain areas that regulate body fluid homeostasis. The third aim is to identify how forebrain areas involved in body fluid homeostasis may connect to and influence activity in the mesolimbic dopamine system.
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Langan, Esther M. "Sublethal effects of sodium nitrate on developmental rate and body length in Southern Toad (Bufo terrestris) tadpoles." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000863.
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Lackland, William S. "Effects of changes in plasma volume, osmolality and sodium levels on core temperature during prolonged exercise in heat." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43886.
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Six adult males of similar body composition and aerobic capacity were tested to study the effects of changes in plasma volume (PV), osmolality (OSM) and sodium (Na+) on core temperature (Tc) under three exercise-thermoregulatory stress conditions. The protocol consisted of 120 min of upright stationary cycling at 50% V02max under neutral (24° C, 50% RH) - euhydrated (NE), hot (35°C, 50% RH) - euhydrated (HE), and hot-hypohydrated (HH) environmental conditions. Venous blood samples were obtained at -30 min, 0 min and at 15 min intervals through a 30 min recovery and were analyzed for blood hematocrit and hemoglobin, and for plasma osmolality and sodium. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were used to calculate relative changes in plasma volume. Tc showed qualitatively similar linear increases in the first 45 min of each trial. At 60 min, Tc in the NE trial plateaued at 37.9°C. In the HE trial, Tc continued to show a slight further increase after 45 min while in NE it became significantly (p<0.05) lower at 45 min as compared to HE and HH; at 60 min of exercise, the core temperature of all three trials differed significantly (p<0.05), with HH being the highest (38.3°C). Percent change in plasma volume was not different between trials, but did show the greatest decrease in all trials from O to 15 min of the exercise phase with at least -4.3%. Osmolality was significantly different (p<0.05) between the NE (X = 283.3 m0smol/kg) and the HH (X = 292.5 m0smo1/kg). Plasma sodium was significantly (p<0.05) higher for all intervals of HH (X = 137.9 meq/L) as compared to the NE (X = 135.1 meq/L) and HE (X = 134.8 meq/L). These data suggest that core temperature (Tc) increase in moderate intensity endurance exercise is less related to a decreased circulating plasma volume, but is more strongly associated with rising osmolality, specifically the increase in the Na+ electrolyte, which occur with progressive hypohydration.
Master of Science
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Wong, Siu-hing, and 王少鑫. "Relationship between resistant hypertension and sodium intake in type 2 diabetes Hong Kong Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46373445.
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Cogley, DiTommaso Jessica L. "Sodium and potassium intakes of the U.S. adult population age 18 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 /." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1161982998.
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Brown, Mary Beth. "Mechanisms and implications of sodium loss in sweat during exercise in the heat for patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy individuals." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37314.
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Our aim was to understand mechanisms responsible for excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat gland and the potential impact on fluid balance during exercise in heat stress conditions. Human physiological testing under exercise/heat stress and immunofluorescence staining of sweat glands from skin biopsies were compared between healthy individuals (with normal and high sweat sodium chloride concentration, [NaCl]) and with cystic fibrosis patients (CF), who exhibit excessively salty sweat due to a defect of Cl- channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Three novel findings are presented. First, excessively salty sweat may be associated with reduced expression of CFTR in the sweat gland reabsorptive duct of healthy individuals in addition to in those with CF; however, although a link to a CF gene mutation in healthy individuals with high sweat [NaCl] was not demonstrated, the possibility of an undetected CFTR mutation or polymorphism remains to be investigated as an underlying mechanism. Two, CF and healthy individuals with excessively salty sweat respond to moderate dehydration (3% body weight loss during exercise) with an attenuated rise in serum osmolality, greater relative loss in plasma volume, but similar perceived thirst compared to healthy individuals with "normal" sweat [NaCl]. However, individuals with CF respond to rehydration with hypotonic beverage by drinking less ad libitum in response to reduced serum [NaCl], suggesting that thirst-guided fluid replacement may be more appropriate for this population rather than restoring 100% of sweat loss following dehydration as is often recommended in healthy individuals.
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Clark, Jeremy James. "Salt appetite and psychostimulants : interaction between reward systems/." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9071.
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SANTOS, LUCAS R. dos. "Monitoração in vivo - análise de incertezas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10101.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
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Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Aliti, Graziella Badin. "Efeito da restrição hidrossalina na insuficiência cardíaca aguda descompensada : ensaio clínico randomizado." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56625.
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Introdução: O benefício da restrição hidrossalina em pacientes internados por insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada não está bem estabelecido. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de uma dieta com restrição hídrica de 800 ml e 800 mg de sódio adicional/dia (grupo intervenção: GI) com uma dieta sem restrição hidrossalina (grupo controle: GC) na redução do peso e na estabilidade clínica em três dias em pacientes internados por IC aguda descompensada. Delineamento: Ensaio clínico randomizado que incluiu pacientes adultos com IC aguda descompensada, disfunção sistólica e admissão hospitalar k 36 horas. Avaliou-se diariamente o estado congestivo por meio do Escore Clínico de Congestão (ECC); a sensação de sede por meio da escala visual analógica (escala 0-10), até k sete dias de internação. As readmissões foram avaliadas em 30 dias. Resultados: Incluídos 75 pctes (GI: 38; GC: 37), predominantemente homens com fração de ejeção média de 26±8,7%, 22% com etiologia isquêmica. Os grupos não foram diferentes nas características basais. O delta do peso (GI: -4,42±2,85 e GC: -4,67±5,6/ P=0,82) e o delta do ECC (GI: - 4,03±3,3 e GC: - 3,44±3,35/ P=0,47) no terceiro dia não foram diferentes entre os grupos. A sede foi significativamente maior no GI durante o período do estudo (P=0,002). Readmissão em 30 dias foi semelhante entre o GI 11(28,9%) e GC 7 (18,9%), (P=0,41). Conclusão: A intervenção agressiva de restrição hidrossalina não teve impacto na redução do peso e na estabilidade clínica em três dias. Além disso, foi responsável por significativo aumento da sensação de sede.Introduction: The benefits of fluid and sodium restriction in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (HF) are unclear. Objective: To compare the effects of a fluid-restricted (800 mL/day) and sodium additional-restricted (800 mg/day) diet (intervention group, IG) versus a diet with no such restrictions (control group, CG) on weight loss and clinical stability over a 3-day period in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated HF. Methods: Randomized clinical trial of adult patients with acute decompensated HF, systolic dysfunction, and a length of stay k36 hours. Congestion was assessed daily by means of a clinical congestion score (CCS). Perceived thirst was assessed with a 10-point visual analog scale. Patients were followed until the 7th hospital day. Readmissions were assessed at 30 days. Results: Seventy-five patients were enrolled (38 allocated to intervention, 37 to the control group). Most were male; ischemic heart disease was the predominant cause of HF (22%), and the mean ejection fraction was 26±8.7%. Both groups were homogeneous in terms of baseline characteristics. There were no between-group differences in weight loss (IG, -4.42±2.85 kg; CG, -4.67±5.6 kg; P=0.82) or change in CCS (IG, -4.03±3.3; CG, -3.44±3.35; P=0.47) at 3 days. Thirst was significantly worse in the IG during the study period (P=0.002). There were no between-group differences in the readmission rate at 30 days (IG, 11 patients [28.9%]; CG, 7 patients [18.9%]; P=0.41). Conclusion: Aggressive fluid and additional sodium restriction had no impact on weight loss or clinical stability at 3 days, and was associated with a significant increase in perceived thirst.
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Webster, Jacqui. "Drop the salt! Engaging the food industry and influencing the policy agenda." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29161.
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Background: The physiological daily requirement for salt is low (1-2g) and most populations
around the world are eating much more than this. Excess salt consumption
progressively increases blood pressure levels throughout life, and this is one of the
biggest contributors to cardiovascular diseases worldwide. The evidence in support
of the adverse effect of salt on human health is very strong and widely accepted.
Fortunately there is now increasingly firm evidence demonstrating the health benefits
that can be achieved through salt reduction as well as broad consensus that, for most
countries, implementing a population-wide salt reduction program would be a highly
cost effective way of improving population health. For decades, Australia has been at
the forefront of clinical academic research defining the role of salt in high blood
pressure. However, while there have been repeated calls for action to reduce salt
intakes, there has been little by way of a sustained and coordinated effort to translate
the scientific evidence into a co-ordinated salt reduction program. The work done for
this thesis describes the development, implementation and interim evaluation of the
first concerted effort to establish a national salt reduction initiative in Australia
between 2007 and 2010.
Methods: A review of the available literature and different national approaches to reducing
population salt intake was undertaken in parallel with a series of consultations with
stakeholders in Australia and internationally to inform a broad understanding of what
might be feasible in Australia. Once the initial research and consultation was
complete, implementation strategies were developed. Baseline data were established
for 2008 through the development of a branded food composition database
documenting the salt content of more than 7000 Australian processed foods and
repeated surveys of consumer knowledge and practices related to salt. Programs of
work to engage the food industry and government were prioritized and underpinned
by a targeted media and communications strategy. A series of interim evaluations of
the program were conducted, including an independent stakeholder analysis to
evaluate views on program impact.
Main outcomes: The limited available studies on salt consumption in Australia showed average salt
intakes were way in excess of physiological requirements. While government targets
for recommended individual salt intakes had been in place for some time, there was
no program in place to try to reduce dietary salt in Australia, with only sporadic
industry efforts to reduce salt in selected foods. Baseline surveys on consumer
knowledge and behaviour confirmed individuals were taking little action to reduce
their salt intakes. There was strong stakeholder support for a co-ordinated salt
reduction initiative in Australia. Based on these findings The ‘Drop the Salt!’
campaign was developed to reduce population salt intake through strategies targeting
industry, government and consumers. Leadership was endowed in the Australian
Division of World Action on Salt and Health, a Non-Governmental organisation
supported by a network of professional experts. Based on the experience from other
countries strategies to engage the food industry to refonnulate foods and to advocate
for government leadership were prioritised.
The initial baseline assessment of sodium levels in foods from the branded food
composition database demonstrated the potential for reductions in salt for most food
categories, supporting the need for a sector-wide program. The food groups with the
highest mean sodium content were sauces and spreads (1,283mg/ 100g) followed by
processed meats (846mg/ 100g). Cereal and cereal products (206mg/ 100g) and fruits
and vegetables (21 1mg/ 100g) had the lowest mean sodium content. Good progress
has since been made with the food industry strategy with more than 20 large
companies making commitments or developing detailed action plans to reduce salt in
foods. The media and communications strategy has elevated the importance of salt
amongst stakeholders and the Drop the Salt! campaign has been identified as having
influenced the priorities of the Federal govemment’s Food and Health Dialogue. This
body is leading a national program of food reformulation focussing initially on salt.
However, with targets established for only two food categories so far, in comparison
to about 80 each in the UK and the US, progress is slow. Baseline assessment
showed only a minority of people taking any action to reduce their salt intakes and
changes in consumer behaviour have not been demonstrated. There have been no
improvements to food labelling, although a comprehensive review is currently
underway.
Conclusions and discussion: With only limited resources it has been possible to design and implement a
coordinated five year national salt reduction initiative in Australia drawing on
experience from other countries. A solid baseline from which to monitor progress has
been established and interim evaluations have demonstrated significant progress in a
short timeframe particularly in relation to engaging the food industry in efforts to
reduce salt in foods. Whilst there has also been some progress with government
action, the lack of strong government commitment and leadership is still a significant
barrier to effective program implementation. This is reflected in the progress of the
Food and Health Dialogue which, at the current rate, will take about twenty years to
establish salt targets for all food categories.
The Drop the Salt! campaign has been credited with forging new collaborations
between stakeholders and salt reduction has offered an achievable entry to food
reformulation for many companies and facilitated dialogues across health and
industry sectors that were not previously engaged. While it is not possible to
absolutely attribute cause and effect for all policy outcomes, and an obvious
limitation of this research is that it did not provide a historical context for salt
reduction activities in Australia, the research does nevertheless illustrate the
important role that a small advocacy group can play in influencing the public health
agenda. With the food industry lobbying hard to prevent new regulation and
government complying, advocacy organisations such as the Australian Division of
World Action on Salt and Health will continue to have a central role in holding both
to account. The very large health gains projected from a very modest investment in
centrally implemented salt reduction strategies mean that this is not an issue that can
be allowed once again to fall off the public health agenda.
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Roussel, Olivier. "Contribution à l'étude de la morbi-mortalité lors de l'usage de drogues récréatives : GHB-THC, seuls ou associés à l'éthanol." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781683.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est de détailler les effets respiratoires induits par les associations de l'éthanol au THC et de l'éthanol au GHB. Les études ont été menées chez l'animal non anesthésié par pléthysmographie corps entier pendant les quatre heures suivant l'administration intrapéritonéale. Dans une première étape, les effets respiratoires de la prise isolée d'éthanol et de GHB ont été étudiés. Ces deux substances modifient le mode respiratoire : l'éthanol provoquant une tachypnée dès 3 g.kg-1, le GHB une respiration apneustique dès 600 mg.kg-1, sans insuffisance respiratoire (PaO2 normale). Les modifications des gaz du sang observées : acidémie pour l'éthanol et alcalose pour le GHB sont d'origine métabolique. A ces doses, ces deux substances perturbent aussi la conscience des animaux et la thermorégulation : l'éthanol induit une hypothermie et le GHB une évolution triphasique de la température : hypothermie/hyperthermie/ hypothermie. Les dosages sanguins et les études cinétiques menés lors de ces études confirment la vraisemblance de notre modèle et sa pertinence clinique et médicolégale. L'étude des associations à l'éthanol montre que les effets respiratoires du THC et du GHB sont conservés, seule leur association à la dose de 3 g.kg-1 d'éthanol a provoqué une baisse de la ventilation minute avec réduction du débit inspiratoire mais selon des mécanismes différents : baisse du volume courant pour l'association THC-éthanol et augmentation de la durée des apnées expiratoires pour celle du GHB à l'éthanol. Pour cette dernière, l'interaction cinétique observée après administration intrapéritonéale n'explique pas l'intensité du phénomène, une potentialisation est probable.
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Thompson, Laura M. "The depletion of nitric oxide by reaction with molten sodium carbonate and sodium carbonate/sodium sulfide mixtures." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5797.
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Pryce, Morris David Jonathan. "Sodium Ordering and the Control of Properties in Sodium Cobaltate." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486940.
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Sodium Cobaltate has emerged as a material of exceptional scientific interest, but the role of sodium ordering has until now been poorly understood. The main result of this thesis is the determination of the Na superstructures using neutron diffraction. The organisational principles and the effects on the physical properties are also determined. Single crystals grown using the floating-zone technique were screened and cleaved to a single grain using SXD at ISIS. This instrument surveys huge regions of reciprocal space using the time-of-flight neutron Laue diffraction technique, and the 3D data sets reveal a kaleidoscope of superlattice diffraction patterns, including 12-fold rings and a hexagon-of-hexagons. The ordering and its associated distortion field are governed by pure electrostatics, and the organisational principle is the stabilisation of charge droplets that order long range at some simple fractional fillings. The whole data set can be understood in terms of a square lattice of trivacancy clusters that transform to stripe phases via shear distortions. The results provide a good starting point to understand the electronic properties in terms of a Hubbard Hamiltonian that takes into account the electrostatic potential for the sodium superstructure. The resulting depth of the potential wells in the Co layer is greater than the single-particle hopping kinetic energy and as a consequence, holes preferentially occupy the lowest potential regions. The multivacancy clusters form cages in which Na ions vibrate, disrupting the propagation of phonon excitations, and leading to excellent thermoelectric properties.
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Ashurian, Nicole. "Bodyscapes : body to body, body to city, body to self." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118683.
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Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 106-107).
Our modern spaces are a result of a history of architects losing agency to technology. In the era of climate control spaces and the digital interfaces of social media, a sense of place and association with others is lost to enclosed spaces of satellite conversations detailed with attention to standardization rather than customization. These desires for comfort and control manifest in the lack of friction in our built realm. Spaces mirror the scaleless quality of the digital, impose no physical friction of environment and allow for isolation between bodies in the same room. Boarded in these spaces with the disappearing digital threshold, our friends fall in the same political silos as ourselves, empathy for others falters, context is arbitrary and we never have to be 'alone' when we have our phones. The tech industry tries to offer solutions to alleviate these problems with apps and devices. However, without a violent change in environment - engaging the physicality of the body, its senses and its association to others and site, the problems will persist. 'Bodyscapes' is a series of provocations at varying scales that subvert the language of corporate standardization to allow new opportunities for human interface where the public and private realm meet.
by Nicole Ashurian.
M. Arch.
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Warrington, P. L. "Sodium-ceramic reactions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373344.
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Nose, Masafumi. "Studies on Sodium-containing Transition Metal Phosphates for Sodium-ion Batteries." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215565.
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Lee, Chi-Ming. "Pitting corrosion inhibition of mild steel by sodium molybdate and sodium silicate." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292172.
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Wu, Di Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A layered sodium titanate as promising anode material for sodium ion batteries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/93004.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 58-60).
Sodium ion batteries have recently received great attention for large-scale energy applications because of the abundance and low cost of sodium source. Although some cathode materials with desirable electrochemical properties have been proposed, it's quite challenging to develop suitable anode materials with high energy density and good cyclability for sodium ion batteries. Herein, we report a layered material, 03-NaTiO2, that delivers 130mAhg-1 of reversible capacity and presents excellent cyclability with capacity retention over 97.5% after 40 cycles and high rate capability. Furthermore, by coupling the electrochemical process with in situ X-ray diffraction, the structure evolution and variation of cell parameters corresponding to an 03-03' phase transition during sodium deintercalation is investigated. Unusual lattice parameter variation was observed by in situ XRD, which can be related to the structure modulation with varying Na vacancy ordering. An irreversible structural modification upon overcharging is also confirmed by in situ XRD. In summary, our work demonstrates that 03-NaTiO2 is a very promising anode material for sodium ion batteries with high energy density.
by Di Wu.
S.M.
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Carnevali, Sofia. "Unsteady aspects of sodium-water reaction : water cleaning of sodium containing equipments." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2034.
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Cette thèse s’insère dans le cadre des réacteurs rapides à caloporteur sodium (RNRNA) pour lesquels la connaissance approfondie de la réaction chimique entre le sodium et l’eau représente un challenge important aussi bien pour les opérations de traitement du sodium mises en oeuvre durant l’exploitation ou le démantèlement des installations actuelles que pour la filaire SFR (Sodium Fast Reactor) qui est un des concepts de référence envisagé pour les réacteurs de IV génération (R4G). Le sodium est utilisé dans ce type de réacteurs comme réfrigérant primaire du fait de ses propriétés thermiques et neutroniques. Toutefois, le sodium réagit énergiquement avec l’eau (en produisant principalement de l’hydrogène et de la soude) : la compréhension et la maîtrise de cette réaction représentent un enjeu majeur pour la sûreté des réacteurs. Jusqu’à aujourd’hui, le caractère explosif du contact entre sodium et eau était attribué à la réaction secondaire entre l’hydrogène (produit par la réaction sodium-eau) et l’oxygène présent dans l’air. Une importante recherche bibliographique a été conduite et plusieurs expériences ont démontré la présence de réaction explosive aussi bien en présence qu’en absence d’air. Par conséquence, les phénomènes explosifs ne sont pas forcement liés à la présence d’oxygène. La reprise de l’analyse des essais réalisés au CEA, a permis d’avoir une meilleure compréhension phénoménologique de la réaction. L’importance de la vaporisation de l’eau et son potentiel explosif ont été mis en évidence. D’autres essais ont été réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse pour compléter la compréhension des aspects dynamiques de la réaction. L’étude et l’application aux résultats expérimentaux avec le modèle actuellement utilisé au CEA a bien démontré la nécessité de développer un modèle physique capable de prévoir les effets de pression qui suivent l’interaction entre le sodium et l’eau. Un modèle physique a donc été proposé sur la base des phénomènes identifiés pendant la première partie de cette thèse. Les résultats sont en très bon accord avec les données expérimentales. En conclusion, la complexité de l’interaction entre le sodium et l’eau, qui implique des phénomènes en cinétique rapide en même temps chimiques et thermodynamiques a représenté un important challenge. Ceci a abouti à une meilleure compréhension phénoménologique de la réaction et à la proposition d’un modèle physique tenant compte des aspects thermochimiques et dynamiques, capable d’évaluer les effets explosifs de l’interactionSodium fast Reactor (FSR) is one of the most promising nuclear reactor concepts in the frame of Generation IV systems to be commercialised in the next decades. One important safety issue about this technology is the highly exothermal chemical reaction of sodium when brought in contact with liquid water. This situation is likely, in particular during decommissioning, when sodium needs to be firstly converted (‘destroyed’) into non reactive species. This is achieved by water washing : the major products are then gaseous hydrogen and corrosive soda. Today, such operations are performed in confined chambers to mitigate the consequences of any possible abnormal conditions. It has for long been believed that the main safety problem was the combustion of hydrogen in the surrounding air despite some pioneering works suggested that even without air the reaction could be explosive. It is extremely important to clarify the phenomenology of sodium-water interactions since available knowledge does not allow a robust extrapolation of existing data/model to full scale plants. The primary objective of this work is to identify and assess the details of the phenomenology, especially at the sodium/water interface, to isolate the leading mechanisms and to propose a robust and innovative modelling approach. A large body of yet unreleased experimental data extracted from the files of the French Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA) was collated and analysed on the basis of “explosion” physics. Some additional experiments were also performed to fill some gaps, especially about the kinetics of the reaction. The results strongly suggest that the fast expansion of gas producing a blast wave in certain conditions is a kind of vapour explosion. It also appears that any potential hydrogen-air explosion should be strongly mitigated by the large quantity of water vapour emanating also from the reaction zone. The limitations of existing modelling approaches are clearly identified and alternatives are proposed and offer a better perspective of extrapolation to full scale installations
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Wester, Leanna E. "Offering sodium bentonite and sodium bicarbonate free-choice to lactating dairy cattle." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34899.
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The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of free-choice intake of sodium bentonite and sodium bicarbonate on physiological and production parameters. Eight Jerseys and seventeen Holsteins (four fistulated) were randomly assigned to two groups to equalize stage of lactation, age and production history. Two diets were fed: diet 1 without added sodium bicarbonate and diet 2 with sodium bicarbonate added at 1.2% of dry matter. Each group followed a different diet regime: 1) diet 1 with no free-choice (D1-NFC), 2) diet 2 with no free-choice (D2-NFC), 3) diet 1 with free-choice (D1-WFC), and 4) diet 2 with free-choice (D2-WFC). Free-choice options of sodium bentonite and sodium bicarbonate were offered side by side in a covered feeder to breed groups. Diets were changed every 10 d to provide 8 periods with a repetition of each diet regime. All diets were adjusted to 17% ADF and 17% CP. There were no differences with either breed among diets for blood and fecal observations or milk protein. Urine specific gravity was lower in both breeds when sodium bicarbonate was force-fed. Holsteins force-fed sodium bicarbonate had greater intake and milk production than Holsteins not force-fed. In Jerseys, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) decreased when sodium bicarbonate was added to the TMR. During periods in which cows were allowed free-choice access to sodium bentonite and sodium bicarbonate, Jerseys had higher urine pH, fat-corrected milk, MUN, and dry matter intake (DMI), and Holsteins had higher milk fat percentages and fecal pH.Master of Science
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Raab, Eric Lowell. "Trapping sodium with light." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118103.
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Simone, Virginie. "Développement d'accumulateurs sodium-ion." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI092/document.
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Au vu d’une demande croissante pour un stockage d’énergie à grande échelle, il est préférable de se tourner vers des matériaux peu coûteux et répandus. De ce point de vue, le sodium, qui présente des caractéristiques très proches de celles du lithium, présente également l’avantage d’être peu coûteux, abondant et réparti uniformément dans le monde. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude d’un système complet Na-ion constitué d’un carbone dur à l’électrode négative et d’un oxyde lamellaire à l’électrode positive. Un volet sur l’électrolyte a également été abordé.Concernant l’électrode négative, l’influence de la température de pyrolyse de la cellulose sur la structure des carbones durs et sur les performances électrochimiques a été étudiée. Une graphitisation localisée, une fermeture des pores et une évolution de la porosité interne avec la température de pyrolyse ont pu être observées. Les meilleures performances électrochimiques ont été obtenues pour le matériau synthétisé à 1600 °C : une capacité réversible d’environ 300 mAh.g-1 stable sur 200 cycles est atteinte à 37,2 mA.g-1 avec une efficacité coulombique initiale de 84 %. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’insertion du sodium dans ces matériaux, des études par spectroscopie d’impédance, SAXS et EDX ont été réalisées sur des carbones durs cyclés à différents potentiels.Le matériau d’électrode positive choisi est l’oxyde lamellaire Na0,6Ni0,25Mn0,75O2. L’influence de la température de calcination a permis de faire varier le nombre de défauts d’empilement de type P3 au profit d’une phase P2 plus cristalline. Après avoir optimisé l’électrolyte à base de carbonates pour garantir la reproductibilité des tests oxyde lamellaire//sodium métal, une capacité d’oxydation de 130 mAh.g-1 a pu être atteinte au premier cycle avant de chuter fortement sur les 40 cycles suivants. Cette perte de capacité a pu être en partie expliquée par des études de DRX operando. Enfin, ces travaux ont permis d’aboutir à des systèmes complets Na-ion dont les premiers résultats sont prometteursBecause of the development of renewable energy and electric vehicles, the need for a large scale energy storage has increased. This type of storage requires a large amount of raw materials. Therefore low cost and abundant resources are necessary. Consequently the use of sodium batteries is of interest because sodium’s low cost, high abundance, and worldwide availability. This PhD thesis deals with the study of a full Na-ion cell containing a hard carbon negative electrode, and a layered oxide positive electrode. A shorter part concerns the electrolyte.Concerning the negative electrode, the first objective was to understand in detail the influence of the pyrolysis temperature of a hard carbon precursor, cellulose, on the final structure of the material and its consequences on the electrochemical performance. Many techniques were used to characterize the hard carbon structure as a function of the pyrolysis temperature. Localized graphitization, pore closure, and an increase in micropore size have been observed with increasing temperature. The best electrochemical performance has been reached with the hard carbon synthesized at 1600°C: a reversible capacity of around 300 mAh.g-1 stable over 200 cycles is obtained at 37.2 mA.g-1 with an initial coulombic efficiency of 84%. To deeper understand sodium insertion mechanisms in hard carbon structures impedance spectroscopy, SAXS and EDX were carried out on hard carbon electrodes cycled at different voltages.The layered oxide Na0.6Ni0.25Mn0.75O2 was investigated as the positive electrode. It was observed that with increasing calcination temperature the number of P3-type stacking faults decreases in favor of a more crystalline P2 phase. Then, the carbonate-based electrolyte has been optimized to guarantee the reproducibility of the electrochemical tests performed in a layered oxide//sodium metal configuration. A first oxidation capacity of around 130 mAh.g-1 is reached. However this value drops quickly after 40 cycles. Operando XRD analysis did partially explain the capacity decrease. Finally, the results of these investigations were used to design an optimized full cell which demonstrated promising performance during initial testing
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Sohraby, Sarah. "Le canal sodium épithélial." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213399.
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Collet, Pascal. "Le fluorure de sodium." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P015.
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Scott, Leonard Lindsay. "Electrolytic manufacture of thiosulfate-free solutions of sodium hydrosulfite from aqueous sodium bisulfite." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10241.
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MacLeod, Mary Joan. "Sodium-lithium countertransport, sodium-hydrogen exchange and membrane microviscosity in patients with hyperlipidaemia." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300735.
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Schindler, Manon. "Deracémisation du chlorate de sodium avec et sans l’influence du dithionate de sodium." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR004.
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Dans le domaine pharmaceutique, la séparation des énantiomères est souvent effectuée par des méthodes de cristallisation. L’avantage de la déracémisation est la possibilité d’obtenir un rendement théorique de 100% grâce à la conversion du contre énantiomère en l’énantiomère désiré en solution. Le mécanisme de la déracémisation par cycles de température (TCID), a été étudié dans ce manuscrit. Les recherches se sont concentrées sur le développement d’un procédé de TCID pour NaClO3. Ce composé modèle pour la déracémisation est achiral à l’état solvate, ce qui permet de se focaliser sur les mécanismes de cristallisation impliqués dans le procédé de déracémisation. Après la caractérisation complète de l’état solide de Na2S2O6, ce composé a été utilisé comme une impureté nonchirale dans le procédé de TCID du NaClO3 et a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle important de la nucléation secondaire dans le procédé. Ainsi, le succès du TCID dépend d’un bon équilibre entre la croissance des cristaux et la nucléation secondaire. A des fins industrielles, les réacteurs du type Couette Taylor sont des appareils prometteurs pour le développement de procédés de déracémisation en continu. Les premiers tests de déracémisation réalisés dans ce type de réacteur ont montré que la brisure de symétrie et la déracémisation du NaClO3 ont été réalisés avec succès. Néanmoins, le ≪ recyclage de cristaux ≫, soit par attrition soit par la nucléation secondaire, doit être amélioré pour obtenir un procédé de déracémisation plus performant avant de considérer l’implémentation d’un procédé en continuIn the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, crystallization based methods are used to obtain pure enantiomers. The advantage of deracemization is the conversion of the unwanted enantiomer into the desired enantiomer by means of racemization in liquid phase, giving rise to a theoretical yield of 100%. The mechanism of Temperature Cycling Induced Deracemization (TCID) process, still matter of debate, has been investigated in this thesis. Research was focused on the development of the TCID process for sodium chlorate (NaClO3). This model compound is achiral at the solvated state which enables to focus investigation on crystallization mechanisms involved during deracemization. After the full solid state characterization of sodium dithionate (Na2S2O6), this compound has been used as a nonchiral impurity in the TCID process of NaClO3 and highlighted the key role of secondary nucleation in the process. Thus, the success of the TCID process depends on the right balance between growth and secondary nucleation. From an industrial perspective, the Couette Taylor reactor has been considered as a promising device for the development of continuous deracemization process. Attempts to deracemize NaClO3 in this kind of reactor showed that symmetry breaking and deracemization of NaClO3 were successful. Nonetheless, crystal recycling, via either attrition or secondary nucleation, has to be improved to enhance deracemization process before considering the execution of continuous process
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Hyunjung, Cho. "The body of the embodied body." Thesis, Konstfack, Ädellab/Metallformgivning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-3364.
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By questioning the feeling of uneasiness coming from seeing the real body, I aim to cast a light upon the relation between the body and the objects that are displayed on it. Starting with a doubt that the object would not only change the surface of human, I investigate how the body of human totally embodies its representational object to itself.
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Shawk, Dwight Jay. "Effects of sodium, chloride, and sodium metabisulfite in nursery and grow-finish pig diets." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38659.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Robert D. Goodband
Michael D. Tokach
A total of 12,229 pigs were used in nine experiments to determine the effects of Na, Cl, and sodium metabisulfite-based feed additives on pig growth performance. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 were conducted to determine the effects of added dietary salt on growth performance of pigs weighing 7 to 10, 11 to 30, and 27 to 65 kg. The BLL models suggested the optimal dietary added salt concentration to maximize ADG for pigs weighing 7 to 10 and 11 to 30 kg was 0.59% (0.34% Na and 0.58% Cl) and 0.51% added salt (0.22% Na and 0.42% Cl), respectively. There was no evidence to indicate that growth of 27 to 65 kg pigs was improved beyond a 0.10% added salt inclusion (0.11% Na and 0.26% Cl). Experiments 4, 5, and 6 were conducted to determine the effects of source and concentration of Na and Cl on the growth performance of pigs weighing 7 to 12 kg. In Exp. 4, pigs fed an added salt diet that contains a Na and Cl concentration of 0.35% and 0.60% had greater growth performance compared to pigs fed a deficient Na concentration of 0.18%. In Exp. 5, pigs fed a Na concentration of 0.35%, regardless of ion source, had improved ADG compared to pigs fed a Na concentration of 0.13% or 0.57%. In Exp. 6, maximum ADG and G:F could be obtained with a Cl concentration of 0.38% based on the BLL and QP models. Experiments 7, 8, and 9 were conducted to evaluate the effects of Product 1 (Provimi, Brooksville, OH), Product 2 (Nutriquest, Mason City, IA), and sodium metabisulfite (SMB) on the growth performance of nursery pigs weighing approximately 6 to 25 kg. In Exp. 7, pigs fed Product 1 had higher ADG compared to pigs fed the control. In Exp. 8, pigs fed either Product 1 or 2 at the highest concentration and for the longest period of time had greater ADG compared to pigs fed the control diet. In Exp. 9, pigs fed SMB or Product 1 had greater ADG compared to pigs fed a lower concentration of SMB and the control.
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Shaikh, Amjad A. "Conversion of sodium carbohydrate to sodium carbonate monohydrate in an inclined horizontal rotating cylinder." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444877.
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Ballaminut, Carlos Eduardo Carneiro. "Seletividade da cultura do algodoeiro aos herbicidas Diuron, Clomazone, Trifloxysulfuron-sodium e Pyrithiobac-sodium." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-14122009-144354/.
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A utilização de herbicidas para o manejo químico de plantas daninhas é um dos métodos mais eficientes de controle utilizados atualmente. Entretanto, herbicidas considerados seletivos às culturas podem interferir no desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas ou na produtividade final. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito dos quatro principais herbicidas utilizados na cultura do algodoeiro atualmente, dois utilizados em pré-emergência da cultura e plantas daninhas (Clomazone e Diuron) e dois utilizados em pós-emergência da cultura e plantas daninhas (Trifloxysulfuron-sodium e Pyrithiobac-sodium) nas cultivares Fibermax 966, DeltaOpal e Aroeira, principais cultivares utilizadas comercialmente, com baixo, médio e alto vigor vegetativo, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições. Cada um dos blocos constou de 9 sub-parcelas para cada uma das 3 cultivares, totalizando 36 sub-parcelas. Nas sub-parcelas de cada cultivar foram distribuídos oito tratamentos herbicidas, além da testemunha, sendo esta mantida livre de plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo da cultura através de capinas manuais. Foram avaliados os principais fatores de desenvolvimento das plantas de algodoeiro como altura de plantas, Índice de Área foliar (IAF), massa seca de folha e ramos, produtividade, massa de capulhos, germinação de sementes e qualidade da fibra. Tanto para os herbicidas pré-emergentes, como para os pós-emergentes, foram verificadas injúrias nas plantas de algodoeiro, principalmente nos tratamentos com maior dosagem (Diuron na dose de 2,0 kg ia/ha, Clomazone na dose de 600 g ia/ha, Trifloxysulfuronsodium na dose de 7.5g ia g/ha e Pyrithiobac-sodium na dose de 140g ia/ha), entretanto, estas foram temporárias, desaparecendo nas avaliações posteriores. Em relação ao efeito destas injúrias no desenvolvimento vegetativo, a cultivar Fibermax 966 apresentou redução no acúmulo de massa seca e IAF, ambos na segunda avaliação para os tratamentos de pós-emergentes na maior dose, entretanto, esta diminuição de crescimento não proporcionou efeito negativo na produtividade final, massa de capulhos, germinação ou qualidade da fibra. Para as demais cultivares, os tratamentos herbicidas pós-emergentes não causaram nenhuma redução no desenvolvimento vegetativo quando comparados com a testemunha, tão pouco para as características finais como produtividade e qualidade de fibra. Para os tratamentos herbicidas em pré-emergência, o herbicida Diuron na dose de 2,0 kg ia/ha causou as maiores cloroses nas cultivares analisadas, além de levar a um menor acúmulo de massa seca e produtividade final para a cultivar Aroeira, quando comparada ao tratamento com Clomazone. Para as demais cultivares, não foram verificados quaisquer efeitos em relação ao desenvolvimento vegetativo, produtividade final ou qualidade da fibra produzida.The use of herbicides for weed chemical management is one of the most efficient methods used nowadays. However, herbicides considered selective to the crop can cause some problems to the vegetative development or to the final yield. This way, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of four of the main herbicides used in the cotton crop, two of them used as pre-emergent of the crop and weeds (Clomazone and Diuron) and two used as post-emergent of the crop and weeds (Trifloxysulfuron-sodium e Pyrithiobac-sodium) in the varieties Fibermax 966, DeltaOpal and Aroeira, the main varieties commercially grown, with low, medium and high vegetative development. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks, with 4 replications. Each one of the blocks had 9 sup-plots to each variety, with a final number of 36 sub-plots. In the subplots of each variety there were 8 herbicides treatments plus the control treatment, this one left without weed interference along all the crop development, using manual weed control. The main features evaluated were plants height, Leaf Area Index (LAI), dry matter, yield, balls weight, seed germination and fiber quality. For both, the pre-emergent herbicide treatments, and postemergent treatments, there were injuries in the cotton plants, mainly to the treatments with highest doses (Diuron 2,0 kg ia/ha, Clomazone 600 g ia/ha, Trifloxysulfuron-sodium 7.5g ia g/ha and Pyrithiobac-sodium 140g ia/ha), however, these injuries were temporary and were not present in future evaluations. Regarding the effect of the injuries to the vegetative development, the cultivar Fibermax 966 showed Leaf Area Index and dry matter reduction in the post-emergent treatments, both in the second evaluation to the treatments in the highest dose. This decrease in plant development did not impact final yield, balls weight, seed germination or fiber quality. To the other varieties, the post-emergent herbicide treatments did not lead any vegetative development reduction when compared to the control treatment, neither to the final characteristics as yield, fiber quality and seed germination. Para os tratamentos herbicidas em pré-emergência, o herbicida Diuron na maior dose causou as maiores cloroses nas cultivares analisadas, além de levar a um menor acúmulo de massa seca e produtividade final para a cultivar Aroeira, quando comparada ao tratamento com Clomazone. Para as demais cultivares, não foram verificados quaisquer efeitos em relação ao desenvolvimento vegetativo, produtividade final ou qualidade da fibra produzida. For the pre-emergent herbicide treatments, Diuron in the highest dose caused greater damage to the different materials, leading to dry matter reduction and final yield for the cultivar Aroeira, when compared to the Clomazone treatment. For the other cultivars, the treatment did not present any effects in plants development, final yield or fiber quality.
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Frauendorf, Stefan, M. Brack, and S. M. Reimann. "Triaxial shapes of sodium clusters." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-32199.
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Davis, Samuel M. "Electrochemical Splitting of Sodium Sulfate." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11505.
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Five cation exchange membranes and four anion exchange membranes were tested in a three-compartment, two-membrane, electrolysis salt-splitting cell for the recycle of sodium sulfate into sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The cell is further examined using DuPont Nafion 324 cation exchange membrane and Sybron Ionac MA-7500 anion exchange membrane to determine the maximum concentration of sodium hydroxide that can be produced by electrolysis salt-splitting as well as to determine the chief source of inefficiency. The discussion includes recommendations for future electrolysis salt-splitting cells and a mathematical model of the cell is created to determine optimum operating conditions.
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Greet, P. A. "Observations on the sodium airglow /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg8166.pdf.
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Loukas, Andrew. "Sodium channel mutations causing epilepsy." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80321.
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Ion channels mediate the electrical properties of neurons and other excitable cells. Mutations in ion channel genes have been linked to several neurological disorders. For example, a rare familial form of epilepsy, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), is associated with mutations in voltage gated sodium channels. We examined how two such mutations (C121W, D188V) alter the functional properties of the channel through voltage-clamp studies in Xenopus oocytes and HEK cells respectively. D188V is located in the alpha subunit and C121W in the auxiliary beta1 subunit of the sodium channel.The C121W mutation causes a 100 fold reduction in efficacy of current modulation as well as a reduction of current amplitude. This may cause increased sodium currents via a negative shift of the steady-state inactivation curve. alpha-D188V channels recover faster from the inactivated state which causes a resistance to frequency-dependent cumulative inactivation of current amplitude. This may contribute to cellular hyperexcitability resulting in ictal events in the epileptic patient.
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Moore, D. R. "Carbon transfer in liquid sodium." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371130.
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Kennedy, P. A. "Chemistry of sodium-caesium solutions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355439.
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Blake, S. M. "Physicochemical studies on sodium hyaluronate." Thesis, University of Salford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381670.
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Richards, Robert. "The pharmacokinetics of sodium cromoglycate." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359034.
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Davis, Kendall Bruce. "Evaporative cooling of sodium atoms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11384.
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Schneider, Nicholas McCord. "Sodium in Io's extended atmosphere." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184408.
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This dissertation combines several new observations of the Io sodium cloud to create a consistent picture of the extended Io atmosphere and its interaction with the Jovian plasma torus. I used the LPL echelle spectrograph to obtain three types of high-resolution spectra of the extended sodium cloud at the sodium D-lines (5890, 5896Å). The first class of observations made use of the mutual satellite eclipses of 1985 to probe the density profile of the atmosphere in the range 1.4 to 10 Io radii, a previously unstudied region. The second type of observation examined the sodium emission in Io's immediate vicinity, allowing an accurate measurement of the velocity structure around Io. The final method employed a high-sensitivity detector to study faint jets of high-speed sodium farther out in the extended cloud. The synthesis of these three data sets results in a better understanding of how sodium is distributed about Io as a function of position and velocity. Io's extended atmosphere is composed of many kinematically distinct components. The distribution in space is linked to their characteristic velocities, with low-energy sodium confined near Io and faster atoms (10 to 100 km sec⁻¹) prevalent beyond ∼25 Io radii. The sodium density profile is steep near Io and shallower outside 5.6 Io radii, the effective limit of Io's gravity. The data indicate that the atmosphere is collisionally thick near the surface, but becomes thin by an altitude of ∼700 km. The upper limit of the exobase location is derived from reliable sodium density measurements made during the satellite eclipses. The lower limit is indirectly inferred from the velocity distribution of sodium near Io and the nature of high-speed jets far from Io. The high-speed sodium jets reveal a new type of close interaction between the corotating plasma and Io's atmosphere. The morphology and brightness of the jets require a two-reaction process, in which atmospheric sodium is ionized, accelerated to high speeds, and then charge-exchanges with other sodium atoms. These processes must occur near the atmospheric exobase, indicating that Io's atmosphere is not completely protected from the plasma flow.
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Chiu, N. X. N. "Designing microstructures for sodium reduction." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33595/.
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The aim of this project was to develop the tools and knowledge to reduce dietary sodium by mitigating restrictions to flavour delivery and enhancing saltiness perception through sodium contrast effects in the mouth. This is achieved by restructuring semi-solid and liquid model food systems to achieve maximum flavour delivery for enhanced perception. The project considered two model systems: stable foams and double emulsions. Stable foams were developed to evaluate air inclusions as a potential sodium reduction strategy. Saltiness perception was enhanced as the levels of air inclusion increased and the incorporation of air also increased the delivery of a congruent mushroom aroma, ultimately this resulted in an enhanced overall flavour perception. The release of volatile aroma compounds from the aerated matrix was dependent on the hydrophobicity (Log P) of the volatile. Double water-in-oil-in-water (w1/o/w2) emulsions were evaluated as vehicles to entrap (during storage) and then deliver sodium during oral processing, ultimately to enhance saltiness perception. The emulsions (w1/o/w2) stabilised with a commercially modified octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch (NC46) were able to encapsulate sodium within the inner water phase (w1), retaining 97 % of this sodium for up to 90 d and partially releasing the sodium during oral processing. The release mechanism was the digestion of the stabilising starch by oral α-amylase. When compared to a protein stabilised emulsion, a 23.7 % decrease in overall salt was achieved using NC46 stabilised w1/o/w2 emulsions, without compromising perceived saltiness. To optimise the stability and delivery of sodium from the double emulsion, different levels of OSA modification were evaluated. High levels (3%) of OSA modification increased storage stability and low (0 % OSA) and intermediate levels offered enhanced saltiness. The optimised (1.5% and 2 % OSA) w1/o/w2 emulsion was stable and conferred a 15 % reduction in total sodium without compromising saltiness. These results provide new insights into using colloidal systems to efficiently deliver sodium and aroma volatiles for perception. The sodium redistribution and contrast effects demonstrated in this work may provide new avenues to achieve sodium reduction, particularly in semi-solid and liquid systems.